Title of Invention	A SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SCHEDULING THE EXECUTION OF MODEL COMPONENTS USING MODEL EVENTS
Abstract	A method of specifying and configuring a causal relationship between the dynamics of a graphical model and the execution of components of the model is disclosed. Model component execution is tied to the occurrence of model events. Model events are first defined in the modeling environment. The occurrence of conditions in the model specified in the definition of the event causes the event to be "posted". Model components that have been associated with the occurrence of the event "receive" the notice of the posting of the event and then execute. Random components within a subsystem may be designated to execute upon the occurrence of an event, as may non-contiguous components within a model. The association between model events and component execution may be specified without drawing graphical indicators connecting components in the view of the model.

Title of Invention

A SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SCHEDULING THE EXECUTION OF MODEL COMPONENTS USING MODEL EVENTS

Abstract

A method of specifying and configuring a causal relationship between the dynamics of a graphical model and the execution of components of the model is disclosed. Model component execution is tied to the occurrence of model events. Model events are first defined in the modeling environment. The occurrence of conditions in the model specified in the definition of the event causes the event to be "posted". Model components that have been associated with the occurrence of the event "receive" the notice of the posting of the event and then execute. Random components within a subsystem may be designated to execute upon the occurrence of an event, as may non-contiguous components within a model. The association between model events and component execution may be specified without drawing graphical indicators connecting components in the view of the model.

