Indian Patents
Title of Invention

MODIFIED LYSINE-MIMETIC COMPOUNDS
Abstract Lysine mimetic compounds having useful pharmacological activity such as antiarrhythmic activity and desirable bioavailability properties are disclosed.
Full Text MODIFIED LYSINE-MIMETIC COMPOUNDS
Field
The present teachings relate to lysine mimetic compounds having pharmacological
activity, such as antiarrhythmic activity, and desirable bioavailability properties. The
present teachings further relate to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such
compounds and methods of using and making such compounds and compositions.
Background
There is increasing recognition that intercellular communication is essential for
cellular homeostasis, proliferation and differentiation. Such communication is
believed to be facilitated by gap junctions. These structures are thought to be a
route for coupling cells and permitting "cross-talk." (See generally, Sperelakis N.,
eds., Cell Interactions and Gap Junctions, CRC Press, Inc. (1989)). The cross-talk
between gap junctions is referred to as "gap junctional intercellular communication"
(GJIC).
Generally, gap junctions are specialized regions of the cell membrane that contain
clusters of hundreds to thousands of densely packed channels that directly connect
the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells. The gap junction channels are composed of
two hemichannels, or connexons, provided by each of two neighboring cells. [Each
connexon, in turn, is made up of six proteins called connexins.
In the heart, conduction of electrical impulses takes place through gap junctions.
Abnormal GiJIC has been linked to a variety of disease states, including heart
disease. For example, it has been shown that mice heterozygous for the Cx43
gene, which codes for a specific ventricular connexin, develop spontaneous
ventricular arrhythmias and suffer from sudden cardiac death. (Guerrero et al., J.
Clin. Invest, 99, 1991-1998 (1997)). Reduced expression of Cx43 in heterozygous
mice is directly linked to an increased incidence of ventricular arrhythmias during
ischemia. (Lerner et at., Circulation, 101, 547-552 (2000)). Several other studies
have shown reduced expression or altered distribution of Cx43 in chronically
ischemic, hibernating, or hypertrophied hearts. (Kaprelian et al., Circulation, 97,

651-660 (1998); Peters et al., Circulation, 88, 864-875 (1993); Saffitz et a!.,
Cardiovasc. Res., 42, 309-317 (1999)).
Several peptides that influence GJIC have been identified, including antiarrhythmic
peptides AAP (Aonuma et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 28, 3332-3339 (1980)),
AAP10 (Dhein et al., Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol., 350, 174-184
(1994); Muller et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol., 327, 65-72 (1997)), and HP5 (disclosed in
U.S. Patent No. 4,775,743). However, these peptides exhibit undesirable
characteristics, including low stability, short half-life, and a lack of oral
bioavailability.
Summary
Broadly, the present teachings relate to lysine mimetic compounds having useful
pharmacological activity, such as antiarrhythmic activity, and desirable
bioavailability properties. The present teachings provide compounds represented
generally by Formula I:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof,
wherein Y is OX, OR2, NXR2, or NR2R3; k is 0, 1, or 2; X is H or a lysine mimetic; X1
is OR3, NR2R3, or a lysine mimetic; R1 is H, an optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl; an
optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, or an amino
acid side chain; and R2 and R3 are defined as described herein.
Particular examples of compounds according to the present teachings include 4-
amino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (4-aminoproline, 4Amp) analogs having
Formula II or Formula III:


and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof,
wherein A, B, E, k, R1, R4, R5, Y', Z and Z' are defined herein.
Brief Description of the Figures
Figure 1 shows the results of a test to study the effect of the compounds on
metabolic stress induced atrial conduction slowing and in an in vitro model as
described in Haugan et al., J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol., 16, 537-545 (2005).
Detailed Description
In one aspect, the present teachings provide compounds represented by Formula I:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates and prodrugs thereof;
wherein:
Y is selected from OX, OR2, NXR2, and NR2R3;
k is 0, 1, or 2;
X is H or a lysine mimetic;
X' is selected from OR3, NR2R3, and a lysine mimetic;
R1 is selected from H, an optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl, an optionally
substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, and an amino acid side
chain;

R2 and R3 each independently is selected from H, an optionally substituted
C1-10alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C7-20
aralkyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl, C(O)R6,
C(O)OR6, C(O)NR6R7, S(O)2R6, and S(O)2NR6R7;
alternatively, R2 and R3 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are
bound form a 3-20 membered heterocycle optionally containing 1-4 ring
heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S and optionally substituted
with 1-5 Q groups;
R6 and R7 each independently is selected from H, an optionally substituted
C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-10
alkenyl, an optionally substituted C2-10 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an
optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl, C(O)R8,
C(0)0R6, and C(O)NR8R9;
alternatively, R6 and R7 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are
bound form a 3-20 membered heterocycle optionally containing 1 -4 ring
heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S and optionally substituted
with 1-5 Q groups;
R8 and R9 each independently is selected from H, an optionally substituted
C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-10
alkenyl, an optionally substituted C2-10 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an
optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl, and an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl;
Q, at each occurrence, independently is selected from an optionally
substituted C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C2-10 alkenyl, an optionally
substituted C2-10 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally,
substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted
3-20 membered cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 membered
heteroaryl, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, CF3, OCF3, NO2, OR8, SR8, S+R82, S(O)R8, S(O)2R8,
S(O)2OH, S{O)2NR8R9, NR8S(O)2R9, C(O)R8, C(O)OR6, C(O)NR8R9, OC(O)R8,
NR8R9, NR8C(O)R9, NR8C(O)OR9, NR8C(O)NR8R9, and N+R83;
provided:
a) when Y is OX or NXR2 and X is H, X' is a lysine mimetic;
b) when Y is OR2 or NR2R3, X' is a lysine mimetic; and

c) the compound is not 1-(2-aminopropanoyl)-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-
2-carboxylic acid or 1-(2-aminopropanoyl)-4-benzamidopiperidine-2-carboxylic acid.
Some embodiments of the present teachings include those compounds and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates and prodrugs thereof, wherein
Y is OX or NXR2, X' is OR3 or NR2R3, and X is a lysime mimetic, wherein the lysine
mimetic is selected from:

wherein:
Z' is selected from H, (CH2)m-C6-20 aryl, (CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl,
C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl, C(O)(CH2)rn-5-20 membered heteroaryl, (CH2)mC(O)-C6-20
aryl, (CH2)mC(O)-5-20 membered heteroaryl. S(O)2(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl, and
S(O)2(CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl, wherein each of the C6-2O aryl and 5-20
membered heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups;

R5 is H or an optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl;
m is 0. 1, or 2; and
Q, R2 and R3 are defined as described above.
In other embodiments, Y is OR2. NR2R3, OX or NXR2, X is H, and X' is a lysine
mimetic, wherein the lysine mimetic is selected from:

wherein:
71 is selected from H, (CH2)m-C6-20 aryl, (CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl,
C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl, C(O)(CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl, (CH2)mC(O)-C6-20
aryl, (CH2)mC(O)-5-20 membered heteroaryl, S(O)2(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl, and
S(O)2(CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl, wherein each of the C6-20 aryl and 5-20
membered heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups;
R5 is H or an optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl;
m is 0, 1, or 2;

E is selected from C(O)OR6, C(O)NR6R7, and a carboxylic acid bioisostere;
and
Q, R2, R3, R6 and R7 are defined as described above.
In some examples of these embodiments, E is C(O)OH. In other examples, E is
C(O)NR6R7 (e.g., C(O)NHR7 or C(O)NH2).
In any of the compounds of the present teachings, Z' can be C(0)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl
optionally substituted with 1 -5 Q groups and m can be 0. For example, Z' can be
benzoyl.
In some embodiments of the compounds of the present teachings, R1 is H. In other
embodiments, R1 is an amino acid side chain. Examples of suitable amino acid
side chains for R1 can include, but are not limited to, the side chains of valine,
norvaline, leucine, norleucine, isoleucine, methionine, alanine, phenylalanine,
tyrosine, tryptophan, serine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, argenine, histidine, aspartic
acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, ornithine, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, and
2,6-diaminopimelic acid.
In some embodiments, k is 0; in others, k is 1.
Particular compounds of the present teachings have structures represented by
Formulae l(a) - l(p) below, wherein X1 is OR3 (e.g., OH) or NR2R3 (e.g.,NH2), Y is
OR2 (e.g., OH) or NR2R3 (e.g., NH2), E is C(O)OR6 or C(O)NR6R7, and R1, R2, R3,
R5, R6, R7 and Z' are defined as described herein:






Certain compounds of the present teachings have structures represented by
Formulae I(q) - l(x) below, wherein R1, R2, E and each R5 and Z' (each of which can
be the same or different) are defined as described herein:






In some embodiments, the present teachings provide compounds of Formula I and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates and prodrugs thereof, wherein
X' is OR3 or NR2R3 (e.g., OH or NH2), Y is NXR2, X is

and Z', k, R1, R2, R3 and R5 are defined as described above. In some examples of
these compounds, Z' is C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q
groups, and m is 0 (e.g., Z' can be benzoyl). In some compounds, R1 is H. In
others, R1 is an amino acid side chain, wherein the amino acid is selected from
valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan,
serine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, argenine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,
asparagine and glutamfne. In some compounds, k is 0; in others, k is 1. Specific
examples of compounds according to these embodiments of the present teachings
include, but are not limited to, 3-[(4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl)-amino]-
propionic acid, {[4-(4-nitro-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]-amino}-acetic
acid, {[4-(4-methoxy-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]-amino}-acetic acid, 2-
[(4-benzoylamino-pyrro!idine-2-carbonyl)-amino]-succinamic acid, 2-[(4-
benzoylarnino-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-phenyl-propionic acid, 2-[(4-
benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl)-amino]-4-methyJ-pentanoic acid, 6-amino-2-
(4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)hexanoic acid, [(4-benzoylamino-
pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl)-amino]-acetic acid, {[4-benzoylamino-piperidine-2-carbonyi]-
amino}-acetic acid, {[4-benzoylamino-piperidins-2-carbonyl]-amino}-propIonic acid,
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.

In certain embodiments, the present teachings provide compounds of Formula I and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates and prodrugs thereof, wherein
X' is OR3 or NR2R3 (e.g., OH or NH2), Y is NXR2, X is

and Z', k, R1, R2, R3 and R5 are defined as described above. In some examples of
these compounds, Z' is C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q
groups, and m is 0 (e.g., Z' can be benzoyl). In some compounds, R1 is H. In
others, R1 is an amino acid side chain, wherein the arnino acid is selected from
valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan,
serine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, argenine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,
asparagine and glutamine. In some compounds, k is 0; in others, k is 1. Specific
examples of compounds according to these embodiments of the present teachings
include, but are not limited to, 3-amino-5-benzoylamino-benzoylamino)-acetic acid,
(3-iamino-5-(4-methoxy-benzoylamino)-benzoylamino)-acetic acid, (3-amino-5-(4-
methyl-benzoylamino)-benzoylamino)-acetic acid, (3,5-diamino-benzoylamino)-
acetic acid, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs
thereof.
In some embodiments, the present teachings provide compounds of Formula I and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates and prodrugs thereof, wherein
X' is OR3 or NR2R3 (e.g., OH or NH2). Y is NXR2, X is

and Z', k, R1, R2 and R3 are defined as described above. In some examples of
these compounds, Z' is C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q
groups, and m is 0 (e.g., Z' can be benzoyl). In some compounds, R1 is H. In
others, R1 is an amino acid side chain, wherein the amino acid is selected from

valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan,
serine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, argenine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,
asparagine and glutamine. In some compounds, k is 0; in others, k is 1. Specific
examples of compounds according to these embodiments of the present teachings
include, but are not limited to, [(1-benzoyl-imidazolidine-2-carbonyl)-amino]acetic
acid, {[1-(4-nitro-benzoyl)-imidazolidine-2-carbonyl]-amino}acetic acid, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.
In certain embodiments, the present teachings provide compounds of Formula I and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates and prodrugs thereof, wherein
X1 is OR3 or NR2R3 (e.g., OH or NH2), Y is NXR2, X is

and 71, k, R1, R2, R3 and R5 are defined as described above. In some examples of
these compounds, Z' is C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q
groups, and m is 0 (e.g., Z' can be benzoyl). In some compounds, R1 is H. In
others, R1 is an amino acid side chain, wherein the amino acid is selected from
valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan,
serine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, argenine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,
asparagine and glutamine. In some compounds, k is 0; in others, k is 1. Specific
examples of compounds according to these embodiments of the present teachings
include, but are not limited to, [2-amino-3-(4-benzoylamino-phenyl)-
propionylamino]-acetic acid, 2-{2-amino-3-[4-(4-
methoxybenzamido)phenyl]propanamido}acetic acid, 2-{2-amino-3-[4-(4-
nitrobenzamido)phenyl]propanamido}acetic acid, 2-{2-amino-3-[4-(4-
methylbenzamido)phenyl]propanamido}acetic acid, and pharmaceutically
acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.
In some embodiments, the present teachings provide compounds of Formula I and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates and prodrugs thereof, wherein
X' is OR3 or NR2R3 (e.g., OH or NH2), Y is NXR2, X is


and Z', k, R1, Ra and R3 are defined as described above. In some examples of-
these compounds, Z' is C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 ary! optionally substituted with 1-5 Q
groups, and m is 0 (e.g., Z' can be benzoyl). In some compounds, R1 is H. In
others, R1 is an amino acid side chain, wherein the amino acid is selected from
valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, alanine, phenylatanine, tyrosine, tryptophan,
serine. threonine, cysteine, lysine, argenine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,
asparagine and glutamine. In some compounds, k is 0; in others, k is 1. Specific
examples of compounds according to these embodiments of the present teachings
include, but are not limited to, [(4-amino~1-benzoyl-piperidine-4-carbonyl)-amino]-
acetic acid and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs
thereof.
In certain embodiments, the present teachings provide compounds of Formula I and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates and prodrugs thereof, wherein
Y is OR2 or NR2R3, X' is

and Z', k, E, R', R2, R3 and R5 are defined as described above, provided the
compound is not 1-(2-aminopropanoyl)-4-benzamidopiperidine-2-carboxylic acid. In
some examples of these embodiments, Y is OH or NH2. In some compounds, E is
C(O)OR6 (e.g., C(O)OH) or C(O)NR6R7 (e.g., C(O)NHR7 or C(O)NH2). In some
compounds, Z1 is C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups,
and m is 0 (e.g., Z' is benzoyl). In some compounds, R1 is H: In others, R1 is an

amino acid side chain, wherein the amino acid is selected from valine, leucine,
isoleucine, methionine, alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, serine,
threonine, cysteine, lysine, argenine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,
asparagine and glutamine (provided the compound is not 1-(2-aminopropanoyl)-4-
benzamidopiperidine-2-carboxylic acid). In some compounds, k is o; in others, k is
1. Specific examples of compounds according to these embodiments of the
present teachings include, but are not limited to, 1-(2-amino-4-carboxy-butyryl)-4-
benzoylamino-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(2-amino-4-methyl-pentanoyl)-4-
benzoylamino-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid, 4-benzoyIamino-1-(2,6-diamino-
hexanoyl)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid, 1 -(2-amino-acetyl)-4-benzoyIamino-
piperidine-2-carboxylic acid, 1 -(3-amino-propionyI)-4-benzoylamino-piperidine-2-
carboxylic acid, 1-[2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-propionyl]-4-benzoyIamino-piperidine-
2-carboxylic acid, 1-(2-amino-3-phenyl-propionyl)-4-benzoylamino-piperidine-2-
carboxylic acid, 4-benzoylamino-1-(2-hydroxy-acetyl)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid,
and pharmaceuticaily acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.
In some embodiments, the present teachings provide compounds of Formula I and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates and prodrugs thereof, wherein
Y is OR2 or NR2R3. X' is

and Z', k, E, R1, R2 and R3 are defined as described above. In some examples of
these embodiments, Y is OH or NH2. In some compounds, E is C(O)OR6 (e.g.,
C(O)OH) or C(O)NR6R7 (e.g., C(O)NHR7 or C(O)NH2). In some compounds, Z' is
C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups, and m is o (e.g., Z' is
benzoyl). In some compounds, R1 is H. In others, R1 is an amino acid side chain,
wherein the amino acid is selected from valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine,
alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, serine, threonine, cysteine, lysine,
argenine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine and glutamine. In
some compounds, k is 0; in others, k is 1. Specific examples of compounds
according to these embodiments of the present teachings include, but are not
limited to, 1-(2-amino-4-carboxy-butyroyl)-3-benzoyl-imidazolidine-2-carboxylic

acid, 1-benzoyl-3-(2-hydroxy-acetyl)-imidazolidine-2-carboxylic acid amide, 1-
benzoyl-3-(2-hydroxy-acetyl)-imidazolidine-2-carboxylic acid, and pharmaceutically
acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.
In certain embodiments, the present teachings provide compounds of Formula I and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates and prodrugs thereof, wherein
Y is OR2 or NR2R3, X' is

and Z' k, E, R1, R2, R3 and R5 are defined as described above. In some examples
of these embodiments, Y is OH or NH2. In some compounds, E is C(O)OR6 (e.g.,
C(O)OH) or C(O)NR6R7 (e.g., C(O)NHR7 or C(O)NH2). In some compounds, Z- is
C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups, and m is 0 (e.g., Z'.is
benzoyl). In some compounds, R1 is H. In others, R1 is an amino acid side chain,
wherein the arnino acid is selected from valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine,
alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, serine, threonine, cysteine, lysine,
argenine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine and glutamine. In
some compounds, k is 0; in others, k is 1. Specific examples of compounds
according to these embodiments of the present teachings include, but are not
limited to, 3-benzoylamino-5-(2-hydroxy-acetylamido)-benzoic acid, 3-(2-
aminoacetamido)-5-benzarnidobenzoic acid, 3-(2-aminoacetamido)-5-(4-
methylbenzamido)benzoic acid, 3-(2-amino-3-carbamoyl-propionylamino)-5-
benzoylamino-benzoic acid, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters,
hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.
In certain embodiments, the present teachings provide compounds of Formula I and
pharmaceuticafiy acceptable salts, esters, hydrates and prodrugs thereof, wherein
Y is OR2 or NR2R3, X' is


and Z' k, E, R1, R2, R3 and R5 are defined as described above. In some examples
of these embodiments, Y is OH or NH2. In some compounds, E is C(O)OR6 (e.g.,
C(O)OH) or C(O)NR6R7 (e.g., C(O)NHR7 or C(O)NH2). In some compounds, Z' is
C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups, and m is 0 (e.g., 2" is
benzoyl). In some compounds, R1 is H. In others, R1 is an amino acid side chain,
wherein the arnino acid is selected from valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine,
alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, serine, threonine, cysteine, lysine,
argenine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine and glutamine. In
some compounds, k is 0; in others, k is 1. Specific examples of compounds
according to these embodiments of the present teachings include, but are not
limited to, 3-(4-benzoylamino-phenyl)-2-(2-hydroxy-acetylarnido)-propionic acid, N-
{4-[2-carbamoyl-2-(2-hydroxy-acetylamido)-ethyl]-phenyl}-benzamide, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.
In some embodiments, the present teachings provide compounds of Formula I and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates and prodrugs thereof, wherein
Y is OR2 or NR2R3. X' is

and Z', k, E, R1, R2 and R3 are defined as described above. In some examples of
these embodiments, Y is OH or NH2. In some compounds, E is C(O)OR6 (e.g.;
C(O)OH) or C(O)NR6R7 (e.g., C(O)NHR7 or C(O)NH2). In some compounds, Z' is
C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups, and m is 0 (e.g., Z' is
benzoyl). In some compounds, R1 is H. In others, R1 is an amino acid side chain,
wherein the amino acid is selected from valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine,
alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, serine, threonine, cysteine, lysine,

argenine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine and glutamine. In
some compounds, k is 0; in others, k is 1. Specific examples of compounds
according to these embodiments of the present teachings include, but are not
limited to, 4-benzoylamino-1-(2-hydroxy-acetylamido}-cycIohexanecarboxylic acid,
4-(2-aminoacetarnido)-1-benzoylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid, and pharmaceutically
acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.
The present teachings include all stereoisomers of the compounds described
herein. For example, the stereochemistry of dipeptide embodiments of the present
teachings can be 2R4R, 2R4S, 2S4S, or 2S4R.
In another aspect, the present teachings provide compounds having the Formula II:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates and prodrugs thereof,
wherein:
A is (CH2)k-Y';
k is 0, 1, or 2;
Y' is OR2 or NR2R3;
R1 is selected from H, an optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl, an optionally
substituted C6-2O aryl, an optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, and an amino acid side
chain;
alternatively, A and R1 together with the carbon atom to which they are
bound form a 5-20 mernbered heteroaryl containing 1-4 ring heteroatoms
independently selected from N, O, and S and optionally substituted with 1-5 Q
groups;
B is selected from NR5, NR5(CH2)nC(O), NR5(CH2)nS(O)2, and an amide
bioisostere;
n is 0, 1, or 2;