Full Text	A SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SCHEDULING THE EXECUTION OF MODEL COMPONENTS USING MODEL EVENTS Related Application This application claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 10/759,346 filed January 15,2004, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Field of the Invention The illustrative embodiment of the present invention relates generally to the execution of model components within a modeling environment, and more specifically to the scheduling of the execution of modeling components using model events. Related Application The illustrative embodiment of the present invention is related to a presently pending Unites States patent application entitled, "A System and Method for Using Execution Contexts in Block Diagram Modeling', Serial No.: 10/414,644, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Background Simulink™ from The MathWorks, Inc. of Natick, Massachusetts, is an example of a graphical modeling environment, specifically a block diagram environment. Simulink™ allows users to create a pictorial model of a dynamic system. The model consists of a set of symbols, called blocks. Each block can have zero or more input ports, output ports, and states. Each block represents a dynamic system whose inputs, states, and outputs can change continuously and/or discretely at specific points in time. The lines are used to connect the blocks' ports to one another, and represent data dependencies between blocks. Signals may be represented as values traveling along the lines that connect the blocks in a block diagram. If all of a block's inputs, states, and outputs change either continuously or at one fixed, periodic rate, the block is considered to be a 'single-rate' block. If the inputs, states, and outputs update, either together, or separately at points in time defined by two or more rates, the block is considered to be a 'multi-rate5 block. If a model has multi-rate blocks in it, or two or more single-rate blocks running at different rates, then the model itself is multi-rate (vs. single-rate). A block is referred to as 'atomic' if its functional definition is outside the context of the model in which it is placed. Simulink™ has a set of predefined atomic blocks (e.g. Sum, Product, Gain), and the user can also create their own atomid blocks through user-written 'S-functions'. Being atomic, S-functions' functional definitions are specified outside the context of the model, for example using C code or MATLAB 'm' code. A 'composite' block is a block whose functional definition is specified through the model, using sets of atomic and composite blocks. Simulink™ permits the user to specify 'subsystems', composite blocks whose definition consists of interconnected sets of predefined blocks, user-written S-fimctions, and other Simulink™ subsystems. Subsystems can be nested hierarchically, defining a 'model hierarchy.' Simulink™ sample rates provide a mechanism for specifying how often components of a model execute. Figure 1 depicts an example of the use of sample rates in controlling the execution of model components. For example, the designer may specify that a plant block 4 executes at a continuous rate, and a controller block 10 executes at some periodic, discrete rate. The execution of model components is scheduled by the Simulink™ infrastructure when simulating, or by the operating system for a real-time implementation. There is no causal relationship between the dynamics of the model and the scheduling of these rates; the instants at which the components execute are predetermined. Simulink™ supports the propagation of sample rates. For example, the rates of the Gain blocks 8 and 12 in Figure 1 may have been left unspecified, or rather, specified as "Inherit". In this case, assuming that the rates of the plant 4 and controller 10 blocks have been specified, the Gain blocks 8 and 12 inherit their rates from the plant and controller blocks. Simulink™ also provides mechanisms for specifying causal relationships between the dynamics of the model and the execution of model components, including: function-call subsystems, triggered subsystems, iterator subsystems, action subsystems and enabled subsystems. The specifying of causal relationships permits users to specify execution of model components conditional on present and past values of signals and other data in the model. However, the scope of conditional execution is generally restricted to a subsystem as conventional methods of specifying the relationships do not allow the scope of conditional execution to be defined as an arbitrary set of blocks (as opposed to the set of blocks that comprise a subsystem). This is a significant limitation, since there are times where it is desirable to simultaneously execute a set of blocks that are not in a subsystem and/or are not contiguous in the model. For example, conventional methods of conditional execution do not allow execution of various blocks distributed throughout the model at power-up or power-down. As a result, the manner in which the causal relationships may be composed is restricted. Conventional methods of specifying the causal relationships between the dynamics of a model and the execution of model components do not allow a user to enable half of the blocks in a subsystem and trigger the other blocks. Similarly, one may not trigger some of the blocks in a subsystem with one trigger, and the remaining blocks with a different trigger. An additional drawback to conventional mechanisms for specifying the causal relationships between the dynamics of a model and the execution of model components is that these mechanisms require graphical connections to be made in the block diagram to indicate causality. This can result in an appearance which some users feel "clutters" the diagram. Another limitation to conventional mechanisms for specifying causal relationships is that the conventional mechanisms do not naturally map to advanced software or operating system constructs, such as initialization, exceptions, or tasks. Similarly, since conventional mechanisms of specifying the causal relationships lack a first class object associated with the causal relationship, it is difficult to configure and assign characteristics to that relationship. It is also difficult for the user to directly leverage implicit dynamics associated with the mechanisms, for example the enable and disable methods associated with an enabled subsystem, and to conditionally execute components of the model based on these implicit dynamics. Brief Summary The illustrative embodiment of the present invention provides a mechanism for specifying and configuring a causal relationship between the dynamics of a model and the execution of components of the model. Model component execution is tied to the occurrence of "model events". Model events are first defined in the modeling environment. The occurrence of conditions in the model specified in the definition of the event causes the event to be "posted". Model components that have been associated with the occurrence of the event "receive" the notice of the posting of the event and then execute. Isolated components within a subsystem may be designated to execute upon the occurrence of an event, as may non-contiguous components within a model. The association between model events and component execution may be specified without drawing graphical indicators connecting components in the view of the model. In one embodiment, in a modeling environment having at least one model with multiple executable components, a method monitors the execution of the model for the occurrence of a specified event. Upon determining the occurrence of the specified event, the occurrence of the event is posted to an event handler. A component is then executed in response to the notifying of the event handler. In another embodiment, in a modeling environment having at least one model with multiple executable components, a method monitors the execution of the model for the occurrence of a specified event. Upon determining the occurrence of the specified event, the execution of another event is interrupted in response to the determination of the occurrence of the specified event. An operation in the model is then perfoimed in response to the determination of the occurrence of the specified event. In an embodiment in a modeling environment, a system includes a graphical model with multiple executable components. The system also includes an event handler. The event handler receives notice from the model of the occurrence of a specified event. The system additionally includes at least one component which receives notification from the event handler of the occurrence of the specified event. The receiving component executes in response to the notification. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure ldepicts a conventional block diagram model utilizing sample rates; Figure 2 depicts a model utilizing the posting process of the illustrative embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 depicts the posting and receiving of events in a Stateflow™ environment in accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 is a timing diagram of implicit events occurring in an enabled subsystem; Figure 5 depicts a model using implicit events in an enabled subsystem; Figure 6A depicts a model with event transitions occurring within the same task and without event transition blocks; Figure 6B depicts a model with event transitions occurring in different tasks using event transition blocks; Figure 6C is a timeline of the use of event transition blocks in a model; Figure 7 A depicts a model utilizing the illustrative embodiment of the present invention to handle events as exceptions; Figure 7B depicts a model utilizing the illustrative embodiment of the present invention to control execution order using a branch priority block; Figure 7C highlight the execution order dictated by the branch priority block in the model of Figure 7B Figure 7D depicts a model utilizing the illustrative embodiment of the present invention to control execution order with block groups; Figure 8 is a data flow diagram contrasting the handling to normal and. exceptional events in the illustrative embodiment of the present invention.; Figure 9 depicts an environment suitable for practicing the illustrative embodiment of the present invention; and Figure 10 is a flowchart of a high level view of the sequence of steps followed by the illustrative embodiment of the present invention to associate sample rates with event occurrence. Detailed Description The illustrative embodiment of the present invention provides a mechanism for tying the execution of model components to the occurrence of specified model events. Sample rates are specified as events thus tying model component execution to the dynamics of the model. Non-contiguous model elements may be configured to conditionally execute based on model event occurrence. Additionally, the scope of component execution is not limited to subsystems in their entirety as is required by certain conventional systems. The conditional execution of components based on event occurrence may also be used for exception handling. Associations between model components and events may be established without drawing additional component connections in the view of the model. For sake of clarity, the explanation of the illustrative embodiment of the present invention contained herein makes reference to a Simulink™ and MATLAB™-based modeling environment (both applications from The MathWorks of Natick, Massachusetts) However, it should be recognized by those skilled in the art, that the illustrative embodiment of the present invention may also be applied to other modeling environments and other types of diagrams in addition to traditional block diagrams including Stateflow™ from the MathWorks of Natick, Massachusetts, a state diagramming application, and data flow diagramming environments. A Simulink™ Model Event as used in the illustrative embodiment of the present invention (also referred to hereafter as "Event" or "Simulink™ Event") may be explicitly defined in a MATLAB workspace as an object. Its attributes may include a name, a color, an optional expected rate, an optional task, and an explanation as to how the function corresponding to the event should be implemented (e.g. inline vs. explicitly defined signature). Events that have been defined may be "posted" by blocks in the model, based on arbitrary conditions the user defines. Blocks that "receive" that event execute when it is posted. "Posting" refers to sending a message to an event handler indicating the occurrence of a particular event. Blocks that have registered with or otherwise hooked into the event handler are then informed about the occurrence of the event when the event posts. Figure 2 depicts an example of a model 20 utilizing the posting process. The event "A" has been defined and given the attribute of the color "blue". In the model 20 the block "Post" 22 has been configured (as seen by the dialog in that figure) to post the event "A" conditionally when the signal 24 at its input port 26 is greater than zero. The dialog box solicits a number of parameters from the user for the post block 22 including the number of inputs 36, the condition 38 under which the block executes, and the name assigned to the defined model event 40. The view of the model 20 indicates that the sample rate of the block "Constant" 28 has been specified to be event "A". That sample rate (i.e.: the occurrence of the event "A") is propagated to the blocks "Unit Delay" 30 and "Outl" 32 which have been set to inherit their sample rates. All three blocks thus receive event "A". All three blocks 28, 30 and 32 may assume the "color" of the Event "A" and be shaded blue in a display to a user as a way of expressing the