Z is selected from H. (CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q
groups, and (CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q
groups;
m is 0, 1, or 2;
E is selected from C(O)OR8, C(O)NR6R7, a carboxylic acid bioisostere and
an amide bioisostere;
Q, at each occurrence, independently is selected from an optionally
substituted C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C2.10 alkenyl, an optionally
substituted C2-10 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally
substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted
3-20 membered cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 membered
heteroaryl, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, CF3, OCF3, NO2, OR8, SR8, S+R82. S(O)R9, S(O)2R8,
S(O)2OH, S(O)2NR8R9, NR8S(O)2R9, C(O)R8, C(O)OR8, C(O)NR8R9, OC(O)R8,
NR8R9, NR8C(O)R9, NR8C(O)OR9, NR8C(O)NR8R9, and N+R83;
R2 and R3 each independently is selected from H, an optionally substituted
C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C7-20
aralkyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl, C(O)R6,
C(O)OR6, C(O)NR6R7. S(O)2R6, and S(O)2NR6R7;
alternatively, R2 and R3 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are
bound form a 3-20 membered heterocycle optionally containing 1-4 ring
heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S atoms and optionally
substituted with 1-5 Q groups;
R5 is H or an optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl;
R6 and R7 each independently is selected from H, an optionally substituted
C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-10
alkenyl, an optionally substituted C2-10 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an
optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl, C(O)R8,
C(O)OR8, and C(O)NR8R9;
alternatively, R6 and R7 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are
bound form a 3-20 membered heterocycle optionally containing 1-4 ring
heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S and optionally substituted
with 1-5 Q groups; and

R8 and R9 each independently is selected from H, an optionally substituted
C1-10alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-10
alkenyl, an optionally substituted C2-10 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an
optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl, and an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl,
provided that the compound is not 1-(2-aminopropanoyl)-4-
benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.
In some embodiments, A is (CH2)k-Y' and Y' is NR2R3. Examples of these
embodiments include compounds wherein R2 is H and R3 is selected from H (i.e., Y'
is NH2), an optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl, C(O)R6, and C(O)OR6. In some
examples, A is (CH2)K-Y', Y' is NR2R3, R2 is H, R3 is C(O)R6 and R6 is H or an
optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl. In other examples, A is (CH2)k-Y', Y' is NR2R3and
R2 and R3 each independently is an optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl. In other
embodiments, Y' is OR2 and R2 is H or a C1-10 alkyl. In any of these examples, k
can be 0, 1 or 2.
In certain embodiments, A and R1 together with the carbon atom to which they are
bound form a 5-20 membered heterocycle containing 1-4 ring heteroatoms
independently selected from N, O, and S and optionally substituted with 1-5 Q
groups. Examples of heterocycle groups can include, but are not limited to,
piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyrrolidine, oxazolidine,
thiazolidine, imidazolidine, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazole, furan,
thiofuran, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, pyridine,
pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, benzofuran, and benzothiophene, each of
which optionally can be substituted. Exemplary compounds of these embodiments
include, but are not limited to, 4-benzamido-1-(1H-imidazole-2-carbonyl)pyrrolidine-
2-carboxylic acid, 4-benzamido-1-(1 H-pyrazole-5-carbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid, and 4-berizamido~1-(1H-imidazole-5-carbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.
In some embodiments, B is NR5(CH2)nC(O), n is 0 (i.e., B is NR5C(O)), and Z is a
C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups or a 5-20 membered heteroaryl
optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups. Examples of these embodiments include
compounds wherein R5 is H (i.e., B is NHC(O)). In some compounds, Z is a phenyl
optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups, such as, for example, F, Cl, Br, I, C1-10

alkyl, CF3, OCF3, NO2, O-C1-10 alkyl, OH, NH2. NH(C1-10 alkyl), N(C1-10 alkyl)2, or
NHC(O)C1-10 alkyl. In certain embodiments B-Z is NHC(Q)-phenyl. In some
embodiments, Z is (CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1-5
Q groups. In certain embodiments, m is 0. Exemplary compounds of these
embodiments include, but are not limited to, 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-
(picolinamidc)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, 1 -(2-aminoacetyl)-4-
(nicotinamido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-
(isonicotinamido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(pyrimidine-5-
carboxamido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, 1 -(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(2-
fluorobenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(3-
fluorobenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(4-
fluorobenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, 1 -(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(2-
methylbenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, 1 -(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(3-
methylbenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, 1 -(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(4-
methylbenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid 1 -(2-aminoacetyI)-4-(4-
methoxybenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(3-
methoxybenzamido)pynrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(4-
hydroxybenzarnido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, and 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(3-
hydroxybenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.
In some embodiments, B is NR5(CH2)nC(O), n is 0 (i.e., B is NR5C(O)) and Z is
(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups or (CH2)m-5-20 membered
heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups, wherein m is 1 or 2. A non-
limiting example of these embodiments is 1-(2-aminoacetyJ)-4-(2-
phenylacetamido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid. In other embodiments, B is
NR5(CH2)nC(O) wherein n is 1 or 2. A non-limiting example of these embodiments
is l-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylamino)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid).
In other embodiments, B is NR5, R6 is H, Z is (CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted
with 1-5 Q groups or (CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with
1-5 Q groups, and m is 0 (e.g., 1-(2-arninoacety!)-4-(phenylamino)pyrroJidine-2-
carboxylic acid) or 1 (e.g., 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(benzylamino)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid), in still other embodiments, B is NR5(CH2)nS(O)2, n is 0 (i.e., B is
NR5S(O)2) and Z is (CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups or
(CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups. One

non-limiting example of these embodiments is 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-
(phenylsulfonamido) pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid).
In still other embodiments, B is an amide bioisostere, such as, for example,
imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, triazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, or tetrazole,
each of which optionally can be substituted. Exemplary compounds of these
embodiments include, but are not limited to, 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(4-phenyloxazol-2-
yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(5-phenyloxazol-2-
yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-{5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-
yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, and 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-
yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.
In some embodiments, E is C(O)OR6. Examples include compounds wherein E is
C(O)OH. In other embodiments, E is C(O)NR6R7. In some compounds, E is
C(O)NH2. In other compounds, E is C(O)NR6R7, R6 is H, and R7 is selected from an
optionally substituted C1-10alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an
optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl, and an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl.
In other embodiments, E is a carboxylic acid bioisostere such as, for example,
imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, triazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, or tetrazole,
each of which optionally can be substituted. Exemplary compounds of these
embodiments include, but are not limited to, N-[1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(1H-tetrazol-5-
yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]benzamide, N-[1 -(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(1 H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-
yl]benzamide, N-[1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-
yl]benzamide, N-[1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(5-isopropyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-
yl[benzamide, N-[1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(oxazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]benzamide, N-(1-
(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(5-isopropyloxazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]benzamide, N-[1 -(2- .
aminoacetyl)-5-(5-methyloxazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]benzamide, N-[1-(2-
aminoacetyl)-5-(4-methyloxazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]benzamide, N-[1-(2-
aminoacetyl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]benzamide, N-[1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-
(3-isopropyl-1H-pyrazo!-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]benzamide, N-[1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(3-
methyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]benzamide, N-[1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(1 H-1,2,4-
triazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]benzamide, N-[1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-1,2,4-
triazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]benzamide, N-[1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(3-isopropyl-1H-1,2,4-

triazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]benzarnide, N-[1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-
yf)pyrrolidin-3-yl]benzamide, and N-[1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-
2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]benzamide.
In some embodiments, when A is (CH2)k-Y', Y' is NH2, k is 0, E is C(O)OH, B is
NHC(O), and Z is phenyl, then R1 is not methyl. In other embodiments, when A is
(CH2)K-Y', Y' is NH2, k is 0, R1 is methyl, E is C(O)OH, and Z' is phenyl, then the
phenyl is substituted with at least one Q group. In still other embodiments, when A
is (CH2)K-Y', Y' is NH2, k is 0, R1 is methyl, B is NHC(O), and Z is phenyl. then E is
not C(O)OH. In other embodiments, when A is (CH2)k-Y', Y' is NH2, R1 is methyl, E
is C(O)OH, B is NHC(O), and Z' is phenyl, then k is 1 or 2. In yet other
embodiments, when A is (CH2)k-T, k is 0, R1 is methyl, E is C(O)OH, B is NHC(O),
and Z' is phenyl, then Y' is not NH2.
Compounds according to the present teachings include those having the following
structures:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.
In another aspect, the present teachings provide compounds having the Formula III:


and pharmaceuticalty acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof,
wherein:
Y' is OR2 or NR2R3;
k is 0, 1, or 2;
Z' is selected from H, (CH2)m-C6-20 aryl, (CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl,
C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl, C(O)(CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl, (CH2)mC(O)-C6-20
aryl, (CH2)mC(O)-5-20 membered heteroaryl, S(O)2(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl, and
S(O)2(CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl, wherein each of the C6-20 aryl and 5-20
membered heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups;
m is 0, I, or 2;
Q, at each occurrence, independently is selected from an optionally
substituted C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C2-10 alkenyl, an optionally
substituted C2-10 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally'
substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted
3-20 membered cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 membered
heteroaryl, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, CF3, OCF3, NO2, OR8, SR8, S+R62, S(O)R8, S(O)2R8,
S(O)2OH, S(O)2NR8R9, NR8S(O)2R9, C(O)R8, C(O)OR8, C(O)NR8R9, OC(O)R8,
NR8R9, NR8C(O)R9, NR8C(O)OR9, NR8C(O)NR8R9, and N+R83;
R1 is selected from H, an optionally substituted d.10 alkyl, an optionally
substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, and an amino acid side
chain;
R2 and R3 each independently is selected from H, an optionally substituted
C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C7-20
aralkyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl, C(O)R6,
C(O)OR6, C(O)NR6R7, S(O)2R6, and S(O)2NR6R7;

alternatively, R2 and R3 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are
bound form a 3-20 membered heterocycle optionally containing 1-4 ring
heteroatoms independently selected from O, N or S and optionally substituted with
1-5 Q groups;
R4 is OR6 or NR6R7;
R5 is H or an optionally substituted C1-10alkyl;
R5 and R7 each independently is selected from H, an optionally substituted
C1-10alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-10
alkenyl, an optionally substituted C2-1O alkynyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an
optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl, C(O)R8,
C(O)OR8, and C(O)NR8R9;
alternatively, R6 and R7 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are
bound form a 3-20 membered heterocycle optionally containing 1-4 ring
heteroatoms independently selected from O, N or S and optionally substituted with
1-5 Q groups; and
R8 and R9 each independently is selected from H, an optionally .
substituted d-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally
substituted C2-10 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C2-10 alkynyl, an optionally
substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted
3-20 membered cycloheteroalkyl, and an optionally substituted 5-20 membered
heteroaryl;
provided that the compound is not 1-(2-aminopropanoyl)-4-
berizamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.
In some embodiments k is 0; in others, k is 1.
In some embodiments, Y' is NR2R3 and R2 is H (i.e., Y1 is NHR3) and R3 is selected
from H (i.e., Y' is NH2), an optionally substituted d-10 alkyl, C(O)R6, or C(O)OR6. In
some embodiments, Y' is NR2R3, R2 is H, R3 is C(O)R6 and R6 is H (i.e., R3 is
C(O)H) or an optionally substituted d-10 alkyl (e.g., R3 is C(O)CH3). In other
embodiments, Y' is NR2R3; and R2 and R3 each independently is an optionally
substituted C1-10 alkyl. In still other embodiments, Y' is OR2 and Rz is H (i.e., Y is
OH) or an optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R1 is H. In other embodiments, R1 is an amino acid side
chain and the amino acid is selected from valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionin.e,
alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, serine, threonine, cysteine, lysine,
argenine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine and glutamine,
provided that the compound is not 1-(2-aminopropanoyl)-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid.
Other embodiments of the present teachings include compounds wherein R4 is-OR5
(e.g., OH). Alternatively, R4 can be NR6R7, wherein R6 is H and R7 is selected from
H (i.e., R4 is NH2), an optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20
cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted 3-20
membered cycloheteroalkyl, or an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl.
In still other alternatives, R6 and R7 together with the nitrogen atom to which they
are bound form a 3-20 membered heterocycle selected from piperidine, piperazine,
morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyrrolidine, oxazolidine, thiazolidine, and imidazolidine,
each of which optionally can be substituted with 1-5 Q groups.
In some embodiments, Z' is C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q
groups and m is 0 (i.e., Z is C(0)-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q
groups). Exemplary compounds of these embodiments include those wherein Z' is
benzoyl. In other examples, Z is benzoyl substituted with 1-5 Q groups, such as,
for example, F, Cl, Br, I, C1-1O alkyl. CF3, OCF3, NO2, O-C1-10 alkyl, OH, NH2, NH(C1-
10 alkyl), N(C1-10 alkyl)2, and NHC(O)C1-10 alkyl.
In some embodiments, when Y' is NH2, k is 0, R4 is OH, R5 is H, and Z' is benzoyl,
then R1 is not methyl. In other embodiments, when Y' is NH2, k is 0, R1 is methyl,
R4 is OH, R5 is H, and Z' is benzoyl, then the benzoyi is substituted with at least one
Q group. In still other embodiments, when Y' is NH2, k is 0, R1 is methyl, R5 is H,
and Z is benzoyl, then R4 is not OH. In other embodiments, when Y' is NH2, R1 is
methyl, R4 is OH, R5 is H, and Z1 is benzoyl, then k is 1 or 2. In yet other
embodiments, when k is 0, R1 is methyl, R4 is OH, R5 is H, and Z' is benzoyl, then
Y' is not NH2.

Compounds according to the present teachings include those having the following
structures:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.
Examples of suitable prodrugs of any of the compounds of the present teachings
include, but are not limited to, oxazolidinone or imidazolidinone prodrugs.
In another aspect, the present teachings provide pharmaceutical compositions
comprising a compound according to the present teachings and a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier.
In still another aspect, the present teachings provide methods of preventing or
treating a pathological condition comprising administering to a subject in need '
thereof (e.g., a human being) a therapeuticaily effective amount of a compound or
pharmaceutical composition according to the present teachings. Examples of
pathological conditions that can be treated or prevented using compounds of the
present teachings include, but are not limited to, cardiovascular disease (e.g., atrial
fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation);
osteoporosis; inflammation of airway epithelium; disorders of alveolar tissue;
bladder incontinence; impaired hearing, such as due to diseases of the cochlea;
endothelial lesions; diabetes including diabetic retinopathy and diabetic neuropathy;

CMS related conditions; ischemia (e.g. ischemia of the central nervous system,
spinal cord, brain or brain stem); dental tissue disorders including periodontal
disease; kidney diseases; haematologic manifestations (e.g., anaemia, leukopenia,
thrombocytopenia, and pancytopenia) especially following treatment with cytostatic
compounds or irradiation therapy; wounds such as superficial wounds and deep
wounds resulting from trauma; erectile dysfunction; urinary bladder incontinence;
neuropathic pain; subchronic and chronic inflammation; cancer; failure of bone
marrow and stem cell transplantation; conditions which arise during transplantation
of cells and tissues or during medical procedures such as surgery; conditions
caused by an excess of reactive oxygen species, free radicals or nitric oxide;
diseases or disorders of pregnancy (e.g., preeclampsia and preterm labor); and
stroke.
The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions according to the present
teachings can be formulated for parenteral or oral administration.
A. Definitions
Unless specified otherwise, the following definitions are provided for specific terms,
which are used in the following written description.
Throughout the description and claims the three-letter code for natural amino acids
is used as well as generally accepted three letter codes for other a-amino acids,
such as sarcosine (Sar). Where the L or D form has not been specified, it is to'be
understood that the amino acid in question can be either the L or D form. A mixture
of equimolar amounts of D and L compounds is termed racemic and is designated
by the prefix DL, e.g., DL-leucine. It can alternatively be designated by the prefix
rac- (e.g. rac-leucine) or by the prefix [+/-]. The present teachings include all
possible stereoisomers of the compounds of Formulae I, II and III as well as of the
specific compounds shown herein.
The term "peptide" herein designates a chain of two or more molecules that are
linked by means of a peptide bond. Peptides can contain one or more naturally
occurring amino acids, one or more unnatural amino acids, one or more molecules
that are not amino acids but are capable of forming peptide bonds, or mixtures,
thereof.

The term "amino acid" refers to a molecule having the general formula
NHR-CHR'-COOH (wherein R is H and R' is an amino acid side chain, or R and R'
together with the carbon and nitrogen to which they are bonded form a ring, e.g.,
proline) which is capable of forming a peptide bond with one or more other
molecules having the same general formula. The term embraces both L and D
amino acids.
A "naturally occurring amino acid" refers to one of the following 20 amino acids: Ala
(A), Cys (C), Ser (S), Thr (T), Asp (D), Glu (E), Asn (N), Gln (Q), His (H). Arg (R),
Lys (K), lle (I), Leu (L). Met (M), Val (V), Phe (F), Tyr (Y), Trp (W), Gly (G), and Pro
(P). Normally these are L-amino acids, but the present teachings also allow for the
use of D-amino acids.
As used herein, the term "lysine mimetic" refers to an unnatural amino acid
comprising a C5-6 aliphatic or aromatic ring and at least two basic amine
functionalities (i.e., at least one basic amine functionality in addition to the N-
terminal amine). In some cases, the lysine mimetic has the formula
NHR-CHR'-COOH, wherein R and R' together with the carbon and nitrogen to
which they are bonded form a 5-6 membered ring, wherein the ring either (a)
contains at least one additional ring nitrogen, e.g., imidazolidine-2-carboxylic acid
(lca), or (b) bears an amine substituent, e.g., amino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
(4Amp) or amino-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid (4Ampi). In other cases, the lysine
mimetic has the formula NHR-CHR'-COOH wherein R is H and R' is a side chain
comprising a C5-6 aliphatic or aromatic ring, wherein (a) the ring either contains at
least one ring nitrogen or bears an amine substituent, and (b) the ring is separated
from the amino acid backbone methylene by 1 or 2 atoms. A non-limiting example
of such a lysine mimetic is amino-phenylalanine (4AmF), wherein 1 atom separates
the ring from the backbone. Lysine mimetics can also have the formula
NHR-CR'R"-COOH wherein R is H and R' and R" together form a C5-6 aliphatic or
aromatic ring, wherein the ring either contains at least one ring nitrogen or bears an
amine substituent. One non-limiting example of this type of lysine mimetic is 4-
amino-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid (Pip). Also included within the definition of
"lysine mimetic" are unnatural - and Y-amino acids comprising a C5-6 aliphatic or
aromatic ring and at least two basic amine functionalities as described above, such

as 3,5-diamino-benzoic acid (Damba). Other lysine mimetics are 4-aminoproline
analogs wherein the proline ring nitrogen is not present (e.g., 3-
aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid) or is located in another position in the proline
ring (e.g., 3-aminopyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid or 3-aminopyrrolidine-1-
carboxamide). In any of the lysine mimetics, the basic amine functionalities can be
a primary arnino group (e.g. 4AmF, Damba, 4Ampi, and 4Amp) or a secondary
amino group (e.g. Pip and lca). Examples of lysine mimetics having aliphatic cyclic
amine groups and aryl amines include Damba, 4Amp, 4Ampi, lea, Pip, and 4AmF,
having the following structures:

The term "halogen" refers to F, Cl, Br, and I.
The term "alkyl," as used herein either alone or as part of another group, refers to a
substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, e.g., having from 1 to 10
carbon atoms, that can be straight-chain or branched. Examples of alkyl groups
include methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (e.g., n-
butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, t-butyl), pentyl groups (e.g., n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl)

and the like. Specifically included within the definition of "alkyl" are those aliphatic
hydrocarbon chains that are optionally substituted.
The term "alkenyl," as used herein either alone or as part of another group, refers to
a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, e.g., having from 2. to 10
carbon atoms, that can be straight-chain or branched and contains one or more
carbon-carbon double bonds. The one or more double bonds can be internal (such
as in 2-butene) or terminal (such as in 1-butene). Preferably alkenyl moieties
contain one or two double bonds. The term "alkenyl" includes both E and Z isomers
of each of the one or more double bonds. Specifically included within the definition
of "alkenyl" are those aliphatic hydrocarbon chains that are optionally substituted.
Examples of alkenyl moieties include vinyl, allyl, and butenyl (e.g., 1-butene and 2-
butene).
The term "alkynyl," as used herein either alone or as part of another group, refers to
a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon chain, e.g., having from 2 to 10
carbon atoms, that can be straight-chain or branched and contains one or more
triple carbon-carbon bonds. The one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds can be
internal (such as in 2-butyne) or terminal (such as in 1-butyne). Specifically
included within the definition of "alkynyl" are those aliphatic hydrocarbon chains that
are optionally substituted. Examples of alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl,
butynyl, pentynyl, and the like.
As used herein either alone or as part of another group, the term "cycloalkyl" refers
to substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic carbocyclic groups, e.g., having from 3
to 20 ring carbon atoms and optionally containing one or more (e.g., 1, 2 or 3)
double or triple bonds, including cyclized alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups.
Cycloalkyl groups can be monocyclic (e.g., cyclohexyl) or poly-cyclic (e.g. fused,
bridged, or spiro ring systems), wherein the carbon atoms are located inside or
outside of the ring system. Any suitable ring position of the cycloalkyl moiety can
be covalently linked to the defined chemical structure. Examples of cycloalkyl
groups include cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,
cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl,
cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl, norbornyl, norpinyl, norcarnyl, adamantyl,
spiro[4.5]decanyl groups, hornologs, isomers, and the like. Also included in the

definition of cycloalkyl groups are moieties that have one or more aromatic rings
fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the cycloalkyl ring, for example,
benzo derivatives of cyclopentane (indanyl), cyclohexane (tetrahydronaphthyl), and
the like. Specifically included within the definition of "cycloalkyl" are those
carbocycles that are optionally substituted.
The term "aryl," as used herein either aldne or as part of another group, refers to
substituted or unsubstituted aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbons such
as, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, and the like. In
some embodiments, aryl groups have from 6 to about 20 carbon atoms. Any
suitable ring position of the aryl moiety can be covalently linked to the defined
chemical structure (e.g., 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, etc.). Specifically included within
the definition of "aryl" are those aromatic hydrocarbons that are optionally
substituted.
The term "aralkyl" refers to an aryl moiety, as defined herein, bonded to an alkyl
moiety, as defined herein. Aralkyl groups are covalenfly linked to the defined
chemical structure through their alkyl groups. Aralkyl groups optionally can be
substituted on the aryl moiety, the alkyl moiety, or both.
As used herein either alone or as part of another group, "cycloheteroalkyl" refers to
a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic cycloalkyl group, e.g., having from 3 to
20 ring atoms, that contains 1-4 ring heteroatoms independently selected from
oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S), and optionally contains one or more (e.g..
1, 2 or 3) double or triple bonds. The cycloheteroalkyl group can be attached to the
defined chemical structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable
structure. One or more N or S atoms in a cycloheteroalkyl ring can be oxidized
(e.g., N-hydroxypiperidine, morpholine N-oxide, thiomorpholine S-oxide,
thiomorpholine S,S-dioxide). Examples of cycloheteroalkyl groups include
morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyran, imidazolidine, imidazoline, oxazolidine,
pyrazolidine, pyrazoline, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene,
piperidine, piperazine, and the like. Also included in the definition of
cycloheteroalkyl are moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., have
a bond in common with) to the cycloheteroalkyl ring, for example, benzimidazoline,
chromane, chromene, indolinetetrahydroquinoline, and the like. Cycloheteroalkyl

groups can also contain one or more oxo groups, such as phthalimide, piperidone,
oxazolidinone, pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione> pyridin-2(1H)-one, and the like.
Specifically included within the definition of "cycloheteroalkyl" are those ring
systems that are optionally substituted on any heteroatom and/or carbon atom that
results in a stable structure.
As used herein either alone or as part of another group, "heteroaryl" refers to
monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic ring systems having from 5 to 20 ring atoms and
containing 1-4 ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S.
Generally, heteroaryl rings do not contain O-O, S-S, or S-O bonds. Heteroaryl
groups include monocyclic heteroaryl rings fused to a phenyl ring. The heteroaryl
group can be attached to the defined chemical structure at any heteroatom or
carbon atom that results in a stable structure. One or more N or S atoms in a
heleroaryl ring can be oxidized (e.g., N-hydroxypyridine, pyridine N-oxide,
thiophene S-oxide, thiophene S,S-dioxide). Examples of heteroaryl groups include,
for example, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine,
triazole, pyrazole, imidazole, isothiazole, thiazole, thiadiazole, isoxazole, oxazole,
oxadiazole, indole, isoindole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, quinoline, 2-
methylquinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, quinazoline, benzotriazole,
benztetrazole, indazole, benzimidazole, benzothiazole, benzisothiazole,
benzisoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzoxazole, cinnoline, 1H-indazole, 2H-indazole,
indolizine, isobenzofuran, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, purine,
oxazolopyridine, thiazolopyridine, imidazopyridine, furopyridine, thienopyridine,
pyridopyrimidine, pyridopyrazine, pyridopyridazine, thienothiazole, thienoxazole,
and thienoimidazole. Specifically included within the definition of "heteroaryl" are
those aromatic ring systems that are optionally substituted on any heteroatom
and/or carbon atom that results in a stable structure.
The term "heterocycle" means a heteroaryl or cycloheteroalkyl as defined herein.
As used herein, "carboxylic acid bioisostere" means a substituent or group that has
chemical or physical properties similar to that of a carboxylic acid moiety and that
produces broadly similar biological properties to that of a carboxylic acid moiety.
See, generally, R. B. Silverman, The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug
Action (Academic Press, 1992). Examples of carboxylic acid bioisosteres include,

but are not limited to, amides, sulfonamides, sulfonic acids, phosphonamidic acids,
alkyl phosphonates, N-cyanoacetamtdes, 3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one, imidazoles,
oxazoles, thiazoles, pyrazoles, triazoles, oxadiazoles, thiadiazoles, or tetrazoles,
each of which optionally can be substituted (e.g., by C1-10 alkyl, OH, etc.).
As used herein, "amide bioisostere" means a substituent or group that has chemical
or physical properties similar to that of an amide moiety and that produces broadly
similar biological properties to that of an amide moiety. See, generally, R. B.
Silverman, The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action (Academic
Press, 1992). Examples of amide bioisosteres include, but are not limited to,
carboxylic acids, sulfonamides, sulfonic acids, phosphonamidic acids, alkyl
phosphonates, N-cyanoacetamides, 3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one, imidazoles,
oxazoles, thiazoles, pyrazoles, triazoles, oxadiazoles, thiadiazoles, or tetrazoles,
any of which optionally can be substituted (e.g., by C1-10 alkyl, OH, etc.).
The phrase "hydrophobic group" refers to an optionally substituted aromatic carbon
ring, preferably a 6- to 12-membered aromatic carbon ring. The hydrophobic group
can be optionally substituted as discussed below. Illustrative hydrophobic groups
include benzyl, phenyl, and napthyl.
The term "optionally substituted" as used herein means one or more hydrogen
atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 hydrogen atoms) of the group can each be replaced
with a substituent atom or group commonly used in pharmaceutical chemistry.
Each substituent can be the same or different. Examples of suitable substituents
include, but are not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl,
cycloheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, OR6 (e.g., hydroxyl. alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, and
propoxy), aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, ether, ester, carbamate, etc.),
hydroxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxyalkoxy, perhaloalkyl, perfluoroalkyl (e.g., CF3,
CF2CF3), perfluoroalkoxy (e.g., OCF3, OCF2CF3), alkoxyalkyl, SR6 (e.g., thiol,
alkylthio, arylthio, heteroarylthio, aralkylthio, etc.), S+R62, S(O)R6, SO2R6, NR6R7
(e.g., primary amine (i.e., NH2), secondary amine, tertiary amine, amide,
carbamate, urea, etc.), hydrazide, halide, nitrile, nitro, sulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone,
sulfonamide, thiol, carboxy, aldehyde, keto, carboxylic acid, ester, amide, imine,
and imide, including seleno and thio derivatives thereof, wherein each of the
substituents can be optionally further substituted. Preferably, 1-3 optional

substituents can be present, wherein the substituents are Q groups as defined
herein. In embodiments in which a functional group with an aromatic carbon ring is
substituted, such substitutions will typically number less than about 10 substitutions,
more preferably about 1 to 5, with about 1 or 2 substitutions being preferred.
The carbon numbers used in the definitions herein (e.g., C1-10 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl,
C2-10 alkynyl, C6-20 aryl, etc.) refer to the carbon backbone and carbon branching,
but do not include carbon atoms of substituents.
At various places in the present specification substituents of compounds of the
present teachings are disclosed in groups or; in ranges. It is specifically intended
that the present teachings include each and every individual subcombination of the
members of such groups and ranges. For example, the term "C1-6 alkyl" is
specifically intended to individually disclose C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-
C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, G2-P3, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C4-C6, C4-C5, and
C5-C6 alkyl. Similarly, the term "C1-10 alkyl" is specifically intended to individually
disclose C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C1-C10, C1-C9, CI-C8, C1-C7, C1-C6,
C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C2-C10, C2-C9, C2-C8, C2-C7, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3,
C3-C10, C3-C9, C3-C8, C3-C7, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C4-C10, C4-C9, C4-C8, C4-C7, C4-C6,
C4-C5, C5-C10, C5-C9, C5-C8, C5-C7, C5-C6, C6-C10, C6-C9, C6-C8, C6-C7, C7-C10,
C7-C9, C7-C8, C8-C10, C8-C9, and C9-C10 alkyl.
The compounds of the present teachings can contain an asymmetric atom (also
referred to as a chiral center), and some of the compounds can contain one or more
asymmetric atoms or centers, which can thus give rise to optical isomers
(enantiomers) and diastereomers. The present teachings include such enantiomers
and diastereomers, as well as the racemic and resolved, enantiomerically pure R
and S stereoisomers, as well as other mixtures of the R and S stereoisomers and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Optical isomers can be obtained in pure
form by standard procedures known to those skilled in the art, which include, but
are not limited to, diastereomeric salt formation, kinetic; resolution, and asymmetric
synthesis. The present teachings also encompass.cis and trans isomers of
compounds containing alkenyl moieties (e.g., alkenes and imines). It is also
understood that the present teachings encompass all possible regioisomers, and
mixtures thereof, which can be obtained in pure form by standard separation

procedures known to those skilled in the art, and include, but are not limited to,
column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and high-performance liquid
chromatography.
The terms "intercellular communication modulator", "gap junction facilitator",
"compound that facilitates gap junction cornmunication" and "gap junction opener",
etc., all refer to a compound that facilitates, or maintains, or normalizes, gap
junction intercellular communication (GJIC), irrespective of the particular
mechanism behind this action. More specifically, the term "gap junction opener"
can refer to a substance that normalizes (i.e., increases) the exchange of molecules
that are able to pass through gap junctions between extracellular and intracellular
spaces and/or which can normalize or increase GJIC.
The term "agonist" " refers to an compound that can interact with a tissue, cell or
cell fraction which is the target of an AAP, AAP10, or HP5 compound (or functional
analogue thereof), to cause substantially the same physiological responses in the
tissue, cell or cell fraction as the AAP, AAP10, or HP5 compound (or functional
analogue thereof). In one aspect, the physiological response is one or more of
contraction, relaxation, secretion, enzyme activation, etc. Preferably, the
compound binds to the tissue, cell or cell fraction. In one aspect, the compound
binds to a receptor on the tissue, cell, or cell fraction, which binds to AAP, AAP10,
or HP5 (or a functional analogue thereof).
The term "antagonist" refers to a compound which inhibits or antagonizes one or
more physiological responses observed in a tissue, cell or cell fraction after
contacting the tissue, cell, or cell fraction with AAP, AAP10, or HP5 compound (or

functional analogue thereof), in one aspect, the physiological response is one or
more of contraction, relaxation, secretion, enzyme activation, etc. Preferably, the
compound binds to the tissue, cell or cell fraction. In one aspect, the compound
binds to a receptor on the tissue, cell, or cell fraction which binds to AAP, AAP10, or
HP5 (or functional analogue thereof) and/or which inhibits binding of one or more of
AAP, AAP10, or HP5 (or functional analogue thereof) to the receptor.

As used herein, "normalize" refers to a change in a physiological response such
that the response becomes insignificantly different from one observed in a normal
patient. Thus, normalization can involve an increase or decrease in the response
depending on the pathology involved.
B. Exemplary compounds
Exemplary compounds according to the present teachings are listed below. In
some cases, alternate names for the compounds are included in parentheses after
the chemical name.
Compound 1: (2S, 4R)1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-(4-nitro-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid (H-Gly-(2S, 4R)-4Amp(4-Nitrobenzoyl)-OH)
Compound 2: (2S4R) 1 -(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid ((2S, 4R)-1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, H-Gly-
(2S, 4R)-4Amp(Benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 3: (2S, 4R)1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-(4-methyl-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid (H-Gly-(2S, 4R)-4Amp(4-methylbenzoyl)-OH)
Compound 4: (2S, 4R)1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-(4-methoxy-benzoy!amino)-pyrrolidine-
2-carboxylic acid (H-Gly-(2S, 4R)-4Amp(4-methoxybenzoyl)-OH)
Compound 5: (2S, 4R)1-(3-Amino-propionyl)-4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid (H-Ala-(2S, 4R)-4Amp(benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 6: (2S, 4R)1-(2-Amino-4-carboxy-butyryl)-4-benzoylamino-pyrroiidine-
2-carboxylic acid (H-Glu-(2S, 4R)-4Amp(benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 7: (2S, 4R)1-[2-Amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yi)-propionyI]-4-benzoylamino-
pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (H-Trp-(2S, 4R)-4Amp(benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 8: (2S, 4R)1-(2-Amino-4-methyl-pentanoyl)-4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-
2-carboxylic acid (H-Leu-(2S, 4R)-4Amp(benzoyl)-OH)

Compound 9: (2S, 4R)1-(2-Amino-3-phenyl-propionyl)-4-benzoylarnino-pyrrolidine-
2-carboxylic acid (H-Phe-(2S, 4R)-4Amp(benzoyi)-OH)
Compound 10: (2S, 4R)1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-(4-hydroxy-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-
2-carboxylic acid (H-Gly-(2S, 4R)-4Amp(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-OH)
Compound 11: (2S, 4S)1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-(4-rnethoxy-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-
2-carboxylic acid (H-Gly-(2S, 4S)-4Amp(4-methoxybenzoyl)-OH)
Compound 12: (2S, 4S)1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-(4-methyl-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-
2-carboxylic acid (H-Gly-(2S, 4S)-4Amp(4-methylbenzoyl)-OH)
Compound 13: (2S, 4S)1-(2-Amino-acefyl)-4-(4-nitro-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid (H-Gly-(2S, 4S)-4Amp(4-nitrobenzoyl)-OH)
Compound 14: (2S, 4S)1-(2-Amino-acetyJ)-4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid (H-Gly-(2S, 4S)-4Amp(benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 15: (2S4S) 1-(2-Amino-4-carboxy-butyryl)-4-benzoylamino-piperidine-2-
carboxylic acid (H-Glu-(2S4S)-4Ampi(benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 16: (2S4S) 1-(2-Amino-4-methyl-pentanoyl)-4-benzoylamino-piperidine-
2-carboxylic acid (H-Leu-(2S4S)-4Ampi(benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 17: (2S4S) 4-Benzoylamino-1-(2,6-diamino-hexanoyl)-piperidine-2-
carboxylic acid (H-Lys-(2S4S)-4Ampi(benzoyl)-OH)
. Compound 18: (2S4S) 1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-benzoylamino-piperidine-2-carboxylic
acid (H-Gly-(2S4S)-4Ampi(Benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 19: (2S4S) 1-(3-Amino-propionyl)-4-benzoylamino-piperidine-2-
carboxylic acid (H-Ala-(2S4S)-4Ampi(benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 20: (2S4S) 1-[2-Amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-propionyl]-4-benzoylamino-
piperidine-2-carboxylic acid (H-Trp-(2S4S)-4Ampi(Benzoyl)-OH)

Compound 21: (2S4S) 1-(2-Amino-3-phenyl-propionyl)-4-benzoylamino-piperidine-
2-carboxylic acid (H-Phe-(2S4S)-4Ampi(Benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 22: 1-(2-Amino-4-carboxy-butyroyl)-3-benzoyl-imidazolidine-2-
carboxylic acid (H-Glu-lca(Benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 23: 4-(2-Amino-acetylamino)-1-benzoyl-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid (H-
Gly-Pip(Benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 24: 3-(2-Amino-acetylamino)-5-(4-methyl-benzoylamino)-benzoic acid
(H-Gly-Damba(4-methylbenzoyl)-OH)
Compound 25: 3-(2-Amino-3-carbamoyl-propionylamino)-5-benzoylamino-benzoic
acid (H-Asn-Damba(Benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 26: 3-(2-Amino-acetylamino)-5-benzoylarnino-benzoic acid (H-Gly-
Damba(Benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 27: (2S, 4R) 3-[(4-Benzoy!amino-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl)-amino]-
propionic acid ((2S4R)H-4Arnp(benzoyl)-betaA!a-OH)
Compound 28: (2S, 4R) {[4-(4-Nitro-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]-amino}-
acetic acid ((2S4R)H-4Amp(4-Nitrobenzoyl)-Gly-OH)
Compound 29: (2S, 4R) {[4-(4-Methoxy-benzoy!amino)-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]-
amino}-acetic acid ((2S4R)H-4Amp(4-Methoxybenzoyl)-Gly-OH)
Compound 30: (2S, 4R) 2-{[4-(4-Methyl-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]-
amino}-acetic acid ((2S4R)H-4Amp(Toluoyl)-Gly-OH)
Compound 31: (2S, 4R) 2-[(4-Benzoylamino-pyrroIidine-2-carbonyl)-amino]-3-
phenyl-propionic acid ((2S4R)H-4Amp(benzoyl)-Phe-OH)

Compound 32: (2S, 4R) 2-[(4-Benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyi)-amino]-4-
methyl-pentanoic acid ((2S4R)H-4Amp(benzoyl)-Leu-OH)
Compound 33: (2S, 4R) 4-Benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (5-amino-1-
formyl-pentyl)amide((2S4R)H-4Amp(benzoyl)-Lys-OH)
Compound 34: (2S, 4R) 2-[(4-Benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl)-amino]-
succinamic acid ((2S4R)H-4Amp(benzoyl)-Asn-OH)
Compound 35: (2S, 4S) [(4-Benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl)-amino]-acetic
acid ((2S4S)H-4Amp(Benzoyl)-Gly-OH)
Compound 36: (2S, 4S) [(4-(4-Methoxy-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl)-
amino]-acetic acid ((2S4S)H-4Amp(4-Methoxybenzoy!)-Gly-OH)
Compound 37: (2S, 4S) [(4-(4-Nitro-benzoy!amino)-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl)-amino]-
acetic acid ((2S4S)H-4Amp(4-Nitrobenzoyl)-Gly-OH)
Compound 38: (2S, 4S) [(4-(4-Methyl-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl)-
amino]-acetic acid ((2S4S)H-4Amp(Toluoyl)-Gly-OH)
Compound 39: [2-Amino-3-(4-benzoylarnino-phenyl)-propionylamino]-acetic acid
(H-4AmF(Benzoyl)-GIy-OH)
Compound 40: [2-Amino-3-(4-(4-Methoxy-benzoylamino-phenyl)-propionylarnino]-
acetic acid (H-4AmF(4-Methoxybenzoyl)-Gly-OH)
Compound 41: [2-Amino-3-(4-(4-Nitro-benzoylamino-phenyl)-propionylamino]-
acetic acid (H-4AmF(4-Nitrobenzoyl)-Gly-OH)
Compound 42: [2-Amino-3-(4-(4-Methyl-benzoylamino-phenyl)-propionylamino]-
acetic acid (H-4AmF(Toluoyl)-Gly-OH)
Compound 43: [(1-Benzoyl-imidazolidine-2-carbonyl)-aminolacetic acid (H-
Ica (BenzoyI)-Gly-OH)

Compound 44: {[1-(4-Nitro-benzoyl]-imidazolidine-2-carbonyl]-amino}acetic acid
(H-lca(4-Nitrobenzoyl)-Gly-OH)
Compound 45: (2S, 4S) {[4-Benzoylamino-piperidine-2-carbonyl]-amino}-acetic
acid((2S4S)H-4Ampi(Benzoyl)-G!y-OH)
Compound 46: (2S, 4S) {[4-Benzoylamino-piperidine-2-carbonyl]-amino}-propionic
acid((2S4S)H-4Ampi(benzoyl)-betaAla-OH)
Compound 47: [(4-Amino-1-benzoyl-piperidine-4-carbonyl)-amino]-acetic acid (H-
Pip(Benzoyi)-Gly-OH)
Compound 48: (3-Amino-5-benzoylamino-benzoylamino)-acetic acid (H-
Damba(Benzoyl)-Gly-OH)
Compound 49: (3-Amino-5-(4-Methoxy-benzoylamino)-benzoylamino)-acetic acid
(H-Damba(4-MethoxybenzoyI)-Gly-OH)
Compound 50: (3-Amino-5-(4-Methyl-benzoylamino)-benzoylamino)-acetic acid (H-
Damba(Toluoyl)-Gly-OH)
Compound 51: (3,5-Diamino-benzoylamino)-acetic acid (H-Damba-Gly-OH)
Compound 52: (2S, 4R) 4-Benzoylamino-1-(2-hydroxy-acetyl)-pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid (HAA-(2S, 4R)4-Amp(benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 53: 4-Benzoylamino-1-(2-hydroxy-acetylamino)-cyclohexanecarboxylic
acid (HAA-Pip(benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 54: 3-Benzoylamino-5-(2-hydroxy-acetylarnino)-benzoic acid (HAA-
Damba(benzoyJ)-OH)
Compound 55: (2S, 4S) 4-Benzoylamino-1-(2-hydroxy-acetyI)-piperidine-2-
carboxylic acid (HAA-(2S4S)4-Ampi(benzoy!)-OH)