logical association. Therefore, when the output of "Sine Wave" block 21 is positive, "A" is posted by the block "Post", the three blocks 28, 30 and 32 execute, and the value at the model's root outport is updated. The model depicted in Figure 2 shows the resolution of some of the issues associated with conditional execution of subsystems that are provided by the illustrative embodiment of the present invention. There is a first class object "A" associated with the causal relationship, so that it is possible to configure and assign characteristics to that relationship, such as color. The scope of conditional execution is not restricted to a subsystem. The three blocks 28,30 and 32 that are conditionally executed are not grouped within a parent subsystem and may be chosen from non- contiguous areas of the model 20. Additionally, the scope of conditional execution employs rate propagation (only the block "Constant" 28 specifies "A" as its sample rate). This results in a method of specifying sample rates that is more concise than would otherwise be the case if every block receiving "A" had to have its sample rate explicitly specified as "A". Also, the association of blocks with an event does not require a graphical connection between the post block 22 and the constant block 28 to be made in the diagram to indicate causality. The causal relationship between the condition specified by the "Post" block 22 and the execution of the three blocks 28, 30 and 32 is through their common reference to the Event object named "A" 23. An event's "scope" is the scope of the workspace within which it exists. If a workspace is associated with a subsystem or model, the scope of the event is that subsystem or model. Blocks may only specify their sample time as an event when that event is in scope from that block. Figure 3 depicts another example of an environment in which the explicit posting and receiving of events occurs, displaying a Stateflow™ chart 30 and a block diagram model 32 of the components of the chart in more detail. In this example, the user defines events "A" 34 and "B"36, with the attribute colors green and blue, respectively. Both events 34 and 36 have their sample rates specified as 20 ms. The Stateflow chart 30, then executes every 20 ms and posts these events in a well-defined, periodic sequence. The two input port blocks 40 and 50 have their sample rates set to the events "A" 34 and "B"36. The remainder of the blocks take on those events as inherited sample rates and are shaded to the color corresponding to the event. The set of blocks colored green 40,42,44 and 46 receive the event "A" and execute when that event is posted. Likewise, the set of blocks colored blue 50, 52, 54 and 56 execute when event "B" is posted. The set of blocks handling each event execute in the relative order that they appear in the model's sorted block list. The sorted block list order is determined by data dependencies. Accordingly, every 20 ms the Stateflow chart 30 executes, and the chain of green blocks 40,42,44, and 46 executes, left to right, followed by the chain of blue blocks 50,52, 54 and 56, left to right. Furthermore, since the optional sample rate of the events has been explicitly specified to be 20 ms, a runtime check is performed to assert that those events are posted every 20 ms. One advantage of explicitly specifying an event's rate is that any code generated for that rate can use the corresponding constant sample time in the generated code wherever elapsed time between successive execution is required, rather than requiring the usage of timers, as would ordinarily be the case. In contrast to explicit events, which are defined as workspace objects and whose conditions for posting are explicitly specified by the user (e.g. through the usage of Simulink™ "Post" blocks or Stateflow logic), implicit events are implied by model constructs, and automatically posted in response to execution of those constructs. The user cannot post implicit events. However, the user can handle implicit events, meaning that the user can define model components that execute directly in response to an implicit event. The illustrative embodiment of the present invention includes the five types of implicit events noted in the table below: Those skilled in the art will recognize that other types of implicit events may be handled in addition to those listed in the table above without departing the scope of the present invention. For example, other types of implicit events that may be supported include error conditions, such as an implicit event posted when a product block attempts to divide by zero, or a logarithm block attempts to take the logarithm of zero. Objects corresponding to implicit events automatically populate the various workspaces of the model, whereby their properties may be configured by the user. Figure 4 depicts the implicit events noted in the table above in a timing diagram. Figure 4 shows the relative timing of the events that are in scope in an enabled subsystem or its descendents in the function-call hierarchy; the time varying signal is the signal enabling the subsystem. All five types of implicit events have an asynchronous sample rate. The implicit events include startup 70, initializing 72, enabling 74, disabling 76 and shutdown 78. An example of the use of implicit events in an enabled subsystem 90 is shown in Figure 5. The subsystem 90 has implicit enable and disable events associated with it, that are posted when the subsystem enables and disables. The block "Zero-Order Hold" 92 has its sample rate specified as "Disable", so that it executes when the implicit disable event executes, i.e. when the enabled subsystem 90 disables. Through propagation, the block "Gainl" 94 also inherits that event (disable) as its sample rate, and together, these two blocks execute and update the memory associated with the subsystem output port 96 when the subsystem 90 disables. Each event in the illustrative embodiment of the present invention maps 1-1 to a function (also referred to herein as the "event handler") that serves as the entry point to the code corresponding to the blocks whose sample rate has been specified or inherited as the event. Whenever the conditions leading to the posting of the event are true, the system reacts by calling the function. The function may be in lined during code generation. The choice of whether or not to inline an event's function is a property of the corresponding event object. As a default implementation, a user may choose to inline implicit events' functions, and not to inline explicit events' functions. One of the properties of a Simulink™ Event is its task. By default, an event inherits its task from the context from which it is posted. For example, in Figure 3 the events "A" 34 and "B" 36 execute in the same task as the Stateflow chart 30 posting those events. The generated code calls the functions corresponding to "A" and "B" as local function calls as depicted in the pseudocode below corresponding to the model of Figure 3. The task of an event may be specified as the name of a model task object, corresponding to a task in the real-time implementation. Simulink™ task objects correspond to spawned operating system tasks. Properties of a Task object may include a designated rate (periodic value, or asynchronous), priority, task stack size, whether the task is preemptible, or other properties. When an event is posted whose task is different from the task of the block or model construct posting the event, the function corresponding to the event is scheduled in the event's task. If the task is specified to be periodic, the function executes during any timestep of that task during which the event is posted. If the task is specified as asynchronous, then the posting of the event causes the task to be executed by the operating system. The illustrative embodiment of the present invention avoids the asynchronous posting of events and multithreaded implementation, through the use of tasks. Tasks are used to help insure data integrity when using events in a real-time implementation by indicating where an event transition block is required for the sake of data integrity. Tasks are also used to specify the relative priority of the tasks associated with a transition. The illustrative embodiment of the present invention uses an event transition block that is a generalization of Simulink™'s rate transition block. Figures 6A, 6B and 6C illustrate some of the issues involved with event transitions and the usage of event transition blocks. Figure 6A depicts a model 100 with transitions occurring in response to the occurrence of Event A and Event B. In the model 100, the events A and B have the same task and the data integrity issue may be resolved by utilizing persistent memory to store data at the boundaries between the two events. Since both events are in the same task, they cannot preempt each other, and no additional mechanisms (e.g. double buffering) are necessary. In this model 100, persistent memory is utilized for the outputs of the left two transfer function blocks 102,104 and transition blocks are not necessary to transfer data between the transfer function blocks 102,104 and 106. However, if Events A and B are specified to execute in different tasks, event transition blocks are necessary, as shown in Figure 6B. In the model 110 of Figure 6B, Event A has a task with high priority, while Event B has a task of low priority. In this case, the block named Transition 114, which lies at the boundary between the first 112 and second 116 transfer function blocks, acts as a zero-order hold. The block named Transitionl 118, which lies at the boundary between the second 116 and third 120 transfer function blocks, acts as a delay by default. The timeline of Figure 6C shows the functionality of the event transition blocks of Figure 6B. Since the event transition block Transition 114 acts as a Zero Order Hold, it is represented in the figure by time slices labeled "ZOH". Since the event transition block Transitionl 118 acts as a delay, it is represented in the figure by time slices labeled "1/z". The event transition block Transition 114 executes each time the handler for Event A executes, as long as the task assigned to event A is not preempting the task containing Event B. This prevents the input to the handler for B from changing in the middle of its execution. This is necessary since in an asynchronous, causal system, there is no way of knowing in advance when event B will next be posted. The output function for the event transition block Transitionl 118 executes each time Event A is posted after the handler for Event B has completed execution. This ensures that the handler for Event A utilizes the latest value computed by the handler for B, but doesn't execute the output function of Transitionl if it is unnecessary. Thus, in Figure 6C, the low priority task associated with Event B executes (step 130), a delay executes (stepl32), the high priority task associated with Event A (stepl34) executes and is followed by the Zero Order Hold (stepl36). The task associated with Event A then executes (step 13 8) without being preceded by the delay since B hasn't executed since the last time A executed. The Zero Order Hold (stepl40) is then executed following the high priority task (stepl38). The low priority task associated with B (step 142) then executes and is interrupted by the high priority task (step 144). Following the completion of the high priority task (step 144) the low priority task (step 142) resumes without the Zero Order Hold being executed since the low priority task had already started. The process then continues with the delay (step 146), the high priority task (step 148) and the Zero Order Hold (step 150) being executed in order. In addition to ensuring data integrity, event transition blocks may be necessary for resolution during event propagation. However, when transitioning between events that are in the same task, the block copies its input value to its persistent output. Post-compiling may then be attempted to reduce the block. It should be noted that transition blocks require an InitialCondition parameter to initialize their memory. In one implementation, the default value of this parameter is zero. Events may also be used to handle errors encountered as a model executes. When an error occurs, the model may "post are event exceptionally". An event that is posted exceptionally is called an "exception event". A key characteristic of an exception event is that it is handled differently from an event that is posted non-exceptionally, or a "normal event". In particular, when one event posts another exception event, that first event's function never resumes execution upon exiting the function for the exception event. In other words, if B interrupts A exceptionally, the execution of A is not resumed after the completion of B. Note that an event may be called both normally and exceptionally in the same model. The usage of an exception event in a model is depicted in Figure 7A. In the model 160, the upper component is part of the handler for Event A. If the magnitude of the input ul 162 is less than or equal to le-6, Event B is posted exceptionally, or tcthrown" for short, by the Throw block 166 in the exception subsystem 164. The exception subsystem 164 evaluates the input 162 and only throws event B if the input ul 162 is less than or equal to le-6. The Throw block 166 is similar in functionality to the Post block except that it posts an event exceptionally rather than normally. When Event B is thrown, the handler for Event B executes, setting a data store 168 to a large, fixed constant. When the handler for Event B finishes, control does not return to the handler for Event A, since Event B was thrown as an exception, but rather returns to the calling process. Code representative of the process depicted in Figure 7A may be represented as follows: void model_step() { A(>; } void A() { u2 = fabs(ul); u3 = u2 if (fabs(ul) B(); /* return from B() exceptionally / return; } v4 = rt_sgn(4(vl / ul)); x = rt_lookup(rtP.lookup, v4); } void B{) { x = 1.0e6; } If Event B had been posted normally instead of as an exception, when the handler for Event B was finished, the handler for Event A would have completed execution. These two contrasting scenarios are depicted abstractly in Figure 8. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that it is important to have a precise mechanism for controlling how blocks are sorted when introducing events into a model, since events introduce a causal relationship above and beyond the causal relationships implied by data dependency. The model in Figure 7A utilized an atomic subsystem to enforce a sorted block order in which the Throw block executes prior to the product block that it is intended to conditionally circumvent via the exception event B. Because the atomic subsystem is earlier than the product block in the sorted block list, its contents, including the Throw block, will execute prior to the product block. One drawback of an atomic subsystem is that its contents are not rendered at the same graphical level as its parent graph, making its contents less easily discernible. An alternative mechanism to the use of an atomic subsystem for controlling execution order is to assign the priority of branches leaving a block, and then all blocks in a branch inherit the priority of that branch when such inheritance is unique and unambiguous. Figure 7B shows the placement of a "Branch Priority Block" 170 that specifies that blocks in the lower branch should execute prior to blocks in the upper branch. Figure 7C indicates the execution order dictated by the Branch Priority Block 170 of Figure 7B. The number "1" (172) in the Branch Priority Block 170 indicates that the lower branches should execute first. The number "2" in the Branch Priority Block 170 indicates that the upper branch should execute second. An additional alternative to the use of an atomic subsystem for controlling execution order is depicted in Figure 7D. Figure 7D depicts the use of "block groups". The blocks in Group 1 (176) will appear before the blocks in Group2 (178) in the sorted block list. In the diagram on the left in Figure 8 showing a normal posting process for two events, the execution of a model (step 180) triggers Event A (step 182). During the execution of Event A, Event B occurs normally and is handled (step 184). Following the handling of Event B ( step 184), the handling of Event A (step 182) is resumed. Following the completion of the execution of Event A ( step 182) control is returned to the point in model execution prior to the occurrence of Event A (step 180). In the diagram on the right in Figure 8 showing an exception posting process for two events, the execution of a model (step 190) triggers Event A (step 192). During the execution of Event A (step 192), Event B occurs exceptionally and is handled (step 194). Because Event B was handled exceptionally, control passes back to the point in model execution that existed prior to the occurrence of Event A (step 190) without the handling of Event A resuming. The "early return" associated with an exception event can also help prevent computations downstream from a signal involved in an error condition from uselessly executing. For example, in the example of Figure 7, the check for the magnitude of ul occurs as part of the atomic subsystem executing before the product block and blocks downstream from the product block. Because of the early return from the interrupted event, those blocks are spared from (useless) execution if Event B is thrown. As discussed above, an event may be posted normally or exceptionally. The Post block is used to post an event normally, while the Throw block is used to post an event exceptionally. In addition, a user-specified S-Function API can be used to post an event normally or exceptionally. A model component may handle the event when it is thrown normally, or when it is thrown exceptionally, but not both cases. A block's sample time may be specified as ' A' to indicate that it handles Event A when posted normally, or ' A.exception' to indicate that it handles Event A when posted exceptionally. A block with sample time A does not handle Event A when it is posted exceptionally, and a block with sample time A.exception does not handle Event A when it is posted normally. Explicit events posted exceptionally should have a nonempty handler; there should be at least one block in the model handling the event exceptionally. If this is not the case, an error is raised. This requirement is justified by the recognition that an explicit exception event is posted by the model components the user has taken the time to create, and that such an event should be handled by the model. Implicit events are posted normally if there is a nonempty handler. If no model component is handling the implicit event posted normally, the event is posted exceptionally instead. A Throw block may repost an event that it is handling normally as an exception event. This scenario may be utilized when success handling the event normally is not guaranteed. Following an initial attempt, the event may be handled exceptionally. Figure 9 depicts an environment suitable for practicing the illustrative embodiment of the present invention. An electronic device 200 holds a graphical modeling and execution environment 202 such as the Shnulink™ or Stateflow™ applications. The electronic device 200 may be a workstation or server, laptop, PDA, network attached appliance, or some other digital electronic device capable of supporting the graphical modeling and execution environment 202. The graphical modeling and execution environment 202 include at least one graphical model 204 and an event handler 206 as discussed above. The electronic device 200 is interfaced with a display device 208 which displays a view 210 of the model 204 for a user 212. The display device 208 and user 212 may be located locally or remotely to the electronic device 200. Those skilled in the art will recognize there are many different possible software and hardware configurations within the scope of the present invention. One high level sequence of steps followed by the illustrative embodiment of the present invention is shown in Figure 10. The sequence begins with the execution of the model 204 in the graphical modeling and execution environment 202(step 220). The occurrence of a previously specified event during the execution of the model is then determined (step 222). The event occurrence is posted to the event handler 206(step 224). The event handler notifies the registered blocks whose sample rates are tied to the occurrence of the event (step 226). Following notification, the blocks whose sample rates are tied to the event occurrence execute(step 228). Since certain changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings be interpreted as illustrative and not in a literal sense. Practitioners of the art will realize that the system configurations depicted and described herein are examples of multiple possible system configurations that fall within the scope of the current invention. Likewise, the sequences of steps discussed herein are examples and not the exclusive sequence of steps possible within the scope of the present invention. We Claim: 1. In a graphical modeling environment having at least one model with a plurality of executable time-based components and which provides a view of the model, a method, comprising the steps of: monitoring the execution of said model to determine the occurrence of a specified event; determining the occurrence of said specified event during the execution of said model; and posting the occurrence of said event in said graphical modeling environment to an event handler, said posting notifying said event handler of the occurrence of said event; and executing at least one time-based component from said plurality of components in response to said notifying, the time-based component including a sample time. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising the further steps of: registering at least one of said plurality of time-based components with said event handler; and receiving at the at least one of said plurality of time-based components registering with said event handler, notification of the occurrence of said event following said posting. 3. The method of claim 1, comprising the further step of: displaying a post component on said view, said post component specifying a condition causing said posting to occur. 4. The method of claim 1, comprising the further step of: setting a sample time for the initial execution of at least one time-based component to be the occurrence of the specified event. 5. The method of claim 4, comprising the further step of: propagating the sample time to at least one other time-based component in said model, said at least one other time-based component configured to inherit a sample rate. 6. The method of claim 4, comprising the further step of: setting a sample time of a plurality of non-contiguous time-based components in said model to be the occurrence of said event. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein said sample time for the plurality of noncontiguous time-based components is set without adjusting visible connections between time-based components displayed in said view. 8. The method of claim 4, comprising the further step of: indicating with an event ID in said view that the sample time of said at least one time-based component is set to said event. 9. The method of claim 4 wherein said event is an explicit event set by a user. 10. The method of claim 4 wherein said event is an implicit event caused by the execution of the model. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the implicit event is one of power-up, power-down and initialization. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the implicit event corresponds to one of the enabling and disabling of a subsystem. 13. The method of claim 2, comprising the further step of: indicating which event a time-based component receives with a user-configurable color in said view. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein an execution scope of the specified event for which the execution of the model is being monitored is restricted to a portion of the model. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein each event in said model maps on a one-to-one basis to an event handler, said event handler being a function. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein said function is inlined. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein a branch priority block indicates an order of execution among at least two branches of blocks in response to said notifying. 18. The method of claim 1 wherein more than one block group executes in response to said notifying, said block groups being a user selected grouping of blocks, the order of execution of the block groups specified by a user. 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising: interrupting execution of an executing event in response to the determination of the occurrence of said specified event; and performing an operation in said model in response to the determination of the occurrence of the specified event. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein said specified event is treated as a normal event and comprising the further step of: resuming execution of the interrupted event. 21. The method of claim 19 wherein said specified event is treated as an exception event and comprising the further step of: returning control of the execution of the model to a calling process which called the interrupted executing event without resuming execution of said interrupted event. 22. The method of claim 19 wherein said specified event is specified using an instantiated event object. 23. The method of claim 22 wherein said event is an explicit event. 24. The method of claim 22 wherein said event is an implicit event. 25. The method of claim 22 wherein said event object is associated with a task object, said task object corresponding to an operating system task. 26. The method of claim 25 wherein said task object has at least one of a specified execution rate and priority. 27. The method of claim 26 wherein at least two events with different tasks are executing in a model and comprising the further step of: using event transition components to schedule the execution of time-based components associated with said at least two events, said event transition components separating the execution of said time-based components associated with said at least two events. 28. The method of claim 19 wherein the operation is controlled by an order of execution indicated in a branch priority block. 29. The method of claim 19 wherein the operation is the execution of more than one block group, said block groups being a user selected grouping of blocks, the order of execution of the block groups specified by a user. 30. In a modeling environment, a system, comprising: at least one graphical model with a plurality of executable time-based components; an event handler, said event handler receiving notice from said model of the occurrence of a specified event; and at least one receiving time-based component, said receiving time-based component receiving notification from said event handler regarding the occurrence of said specified event and executing in response to said notification. 31. The system of claim 30 wherein said event is an error event stemming from the execution of the model. 32. The system of claim 30 wherein the occurrence of said specified event causes more than one time-based component in said model to execute.

Full Text

A SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR
SCHEDULING THE EXECUTION OF
MODEL COMPONENTS USING MODEL EVENTS
Related Application
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 10/759,346 filed January 15,2004, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Field of the Invention
The illustrative embodiment of the present invention relates generally to the execution of model components within a modeling environment, and more specifically to the scheduling of the execution of modeling components using model events.
Related Application
The illustrative embodiment of the present invention is related to a presently pending Unites States patent application entitled, "A System and Method for Using Execution Contexts in Block Diagram Modeling', Serial No.: 10/414,644, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Background
Simulink™ from The MathWorks, Inc. of Natick, Massachusetts, is an example of a graphical modeling environment, specifically a block diagram environment. Simulink™ allows users to create a pictorial model of a dynamic system. The model consists of a set of symbols, called blocks. Each block can have zero or more input ports, output ports, and states. Each block represents a dynamic system whose inputs, states, and outputs can change continuously and/or discretely at specific points in time. The lines are used to connect the blocks' ports to one another,

and represent data dependencies between blocks. Signals may be represented as values traveling along the lines that connect the blocks in a block diagram.
If all of a block's inputs, states, and outputs change either continuously or at one fixed, periodic rate, the block is considered to be a 'single-rate' block. If the inputs, states, and outputs update, either together, or separately at points in time defined by two or more rates, the block is considered to be a 'multi-rate5 block. If a model has multi-rate blocks in it, or two or more single-rate blocks running at different rates, then the model itself is multi-rate (vs. single-rate).
A block is referred to as 'atomic' if its functional definition is outside the context of the model in which it is placed. Simulink™ has a set of predefined atomic blocks (e.g. Sum, Product, Gain), and the user can also create their own atomid blocks through user-written 'S-functions'. Being atomic, S-functions' functional definitions are specified outside the context of the model, for example using C code or MATLAB 'm' code. A 'composite' block is a block whose functional definition is specified through the model, using sets of atomic and composite blocks. Simulink™ permits the user to specify 'subsystems', composite blocks whose definition consists of interconnected sets of predefined blocks, user-written S-fimctions, and other Simulink™ subsystems. Subsystems can be nested hierarchically, defining a 'model hierarchy.'
Simulink™ sample rates provide a mechanism for specifying how often components of a model execute. Figure 1 depicts an example of the use of sample rates in controlling the execution of model components. For example, the designer may specify that a plant block 4 executes at a continuous rate, and a controller block 10 executes at some periodic, discrete rate. The execution of model components is scheduled by the Simulink™ infrastructure when simulating, or by the operating system for a real-time implementation. There is no causal relationship between the dynamics of the model and the scheduling of these rates; the instants at which the components execute are predetermined.
Simulink™ supports the propagation of sample rates. For example, the rates of the Gain blocks 8 and 12 in Figure 1 may have been left unspecified, or rather,

specified as "Inherit". In this case, assuming that the rates of the plant 4 and controller 10 blocks have been specified, the Gain blocks 8 and 12 inherit their rates from the plant and controller blocks.
Simulink™ also provides mechanisms for specifying causal relationships between the dynamics of the model and the execution of model components, including: function-call subsystems, triggered subsystems, iterator subsystems, action subsystems and enabled subsystems. The specifying of causal relationships permits users to specify execution of model components conditional on present and past values of signals and other data in the model.
However, the scope of conditional execution is generally restricted to a subsystem as conventional methods of specifying the relationships do not allow the scope of conditional execution to be defined as an arbitrary set of blocks (as opposed to the set of blocks that comprise a subsystem). This is a significant limitation, since there are times where it is desirable to simultaneously execute a set of blocks that are not in a subsystem and/or are not contiguous in the model. For example, conventional methods of conditional execution do not allow execution of various blocks distributed throughout the model at power-up or power-down. As a result, the manner in which the causal relationships may be composed is restricted. Conventional methods of specifying the causal relationships between the dynamics of a model and the execution of model components do not allow a user to enable half of the blocks in a subsystem and trigger the other blocks. Similarly, one may not trigger some of the blocks in a subsystem with one trigger, and the remaining blocks with a different trigger.
An additional drawback to conventional mechanisms for specifying the causal relationships between the dynamics of a model and the execution of model components is that these mechanisms require graphical connections to be made in the block diagram to indicate causality. This can result in an appearance which some users feel "clutters" the diagram. Another limitation to conventional mechanisms for specifying causal relationships is that the conventional mechanisms do not naturally map to advanced software or operating system constructs, such as initialization, exceptions, or tasks. Similarly, since conventional mechanisms of specifying the

causal relationships lack a first class object associated with the causal relationship, it is difficult to configure and assign characteristics to that relationship. It is also difficult for the user to directly leverage implicit dynamics associated with the mechanisms, for example the enable and disable methods associated with an enabled subsystem, and to conditionally execute components of the model based on these implicit dynamics.
Brief Summary
The illustrative embodiment of the present invention provides a mechanism for specifying and configuring a causal relationship between the dynamics of a model and the execution of components of the model. Model component execution is tied to the occurrence of "model events". Model events are first defined in the modeling environment. The occurrence of conditions in the model specified in the definition of the event causes the event to be "posted". Model components that have been associated with the occurrence of the event "receive" the notice of the posting of the event and then execute. Isolated components within a subsystem may be designated to execute upon the occurrence of an event, as may non-contiguous components within a model. The association between model events and component execution may be specified without drawing graphical indicators connecting components in the view of the model.
In one embodiment, in a modeling environment having at least one model with multiple executable components, a method monitors the execution of the model for the occurrence of a specified event. Upon determining the occurrence of the specified event, the occurrence of the event is posted to an event handler. A component is then executed in response to the notifying of the event handler.
In another embodiment, in a modeling environment having at least one model with multiple executable components, a method monitors the execution of the model for the occurrence of a specified event. Upon determining the occurrence of the specified event, the execution of another event is interrupted in response to the determination of the occurrence of the specified event. An operation in the model is

then perfoimed in response to the determination of the occurrence of the specified event.
In an embodiment in a modeling environment, a system includes a graphical model with multiple executable components. The system also includes an event handler. The event handler receives notice from the model of the occurrence of a specified event. The system additionally includes at least one component which receives notification from the event handler of the occurrence of the specified event. The receiving component executes in response to the notification.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Figure ldepicts a conventional block diagram model utilizing sample rates;
Figure 2 depicts a model utilizing the posting process of the illustrative embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 3 depicts the posting and receiving of events in a Stateflow™ environment in accordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 4 is a timing diagram of implicit events occurring in an enabled subsystem;
Figure 5 depicts a model using implicit events in an enabled subsystem;
Figure 6A depicts a model with event transitions occurring within the same task and without event transition blocks;
Figure 6B depicts a model with event transitions occurring in different tasks using event transition blocks;
Figure 6C is a timeline of the use of event transition blocks in a model;
Figure 7 A depicts a model utilizing the illustrative embodiment of the present invention to handle events as exceptions;
Figure 7B depicts a model utilizing the illustrative embodiment of the present invention to control execution order using a branch priority block;
Figure 7C highlight the execution order dictated by the branch priority block in the model of Figure 7B
Figure 7D depicts a model utilizing the illustrative embodiment of the present invention to control execution order with block groups;