Compound 56: 1-Benzoyl-3-(2-hydroxy-acetyl)-imidazolidine-2-carboxylic acid
amide (HAA-lca(benzoyl)-NH2)
Compound 57: 1-Benzoyl-3-(2-hydroxy-acetyl)-imidazolidine-2-carboxylic acid
(HAA-lca(benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 58: 3-(4-Benzoylamino-phenyl)-2-(2-hydroxy-acetylamino)-propionic
acid (HAA-4AmF(benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 59: N-{4-[2-Carbamoyl-2-(2-hydroxy-acetylamino)-ethyl]-phenyl}-
benzamide (HAA-4AmF(benzoyl)-NH2)
Compound 60: (2S, 4R) 4-Benzoylamino-1-(2-mercapto-acetyl)-pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid (THAA-(2S4R)-4Amp(benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 61: (2S, 4S) 4-Benzoylamino-1-(2-mercapto-acetyl)-piperidine-2-
carboxylic acid (THAA-(2S4S)-4Ampi(benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 62: (2S, 4S) 1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-benzoy!amino-piperidine-2-carboxylic
acid (H-Gly-(2S4S)-4Ampi(benzoyl)-OH)
Compound 63: (2S, 4S) [(4-Benzoylamino-piperidine-2-carbonyl)-amino]-acetic
acid ((2S4S) H-4Ampi(benzoy!)-Gly-OH)
Compound 64: (2S.4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
Compound 65: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-rnethylpyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide
Compound 66: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-ethylpyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide
Compound 67: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-isopropylpyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide

Compound 6ES: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzarniclo-txI-cyclopropylpyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide
Compound 69: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)acetyl)
pyrrolidine-2- carboxamide
Compound 70: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-(pentan-3-yl)pyrrolidine-
2-carboxamide
Compound 71: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-cyclopentylpyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide
Compound 72: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyI)-4-benzamido-N-isobutylpyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide
Compound 73: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-cyclobutylpyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide
Compound 74: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-tert-butylpyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide
Compound 75: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-
yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
Compound 76: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-((R)-3-methylbutan-2-
yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
Compound 77: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-((R)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-
yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
Compound 78: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-phenylpyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide
Compound 79: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-((R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-
yl)pyrro!idine-2-carboxamide

Compound 80: (2S,4R) 1-(2-acetamidoacetyl)-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid
Compound 81: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(methylamino)acetyl)-pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 82: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(2,2,2-
trifluoroacetarnido)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
Compound 83: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)acetyl)
pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
Compound 84: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(dimethylarnino)acetyI)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 85: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-formamidoacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid
Compound 86: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(1H-imidazole-2-carbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 87: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(1H-pyrazole-5-carbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 88: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(1H-imidazole-5-carbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 89: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(picolinamido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid
Compound 90: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(nicotinamido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid

Compound 91: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(isonicotinamido)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 92: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(pyrimidine-5-carboxamido)pyrrolidine-
2-carboxylic acid
Compound 93: (2S,4R) 1-(2-arninoacetyl)-4-(2-fluorobenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 94: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(3-fluorobenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 95: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(4-fluorobenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 96: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(2-methyIbenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 97: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(3-methylbenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 98: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(4-methylbenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 99: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(4-methoxybenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 100: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(3-methoxybenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 101: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(4-hydroxybenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 102: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(3-hydroxybenzamido)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid

Compound 103: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(2-phenylacetamido)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 104: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(2-oxo-2-
phenylethylamino)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
Compound 105: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(phenylamino)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid
Compound 106: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(benzy!amino)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid
Compound 107: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(phenylsulfonamido)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 108: N-((3R,5S) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3- '
yl)benzamide
Compound 109: N-((3R,5S) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(1H-imida2ol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-
yl)benzamide
Compound 110: N-((3R,5S) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-
yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide
Compound 111: N-((3R,5S) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(5-isopropyl-1H-imidazol-2-
yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide
Compound 112: N-((3R,5S) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(oxazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-
yl)benzamide
Compound 113: N-((3R,5S) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(5-isopropyloxazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-
3-yl)benzamide

Compound 114: N-((3R,5S) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(5-methyloxazo|-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-
yl)benzamide
Compound 115: N-((3R,5S) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(4-methyloxazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-
yl)benzamide
Compound 116: N-((3R,5S) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-
yl)benzamide
Compound 117: N-((3R,5S) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(3-isopropyi-1H-pyrazol-5-
yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide
Compound 118: N-((3R,5S) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-
yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide
Compound 119: N-((3R,5S) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)pyrrolidiri-3-
yl)benzamide
Compound 120: N-((3R,5S) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-
yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)benzarnide
Compound 121: N-((3R,5S) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(3-isopropyl-1H-1,2,4-triazo!-5-
yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide
Compound 122: N-((3R,5S) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-
yl)benzamide
Compound 123: N-((3R,5S) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-
yl) pyrrolidin-3-yl)benza mid e
Compound 124: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-
ylamino)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylicacid
Compound 1.25: (2S,4R) 1-(2-(1H-imidazol-2-ylamino)acetyl)-4-
benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

Compound 126: (2S,4R) 1-(2-(iH-pyrazol-5-ylamino)acetyl)-4-
benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
Compound 127: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(pyridin-2-ylamino)acetyi)pyrroIidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 128: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(pyrimidin-4-ylamino)acetyl)pyrrolidine-
2-carboxylic acid
Compound 129: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(pyrimidin-2-yfamino)acetyl)pyrrolidine-
2-carboxylic acid
Compound 130: (2S,4R) 1-(2-(1H-imidazol-4-ylamino)acetyl)-4-
benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
Compound 131: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(3-phenylureido)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 132: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(3-methylureido)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 133: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(3-isopropylureido)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 134: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(methylsuIfonamido)acetyl)pyrro!idine-
2-carboxylic acid
Compound 135: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(phenylsulfonamido)acetyl)pyrrolidine-
2-carboxylic acid
Compound 136: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(1-methylethylsulfonamido)acetyl)
pyrrolidine-2-carboxyiic acid

Compound 137: (2S,4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(ethylsulfonamido)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 138: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(4-phenyloxazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 139: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid
Compound 140: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(5-phenyMH-imidazol-2-
yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
Compound 141: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(4-phenyi-1H-imidazol-2-
yl)pyrrolidine-2.-carboxylic acid
Compound 142: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-(furan-3-y!)pyrrolidine-
2-carboxamide!
Compound 143: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-{piperidin-4-
yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
Compound 144: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-(oxazol-4-yl)pyrrolidine-
2-carboxamide
Compound 145: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-(isoxazol-4-
yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
Compound 146: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-(oxazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-
2-carboxamide
Compound 147: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-benzylpyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide
Compound 148: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-(pyridin-4-
ylmethyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide

Compound 149: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-(pyridin-4-yl)pyrrolidine-
2-carboxamide
Compound 150: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrrolidine-
2-carboxamide
Compound 151: (2S,4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrrolidine-
2-carboxamide
The present teachings also encompass isomers and/or enantiomers of the
compounds listed above (e.g., 2S4S, 2S4R, 2R4R, 2R.4S, 3S5S, 3S5R, 3R5R,
3R5S), as well as their salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present teachings
having an acidic moiety can be formed using organic and inorganic bases. Suitable
salts formed with bases; include metal salts, such as alkali metal or alkaline earth
metal salts, for example sodium, potassium, or magnesium salts; ammonia salts
and organic amine salts, such as those formed with morpholine, thiomorpholine,
piperidine, pyrrolidine, a mono-, di- or tri-lower alkylamine (e.g., ethyl-tert-butyl-,
diethyl-, diisopropyl-, triethyl-, tributyl- or dimethylpropylamine), or a mono-, di- or
trihydroxy lower alkylamine (e.g., mono-, di- or triethanolamine). Internal salts also
can be formed. Similarly, when a compound of the present teachings contains a
basic moiety, salts can be formed using organic and inorganic acids. For example,
salts can be formed from the following acids: acetic, propionic, lactic, citric, tartaric,
succinic, fumaric, maleic, malonic, mandelic, malic, phthalic, hydrochloric,
hydrobromic, phosphoric, nitric, sulfuric, methanesulfonic, napthalenesulfonic,
benzenesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, and camphorsulfonic as well as other known
pharmaceutically acceptable acids. Amino acid addition salts can also be formed
with amino acids such as lysine, glycine, or phenylalanine.
The present teachings also include prodrugs of the compounds described herein.
As used herein, "prodrug" refers to a moiety that produces, generates or releases a
compound of the present teachings when administered to a mammalian subject.
Prodrugs can be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the
compounds in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either by routine

manipulation or in vivo, from the parent compounds. Examples of prodrugs include
compounds of the present teachings as described herein that contain one or more
molecular moieties appended to a hydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, or carboxyl group of
the compound, and that when administered to a mammalian subject, is cleaved in
vivo to form the free hydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, or carboxyl group, respectively.
Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate
derivatives of alcohol and amine functional groups in the compounds of the present
teachings. Examples of preferred prodrugs include oxazolidinone or
imidazolidinone prodrugs. Ester prodrugs are preferably formed with lower
alcohols, such as C1-6 alcohols. Preparation and use of prodrugs is discussed in T.
Higuchi and V. Stella, "Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems," Vol. 14 of the A.C.S.
Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B.
Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergarnon Press, 1987.
In a further aspect, the present teachings provide derivatives of the compounds,
and more particularly protected forms of the compounds. By way of example, the
compounds can be protected at their N- and/or C-terrnini, and/or at the amino acid
side chain (in those compounds wherein R1 is an amino acid side chain). Examples
of protecting groups include tBu, Boc, Fmoc, Fm, Benzyl, Dde and Z and also
include the compounds when coupled to a solid phase, e.g. when they have been
made by solid phase synthesis.
C. Pharmaceutical compositions
The compounds of the present teachings can serve as medicaments in their pure
form or as pharmaceutical compositions, which can be administered via any
acceptable method known in the art, either singly or in combination.
Pharmaceutical compositions according to the present teachings can comprise a
compound of the present teachings in admixture with one or more pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier, diluent, vehicle or excipient. Such compositions can be
formulated to oral administration (including buccal cavity or sublingually) or by
parenteral administration (including intravenous (i.v.), subcutaneous (s.c),
intramuscular (i.m.), intraperitoneal (i.p.)) administration. Other administration
routes include epidural, rectal, intranasal or dermal administration or by pulmonary
inhalation. Especially preferred formulations provide sustained release of the
compounds of the present teachings. The compositions are preferably in the form

of solid or liquid formulations and methods for their preparation are generally
described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences", 17th Ed., Alfonso R. Gennaro
(Ed.), Mark Publishing Company, Easton, PA, U.S.A., 1985.
Such compositions generally contain an effective amount of the one or more active
compounds of the present teachings, together with a suitable carrier in order to
provide the dosage in a form compatible with the route of administration selected.
Preferably, the carrier is in the form of a vehicle, a diluent, a buffering agent, a
tonicity adjusting agent, a preservative and stabilizers. The excipients constituting
the carrier must be compatible with the active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) and are
preferably capable of stabilizing the compounds without being deleterious to the
subject being treated.
A form of repository or sustained-release formulation can be used so that
therapeutically effective amounts of the preparation are delivered into the
bloodstream over many hours or days following administration of the compound or
composition, e.g., by transdermal injection or deposition. Formufations suitable for
sustained release include biodegradable polymers, such as L-lactic acid, D-lactic:
acid, DL-lactic; acid, glycolide, glycolic acid, and isomers thereof. Similarly, the
carrier or diluent can include any sustained release material known in the art, such
as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or mixed with a wax.
Other sustained release formulations can include, but are not limited to,
formulations that include at least one of the compounds disclosed herein combined
with liposomes, microspheres, emulsions or micelles and liquid stabilizers.
The doses the compounds and compositions of the present teachings required for
the desired therapeutic effects will depend upon on the potency of the compound,
the particular composition used and the route of administration selected. The
compounds will typically be administrated in the range of about 0.001 g to 10 g per
patient per day. For example, the compounds can be administered in the range
from about 1 mg to about 1000 mg per patient per day, from about 10 mg to about
100 mg per patient per day, or about 50 mg per patient per day.

The most suitable dosing regimen can best be determined by a medical practitioner
for each patient individually. The optimal dosing regimen with the compounds and
pharmaceutical compositions according to the present teachings depends on
factors such as the particular disease or disorder being treated, the desired effect,
and the age, weight or body mass index:, and general physical conditions of the
patient. The administration can be conducted in a single unit dosage form to
alleviate acute symptoms or as a continuous therapy in the form of multiple doses
over time. Alternatively, continuous infusion systems or slow release depot
formulations can be employed. Two or more compounds or pharmaceutical
compositions according to the present teachings can be co-administered
simultaneously or sequentially in any order. In addition, the compounds and
compositions can be administered in a similar manner for prophylactic purposes.
Ultimately, the; best dosing regimen will be decided by the attending physician for
each patient individually.
D. Therapeutic uses
Compounds according to the present teachings can facilitate and/or maintain the
intercellular communication mediated by gap junctions. In one aspect, the
compounds according to the present teachings target the same cells targeted by
AAP, AAP10, HP5, and/or functional analogues thereof, i.e. the compounds are
able to modulate the function of these cells by agonizing or antagonizing the
function of AAP, AAP10, HP5, and/or functional analogues thereof. The scope of
the present teachings is, however, not limited to compounds having specific AAP
agonistic or antagonistic properties. The present teachings also relate to the
preparation and use of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of
pathologies which can be associated with impaired intercellular gap junction
communication and methods for using these compositions, e.g. as disclosed in WO
02/077017 "New Medical Uses of Intercellular Communication Facilitating
Compounds".
The present also provides methods of treating a subject having, or preventing a
subject at risk from developing, a condition associated with impaired GJIC (e.g.,
cardiac arrhythmia or osteoporosis) comprising administering a therapeutically
effective amount of any of the compounds of the present teachings. Individuals
who can be treated using compounds according to the present teachings include,

but are not limited to, animals, preferably mammals, e.g., rodents (including mice,
rats, hamsters, and lagomorphs, such as rabbits), dogs, pigs, goats (generally any
domestic animal), and primates. In one preferred aspect, the subject is a human
being.
Examples of conditions which can be treated or prevented using compounds of the
present teachings include, but are not limited to, cardiovascular disease;
osteoporosis; inflammation of airway epithelium; disorders of alveolar tissue;
bladder incontinence; impaired hearing (e.g. due to diseases of the cochlea);
endothelial lesions; diabetes (Type I or Type II) and diabetic complications
(including diabetic retinopathy and diabetic neuropathy); atherosclerosis; CNS
related conditions; seizures; ischemia (e.g. ischemia of the central nervous system,
spinal cord, brain or brain stem); dental tissue disorders (including periodontal
disease); kidney diseases; haematologic manifestations (e.g., anaemia, leukopenia,
thrombocytopenia, and pancytopenia, especially following treatment with cytostatic
compounds or irradiation therapy); wounds (e.g., superficial wounds and deep
wounds resulting trauma); bone fracture; erectile dysfunction; urinary bladder
incontinence; neuropathic pain; subchronic and chronic inflammation; cancer;
failure of bone marrow and stem cell transplantation; conditions which arise during
transplantation of cells and tissues or during medical procedures such as surgery;
conditions caused by an excess of reactive oxygen species and/or free radicals
and/or nitric oxide; diseases or disorders of pregnancy (e.g., preeclampsia and
preterm labor); female infertility; and stroke. Compounds accroding to the present
teachings can also be used to induce labor (e.g., by facilitating the effect of oxytocin
on uterus contraction).
In one preferred aspect, the present teachings provide; a pharmacologically active
antiarrhythmic compound for treatment or prevention of arrhythmias and thrombotic
complications arising during cardiovascular disorders, such as acute ischemic heart
disease (e.g., stable angina pectoris, unstable angina pecloris, acute myocardial
infarction), congestive heart failure (e.g., systolic, diastolic, high-output, low-output,
right or left sided heart failure), congenital heart diseases, cor pulmonale,
cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, hypertensive heart disease, during coronary
revascularization, and the like. In specific embodiments, compounds according to
the present teachings can be used to treat and/or prevent bradyarrhythmias (e.g.,

due to disease in sinus node, AV node, bundle of His, right or left bundle branch),
and tachyarrhythmias associated with reentry (e.g., atrial premature complexes, AV
junctional complexes, ventricular premature complexes, atrial fibrillation, atrial
flutter, paroxymal supraventricular tachycardia, sinus node reentrant tachycardia,
AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia).
Furthermore, compounds according to the present teachings can be useful in
alleviation of a pathological condition wherein slowing of conduction velocity is an
important factor, e.g. ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and atrial
fibrillation. Compounds according to the present teachings can be administered
either alone or in combination with other antiarrhythmic compounds, such as class I
agents (e.g., lidocaine), class II agents (e.g., metoprolol or propranolol), class III
agents (e.g., amiodarone or sotalol) or class IV agents (e.g., verapamil).
Compounds according to the present teachings can also be used to treat or prevent
one or more of reentry arrhythmia, ventricular reentry (e.g., arising during acute
myocardial infarction, chronic myocardial infarction, stable angina pectoris and-
unstable angina pectoris), infectious or autonomic cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation,
repolarization alternans, monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, T-wave altemans,
bradyarrhythmias, reduced contractility of cardiac tissue, thrombosis, and the like.
Additional functions in which endothelialgap-junctional intercellular communication
has been implicated are the migratory behavior of endothelial cells after injury,
angiogenesis, endothelial growth and senescence and the coordination of
vasomotor responses (Christ et al. Braz. J Med BioI.Res., 33, 423-429 (2000)).
Therefore, compounds according to the present teachings can be used to enhance
conducted vascular responses and to improve blood supply during conditions with
increased metabolic demand (e.g., physical exercise, tachycardia), and during
ischemia.
Compounds according to the present teachings can be used to cytoprotect a tissue
or organ of a mammal in need of such treatment. Cytoprotecting refers to reducing,
preventing or alleviating symptoms associated with unwanted cell swelling.
Particular tissues and organs that will benefit from the method include those .
confined or otherwise impacted by a fiborous capsule such as heart or kidney. Also
included are tissues associated with bone such as brain, spinal cord and bone

marrow. Compounds of the present teachings can be used to prevent or treat
ischemic injury in the organs of a mammal in need of such treatment, including, for
example, the heart, central nervous system, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, liver,
lungs, and limbs.
In another aspect, the present teachings provide the use of the compounds to treat
or prevent haematologic manifestations following treatment with cytostatic
compounds or irradiation therapy. Impaired haematopoiesis recovery is observed
in patients alter 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) cytostatic treatment. This includes absence of
recovery of peripheral blood counts, including severe neutropenia, severe anemia
with reticulocytopenia and presence of abnormal peripheral erythrocytes and
severe thrombocytopenia. In addition, 5-8-fold decreases of bone marrow
cellularity and hematopoietic progenitor content (granulornacrophagic colony-
forming-units (CFU-GM), erythroid burst forming units (BFU-E), mixed colony
forming units (CFU-mix), and overall colony forming units (CFU-C) in bone marrow
are observed. (See, e.g., Montecino-Rodriguez et al., Blood, 96, 917-924, (2000);
Presley et al., Abstract #55, IGJC 2005, Whistler, Canada (2005)). Included in this
aspect of the present teachings are the treatment or prevention of general clinical
situations commonly associated with iatrogenic pancytopenia.
Compounds according to the present teachings can be use to treat or prevent
osteoporosis. It is known that that GJIC is important in bone formation. The
efficacy of the compounds can be assessed, for example, by an increase in
osteoblast activity in a standard osteoblast activity assay which measures either
calcium wave formation and/or alkaline phosphatase activity of osteoblast cells in
the presence of the compounds. Alkaline phosphatase activity also can be used to
provide a measure of osteoblast activity using standard colorimetric assays.
Preferably, one or more of the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions
according to the present teachings are administered to an individual in need thereof
in a therapeutically effective amount. As used herein, "a therapeutically effective
amount" refers to an amount that reduces symptoms of a given condition or
pathology, and preferably which normalizes physiological responses in a subject
with the condition or pathology. Reduction of symptoms or normalization of
physiological responses can be determined using methods routine in the art arid

can vary with a given condition or pathology. In one aspect, a therapeutically
effective amount of one or more compounds or pharmaceutical compositions is an
amount which restores a measurable physiological parameter to substantially the
same value (preferably to within +30%, more preferably to within 20%, and still
more preferably, to within 10% of the value) of the parameter in a subject without
the condition or pathology.
The effective amount will be determined by the skilled person taking into account
such factors as potency of the drug, age and constitution of the patient, body
weight, pharmacokinetic profile of the drug, and in general the drug will be
prescribed for each patient or group of patients. However, the effective amount of
the compound can be at least about 10 µg/kg body weight/day, such as at least
about 100 µg/kg body weight/day, at least about 300 µg/body weight/day, and at
least about 1000 µg/kg body weight/day. On the other hand, the effective amount
of the compound or dimer can be at most about 100 mg/kg body weight/day, such
as at most about 50 mg/kg body weight/day and at most about 10 mg/kg body
weight/day. It is expected that the effective amount of the compound will be about
100 µg/kg body weight/day, about 300 µg/kg body weight/dayor about 1000 µg/kg
body weight.
E. Biological assays
Preferred compounds of the present teachings can show binding, preferably
specific binding, to a tissue, cell, or cell fraction in what is referred to herein as a
"standard AAP site binding test". The test can detect and optionally quantify
binding of a subject compound, e.g., AAP, AAP10, HP5, or a functional analogue
thereof. In one preferred embodiment, the compound can be a modulator of the
function of such a tissue, cell, or cell fraction (i.e. the compound agonizes or
antagonizes the function of the antiarrhythmic peptide). In another embodiment,
the compound can be a modulator of a receptor for the antiarrhythmic peptide (i.e.
the compound is an agonist or antagonist of the receptor). Additionally preferred
compounds according to the present teachings can show good function as
modulators of gap junctional communication (e.g., as agonists or antagonists of
AAP). In one aspect, the compounds can function as antiarrhythmic drugs.

Preferred agonist compounds of the present teachings can provide an intracellular
conductance (Gj) that is substantially the same as, or is greater than, the G] of AAP
in what is referred to herein as a "standard cardiomyocyte assay". Preferred
antagonist compounds can provide a Gj that is less (e.g., at least about 10%, or at
least about 20% less) than the Gj of AAP and/or block the ability of AAP to
normalize the; Gj of an ischemic cell, i.e., to return the Gj to substantially the same
values found in non-ischemic cells. Additionally preferred compounds according to
the present teachings can increase the time to an AV block in a mouse after
infusion of CaCI2, in what is referred to herein as a "standard calcium-induced .
arrhythmia assay." Compounds of the present teachings can prevent cardiac
conduction slowing in the presence of various form of metabolic stress (e.g.
ischemia, hypoglycaemla or acidosis) in what is referred to herein as a "standard
isolated atrial strip model of metabolic stress induced conduction slowing."
Compounds of the present teachings can additionally show decreases in the
incidence of reentry arrhythmias or in the size of an infarct zone observed in what is
referred to herein as a "standard ventricular reentry assay."
In some embodiments, compounds of the present teachings can exhibit a good
half-life according to what is referred to herein as an "in vitro plasma stability
assay". Compounds that show a good stability in the assay have in one
embodiment a half-life of more than about 48 hours, or more than 24 hours, or more
than 12 hours, or more than 6 hours, or more than 3 hours, or more than 1 hour, or
more than 30 minutes, or more than 20 minutes, or more than 15 minutes, or more
than 10 minutes, or more than 5 minutes, or more than 1 minute. In these
embodiments, compounds of the present teachings can show enhanced stability in
the bloodstream.
Particular assays useful for identifying and optionally quantifying the activity of
compounds of the present teachings are further described below.
1. Standard plasma stability assays
The present teachings provide compounds that have enhanced stability in vitro or in
vivo. By way of example, compounds of the present teachings that comprise a
peptide bond can be alkylated or otherwise modified to stabilize the compound

against enzymatic degradation. Alternatively or additionally, the compounds can
comprise one or more D-amino acids. It is possible to test whether a compound
has enhanced stability in a standard stability assay.
In one example of an in vitro plasma stability assay, compounds are incubated in
plasma or serum and samples are taken at regular intervals for analysis by HPLC
or LC/MS/MS, to quantitate the amount of undegraded compound. (See, e.g., WO
02/077017, the entire disclosure of which is incorporarted by reference herein).
Appropriate conditions (column, solvent, gradient, and temperature) for such
analyses are estimated to ensure that the compound peak and the plasma peaks
do not have the same retention time. This is done by subsequent injections of a
compound, plasma, and a co-injection with the compound and the plasma, followed
by optimization of LC method parameters until a satisfactory separation is obtained.
A control plasma sample without the peptide compound, treated in the same
manner, also is taken and evaluated. The samples can include, but are not limited
to, a blank, the compound at a suitable concentration (e.g., 0.1 mg/mL), plasma
without compound, one or more samples for t = 0, and one or more samples at
each regular interval. Preferably, multiple samples are taken in parallel. The
sample concentrations (peak height in mAU or ion counts) are plotted vs. time and
fitted to a function describing a mono exponential decay (e.g., using a standard
Excel package)- Preferably, a compound according to the present teachings has a
half-life of more than about 30 minutes (e.g., more than about 1 hour, or more than
about 3 hours, or more than about 6 hours, or more than about 12 hours, or more
than about 24 hours, or more than about 48 hours) as determined using this assay.
Plasma stability can be examined in vivo using standard assays. For example,
compounds can be administered to a mammal, such as a rat, by bolus injections in
volumes of about 1 ml/kg for both i.v. and p.o. dosing. Preferably, compounds are
tested in parallel with control samples such as buffer or an antiarrythmic peptide
with a known stability. Blood samples are collected at different time periods (e.g.,
at B.D. 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes, where B.D. refers to before
dose). Amounts of compounds in samples can be quantified using methods of
routine in the art, such as LC/MS/MS. For example, the concentrations of
compounds in plasma samples can be calculated from an external standard curve
covering concentration ranges of compound from 1.00 to 1000 nM. The plasma

concentrations versus time data can be used for pharmacokinetic modelling in
WinNonLin 3.5 (Pharsight, Mountain view, CA) using non-compartmental analysis
and the resulting parameters of AUC, Fpo, Clb, t1/2, Cmax and tmax can be
determined as is known in the art.
2. Standard cardiomyocyte assays
Compounds of the present teachings can be tested in a cardiomyocyte assay,
which measures the gap junction function of cardiac cells after administration of the
compounds. In one exmaple, cardiac cells are isolated from a mammal, such as a
guinea pig hearts, by perfusion with collagenase according to the Langendorf
method. The cells are exposed to compound and evaluated for GJIC by patch
clamp using methods known in the art. Intercellular conductance (Gj) is calculated
using the formula:

where Ip,pulse and Ip,rest represent the current in the passive cell during the pulse
and before the pulse respectively, and Up and Ua represent the voltage of the
passive and sactive cell. The change in Gj value upon compound administration is
analyzed by comparing the relative changes in Gj. For example, the relative Gj as
a function of time before, and during, stimulation with compound (e.g., at about 10'8
M) can be determined. Preferably, the compound provides a Gj, which is
substantially the same as the Gj (+ 10%) of an antiarrhythmic peptide such as AAP,
AAP10, HP5, and functional analogues thereof. In one example, the cell is an
ischemic cell, and the compound provides a Gj, which is substantially the same as
that of a non-ischemic cell (+20%, preferably, + 10%). Additional details concerning
performing cardiomyocyte assays are provided in WO 02/077017.
3. Standard calcium-induced arrhythmia assay
Peptides suitable for administration to cardiac cells can be identified in an in vivo
model of calcium-induced arrhythmias according to the model of Lynch et al. (1981)
J Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 3: 49-60. Male CD-1 mice are anaesthetized with
Ketamine (75 mg/kg) and medetomidine (1 mg/kg) IP. An i.v. cannula is inserted
into the tail vein. A lead II ECG signal is recorded continuously by positioning
stainless steel ECG electrodes on the right forelimb and left forelimb. The ground
electrode is placed on the right hind limb. The signal is amplified and filtered using

Gould physiograph components and po-ne-mah data acquisition software. After a
90 sec equilibration period test compound is injected into the tail vein (over 30
seconds). Mice pre-treated with vehicle are tested as control animals. The
injection volume is 100µl / 30g mice in all experiments. Infusion of CaCI2 (30
mg/mL, 0.1 mL/min/30g mice, 100 mg/kg/min) is started 3 min after IV
administration of drug or vehicle (0.9% saline). The time lag to onset of cardiac
conduction block is determined as the time from the start of CaCI2 infusion until the
first arrhythmic event occured. The first conduction block is defined as the first RR-
interval, larger than or equal to 3 times one RR-interval from the pre-treatment
period. The first arrhythmic event occurring is either a second degree AV-block
(intermittent failure of the AV conduction characterized by a P-wave without the
concomitant QRS complex) or a second degree SA block (prolonged RR-interval
and a QRS-complex without a preceding P-wave). Responses are expressed
relative to the time until 2nd degree AV-block occurred in vehicle treated mice.
4. Standard isolated atrial strip model of metabolic stress induced
conduction slowing
Peptides suitable for administration to cardiac cells can be identified in an in vitro
model as described by Haugan et al. (J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol., 16, 537-545
(2005)).
Rats (300-400 g) are killed by a sharp blow on the neck. The heart is rapidly
excised and transferred to a small dish containing 37° oxygenated modified
Tyrodes buffer containing (in mM): NaCI 136, KCI 4, MgCI2 0.8, CaCI2 1.8 HEPES
5, MES 5, Glucose 6, pH 7.3. The left atrium is carefully dissected and a tissue
sample of approximately 2x6 mm is taken from the left atrial appendage and placed
in a tissue chamber (volume 5 ml), (Steiert Organ Bath, Hugo Sach Electronic,.
Germany). The chamber is perfused throughout the study with 37°C oxygenated
Tyrodes buffer at a rate of 10 ml/min.
A bipolar stimulation electrode (Teflon coated stainless steel, diameter 75 uM) is
placed at one end of the tissue. Stimulation is performed at 1 Hz using rectangular
pulses at double threshold (duration of stimulus 0.2 ms) delivered by a stimulator
(Hugo Sachs, Type 215) through an isolation unit (Universal Isolated Stimulator
Unit type 263, Hugo Sachs, Germany).

Two separate microelectrodes of pure iridium (World Precision Instruments, tip-
impedance 3.5-4.0 MQ) are placed on a line along the long-axis of the preparation
for recording of atrial CV. The distances from the stimulating electrode to the first
and second microelectrode is 1.5-2.0 mm and 3.0-4.0 mm, respectively. Each
microelectrode is connected to a head-stage preamplifier (10x amplification of the
signals). The preamplifiers are connected to a bio potential amplifier module that is
connected to the data acquisition system through a Hugo Sachs PLUGSYS.
Signals are filtered at 1 kHz and sampled at 10 kHz.
Following a 30 minutes equilibration period, pacing at 1 Hz is initiated. During the
first 20 minutes recording period (baseline period), the chamber is perfused with
37°C oxygenated Tyrodes buffer, pH 7.3. Compounds (e.g., modified lysine
mimetic compounds of the present teachings, AAP, AAP10 or controls) are then
added to the perfusion buffer for another 20 minute period (pre-treatment period).
Following the 20 minutes of pretreatment, perfusion is changed to a 37°C glucose-
free, non-oxygenated Tyrodes buffer, pH 7.3 (with or without compounds of
interest) for 40 minutes (metabolic stress period).
The change in conduction velocity during metabolic stress is compared to a group
of untreated controls. In untreated preparations, conduction decreases by 15-45%
during the 40 minute period of metabolic stress. In some embodiments,
compounds according to the present teachings can prevent metabolic stress
induced conduction slowing during the 40 minutes period comparable to the
compounds AAP, AAP10, HP5, or a functional analogue thereof, i.e., the
compounds can preserve normal conduction during an episode of metabolic stress.
5. Haematologic assay
Compounds of the present teachings can also be tested to determine their effects in
accelerating recovery following 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) induced stress on bone
marrow proliferation. Male rats are treated with 5-FU (75-100 nmol/kg i.p.) for 4
days. Blood samples are collected from tail tip before 5-FU treatment (Day 0), and
4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 days following first 5-FU dose. Measurement of peripheral
blood counts (granulocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes, reticulocytes)
and plasma haemoglobin are taken. After identification of window with severe
pancytopenia, the study is repeated during concomitant treatment with a compound
of the present teachings.

F. Preparation of exemplary compounds
The following non-limiting examples are presented merely in order to illustrate the
present teachings. The skilled person in the area will understand that there are
numerous equivalents and variations not exemplified but still form part of the
present teachings.
Lysine mimetic compounds of the present teachings can be synthesized by means
of solid phase or solution phase synthesis. In this context, reference is given to,
amongst many others. Fields et at., "Principles and practice of solid-phase peptide
synthesis". Synthetic Peptides (2002, 2nd Edition).
Scheme 1 depicts an exemplary synthesis of a compound of Formula III, (2S,4R)-4-
benzamido-1-(2-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imida2o(-2-ylamino)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid, wherein Y" is NHR3 and R3 is not hydrogen.

Different N-substituted amino acid derivatives can be used to synthesize other
compounds of Formula III wherein Y' is NHR3 and R3 is not hydrogen. For
example, 2-chloro-1H-imidazole or 4-bromo-1 H-imidazole can be treated with
glycine in water (for example, according to the procedure set forth in European,
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (1989), 24(6), 623-5) to form 2-(1H-imidazol-2-
ylamino)acetic acid or 2-(1H-imidazol-4-ylamino)acetic acid, respectively, which can
then be used to synthesize (2S,4R)-1-(2-(1H-imidazol-2-ylamino)acetyl)-4-
benzamidopynolidine-2-carboxylic acid or (2S,4R)-1-(2-(1H-imidazol-4-
yiamino)acetyl,)-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid in a manner simi/ar to
Scheme 1. Compounds such as (2S,4R)-4-benzamido-1-(2-(pyridin-2-.
ylamino)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, (2S,4R)-4-benzamido-1-(2-(pyrimidin-
4-y!amino)acetyl)pyrroIidine-2-carboxylic acid, and (2S,4R)-4-benzamido-1-(2-
(pyrlmidin-2-ylamino)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid can be similarly

synthesized from 2-(pyridin-2-ylamino)acetic acid, 2-(pyrimidin-4-ylamino)acetic
acid, and 2-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)acetic acid, respectively.
Alternatively, the glycine derivative can be synthesized according to Scheme 2:

In the above example, the 2-(1H-pyrazol-5-ylamino)acetic acid thus produced can
be used to synthesize (2S,4R)-1-(2-(1H-pyrazol-5-ylamino)acetyl)-4-
benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid using the method shown in Scheme 1.
Compounds of Formula II wherein A and R1 together with the carbon to which they
are bound form a 5-20 membered heteroaryl containing one or more N, O, or S
atoms can be synthesized according to Scheme 1 utilizing the appropriate
carboxylic acid starting materials. For example, (2S,4R)-4-benzamido-1-(1H-
irnidazole-2-carbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, (2S,4R)-4-benzamido-1-(1H-
pyrazole-5-carbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, or (2S,4R)-4-benzamido-1-(1H-
imidazole-5-carbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid can be synthesized according to
Scheme 1 using 1H-imidazo!e-2-carboxylic acid, 1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid, or
1 H-imidazole-5-carboxyIic acid, respectively.
Scheme 3 depicts another exemplary synthesis of a compound of Formula III
wherein Y' is NHR3 and R3 is not hydrogen. In this example, (2S,4R)-4-benzamido-
1-(2-(3-phenylureido)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, R3 is C(O)NR6R7.


Different isocyanates (e.g., methylisocyanate or isopropylisocyanate) can be
employed in the sysnthesis of Scheme 3 to produce other ureas of Formula III (e.g.,
(2S,4R)-4-benzamido-1-(2-(3-methylureido)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid or
(2S,4R)-4-benzamido-1-(2-(3-isopropylureido)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylicacid).
Scheme 4 depicts an exemplary synthesis of (2S,4R)-4-benzamido-1-(2-
(methylsulfonamido)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, a compound of Formula III
wherein Y' is NHR3 and R3 is S(O)R6.

Starting with other sulfonyl chlorides (e.g., ethanesulfonyl chloride or proane-2-
sulfonyl chloride), different sulfonamides of Formula III (e.g., (2S,4R)-4-benzamido-
1-(2-(ethylsulfonamido)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid or (2S,4R)-4-benzamido-

1-(2-(1-methylethylsulfonamido)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) can be
prepared using the method shown in Scheme 4.
Compounds of Formula III wherein k is 1 or 2 (e.g., (2S,4R)-1-(3-aminopropanoyl)-
4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) can be synthesized, for example,
according to Scheme 5.

Scheme 6 shows an exemplary synthesis of a compound of Formula III, (2S,4R)-1-
(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(phenylamino)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, wherein Z' is (CH2)m-
C6-20 aryl and m is 0.


Similarly, Scheme 7 depicts an exemplary synthesis a compound of Formula III,
(2S,4R)-1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(benzylamino)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, wherein Z'
is (CH2)m-C6-20 aryi and m is 1.

Compounds wherein Z' is (CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl and m is 0 or 1 also
can be prepared using the appropriate starting materials according to the methods
of Schemes 6 or 7.
Scheme 8 shows an exemplary synthesis of a compound Formula III, (2S,4R)-1-(2-
aminoacetyl)-4-(2-phenylacetamido)pyrrolidine-2-carboxy]ic acid, wherein 72 is
C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl and m is 1.


Compounds wherein Z' is C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl and m is 2, or Z' is C(O)(CH2)m-5-
20 membered heteroaryl and m is 1 or 2, also can be prepared using the
appropriate starting materials according to the method of Scheme 8.
Compounds of Formula III wherein Z" is S(O)2(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl or S(O)2(CH2)m-5-20
membered heteroaryl can be synthesized, for example, according to Scheme 9,
which depicts the synthesis of (2S,4R)-1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(phenylsulfonamido)
pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.

Scheme 10 shows an exemplary synthesis of (2S,4R)-1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(4-
phenyloxazol-2-yl)pyrro!idine-2-carboxy!ic acid, a compound of Formula II wherein
B is an amide bioisostere (see, e.g., Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 14(20), 3141-3152;
2003).


Scheme 11 depicts the synthesis of another compound of Formula II, (2S,4R)-1-(2-
aminoacetyl)-4-(5-phenyloxazol-2-y!)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, wherein B is a
different amide bioisostere (see, e.g., Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry (1998),
35(6), 1533-1534).


The synthesis of yet another compound of Formula II wherein B is an amide
bioisostere, (2S,4R)-1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid, is shown in Scheme 12 (see, e.g., Tetrahedron: Asymmetry,
14(20), 3141-3152; 2003; Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 44(18), 2990-3000;
2001).

Scheme 13 depicts an exemplary synthesis of a compound of Formula II, N-
((3R,5S)-1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide, wherein E
is a carboxylic acid bioisostere.


Scheme 14 shows another method by which compounds of Formula II, wherein EE is
a carboxylic acid bioisostere, can be synthesized (see, e.g., Journal of Medicinal
Chemistry, 44(18), 2990-3000; 2001).

In addition to N-((3R,5S)-1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-
3-yl)benzamide shown in Scheme 14, compounds of Formula II having different
carboxylic acid bioisosteres can be synthesized according to this method by using
different bromocarbonyl reagents (e.g., N-((3R,5S)-1-(2-arninoacetyl)-5-(1H-
imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide or N-((3R,5S)-1 -(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(5-
isopropyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide).
Schemes 15-17 depict other exemplary methods for sythesizing compounds of
Formula II wherein E is a carboxylic acid bioisostere.



In addition to the compounds shown in Schemes 15-17, compounds having
different carboxylic bioisosteres can be synthesized according to these methods by
varying the reagents. For example different bromide reagents can be used in
Scheme 15 (e.g., to produce N-((3R,5S)-1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(oxazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-
3-yl)benzamide); different dimethylaminoketals can be used in Scheme 16 (e.g., to
produce N-((3R,5S)-1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyrrolidin-3-
y!)benzamide or N-((3R,5S)-1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(5-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-
yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)benzamide); and different ortho esters can be used in Scheme 17
(e.g., to produce N-((3R,5S)-1-(2-aminoacetyl)-5-(1,3,4-oxadiazoI-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-
yl)benzamide).
1. General peptide synthesis
Compounds of the present teachings can be prepared using the method of
synthesis disclosed, for example, in WO 98/11125 (the entire disclosure of which is
incorporated by reference herein). Said methods of synthesis will result in a
primary peptide or peptide like product having a trifluoroacetate counterion and
which can be suitable for the preparation of a medicament. In some instances,
however, it can be advantageous to perform a counter ion exchange from
trifluoroacetate to a pharmaceutically acceptable or preferred anion (e.g., acetate)
by, for example, ion exchange chromatography. Alternatively, the primary peptide
or peptide like product can be repeatedly freeze dried and dissolved in diluted
hydrochloric acid to obtain the purified hydrochloride.
Apparatus and synthetic strategy
When using solid phase methodology, the modified peptides were synthesized
batchwise in a polyethylene vessel equipped with a polypropylene filter for filtration
using 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) and tert.-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) or
otherwise suitable protecting groups for the N-amino and the side chain
functionalities such as AllyI, Alloc, Dde, Z etc.. When using solution phase
techniques, the modified peptides were synthesized using standard equipment
throughout the syntheses.
Solvents
Solvent DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide, Riedel de-Haen, Germany) was purified by
passing through a column packed with a strong cation exchange resin (Lewatit S
100 MB/H strong acid, Bayer AG Leverkusen, Germany) and analyzed for free

amines prior to use by addition of 3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxy-4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazine
(Dhbt-OH) giving rise to a yellow colour (Dhbt-O- anion) if free amines are present.
Solvent DCM (dichloromethane, analytical grade, Riedel de-Haen, Germany) was
used directly without purification. Acetonitril ( HPLC-grade, Lab-Scan, Dublin
Ireland) was used directly without purification.
Amino Acids
Fmoc- and Boc-protected amino acids were purchased from Advanced ChemTech
(ACT), Bachem and NeoMPS in suitable side-chain protected forms.
Benzole acid Derivatives
Benzoic acid derivatives were purchased from Aldrich and used without further
purification.
Coupling Reagents
Coupling reagent diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) was purchased from (Riedel de-
Haen, Germany).
Solid Supports
Peptides were; synthesized on TentaGel (e.g. SRam) and Polystyrene (e.g. PAM
resin) from Advanced ChemTech and Rapp.
Catalysts and Other Reagents
Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) was purchased from Aldrich, Germany, and
ethylenediamine from Fluka, hydrazine, piperidine and pyridine from Riedel-de
Haen, Frankfurt, Germany. 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) was purchased
from Fluka, Switzerland and used as a catalyst in coupling reactions involving
symmetrical anhydrides. Ethandithiol and Thioanisol were purchased from Riedel-
de Haen, Frarkfurt, Germany. 3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxy-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazine
(Dhbt-OH), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) (HOAt) were obtained from Fluka.
Switzerland.
Coupling Procedures
The first amino acid can be coupled as a symmetrical anhydride in DMF generated
from the appropriate N-D-protected amino acid and the subsequent amino acids
can be coupled as in situ generated HOBt or HOAt esters made from appropriate