Figure 8 is a data flow diagram contrasting the handling to normal and. exceptional events in the illustrative embodiment of the present invention.;
Figure 9 depicts an environment suitable for practicing the illustrative embodiment of the present invention; and
Figure 10 is a flowchart of a high level view of the sequence of steps followed by the illustrative embodiment of the present invention to associate sample rates with event occurrence.
Detailed Description
The illustrative embodiment of the present invention provides a mechanism for tying the execution of model components to the occurrence of specified model events. Sample rates are specified as events thus tying model component execution to the dynamics of the model. Non-contiguous model elements may be configured to conditionally execute based on model event occurrence. Additionally, the scope of component execution is not limited to subsystems in their entirety as is required by certain conventional systems. The conditional execution of components based on event occurrence may also be used for exception handling. Associations between model components and events may be established without drawing additional component connections in the view of the model.
For sake of clarity, the explanation of the illustrative embodiment of the present invention contained herein makes reference to a Simulink™ and MATLAB™-based modeling environment (both applications from The MathWorks of Natick, Massachusetts) However, it should be recognized by those skilled in the art, that the illustrative embodiment of the present invention may also be applied to other modeling environments and other types of diagrams in addition to traditional block diagrams including Stateflow™ from the MathWorks of Natick, Massachusetts, a state diagramming application, and data flow diagramming environments.
A Simulink™ Model Event as used in the illustrative embodiment of the present invention (also referred to hereafter as "Event" or "Simulink™ Event") may be explicitly defined in a MATLAB workspace as an object. Its attributes may include a name, a color, an optional expected rate, an optional task, and an

explanation as to how the function corresponding to the event should be implemented (e.g. inline vs. explicitly defined signature).
Events that have been defined may be "posted" by blocks in the model, based on arbitrary conditions the user defines. Blocks that "receive" that event execute when it is posted. "Posting" refers to sending a message to an event handler indicating the occurrence of a particular event. Blocks that have registered with or otherwise hooked into the event handler are then informed about the occurrence of the event when the event posts.
Figure 2 depicts an example of a model 20 utilizing the posting process. The event "A" has been defined and given the attribute of the color "blue". In the model 20 the block "Post" 22 has been configured (as seen by the dialog in that figure) to post the event "A" conditionally when the signal 24 at its input port 26 is greater than zero. The dialog box solicits a number of parameters from the user for the post block 22 including the number of inputs 36, the condition 38 under which the block executes, and the name assigned to the defined model event 40. The view of the model 20 indicates that the sample rate of the block "Constant" 28 has been specified to be event "A". That sample rate (i.e.: the occurrence of the event "A") is propagated to the blocks "Unit Delay" 30 and "Outl" 32 which have been set to inherit their sample rates. All three blocks thus receive event "A". All three blocks 28, 30 and 32 may assume the "color" of the Event "A" and be shaded blue in a display to a user as a way of expressing the logical association. Therefore, when the output of "Sine Wave" block 21 is positive, "A" is posted by the block "Post", the three blocks 28, 30 and 32 execute, and the value at the model's root outport is updated.
The model depicted in Figure 2 shows the resolution of some of the issues associated with conditional execution of subsystems that are provided by the illustrative embodiment of the present invention. There is a first class object "A" associated with the causal relationship, so that it is possible to configure and assign characteristics to that relationship, such as color. The scope of conditional execution is not restricted to a subsystem. The three blocks 28,30 and 32 that are conditionally executed are not grouped within a parent subsystem and may be chosen from non-

contiguous areas of the model 20. Additionally, the scope of conditional execution employs rate propagation (only the block "Constant" 28 specifies "A" as its sample rate). This results in a method of specifying sample rates that is more concise than would otherwise be the case if every block receiving "A" had to have its sample rate explicitly specified as "A". Also, the association of blocks with an event does not require a graphical connection between the post block 22 and the constant block 28 to be made in the diagram to indicate causality. The causal relationship between the condition specified by the "Post" block 22 and the execution of the three blocks 28, 30 and 32 is through their common reference to the Event object named "A" 23.
An event's "scope" is the scope of the workspace within which it exists. If a workspace is associated with a subsystem or model, the scope of the event is that subsystem or model. Blocks may only specify their sample time as an event when that event is in scope from that block.
Figure 3 depicts another example of an environment in which the explicit posting and receiving of events occurs, displaying a Stateflow™ chart 30 and a block diagram model 32 of the components of the chart in more detail. In this example, the user defines events "A" 34 and "B"36, with the attribute colors green and blue, respectively. Both events 34 and 36 have their sample rates specified as 20 ms. The Stateflow chart 30, then executes every 20 ms and posts these events in a well-defined, periodic sequence. The two input port blocks 40 and 50 have their sample rates set to the events "A" 34 and "B"36. The remainder of the blocks take on those events as inherited sample rates and are shaded to the color corresponding to the event. The set of blocks colored green 40,42,44 and 46 receive the event "A" and execute when that event is posted. Likewise, the set of blocks colored blue 50, 52, 54 and 56 execute when event "B" is posted.
The set of blocks handling each event execute in the relative order that they appear in the model's sorted block list. The sorted block list order is determined by data dependencies. Accordingly, every 20 ms the Stateflow chart 30 executes, and the chain of green blocks 40,42,44, and 46 executes, left to right, followed by the chain of blue blocks 50,52, 54 and 56, left to right. Furthermore, since the optional sample rate of the events has been explicitly specified to be 20 ms, a runtime check is

performed to assert that those events are posted every 20 ms. One advantage of explicitly specifying an event's rate is that any code generated for that rate can use the corresponding constant sample time in the generated code wherever elapsed time between successive execution is required, rather than requiring the usage of timers, as would ordinarily be the case.
In contrast to explicit events, which are defined as workspace objects and whose conditions for posting are explicitly specified by the user (e.g. through the usage of Simulink™ "Post" blocks or Stateflow logic), implicit events are implied by model constructs, and automatically posted in response to execution of those constructs. The user cannot post implicit events. However, the user can handle implicit events, meaning that the user can define model components that execute directly in response to an implicit event.
The illustrative embodiment of the present invention includes the five types of implicit events noted in the table below:

Those skilled in the art will recognize that other types of implicit events may be handled in addition to those listed in the table above without departing the scope of the present invention. For example, other types of implicit events that may be supported include error conditions, such as an implicit event posted when a product block attempts to divide by zero, or a logarithm block attempts to take the logarithm of zero. Objects corresponding to implicit events automatically populate the various workspaces of the model, whereby their properties may be configured by the user.
Figure 4 depicts the implicit events noted in the table above in a timing diagram. Figure 4 shows the relative timing of the events that are in scope in an enabled subsystem or its descendents in the function-call hierarchy; the time varying signal is the signal enabling the subsystem. All five types of implicit events have an asynchronous sample rate. The implicit events include startup 70, initializing 72, enabling 74, disabling 76 and shutdown 78.
An example of the use of implicit events in an enabled subsystem 90 is shown in Figure 5. The subsystem 90 has implicit enable and disable events associated with it, that are posted when the subsystem enables and disables. The block "Zero-Order Hold" 92 has its sample rate specified as "Disable", so that it executes when the implicit disable event executes, i.e. when the enabled subsystem 90 disables. Through propagation, the block "Gainl" 94 also inherits that event (disable) as its sample rate, and together, these two blocks execute and update the memory associated with the subsystem output port 96 when the subsystem 90 disables.
Each event in the illustrative embodiment of the present invention maps 1-1 to a function (also referred to herein as the "event handler") that serves as the entry point to the code corresponding to the blocks whose sample rate has been specified or inherited as the event. Whenever the conditions leading to the posting of the event are true, the system reacts by calling the function. The function may be in lined during code generation. The choice of whether or not to inline an event's function is a

property of the corresponding event object. As a default implementation, a user may choose to inline implicit events' functions, and not to inline explicit events' functions.
One of the properties of a Simulink™ Event is its task. By default, an event inherits its task from the context from which it is posted. For example, in Figure 3 the events "A" 34 and "B" 36 execute in the same task as the Stateflow chart 30 posting those events. The generated code calls the functions corresponding to "A" and "B" as local function calls as depicted in the pseudocode below corresponding to the model of Figure 3.