N--protected amino acids and HOBt or HOAt by means of DIC in DMF. The
acylations were checked by the ninhydrin test performed al 80°C in order to prevent
Fmoc deprotection during the test (B. D. Larsen, A. Holm, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res.,
43, 1-9(1994)).
Deprotection of the Protecting Group (Fmoc and Fm)
Deprotection of the Fmoc and the Fm group was performed by treatment with 20%
piperidine in DMF (1x5 and 1x10 min.), followed by washing with DMF (5 x 15 ml, 5
min. each) until no yellow colour could be detected after addition of Dhbt-OH to the
drained DMF.
Deprotection of the Protecting Group (Boc and tBu)
Deprotection of the Boc and tBu group was performed by treatment with 50% TFA
in DCM v/v (2 x 2min, 1 x 30 min) followed by washing with DCM (6x2 min) and
then with DMF (2x2 min) treatment with 5% DIEA in DMF v/v ( 3 x 2min) and
finally followed by washing with DMF (6 x 2min).
Deprotection of the Aloe and Allyl
A solution of 3 eq. Pd(PPh3)4 dissolved in 15-20 ml CHCI3, AcOH, NMM (37:2:1)
was added to the peptid resin. The treatment was continued for three hours at room
temperature accompanied by bubbling a stream of N2 through the mixture.
Coupling Of Hobt-Esters
3 eq N--amino protected amino acid was dissolved in DMF together with 3 eq.
HOBt and 3 eq. DIC and then added to the resin.
Preformed Symmetrical Anhydride
Six eq. N-a-amino protected amino acid was dissolved in DCM and cooled to 0°C.
DIC (3 eq.) was added and the reaction continued for 10 minutes. The solvent was
removed in vacuo and the remainder dissolved in DMF. The solution was
immediately added to the resin followed by 0.1 eq. of DMAP.
Cleavage Of the Compound from the resin using TFMSA
The Peptidyl-resin was treated with 90% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, Riedel-de Haen,
Frankfurt, Germany) 4% trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMSA, Aldrich) 2%

ethandithiol, 4% thioanisol v/v at r.t. for 30-60 minutes. The filtered resin was
washed with TFA and filtrates and washings evaporated under reduced pressure.
The residue was washed with ether and freeze-dried from trifluoroacetic acid-water.
The crude freeze-dried product was analyzed by high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) and identified by electrospray ionisation mass
spectrometry (ESMS).
Cleavage Of the Compound from Resin using TFA
The Peptidyl-resin was treated with 95% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, Riedel-de Haen,
Frankfurt, Germany)-water v/v or with 95% TFA and 5% ethandithiol v/v at r.t. for 2
hours. The filtered resin was washed with 95% TFA-v/ater and filtrates and
washings evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was washed with ether
and freeze-dried from acetic acid-water. The crude freeze-dried product was
analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by
electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESMS).
Preparative HPLC conditions
Preparative chromatography was carried out using a VISION Workstation
(PerSeptive Biosystem) equipped with AFC2000 autoimatic fraction
collector/autosampler. VISION-3 software was used for instrument control and data
acquisition.
Column
Kromasil (EKA Chemicals) KR100-10-C8 100A, C-8, 10 urn; CER 2230, 250 x 50,8
mm or a VYDAC 218TP101550, 300A, C-18, 10-15 jam, 250 x 50 mm. The buffer
system used Included A: 0,1% TFA in MQV; B: 0,085% TFA, 10% MQV, 90%
MeCN. Flow rates were 35-40 ml/min and the column temperature was 25°C. UV
detection was performed at 215 nm and 280 nm. Suitable gradients were optimized
for individual peptides.
Analytical HPLC Conditions
Gradient HPLC analysis was done using a Hewlett Packard HP 1100 HPLC system
consisting of a HP 1100 Quaternary Pump, a HP 1100 Autosampler a HP 1100
Column Thermostat and HP 1100 Multiple Wavelength Detector. Hewlett Packard
Chemstation for LC software (rev. A.06.01) was used for instrument control and

data acquisition. For analytical HPLC, different columns were used as appropriate,
such as VYDAC 238TP5415, C-18, 5µm, 300A, or a Jupiter, Phenomenex 00F-
4053-EO; 5 µm C-18, 300A 150 x 4,6 mm and others. The buffer system included
A: 0,1% TFA in MQV; B: 0,085% TFA, 10% MQV, 90% MeCN. Flow rates were 1
ml/min. The preferred column temperature was 40°C, UV detection was performed
at 215 nm. As above, suitable gradients were optimized for the individual peptides.
Mass Spectroscopy
The peptides were dissolved in super gradient methano! (Labscan, Dublin, Ireland),
Milli-Q water (Millipore, Bedford, MA) and formic acid (Merck, Damstadt, Germany)
(50:50:0.1 v/v/v) to give concentrations between 1 and 10 mg/ml. The peptide
solutions (20 ml) were analysed in positive polarity mode by ESI-TOF-MS using a
LCT mass spectrometer (Micromass, Manchester, UK) accuracy of +/- 0.1 m/z.
Solid phase synthesis
In all syntheses, dry resin was placed in a polyethylene vessel equipped with a
polypropylene filter for filtration. The resin was swelled in DMF. The first amino
acid was coupled either as a preformed symmetrical anhydride or as a preactivated
HOBt ester as described above. The following amino acid according to the
sequence was coupled as a preformed HObt ester as described above. All
couplings were continued for at least 2 hours unless otherwise specified. Coupling
of the benzoic acid derivative to the side-chain amino functionality on the lysine
mimetic amino acid was in all cases performed using a preformed HObt-ester. The
final peptide product were cleaved from the solid support and analysed by HPLC
and MS as described above.
In all cases the benzoic acid derivative is functionalised as a carboxylic acid and
was coupled as an in situ generated HOBt ester by means of DIC in THF.
All couplings were continued for at least 2 hours. The acylations were checked by
the ninhydrin test performed at 80 °C as earlier described. After completed
synthesis the peptide-resin was washed with DMF (3x 15 ml, 1 min each), DCM (3x
15 ml, 1 min each), diethyl ether (3x 15 ml, 1 min each) and dried in vacuo. The
peptide was then cleaved from the resin as described above and freeze-dried.

After purification using preparative HPLC as described above, the peptide product
was collected and the identity of the peptide was confirmed by ES-MS .
Exemplary Solution phase synthesis
A suitable protected amino acid or a hydroxy- or thiohydroxy acetic acid with a non-
protected carboxylic acid (1 eq) is dissolved in DMF together with DIC (1 eq) and
HOBt (1 eq). After 1 hour of pre-activation a suitable protected lysine mimetic
building block (LM) is added with a non-protected amino group (1.1 eq) together
with TEA (1.3 eq) and the mixture is stirred over night at room temperature.
The reaction mixture is evaporated to dryness and the residue is dissolved in ethyl
acetate. The ethyl acetate phase is extracted with (1) an aqueous solution of
hydrochloric acid (0.1 M) and (2) an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (0.1 M)
(3) water in order to remove excess of starting material. The organic phase is
treated with MgSO4 (dessicated) filtered and evaporated to dryness.
The remaining protected amino group of the LM is deprotected using TFA/DCM if
the protecting group is based on tBu, Pd cyclohexen if based on benzyl,
piperidine/DC M if based on fluorenyl, hydrazine if based on Dde. After finishing the
deprotection reaction (1-2 hours) the reaction mixture is evaporated to dryness.
The residue is washed with diethyl ether and dissolved in DMF together with 1.3 eq
TEA and finally added to a solution of a substituted benzoic acid (1eq) that has
been preactivated by treatment with DIC (1eq) and HOBt (1eq) in DMF. The
coupling reaction is continued over night.
The reaction mixture is evaporated to dryness and the residue is dissolved in ethyl
acetate. The ethyl acetate phase is extracted with (1) an aqueous solution of
hydrochloric acid (0.1 M) and (2) an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (0.1 M)
(3) water in order to remove excess of starting material. The organic phase is
treated with MgSO4 (dessicated) filtered and evaporated to dryness.
The remaining protecting groups are deprotected using TFA/DCM if the protection
groups are based on tBu, Pd Cyclohexen if based on Benzyl, Piperidine/DCM if
based on Fluorenyl, Hydrazine if based Dde. After finishing the deprotection
reaction (1-2 hours) the reaction mixture is evaporated to dryness. The residue is

washed with diethyl ether and dissolved in TFA/Water and purified using
preparative HPLC. After purification using preparative HPLC as described above,
the peptide product was collected and the identity of the peptide was confirmed by
ES-MS.
2. Solid Phase Synthesis of Compound 2: (2S4R) 1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-
benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
PAM-resin (Advanced Chemtech) was swelled in DMF, washed with 5% Triethyl
amine (TEA) in DMF and washed with DMF until no yellow color could be detected
after adding Dhbt-OH to the drained DMF. (2S4R) Boc-4Amp(Fmoc)-OH was
coupled as symmetrical anhydride as follows.
3eq (2S4R) Boc-4Amp(Fmoc)-OH was dissolved in DCM and cooled to 0°C. DIG
(1.5 eq.) was added and the reaction continued for 10 minutes. The solvent was
removed in vacuo and the residue dissolved in DMF. The solution was immediately
added to the resin followed by 0.1 eq. of DMAP. The coupling was continued over
night. Excess; coupling reagent was removed by washing with DMF. Deprotection
of the Fmoc group was performed by treatment with 20% piperidine in DMF (1x5
and 1x10 min.), followed by washing with DMF until no yellow colour could be
detected after addition of Dhbt-OH to the drained DMF.
Coupling of benzoic acid was carried out as follows. 3 eq. benzoic acid was
dissolved in DMF together with 3 eq. HOBt and 3 eq. DIC and then added to the
resin. The coupling was continued over night. Excess coupling reagent was
removed by washing with DMF. Prior to the deprotection of the Boc group the resin
was treated with DCM. Deprotection of the Boc group was performed by treatment
with 50% TFA in DCM v/v (2 x 2min, 1 x 30 min) followed by washing with DCM
and then with DMF and then treatment with 5% DIEA in DMF v/v and finally
followed by washing with DMF.
Coupling of Boc-Gly-OH was carried out as follows. 3 eq. Boc-Gly-OH was
dissolved in DMF together with 3 eq. HOBt and 3 eq. DIC and then added to the
resin. The coupling was continued 2 hours. Excess coupling reagent was removed
by washing with DMF. The coupling was repeated and continued over night. Before

cleavage of thes peptide from the solid support the peptide resin was washed with
DCM and then with ether and finally dried under vacuum.
Cleavage of the dipeptide from the PAM-Resin was carried out as follows. The
peptide-resin was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, Riedel-de Haen) and after
10 min a volume corresponding to 10% of the TFA total volume of
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMSA, Aldrich) was added at room temperature and
the reaction WEIS continued for 2 hours. The filtered resins were washed with TFA.
The raw material was precipitated from the TFA-solution by adding diethylether.
The raw material was collected as a brown oil. The ether solution was further
extracted with water and the water phase was evaporated. The total amount of raw
material was purified using prep. HPLC (Vydac C18 - column): Buffer A: 0.1% TFA
in Water; Buffer B: 90% AcCN; 0.1% TFA; 9.9% Water. Flow: 35ml/min. Gradient:
0-47 min 100% A to 75% A (Linear). HPLC purity: 99%. MS: calculated M+H =
291.12; found M+H = 291.7.
3. Solution Phase Synthesis of Compound 2
To a solution cf NaHCO3 (58.64 g, 0.698 mol) in water (625 mL) N-BOC-trans-4-
amino-L-proline methyl ester hydrochloride (50 g, 0.1745 mol, CNH Technologies,
98%) was added in portions, followed by EtOAc (500 mL). The mixture was cooled
to 0 °C. A solution of benzoyl chloride (20.26 mL, 0.1745 mol) in EtOAc (100 mL)
was added over 25 min at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h.
The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with 2x200 mL
of EtOAc. The; combined organic fraction was washed with 200 mL of 1N HCI, 100
mL of saturated NaHCO3 solution, 100 mL of brine, dried over MgSO4, and
concentrated to afford 60.67 g of (2S,4R)-1-tert-butyl-2-methyl-4-
benzamidopyrirolidine-l,2-dicarboxylate as a heavy oil (99.8% yield; 94% yield
adjusted to residual EtOAc). 1H NMR (CDCI3, , ppm; for two conformers): 7.78-7.7
(m, 2 H), 7.56-7.4 (m, 3 H), 6.25-6.1 (m, 1 H), 4.8-4.67 (m, 1 H), 4.51-4.41 (m, 0.4
H), 4.34 (dd, J = 7, 7 Hz, 0.6 H), 3.97-3.84 (m, 1 H), 3. 76 (s, 3H), 3.52 (dd, J= 11,
4 Hz, 0.6 H), 3.39 (dd, J= 11,4 Hz, 0.4 H), 2.47-2.21 (m 2 H), 1.46 (s, 3.6 H), 1.43
(s, 5.4 H). MS (m/z, positive ESI, for M+Na): 371.

(2S,4R)-1-tert-Butyl-2-rnethyl-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (60.19 g,
contains 5.6% EtOAc; 0.1631 mol) was dissolved in Et2O (100 mL), and the solvent
was evaporated under vacuum to remove residual EtOAc. The residual oil was
dissolved in E12O (100 mL). 2N HCI solution in Et2O (700 mL) was added (mild
exotherm; precipitation commenced after about 5 min). The mixture was stirred at
ambient temperature for 21 h. At that point, 200 mL of 2N HCI solution in Et2O was
added, and the mixture was stirred for additional 24 h. The precipitate was filtered,
washed with 500 mL of diethyl ether, and dried in vacuum at ambient temperature
for 24 h to afford 46.03 g of (2S, 4R)-methyl 4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylate
hydrochloride (99% yield). 1H NMR (CD3OD, , ppm): 7.91-7.84 (m, 2 H), 7.6-7.44
(m, 3H), 4.78 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1 H), 4.69-4.59 (m, 1 H), 3.77 (dd, J= 12, 6.6 Hz, 1 H),
3.52 (dd, J = 12, 5 Hz, 1 H), 2.67-2.5 (m, 2 H). MS (m/z, positive ESI, for M+H):
249.
To a solution of BOC-Gly-OH (28.13 g, 0.1606 mol) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole
(0.1686 mol, 25.64 g; contains 11.12 wt% H2O) in THF (1.3 L) was added N-(3-
dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.1686 mol, 32.328 g)
(Flask A). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 h, then the stirring
was stopped and the oily residue was allowed to settle. In a separate flask (Flask
B), NaOH (0.1606 mol; 32 mL of 5N solution) was added to a suspension of (2S,
4R)-methyl 4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylate hydrochloride (0.1606 mol, 45.73
g) in THF (0.52 L) over 15 min. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for
10 min, during which time the solids mostly dissolved. The solution of HOBt ester
prepared in Flask A was added to Flask B at ambient temperature over 15 min,
leaving the oily residue behind. The residue in Flask A was washed with 250 mL of
THF, and the THF solution was decanted from the heavy oil and added to the
mixture in Flask B. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 40
min. Water (500 mL) was added, and the mixture was concentrated under vacuum
to remove THF (-550 mL residual volume). EtOAc (500 mL) was added, followed
by brine (300 mL). The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was
extracted with 2x300 mL of EtOAc. The combined organic fraction was washed
with 2x250 ml. of 1N HCI, 2x250 mL of sat. NaHCO3 solution, and 150 mL of brine,
then dried over MgSO4, and concentrated to afford 48.31 g of (2S, 4R) methyl-4-
benzamido-1-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate as a
foamy solid (74% yield). 1H NMR (CDCl3, , ppm; for two conformers): 7.81-7.72

(m, 2 H), 7.57-7.39 (m, 3 H), 6.41 (d, J= 6 Hz, 0.8 H), 6.25 (d, J= 6 Hz, 0.2 H).
5.32 (br. s, 1 H), 4.88-4.74 (m, 1 H), 4.65 (t, J = 7 Hz, 1 H), 4.11-3.86 (m, 2 H),
3.83-3.78 (m, 1 H), 3.76 (s, 3 H), 3.69-3.56 (M, 1 H), 2.65-2.3 (m, 2 H), 1.43 (s, 9
H). MS (m/z, positive ESI, for M+Na): 428.
To a solution of (2S, 4R) methyl-4-benzamido-1-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl-
amino)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate (23.33 g, 0.0575 mol) in methanol (450 ml.)
was added NaOH (0.2875 mol, 144 mL of 2N aqueous solution) at -1 to 1 °C over
15 min. The mixture was stirred at -5 to -1 °C for 2.5 h. HCI (0.2875 mol, 144 mL
of 2N aqueous solution) was added at -3 to 1 °C over 25 min. MeOH was distilled
off under vacuum, then 500 mL of EtOAc was added. The aqueous phase was
saturated with NaCI and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was
extracted with 2x250 mL EtOAc and the combined EtOAc solution was dried over
MgSO4, and concentrated to afford 22.54 g of (2S, 4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(tert-
butoxycarbonylamino)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid as a white foamy solid
(contains 6.6 wt % EtOAc; 94% yield adjusted to residual EtOAc). 1H NMR (CD3OD,
, ppm): 7.87-7.79 (m, 2 H), 7.58-7.42 (m, 3 H), 4.81-4.7 (m 1 H), 4.69-4.56 (m, 1
H), 4.05-3.72 (m, 3 H), 3.67-3.49 (m, 1 H), 2.64-2.28 (m, 2 H), 1.43 (s, 9 H). MS
(m/z, positive ESI) for M+H: 392; for Mn-Na: 414.
(2S. 4R) 4-Benzamido-1-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid (21.97 g; contains 6.6 wt % EtOAc; 0.0524 mol, adjusted to residual
EtOAc) was dissolved in dioxane (100 mL). The solvent was evaporated under
vacuum to remove residual EtOAc. The residue was dissolved in anhydrous
dioxane (200 mL) and HCI (100 mL of freshly prepared ~3.6 N solution in dioxane)
was added at 10-12 °C. The solution was allowed to warm to ambient temperature
(precipitation commenced after about 2 min). The reaction mixture was stirred'at
ambient temperature for 21 h, at which time 30 mL of ~3.6N HCI solution was
added, and the mixture was stirred for additional 5.5 h. Precipitated solids were
filtered using N2 pressure, washed with 4x25 mL of dioxane, and dried under
vacuum at room temperature for 24 h to afford 18.7 g of crude product as white
solid. The crude product was dissolved in r-PrOH (104 mL) and 210 mL of diethyl
ether was added over 1 h (precipitate formed immediately upon ether addition).
The mixture was stirred for 1 h, filtered using N2 pressure, washed with 2x50 mL of
3:1 Et2O-i-PrOH solution, and dried under vacuum at room temperature for 24 h

and at 40 °C for 48 h to afford 15.7 g of (2S, 4R)-1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-
benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid hydrochloride. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, , ppm,
for two conformers): 8.77 (d. J = 7 Hz, 0.8 H), 8.71 (d, J = 7 Hz, 0.2 H), 8.68-7.95
(br, 2 H), 7.92-7.83 (m, 2 H), 7.59-7.43 (m, 3 H), 4.87-4.79 (m, 0.2 H), 4.68-4.54 (m,
0.8 H), 4.54-4.44 (m, 1 H), 4.0 - 3.47 (m, 4 H), 2.47-2.12 (m, 2 H). HRMS calc.for
C14H18N3O4 (M+H): 292.1297, found: 292.1294.
4. Synthesis of Compounds 64-68 and 70-78
(2S,4R)-4-ben;i:amido-1-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)acetyl)pyrroIidine-2-
carboxylic acid (0.05 g, 0.1 mmol), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrate (Atdrich,
0.021 g, 0.15 mmol, 1.2 equivalents) and 1-(3,3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-
ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (Aldrich, 0.029 g, 0.15 mmol, 1.2 equivalents) were
dissolved in acetonitrile (15 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere with ice cooling. The
temperature was gradually increased to room temperature over 2 hour time period,
and the mixture was then stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction
solution was again cooled to 0 °C, 25-30% aqueous solution of the corresponding
amine (prepared from a pure reagent obtained from Atdrich) (0.1 mL) was added,
and stirring was continued with cooling for 30 minutes and then at room
temperature for 2 hours. Acetonirile (5 mL) was added to the reaction mixture, and
the volatiles were removed in vacuo. The semi-solid residue was purified by silica-
gel (EMD, 0.040-0.063 mm) chromatography (developing solvent: 3-5% gradient
methanol-dichloromethane) to afford the corresponding amides in 80-87% yield.
The product from the previous step was dissolved in dry dichloromethane (10 mL)
under nitrogen atmosphere and 1 M ethereal solution of hydrochloric acid (Aldrich)
(1 mL) was added while keeping the temperature below 30 °C. The reaction
mixture was stirred overnight under nitrogen atmosphere. The precipitate was-
filtered, washed with dichloromethane (2 mL) and diethyl ether (2 mL) and dried
under high vacuum to afford a hydrochloride salt of corresponding compounds 64-
68 and 70-78 in 75-84% yield and at least 98% purity.
5. Synthesis of Compound 80: (2S,4R)-1-(2-acetamidoacetyl)-4-
benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

To a solution of (2S4R) 1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carbqxylic
acid (0.05 g, 0.17 mmol) and triethylamine (Aldrich) (0.19 mL, 1.37 mmol, 8
equivalents) in acetone (3 mL) was slowly added acetic anhydride (0.13 mL, 1.37
mmol, 8 equivalents) with stirring at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere.
The mixture was stirred for 3 hours while monitored by LCMS. Upon completion,
the volatiles were removed in vacua and the residue was purified by preparative
HPLC (column:Xterra MSC18 50 x 250 mm, 10u) using 40/60 to 90/10
methanol/water gradient (0.1% formic acid in methanof and 0.1 formic acid in water)
to afford 0.020 g (35% yield) of the desired product as white solid with limited
solubility in organic solvents.
6. Synthesis of Compound 81: (2S,4R)-4-benzamido-1-(2-
(methylamino)acetyl) pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
To a solution of (2S,4R)-methyl 4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxyIate (intermediate
in the synthesis of Compound 2) (0.05 g, 0.20 mmol), 1-(3,3-dimethylaminopropyl)-
3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (Aldrich) (0.043 g, 0.22 mmol, 1.1 equivalents),
1-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrate (Aldrich) (0.030 g, 0.22 mmol, 1.1
equivalents) and 2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(methyl)amino)acetic acid {Aldrich) (0.038 g,
0.20 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (10 mL) was added N-methylmorpholine
(0.05 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was allowed to
warm to room temperature during 2 hour time period and stirred overnight at
ambient temperature. The volitiles were removed in vacuo and the residue was
purified by silica-gel {EMD, 0.040-0.063 mm) chromatography (developing solvent:
3-5% gradient methanol/dichloromethane) to afford 0.064 g (75% yield) of the
coupling product (2S,4R)-methyl 4-benzamido-1-(2-(tert-
butoxycarbonyl(methyl)amino)acetyl) pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate.
To a solution of the abovementioned amide (0.064 g, 0.15 mmol) in methanol (5
mL) was added 2N aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (0.38 mL, 0.75 mmol, 5
equivalents) at 0 °C under nitrogen atmosphere over 5 minutes. The reaction was
monitored by LCMS and was finished in 2 hours. 2N aqueous hydrochloric acid
{Aldrich) (0.38 mL, 0.75 mmol, 5 equivalents) was added at 0 °C over 5 min.
Methanol was distilled off under vacuum. Ethyl acetate (10 mL) and water (1 mL)
were added. The aqueous phase was saturated with sodium chloride and the

phases were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate
(2x10 mL). The combined organic fractions were dried over magnesium sulfate and
concentrated to afford a white foamy product (2S,4R)-4-benzamido-1-(2-(tert-
butoxycarbonyl (methyl)amino)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid that was used in
the next step without purification.
The acid from the previous step was dissolved in dry dichloromethane (10 mL)
under nitrogen atmosphere and 1 M ethereal solution of hydrochloric acid (Aldrich)
(1 mL) was added while: keeping the temperature below 30 °C. The reaction
mixture was stirred overnight under nitrogen atmosphere. The formed precipitate
was filtered, wigished with dichloromethane (2 mL), diethyl ether (2 mL) and dried
under high vacuum. The product was further purified by preparative HPLC
(column: Xterra MSC18 19 x 150 mm) using 5% to 95% methanol/water gradient
(0.1% formic acid in methanol and 0.1% formic acid in water) to afford 0.026 g (38%
over 3 steps) of the desired product.
7. Synthesis of Compound 82: (2S,4R)-4-benzamido-1-(2-(2,2,2-
trifluoroacetamido)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
To a solution of (2S4R) 1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid (Compound 2, 0.05 g, 0.17 mmol) and triethylamine (Aldrich) (0.048 mL, 0.34
mmol, 2 equivalents) in acetone (3 mL) was added slowly trifluoroacetic anhydride;
(0.024 mL, 0.17 mmol) with stirring at room temperature under nitrogen
atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 1.5 hours with careful monitoring by LCMS.
Upon completion, the volatiles were removed in vacua and the residue was purified
by preparative HPLC (column: Xterra MSC18 50 x 250 mm, 10u) using 5% to 90%
methanol/water gradient (0.1% formic acid in methanol and 0.1% formic acid in
water) to afford 0.012 g (18% yield) of the desired product.
8. Synthesis of Compound 84: (2S,4R)-4-benramido-1-(2-(dimethylamino)
acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
To a solution of (2S4R) 1-(2-Arnino-acetyl)-4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid (Compound 2, 0.05 g, 0.17 mmol) in methanol (3 mL) at room temperature was
added 37% aqueous formaldehyde (Aldrich) (0.1 mL). The resulting mixture was

stirred at this temperature for 3 hours, then cooled to 0 °C, and sodium
cyanoborohydride (Aldrich) (0.043 g, 0.69 mmol, 4 equivalents) was added portion-
wise over 5 minutes. After stirring for 1 hour at room temperature, the solvent was
removed in vacuo and the solid residue was purified by preparative HPLC (column:
XTerra MS C18, 5u, 19x150mm) using 5% to 95% methanol/water gradient (0.1%
formic acid in methanol and 0.1% formic acid in water) to afford 0.017 g (31% yield)
of the desired product.
9. Synthesis of Compound 85: (2S,4R)-4-benzamido-1-(2-formamidoacetyl)
pyrro!idine-2-carboxylic acid
Acetic anhydride (Acros) (0.32 mL, 3.4 mmol, 10 equivalents) was added dropwise
to a solution of (2S4R) 1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid (Compound 2, 0.1 g, 0.34 mmol, 1 equivalent) in formic acid (J.T.Baker) (1 mL)
at 0 °C. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm
to room temperature and stirred an additional 24 hours. The reaction mixture was
monitored by TLC and LCMS. An additional amount of acetic anhydride (0.32 mL,
3.4 mmol, 10 equivalents) was added and the reaction mixture stirred for 24 hours
at room temperature. Ice-water (1 mL) was added and the volatiles were removed
in vacuo to yield an oily crude product that was further purified by HPLC (column:
Waters Atlantis 19 x 150 mm) using 0.1% formic acid in H2O/MeOH 20-40% MeOH
over 15 minute gradient to afford 0.031 g (29%) of the desired product.
The general procedures outlined above were used for the synthesis of the
exemplary compounds listed in Table 1.








G. Biological assay data
1. Effect of the compounds on calcium induced arrhythmias
The anti-arrhythmic effect of compounds according to the present teachings was
tested in a model of calcium-induced arrhythmias according to the model of Lynch
et al., J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1981), 3: 49-60. Male CD-1 mice were
anaesthetized with Ketamine (75 mg/kg) and medetomidine (1 mg/kg) IP. An i.v.
cannula was inserted into the tail vein. A lead II ECG signal was recorded
continuously by positioning stainless steel ECG electrodes on the right forelimb and
leftforelimb. The ground electrode was placed on the right hind limb. The signal
was amplified and filtered using Gould physiograph components and po-ne-mah
data acquisition software. After a 90 sec equilibration period test compound was
injected into the tail vein (over 30 seconds). Mice pre-treated with vehicle (0.9%
saline) were tested as control animals. The injection volume was 100µl / 30g mice
in all experiments. Infusion of CaCI2 (30 mg/mL, 0.1 mL/min/30g mice, 100
mg/kg/min) was started 3 min after IV administration of drug or vehicle. The time
lag to onset of cardiac conduction block was determined as the time from the start
of CaCI2 infusion until the first arrhythmic event occured. The first conduction block
was defined as the first RR-interval, larger/or equal to, 3 times one RR-interval from
the pre-treatment period. The first arrhythmic event occurring was either a second
degree AV-block (intermittent failure of the AV conduction characterized by a P-
wave without the concomitant QRS complex) or a second degree SA block
(prolonged RR-interval and a QRS-complex without a preceding P-wave).

Mice pre-treated with vehicle (0.9% saline) were tested on all days as a measure
for control level in untreated animal. Injection volume was 100 µL in all
experiments. The time lag to onset of arrhythmias was determined as the time from
the start of CaCI2 infusion until the first event of conduction block defined as
intermittent failure of the SA or AV conduction characterized by delayed P-wave
activation (SA block) or by a P-wave without the concomitant QRS complex (AV
block). The time lag to onset of AV block is given below in Table 2.

It follows from the data presented in Table 2 that pre-treatment of a mouse with a
range of compounds of the present teachings resulted in a consistent increase in
the time to an AV block in the mouse after infusion of CaCI2. Compounds of the
present teachings thus exhibit anti-arrhythmic properties.

2. Effect of the compounds on metabolic stress induced atrial
conduction slowing
The ability to maintain conduction during metabolic stress was tested in an in vitro
model as described by Haugan et al (J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol., 2005:16:537-
545). Rats (300-400 g) were killed by a sharp blow on the neck. The heart was
rapidly excised and transferred to a small dish containing 37° oxygenated modified
Tyrodes buffer containing (in mM): NaCI 136, KCI 4. MgCI2 0.8, CaCI2 1.8 HEPES
5, MES 5, Glucose 6, pH 7.3. The left atrium was carefully dissected and a tissue
sample of approximately 2x6 mm was taken from the left atrial appendage and
placed in a tissue chamber (volume 5 ml), (Steiert Organ Bath, Hugo Sach
Electronic, Germany). The chamber was perfused throughout the study with 37°C
Tyrodes buffer at a rate of 10 ml/min.
A bipolar stimulation electrode (Teflon coated stainless steel, diameter 75 uM) was
placed at one end of the tissue. Stimulation was performed at 1 Hz using
rectangular pulses at double threshold (duration of stimulus 0.2 ms) delivered by a
stimulator (Hugo Sachs, Type 215) through an isolation unit (Universal Isolated
Stimulator Unit type 263, Hugo Sachs, Germany).
Two separate microelectrodes of pure iridium (World Precision Instruments, tip-
impedance 3.!5-4.0 MO.) were placed on a line along the long-axis of the preparation
for recording of atrial CV. The distances from the stimulating electrode to the first
and second microelectrode is 1.5-2.0 mm and 3.0-4.0 mm, respectively. Each
microelectrode was connected to a head-stage preamplifier (10x amplification of the
signals). The preamplifiers were connected to a bio potential amplifier module that
was connected to the data acquisition system through a Hugo Sachs PLUGSYS.
Signals were filtered at 1 kHz and sampled at 10 kHz.
Following a 30 minute equilibration period, pacing at 1 Hz was initiated. During the
first 20 minute recording period (baseline period), the chamber was perfused with
37°C oxygenated Tyrodes buffer, pH 7.3. Then the test sample (Compound 2) or
control was added to the perfusion buffer for another 20 minute period (pre-
treatment period). Following the 20 minutes of pretreatment, perfusion was
changed to a 37°C glucose-free, non-oxygenated Tyrodes buffer, pH 7.3 (with or
without compounds of interest) for 40 minutes (metabolic stress period). The .
results of these experiments are shown graphically in Figure 1.

Referring to Figure 1, in preparations containing the control, conduction velocity
decreased by 22%. In contrast, in preparations treated with Compound 2, atrial
conduction velocity did not change compared to baseline.
It follows from the data presented in Figure 1 that pre-1reatment of an isolated rat
atrial strip with a compound of the present teachings significantly prevented
metabolic stress induced cardiac conduction slowing. Cardiac diseases such as
atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation are all
characterized by the presence of abnormal cardiac conduction slowing. Thus,
through the effect on cardiac conduction, compounds of the present teachings are
expected to exert anti-arrhythmic effects.
3. Plasma Stability Assay
To predict its plasma stability, compounds of the present teachings were incubated
in male rat plasma (1:1 plasma: pH 7.4 buffer) at 1 µM concentration at 37°C. After
3 hours, the reaction was quenched with cold acetonitrile. The solution was
centrifuged and the supernatant was analyzed with LC-MS using the following
HPLC conditions: Thermo Hypersii-Keystone Aquasil C18 column (50mm x 2.1mm,
5µM) at ambient temperature; Solvent A: 0.1% formic acid in water; Solvent B:
0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile; solvent gradient: 100% A to 50% A over 2.5 min, to
10% A over 1.5 min, and returning to 100% A and re-equilibrating for 1.5 min;
flowrate: 0.8 mL/min. The percent of the compound remaining was calculated by
dividing the 3-hour incubation sample LC-MS signal area counts by the time = 0
area counts. The results of these experiments are summarized in Table 3 below.


4. Metabolic Stability Assay
To predict the stability of the compound under first pass (Phase I) metabolism,
compounds of the present teachings were incubated with male rat liver microsomes
at 1 µM concentration and 0.5 mg/mL protein concentration at 37°C. After 15 min,
the reaction was quenched with cold acetonitrile. The solution was centrifuged and
the supernatant was analyzed with LC-MS using the HPLC conditions described in
section 3 above. The percent remaining was calculated by dividing the 15-minute
incubation sample LC-MS area counts by the time = 0 area counts, and the half-life
of the compound was derived using first-order reaction kinetics. Based on this
assay. Compounds 2, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 80, 81, 82, 83 and 84
had half-lives greater than 30 minutes in male rat liver microsomes.

5. Canine Infarct Size and Reperfusion Arrhythmia Model
Compound 2 was teste:d in dogs subjected to a 60-min coronary artery occlusion
and 4 hr reperfusion, as described by Hennan et al. (J. Exp. Pharmacol. Ther.,317,
236-43 (2006)). Compound 2 was administered IV 10-min before reperfusion as a
bolus + IV infusion at doses of: 0.25 µg/kg bolus + 0.19 µg/kg/hr infusion (n=6); 2.5
µg/kg bolus + 1.9 µg/kg/hr infusion (n=7); 25 µg/kg bolus + 19 µg/kg/hr infusion
(n=6); 75 µg/kg bolus + 57 µg/kg/hr infusion (n=5); vehicle control (n=7). Premature
ventricular complexes (PVC's) were quantified during reperfusion. Four or more
consecutive PVC's was defined as ventricular tachycardia (VT). Total incidence of
VT was reduced significantly with the two highest doses of Compound 2 (1.7±0.8;
2.2±1.4 events; p reduced significantly from 11.1±1.6% in control animals to 2.0±0.7% and 1.8±0.8%
after the two highest doses of Compound 2. Infarct size, expressed as percent of
left ventricle, was reduced significantly from 19.0±3.5 in controls to 7.9±1.5 and
7.1 ±0.8% (p demonstrate that compounds of the present teachings are potent antiarrhythmic
compounds with cardioprotective effects.
6. In Vitro Cell Swelling and Dye Uptake Model
Peptides capable of demonstrating cytoprotection can be identified in an in vitro
model of ischemia induced cell swelling and dye uptake. In this experiment, the
effect of Compound 2 on calcein dye-uptake induced by metabolic inhibition in
cultured C6 glioma cells overexpressing connexin43 was studied. Cells were
incubated under control conditions and during simulated ischemia (SI) for 40
minutes in the presence of calcein (200 uM). Following incubation the cells were
subjected to epifluorescence microscopy to determine the uptake of calcein.
Incubation of C6 cells in SI medium increased dye-uptake to 5-fold above control
values. The uptake was dose-dependently inhibited by Compound 2, and minimum
uptake was obtained at 100 uM Compound 2 (32% relative reduction of the SI
inducible response; p the 40 min stress period, whereas cells treated with Compound 2 did not.
Variations, modifications, and other implementations of what is described herein will
occur to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and the
essential characteristics of the present teachings. Accordingly, the scope of the

present teachings is to be defined not by the preceding illustrative description but
instead by the following claims, and all changes that come within the meaning and
range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.


Claims:
1. A compound having the Formula I:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof;
wherein:
Y is selected from OX, OR2, NXR2, and NR2R3;
k is 0, 1, or 2;
X is H or a lysine mimetic;
XI is selected from OR3, NR2R3, and a lysine mimetic;
R1 is selected from H, an optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl, an optionally
substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, and an amino acid side
chain;
R2 and R3 each independently is selected from H, an optionally substituted
C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C7-20
aralkyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl, C(O)R6,
C(O)OR6, C(O)NR6R7, S(O)2R6, and S(O)2NR8R7;
alternatively, R2 and R3 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are
bound form a 3-20 membered heterocycle optionally containing 1-4 ring
heteroatoms independently selected from O, N or S and optionally substituted with
1-5 Q groups;
R6 and R7 each independently is selected from H, an optionally substituted
C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-10
alkenyl, an optionally substituted C2-10alkynyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl. an
optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl, C(O)R8,
C(O)OR8, and C(O)NR8R9;
alternatively, R6 and R7 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are
bound form a 3-20 membered heterocycle optionally containing 1-4 ring
heteroatoms independently selected from O, NorS and optionally substituted with
1-5 Q groups;

R8 and R9 each independently is selected from H, an optionally substituted
C1-10alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-10
alkenyl, an optionally substituted C2-10 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an
optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl, and an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl;
Q, at each occurrence, independently is selected from an optionally
substituted C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C2-10 alkenyl, an optionally
substituted C2-10 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally
substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted
3-20 membered cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 membered
heteroaryl, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, CF3. OCF3,NO2. OR8, SR8, S+R82. S(O)R8, S(O)2R8.
S(O)2OH, S(O}2NR8R9, NR8S(O)2R9, C(O)R8, C(O)OR8, C(O)NR8R9, OC(O)R8,
NR8R9, NR8C(Q)R9, NR8C(O)OR9. NR8C(O)NR8R9, and N+R83;
provided:
a) when Y is OX or NXR2 and X is H, X' is a lysine mimetic;
b) when Y is OR2 or NR2R3, X' is a lysine mimetic; and
c) the compound is not 1-(2-aminopropanoyl)-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-
2-carboxylic acid or 1-(2-arninopropanoyl)-4-benzarnidlopiperidine-2-carboxylic acid.

2. The compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein Y is OX or NXR2.
3. The compound according to claim 1 or 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein X1 is OR3 or NR2R3.
4. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 3, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein X' is OH or NH2.

5. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 4, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein X is a lysine mimetic,
wherein the lysiine mimetic is selected from:

wherein:
Z1 is selected from H, (CH2)m-C6-20 aryl, (CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl,
C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl, C(O)(CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl, (CH2)mC(0)-C6-20
aryl, (CH2)mC(O)-5-20 membered heteroaryl, S(O)2(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl, and
S(O)2(CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl, wherein each of the C6-20 aryl and 5-20
membered heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups;
R5 is H or an optionally substituted C1-10alkyl;
m is 0, 1, or 2.

6. The compound according to claim 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein:
Z' is C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups; and
m is 0.
7. The compound according to claim 5 or 6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein Z' is benzoyl.
8. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 7, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein R1 is H.
9. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 7, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein R1 is an amino acid side
chain, wherein the amino acid is selected from valine, norvaline, leucine,
norleucine, isoleucine, imethionine, alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan,
serine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, argenine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,
asparagine, glutamine, ornithine, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, and 2,6-diaminopimelic
acid.

10. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 9, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein k is 0.
11. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 9, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein k is 1.
12. The compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
esler, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein X' is a lysine mimetic.

13. The compound according to claim 12, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein the lysine mimetic is selected from:

wherein:
2' is selected from H, (CH2)m-C6.20 aryl, (CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl,
C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl, C(O)(CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl, (CH2)mC(O)-C6-20
aryl, (CH2)mC(O)-5-20 membered heteroaryl. S(O)2(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl, and
S(O)2(CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl, wherein each of the C6-20 aryl and 5-20
membered heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups;
R5 is HI or an optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl;
m is 0, 1, or 2;
E is selected from C(O)OR6, C(O)NR6R7, and a carboxylic acid bioisostere;
provided that the compound is not 1-(2-aminopropanoyl)-4-
benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid or 1-(2-aminopropanoyl)-4-
benzamidopiperidine-2-carboxylic acid.

14. The compound according to claim 12 or 13, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein Y is OR2 or NR2R3.
15. The compound according to any one of claims 12 to 14, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein Y is
OH or NH2.
16. The compound according to claim 12 or 13, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein Y is NR2R3, R2 is H, and
R3 is C(O)R6.
17. The compound according to any one of claims 13 to 16, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein E is
C(O)OR6.

18. The compound according to claim 17, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein E is C(O)OH.
19. The compound according to any one of claims 13 to 16, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein E is
C(O)NR6R7.
20. The compound according to claim 19, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate; or prodrug thereof, wherein E is C(O)NHR7.
21. The compound according to claim 19 or 20, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein R7 is selected from H, an
optionally substituted C1-10alkyl optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an
optionally substituted C6-20 aryl and an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl.

22. The compound according to any one of claims 13 to 21, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein:
Z' is C(O)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups; and
m is 0.
23. The compound according to any one of claims; 13 to 22, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein 71 is
benzoyl.
24. The compound according to any one of claims 12 to 23, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein R1 is H.
25. The compound according to any one of claims 12 to 23, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein R1 is
an amino acid side chain, wherein the amino acid is selected from valine, norvaline,
leucine, norleucine, isoleucine, methionine, alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine,
tryptophan, serine, threonine, cysteine, lysine, argenine, histidine, aspartlc acid,
glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, omithine, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, and 2,6-
diaminopimelic acid,
provided that the compound is not 1-(2-aminopropanoyl)-4-
benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid or 1-(2-aminopropanoyl)-4-
benzamidopi peridine-2-carboxylic acid.
26. The compound according to any one of claims 12 to 25, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein k is 0.
27. The compound according to any one of claims 12 to 25, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein k is 1.