The task of an event may be specified as the name of a model task object, corresponding to a task in the real-time implementation. Simulink™ task objects correspond to spawned operating system tasks. Properties of a Task object may include a designated rate (periodic value, or asynchronous), priority, task stack size, whether the task is preemptible, or other properties. When an event is posted whose task is different from the task of the block or model construct posting the event, the function corresponding to the event is scheduled in the event's task. If the task is specified to be periodic, the function executes during any timestep of that task during which the event is posted. If the task is specified as asynchronous, then the posting of the event causes the task to be executed by the operating system.

The illustrative embodiment of the present invention avoids the asynchronous posting of events and multithreaded implementation, through the use of tasks. Tasks are used to help insure data integrity when using events in a real-time implementation by indicating where an event transition block is required for the sake of data integrity. Tasks are also used to specify the relative priority of the tasks associated with a transition. The illustrative embodiment of the present invention uses an event transition block that is a generalization of Simulink™'s rate transition block. Figures 6A, 6B and 6C illustrate some of the issues involved with event transitions and the usage of event transition blocks.
Figure 6A depicts a model 100 with transitions occurring in response to the occurrence of Event A and Event B. In the model 100, the events A and B have the same task and the data integrity issue may be resolved by utilizing persistent memory to store data at the boundaries between the two events. Since both events are in the same task, they cannot preempt each other, and no additional mechanisms (e.g. double buffering) are necessary. In this model 100, persistent memory is utilized for the outputs of the left two transfer function blocks 102,104 and transition blocks are not necessary to transfer data between the transfer function blocks 102,104 and 106.
However, if Events A and B are specified to execute in different tasks, event transition blocks are necessary, as shown in Figure 6B. In the model 110 of Figure 6B, Event A has a task with high priority, while Event B has a task of low priority. In this case, the block named Transition 114, which lies at the boundary between the first 112 and second 116 transfer function blocks, acts as a zero-order hold. The block named Transitionl 118, which lies at the boundary between the second 116 and third 120 transfer function blocks, acts as a delay by default.
The timeline of Figure 6C shows the functionality of the event transition blocks of Figure 6B. Since the event transition block Transition 114 acts as a Zero Order Hold, it is represented in the figure by time slices labeled "ZOH". Since the event transition block Transitionl 118 acts as a delay, it is represented in the figure by time slices labeled "1/z". The event transition block Transition 114 executes each time the handler for Event A executes, as long as the task assigned to event A is not

preempting the task containing Event B. This prevents the input to the handler for B from changing in the middle of its execution. This is necessary since in an asynchronous, causal system, there is no way of knowing in advance when event B will next be posted. The output function for the event transition block Transitionl 118 executes each time Event A is posted after the handler for Event B has completed execution. This ensures that the handler for Event A utilizes the latest value computed by the handler for B, but doesn't execute the output function of Transitionl if it is unnecessary.
Thus, in Figure 6C, the low priority task associated with Event B executes (step 130), a delay executes (stepl32), the high priority task associated with Event A (stepl34) executes and is followed by the Zero Order Hold (stepl36). The task associated with Event A then executes (step 13 8) without being preceded by the delay since B hasn't executed since the last time A executed. The Zero Order Hold (stepl40) is then executed following the high priority task (stepl38). The low priority task associated with B (step 142) then executes and is interrupted by the high priority task (step 144). Following the completion of the high priority task (step 144) the low priority task (step 142) resumes without the Zero Order Hold being executed since the low priority task had already started. The process then continues with the delay (step 146), the high priority task (step 148) and the Zero Order Hold (step 150) being executed in order.
In addition to ensuring data integrity, event transition blocks may be necessary for resolution during event propagation. However, when transitioning between events that are in the same task, the block copies its input value to its persistent output. Post-compiling may then be attempted to reduce the block. It should be noted that transition blocks require an InitialCondition parameter to initialize their memory. In one implementation, the default value of this parameter is zero.
Events may also be used to handle errors encountered as a model executes. When an error occurs, the model may "post are event exceptionally". An event that is posted exceptionally is called an "exception event". A key characteristic of an exception event is that it is handled differently from an event that is posted non-exceptionally, or a "normal event". In particular, when one event posts another

exception event, that first event's function never resumes execution upon exiting the function for the exception event. In other words, if B interrupts A exceptionally, the execution of A is not resumed after the completion of B. Note that an event may be called both normally and exceptionally in the same model.
The usage of an exception event in a model is depicted in Figure 7A. In the model 160, the upper component is part of the handler for Event A. If the magnitude of the input ul 162 is less than or equal to le-6, Event B is posted exceptionally, or tcthrown" for short, by the Throw block 166 in the exception subsystem 164. The exception subsystem 164 evaluates the input 162 and only throws event B if the input ul 162 is less than or equal to le-6. The Throw block 166 is similar in functionality to the Post block except that it posts an event exceptionally rather than normally. When Event B is thrown, the handler for Event B executes, setting a data store 168 to a large, fixed constant. When the handler for Event B finishes, control does not return to the handler for Event A, since Event B was thrown as an exception, but rather returns to the calling process. Code representative of the process depicted in Figure 7A may be represented as follows:
void model_step()
{
A(>;
}
void A()
{
u2 = fabs(ul);
u3 = u2 if (fabs(ul) B(); /* return from B() exceptionally */
return;
}
v4 = rt_sgn(4*(vl / ul));
x = rt_lookup(rtP.lookup, v4);
}
void B{)
{
x = 1.0e6;
}

If Event B had been posted normally instead of as an exception, when the handler for Event B was finished, the handler for Event A would have completed execution. These two contrasting scenarios are depicted abstractly in Figure 8. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that it is important to have a precise mechanism for controlling how blocks are sorted when introducing events into a model, since events introduce a causal relationship above and beyond the causal relationships implied by data dependency.
The model in Figure 7A utilized an atomic subsystem to enforce a sorted block order in which the Throw block executes prior to the product block that it is intended to conditionally circumvent via the exception event B. Because the atomic subsystem is earlier than the product block in the sorted block list, its contents, including the Throw block, will execute prior to the product block. One drawback of an atomic subsystem is that its contents are not rendered at the same graphical level as its parent graph, making its contents less easily discernible.
An alternative mechanism to the use of an atomic subsystem for controlling execution order is to assign the priority of branches leaving a block, and then all blocks in a branch inherit the priority of that branch when such inheritance is unique and unambiguous. Figure 7B shows the placement of a "Branch Priority Block" 170 that specifies that blocks in the lower branch should execute prior to blocks in the upper branch. Figure 7C indicates the execution order dictated by the Branch Priority Block 170 of Figure 7B. The number "1" (172) in the Branch Priority Block 170 indicates that the lower branches should execute first. The number "2" in the Branch Priority Block 170 indicates that the upper branch should execute second.
An additional alternative to the use of an atomic subsystem for controlling execution order is depicted in Figure 7D. Figure 7D depicts the use of "block groups". The blocks in Group 1 (176) will appear before the blocks in Group2 (178) in the sorted block list.
In the diagram on the left in Figure 8 showing a normal posting process for two events, the execution of a model (step 180) triggers Event A (step 182). During the execution of Event A, Event B occurs normally and is handled (step 184).