28. A compound having the Formula II:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof,
wherein:
A is (CH2)k-Y';
k is 0, 1, or 2;
Y1 is OR2 or NR2R3;
R1 is selected from H, an optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl, an optionally
substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, and an amino acid side
chain;
alternatively, A and R1 together with the carbon atom to which they are
bound form a 5-20 membered heteroaryl containing 1-4 ring heteroatoms
independently selected from N, O, or S and optionally substituted with 1-5 Q
groups;
B is selected from NR5, NR6(CH2)nC(O), NR5(CH2)nSO2, and an amide
bioisostere;
n is 0, 1, or 2;
Z is selected from H, (CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q
groups, and (CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q
groups;
m is 0, 1, or 2;
E is selected from C(O)OR6, C(O)NR6R7, a carboxylic acid bioisostere and
an amide bioisostere;
Q, at each occurrence, independently is selected from an optionally
substituted C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C2-10 alkenyl,,an optionally
substituted C2-10 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally
substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted
3-20 membered cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 membered
heteroaryl, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, CF3, OCF3, NO2, OR8, SR8, S+R82, S(O)R8, S(O)2R8,

S(O)2OH, S(O)2NR8R9, NR8S(O)2R9, C(O)R8, C(O)OR8, C(O)NR8R9, OC(O)R8,
NR8R9, NR8C(O)R9, NR8C(O)OR9, NR8C(O)NR8R9, and N+R83;
R2 and R3 each independently is selected from H, an optionally substituted
C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C7-20
aralkyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl, C(O)R6,
C(O)OR6, C(O)NR6R7, S(O)2R6, and S(O)2NR6R7;
alternatively, R2 and R3 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are
bound form a 3-20 membered heterocycle optionally containing 1-4 ring
heteroatoms independently selected from O, N or S and optionally substituted with
1-5 Q groups;
R5 is H or an optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl;
R6 and R7 each independently is selected from H, an optionally substituted
C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-10
alkenyl, an optionally substituted C2-10alkynyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an
optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl, C(O)R8,
C(O)OR8, and C(O)NR8R9;
alternatively, R8 and R7 together with the nitrocjen atom to which they are
bound form a 3-20 membered heterocycle optionally containing 1-4 ring
heteroatoms independently selected from O, N or S and optionally substituted with
1-5 Q groups; and
R8 and R9 each independently is selected from H, an optionally substituted
C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-10
alkenyl, an optionally substituted C2-10alkynyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an
optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl, and an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl,
provided that the compound is not 1-(2-aminopropanoyl)-4-
benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.
29. The compound according to claim 28, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein A is (CH2)k-Y' and Y' is NR2R3.

30. The compound according to claim 29, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein
R2 is H; and
R3 is selected from H, an optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl, C(O)R6, and
C(O)OR6.
31. The compound according to claim 30, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein R3 is H.
32. The compound according to claim 30, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein R3 is C(O)R6 and R6 is H or an optionally
substituted C-.10 alkyl.
33. The compound according to claim 28, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein A is (CH2)k-Y', Y' is OR2 and R2 is H.or
C1-10 alkyl.

34. The compound according to any one of claims 28 to 33, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein k is 0.
35. The compound according to any one of claims 28 to 33, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein k is 1.
36. The compound according to any one of claims 28 to 35, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein R1 is H.

37. The compound according to any one of claims 28 to 35, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein:
R1 is an amino acid side chain; and
the amino acid is selected from valine, norvaline, leucine, norleucine,
isoleucine, methionine, alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, serine,
threonine, cysteine, lysine, argenine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,
asparagine, glutamine, ornithine, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, and 2,6-diaminopimelic
acid,
provided that the compound is not 1-(2-aminopropanoyl)-4-
benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.
38. The compound according to claim 28, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein A and R1 together with the carbon atom
to which they are bound form a 5-20 membered heterocycie containing 1-4 ring
heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, or S and optionally substituted with
1-5 Q groups.
39. The compound according to claim 38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein the 5-20 membered heterocycie is
selected from piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyrrolidine,
oxazolidine, thiazolidine, imidazolidine, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, .
tetrazole, furan, thiofuran, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazoles, isothiazole, oxadiazole,
thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, benzofuran, and
benzothiophene, each of which optionally is substituted with 1-5 Q groups.

40. The coimpound according to any one of claims 28 to 39, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein B is
NR5(CH2)nC(O) and Z is (CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups or
(CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups.
41. The compound according to claim 40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein n is 0.
42. The compound according to claim 40 or 41, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein R5 is H.

43. The compound according to any one of claims 40 to 42, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein m is 0.
44. The compound according to any one of claims 40 to 43, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester; hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein Z is
optionally substituted phenyl.
45. The compound according to any one of claims 40 to 42, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein m is 1
or 2.
46. The compound according to any one of claims. 28 to 40, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein B is
NHC(O) and Z is optionally substituted phenyl.
47. The compound according to any one of claims 28 to 39, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein B is
NR5, R5 is H, Z is (CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups or
(CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups, and m
is 0 or 1.

48. The compound according to any one of claims; 28 to 39, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein B is
NR6(CH2)nSO2 and Z is (CH2)m-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups or
(CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups.
49. The compound according to any one of claims; 28 to 39, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein B is an
amide bioisostere.
50. The compound according to claim 49, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein Z is phenyl optionally substituted with 1-5
Q groups.

51. The compound according to any one of claims 28 to 50, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein E is
C(O)OR6.
52. The compound according to claim 51, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein E is C(O)OH.
53. The compound according to any one of claims 28 to 50, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein E is
C(O)NR6R7.
54. The compound according to claim 53, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein E is C(O)NH2.

55. The compound according to claim 53, or a pharmaceutically acceptable, salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein R6 is H and R7 is selected from an
optionally substituted C1-10alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an
optionally substituted 3-20 membered cycloheteroalkyl and an optionally substituted
C6-20 aryl.
56. The compound according to any one of claims 28 to 50, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein E is a
carboxylic acid bioisostere.

57. A compound having the Formula III:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof,
wherein:
Y1 is OR2, or NR2R3;
k is 0, 1, or 2;
Z' is selected from H, (CH2)m-C6-20 aryl, (CH2)m-5:20 membered heteroaryl,
C(0)(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl, C(O)(CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl, (CH2)mC(O)-C6-20
aryl, (CH2)mC(O)-5-20 membered heteroaryl, S(O)2(CH2)m-C6-20 aryl, and
S(O)2(CH2)m-5-20 membered heteroaryl, wherein each of the C6-20 aryl and 5-20
membered heteroaryl is optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups;
m is 0, 1, or 2;
Q,- at each occurrence, independently is selected from an optionally
substituted C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C2-10 alkenyl, an optionally
substituted C2-10 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally
substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted
3-20 membered cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 membered
heteroaryl, F. Cl. Br, I, CN, CF3, OCF3, NO2, OR8, SR8, S+R82, S(O)R8, S(O)2R8.
S(O)2OH, S(O)2NR8R9, NR8S(O)zR9, C(O)R8, C(O)OR8, C(O)NR8R9, OC(O)R8,
NR8R9. NR8C(O)R9, NR8C(O)OR9, NR8C(O)NR8R9, and N+R83;
R1 is selected from H, an optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl, an optionally
substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, and an amino acid side
chain;
R2 and R3 each independently is selected from H, an optionally substituted
C1-10 alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C7-20
aralkyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered

cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 mernbered heteroaryl, C(O)R6,
C(O)OR6, C(O)NR6R7, SO2R6, and SO2NR6R7;
alternatively, R2 and R3 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are
bound form a 3-20 membered heterocycle optionally containing 1-4 ring
heteroatoms independently selected from O, N or S and optionally substituted with
1-5 Q groups;
R4 is OR6 or NR6R7;
R5 is H or optionally substituted C1-10alkyl;
R6 and R7 each independently is selected from H, an optionally substituted
C1-10alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-10
alkenyl, an optionally substituted C2-10alkynyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an
optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl, an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl, C(O)R8,
C(O)OR8, and C(O)NR8R9;
alternatively, R6 and R7 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are
bound form a 3-20 membered heterocycle optionally containing 1-4 ring
heteroatoms independently selected from O, N or S and optionally substituted with
1-5 Q groups; and
R8 and R9 each independently is selected from H, an optionally substituted
C1-10alkyl, an optionally substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C2-10
alkenyl, an optionally substituted C2-10alkynyl, an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl, an
optionally substituted C7-20 aralkyl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl, and an optionally substituted 5-20 membered heteroaryl,
provided that the compound is not 1-(2-aminopropanoyl)-4-
benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.
58. The compound according to claim 57, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein k is 0.
59. The compound according to claim 57, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein k is 1.

60. The compound according to any one of claims 57 to 59, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein:
Y1 is NR2R3;
R2 is H; and
R3 is selected from H, an optionally substituted C1-10alkyl, C(O)R6, and
C(O)OR6.
61. The compound according to claim 60, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein R3 is H.
62. The compound according to claim 60, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein R3 is C(O)R6 and R6 is H or an optionally
substituted C1-10alkyl.
63. The compound according to any one of claims 57 to 59, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein Y' is
OR2.

64. The compound according to claim 63, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein R2 is H.
65. The compound according to claim 63, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate: or prodrug thereof, wherein R2 is an optionally substituted C1-10alkyl.
66. The compound according to any one of claims 57 to 65, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein R1 is H.

67. The compound according to any one of claims 57 to 65, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein:
R1 is an amino acid side chain; and
the amino acid is selected from valine, norvaline, leucine, norleucine,
isoleucine, methionine, alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, serine,
threonine, cysteine, lysine, argenine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,
asparagine, glutamine, ornithine, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, and 2,6-diaminopimelic
acid,
provided that the compound is not 1~(2-aminopropanoyl)-4-
benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.
68. The compound according to any one of claims 57 to 67, or a
pharmaceuticially acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein R4 is
OR6.
69. The compound according to claim 68, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein R4 is OH.

70. The compound according to any one of claims 57 to 67, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein R4 is
NR6R7.
71. The compound according to claim 70, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate; or prodrug thereof, wherein R4 is NH2.
72. The compound according to claim 70, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein
R6 is H; and
R7 is selected from an optionally substituted C1-10alkyl, an optionally
substituted C3-20 cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted 3-20 membered
cycloheteroalkyl and an optionally substituted C6-20 aryl.

73. The compound according to claim 70, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein
R6 and R7 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound form a 3-
20 membered heterocycle optionally containing 1-4 ring heteroatoms independently
selected from O, N or S and optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups; and
the 3-20 membered heterocycle is selected from piperidine, piperazine,
morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyrrolidine, oxazolidine, thiazolidine, and imidazolidine.
74. The compound according to any one of claims 57 to 73, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein:
Z' is C(O)(CH2)rn-C6-20 aryl optionally substituted with 1-5 Q groups; and
m is 0.
75. The compound according to any one of claims 57 to 74, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein 71 is
benzoyl.
76. The compound according to any one of claims 57 to 75 having the following
structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof.

77. The compound according to any one of claims 57 to 75 having the following
structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof.
78. The compound according to any one of claims 57 to 75 having the following
structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof.

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug thereof.
79. The compound according to any one of claims 57 to 75 having the following
structure:

80. The compound according to claim 1, claim 28 or claim 57, selected from:
1-(2-Aniino-acetyl)-4-(4-nitro-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid;
1-(2-Arnino-acetyl)-4-benzoylarnino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid;
1-(2-Aniino-acetyl)-4-(4-methyl-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid;
1-(2-Amiino-acetyl)-4-(4-methoxy-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid;
1-(2-Amiino-acetyl)-4-(4-hydroxy-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid;
1 -(3-Amino-propionyl)-4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid; and
4-Benzoylamino-1 -(2-hydroxy-acetyl)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid,
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.
81. The compound according to claim 80 selected from:
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-Arnino-acetyl)-4-(4-nitro-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid;
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid;
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-(4-methyl-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-
car boxylic acid;
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-(4-methoxy-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid;
(2S, 4R) 1-(3-Amino-propionyl)-4-benzoyiamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid;
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-(4-hydroxy-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-
cairboxylic acid;
(2S, 4S) 1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-(4-methoxy-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid;
(2S, 4S) 1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-(4-methyl-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid;
(2S, 4S) 1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-(4-nitro-benzoylamino)-pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid;
(2S, 4S) 1-(2-Amino-acetyl)-4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid;
and
(2S, 4R) 4-Benzoylamino-1-(2-hydroxy-acetyl)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid,
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydraies, and prodrugs thereof.

82. The compound according to claim 1, claim 28 or claim 57, selected from:
1-(2-Amino-4-carboxy-butyryl)-4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid;
1-[2-Amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-propionyl]-4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid;
1-(2-Amino-4-methyl-pentanoyl)-4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid; and
1-(2-Amino-3-phenyl-propionyl)-4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid;
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.
83. The compound according to claim 82 selected from:
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-Amino-4-carboxy-butyryl)-4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid;
(2S, 4R) 1-t2-Ai-nino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-propionyl]-4-benzoylamino-pyrrolidine-
2-carboxylic acid;
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-Amino-4-methyl-pentanoyl)-4-benzoyIarnino-pyrrolidine-2-
cafboxylic acid; and
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-Amino-3-phenyl-propionyl)-4-benzoylarnino-pyrrolidine-2-.
carboxylic acid,
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.

84. The compound according to claim 1, claim 28 or claim.57, selected from:
1-(2-arninoacetyl)-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxamide;
1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-methylpyrro!idine-2-carboxamide;
1-(2-anniinoacety!)-4-benzamido-N-ethylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide;
1-(2-arninoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-isopropylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide;
1-(2-arrunoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-cyclopropylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide;
4-benzamido-1-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)acetyl)pyrro!idine-2-
carboxamide;
1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-(pentan-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide;
1-(2-arninoacet/l)-4-benzamido-N-cyclopentylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide;
1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-isobutylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide;
1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-cyclobutylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide;
1-(2-arninoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-tert-butylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide;
1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)pyrrolidine'-2-
carboxamide;
1-(2-arninoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-(3-methylbutan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide;
1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-(3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide;
1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-phenylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide; and
1-(2-aminoacefyl)-4-benzamido-N-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide,
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.

85. The compound according to claim 84 selected from:
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamidopyrroUdine-2-carboxamide;
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzarnido-N-methylpyrroIidine-2-
carboxamide;
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-ethylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide;
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-isopropylpyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide;
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-arninoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-cyclopropylpyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide;
(2S, 4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide;
(2S, 4R) 1 -(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-(pentan-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide;
(2S, 4R) 1 -(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-cyclopentylpyrrolidine-2-
catboxamide;
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-isobutylpyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide;
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-cyclobutylpyrrolidine-2-
cairboxamide;
(2S, 4R) 1 -(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-tert-butylpyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide;
(2S, 4R) 1 -(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-
yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide;
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-Bminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-((R)-3-methylbutan~2-
yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide;
(2S, 4R) 1 -(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-((R)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-
yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide;
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-phenylpyrrolidine-2-
carboxamide; and
(2S, 4R) 1 -(2-aminoacetyl)-4-benzamido-N-((R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-
yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide,
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.

86. The compound according to claim 1, claim 28 or claim 57, selected from:
1-(2-acetamidoacetyl)-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid;
4-benzamido-1-(2-(methylamino)acetyl)-pyrrolidine-2-carbaxylic acid;
4-benzamido-1-(2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid;
4-benzamido-1-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxyl>c
acid;
4-benzamido-1-(2-(dimethylamino)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid; and
4-benzamido-1-(2-formamidoacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid,
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.
87. The compound according to claim 86 selected from:
(2S, 4R) 1-(2-acetamidoacetyl)-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid;
(2S, 4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(methylamino)acetyl)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid;
(2S, 4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid;
(2S, 4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-
carboxylic acid;
(2S, 4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-(dimethylamino)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic
acid; and
(2S, 4R) 4-benzamido-1-(2-formamidoacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid,
and pharmacEsutically acceptable salts, esters, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.
88. A prodrug of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 87, wherein
the prodrug is an oxazolidinone or imidazolidinone prodrug.
89. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one
of claims 1 to 88 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, hydrate or prodrug
thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
90. A method of treating or preventing a pathological condition comprising
administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a
compound or a pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 1 to 89.

91. The method according to claim 90, wherein the subject is a human being.
92. The method according to claim 90, wherein the pathological condition is
selected from cardiovascular disease; osteoporosis; inflammation of airway
epithelium; disorders of alveolar tissue; bladder incontinence; impaired hearing;
endothelial lesions; Type I or Type II diabetes; diabetic retiriopathy; diabetic
neuropathy; atherosclerosis; CNS related conditions; seizures; ischemia; dental
tissue disorders; kidney diseases; anaemia; leukopenia; thrombocytopenia;
pancytopenia; superficial wounds; deep wounds resulting from trauma; bone
fractures; erectile dysfunction; urinary bladder incontinence; neuropathic pain; .
subchronic and chronic inflammation; cancer; failure of bone marrow; stem cell
transplantation; conditions arising during transplantation of cells and tissues;
conditions arising during medical procedures; conditions caused by an excess of
reactive oxygen species, free radicals or nitric oxide; diseases or disorders of
pregnancy; female infertility; and stroke.
93. The method according to claim 90 or 91, wherein the pathological condition
is cardiovascular disease.

94. The method according to claim 93, wherein the cardiovascular disease is
selected from atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular
fibrillation.
95. The use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 88 for the
manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of a pathological
condition that responds to administration of the compound.
96. The method or use according to any one of claims 90 to 95, wherein the
compound is formulated for parenteral or oral administration.

Lysine mimetic compounds having useful pharmacological activity such as antiarrhythmic activity and desirable
bioavailability properties are disclosed.

Documents:

02699-kolnp-2008-abstract.pdf

02699-kolnp-2008-claims.pdf

02699-kolnp-2008-correspondence others.pdf

02699-kolnp-2008-description complete.pdf

02699-kolnp-2008-drawings.pdf

02699-kolnp-2008-form 1.pdf

02699-kolnp-2008-form 3.pdf

02699-kolnp-2008-form 5.pdf

02699-kolnp-2008-gpa.pdf

02699-kolnp-2008-international publication.pdf

02699-kolnp-2008-international search report.pdf

02699-kolnp-2008-pct priority document notification.pdf

02699-kolnp-2008-pct request form.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-(16-12-2013)-CORRESPONDENCE.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-(16-12-2013)-PA.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-(24-04-2014)-AMANDED PAGES.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-(24-04-2014)-ANNEXURE TO FORM-3.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-(24-04-2014)-CORRESPONDENCE.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-(24-04-2014)-OTHERS.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-(26-12-2013)-ABSTRACT.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-(26-12-2013)-ANNEXURE TO FORM 3.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-(26-12-2013)-CLAIMS.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-(26-12-2013)-CORRESPONDENCE.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-(26-12-2013)-DRAWINGS.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-(26-12-2013)-FORM-2.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-(26-12-2013)-OTHERS.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-(26-12-2013)-PETITION UNDER RULE 137.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-ANEXURE TO FORM 3.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-ASSIGNMENT.pdf

2699-kolnp-2008-CORRESPONDENCE 1.1.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-FORM 18.pdf

2699-kolnp-2008-FORM 3 1.1.pdf

2699-KOLNP-2008-PA.pdf

abstract-02699-kolnp-2008.jpg


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Patent Number 260874
Indian Patent Application Number 2699/KOLNP/2008
PG Journal Number 22/2014
Publication Date 30-May-2014
Grant Date 27-May-2014
Date of Filing 03-Jul-2008
Name of Patentee WYETH
Applicant Address FIVE GIRALDA FARMS MADISON, NJ
Inventors:
# Inventor's Name Inventor's Address
1 LARSEN, BJARNE, DUE RORHOLM 12, HIMMELEV, DK 4000 ROSKILDE
2 HAUGAN, KETIL, JORGEN KAERVEJ 5, DK-3550 SLANGERUP
3 BUTERA, JOHN, A. 6 LAWRENCE SPRING DRIVE, CLARKSBURG, NJ 08510
4 HENNAN, JAMES K. 285 STORMFIELD DRIVE, HARLEYSVILLE, PA 19438
5 KERNS, EDWARD, H. 20 HAMPTON COURT, SKILLMAN, NJ 08558
6 PIATNITSKI, EVGUENI, LVOVICH 1300 FAYETTE STREET, #246, CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428
7 PETERSEN, JORGEN, SOBERG HELLEBAKKEN 1, DK-3150 HELLEBAEK
PCT International Classification Number C07C 233/81
PCT International Application Number PCT/US2006/048790
PCT International Filing date 2006-12-21
PCT Conventions:
# PCT Application Number Date of Convention Priority Country
1 60/753628 2005-12-23 U.S.A.