Following the handling of Event B ( step 184), the handling of Event A (step 182) is resumed. Following the completion of the execution of Event A ( step 182) control is returned to the point in model execution prior to the occurrence of Event A (step 180).
In the diagram on the right in Figure 8 showing an exception posting process for two events, the execution of a model (step 190) triggers Event A (step 192). During the execution of Event A (step 192), Event B occurs exceptionally and is handled (step 194). Because Event B was handled exceptionally, control passes back to the point in model execution that existed prior to the occurrence of Event A (step 190) without the handling of Event A resuming.
The "early return" associated with an exception event can also help prevent computations downstream from a signal involved in an error condition from uselessly executing. For example, in the example of Figure 7, the check for the magnitude of ul occurs as part of the atomic subsystem executing before the product block and blocks downstream from the product block. Because of the early return from the interrupted event, those blocks are spared from (useless) execution if Event B is thrown.
As discussed above, an event may be posted normally or exceptionally. The Post block is used to post an event normally, while the Throw block is used to post an event exceptionally. In addition, a user-specified S-Function API can be used to post an event normally or exceptionally. A model component may handle the event when it is thrown normally, or when it is thrown exceptionally, but not both cases. A block's sample time may be specified as ' A' to indicate that it handles Event A when posted normally, or ' A.exception' to indicate that it handles Event A when posted exceptionally. A block with sample time A does not handle Event A when it is posted exceptionally, and a block with sample time A.exception does not handle Event A when it is posted normally.
Explicit events posted exceptionally should have a nonempty handler; there should be at least one block in the model handling the event exceptionally. If this is not the case, an error is raised. This requirement is justified by the recognition that an explicit exception event is posted by the model components the user has taken the

time to create, and that such an event should be handled by the model. Implicit events are posted normally if there is a nonempty handler. If no model component is handling the implicit event posted normally, the event is posted exceptionally instead. A Throw block may repost an event that it is handling normally as an exception event. This scenario may be utilized when success handling the event normally is not guaranteed. Following an initial attempt, the event may be handled exceptionally.
Figure 9 depicts an environment suitable for practicing the illustrative embodiment of the present invention. An electronic device 200 holds a graphical modeling and execution environment 202 such as the Shnulink™ or Stateflow™ applications. The electronic device 200 may be a workstation or server, laptop, PDA, network attached appliance, or some other digital electronic device capable of supporting the graphical modeling and execution environment 202. The graphical modeling and execution environment 202 include at least one graphical model 204 and an event handler 206 as discussed above. The electronic device 200 is interfaced with a display device 208 which displays a view 210 of the model 204 for a user 212. The display device 208 and user 212 may be located locally or remotely to the electronic device 200. Those skilled in the art will recognize there are many different possible software and hardware configurations within the scope of the present invention.
One high level sequence of steps followed by the illustrative embodiment of the present invention is shown in Figure 10. The sequence begins with the execution of the model 204 in the graphical modeling and execution environment 202(step 220). The occurrence of a previously specified event during the execution of the model is then determined (step 222). The event occurrence is posted to the event handler 206(step 224). The event handler notifies the registered blocks whose sample rates are tied to the occurrence of the event (step 226). Following notification, the blocks whose sample rates are tied to the event occurrence execute(step 228).
Since certain changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings be interpreted as illustrative and not in a literal sense. Practitioners of the art will realize that the system configurations depicted and

described herein are examples of multiple possible system configurations that fall within the scope of the current invention. Likewise, the sequences of steps discussed herein are examples and not the exclusive sequence of steps possible within the scope of the present invention.

We Claim:
1. In a graphical modeling environment having at least one model with a plurality of
executable time-based components and which provides a view of the model, a
method, comprising the steps of:
monitoring the execution of said model to determine the occurrence of a specified event;
determining the occurrence of said specified event during the execution of said model; and
posting the occurrence of said event in said graphical modeling environment to an event handler, said posting notifying said event handler of the occurrence of said event; and
executing at least one time-based component from said plurality of components in response to said notifying, the time-based component including a sample time.
2. The method of claim 1, comprising the further steps of:
registering at least one of said plurality of time-based components with said event handler; and
receiving at the at least one of said plurality of time-based components registering with said event handler, notification of the occurrence of said event following said posting.
3. The method of claim 1, comprising the further step of:
displaying a post component on said view, said post component specifying a condition causing said posting to occur.
4. The method of claim 1, comprising the further step of:
setting a sample time for the initial execution of at least one time-based component to be the occurrence of the specified event.
5. The method of claim 4, comprising the further step of:

propagating the sample time to at least one other time-based component in said model, said at least one other time-based component configured to inherit a sample rate.
6. The method of claim 4, comprising the further step of:
setting a sample time of a plurality of non-contiguous time-based components in said model to be the occurrence of said event.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein said sample time for the plurality of noncontiguous time-based components is set without adjusting visible connections between time-based components displayed in said view.
8. The method of claim 4, comprising the further step of:
indicating with an event ID in said view that the sample time of said at least one time-based component is set to said event.
9. The method of claim 4 wherein said event is an explicit event set by a user.
10. The method of claim 4 wherein said event is an implicit event caused by the execution of the model.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the implicit event is one of power-up, power-down and initialization.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein the implicit event corresponds to one of the enabling and disabling of a subsystem.
13. The method of claim 2, comprising the further step of:
indicating which event a time-based component receives with a user-configurable color in said view.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein an execution scope of the specified event for
which the execution of the model is being monitored is restricted to a portion of the
model.

15. The method of claim 1 wherein each event in said model maps on a one-to-one basis to an event handler, said event handler being a function.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein said function is inlined.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein a branch priority block indicates an order of execution among at least two branches of blocks in response to said notifying.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein more than one block group executes in response to said notifying, said block groups being a user selected grouping of blocks, the order of execution of the block groups specified by a user.
19. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
interrupting execution of an executing event in response to the determination of the occurrence of said specified event; and
performing an operation in said model in response to the determination of the occurrence of the specified event.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein said specified event is treated as a normal event
and comprising the further step of:
resuming execution of the interrupted event.
21. The method of claim 19 wherein said specified event is treated as an exception
event and comprising the further step of:
returning control of the execution of the model to a calling process which called the interrupted executing event without resuming execution of said interrupted event.
22. The method of claim 19 wherein said specified event is specified using an instantiated event object.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein said event is an explicit event.

24. The method of claim 22 wherein said event is an implicit event.
25. The method of claim 22 wherein said event object is associated with a task object, said task object corresponding to an operating system task.
26. The method of claim 25 wherein said task object has at least one of a specified execution rate and priority.
27. The method of claim 26 wherein at least two events with different tasks are executing in a model and comprising the further step of:
using event transition components to schedule the execution of time-based components associated with said at least two events, said event transition components separating the execution of said time-based components associated with said at least two events.
28. The method of claim 19 wherein the operation is controlled by an order of execution indicated in a branch priority block.
29. The method of claim 19 wherein the operation is the execution of more than one block group, said block groups being a user selected grouping of blocks, the order of execution of the block groups specified by a user.
30. In a modeling environment, a system, comprising:
at least one graphical model with a plurality of executable time-based components;
an event handler, said event handler receiving notice from said model of the occurrence of a specified event; and
at least one receiving time-based component, said receiving time-based component receiving notification from said event handler regarding the occurrence of said specified event and executing in response to said notification.
31. The system of claim 30 wherein said event is an error event stemming from the
execution of the model.

32. The system of claim 30 wherein the occurrence of said specified event causes more than one time-based component in said model to execute.

Documents:

2980-CHENP-2006 AMENDED CLAIMS 11-09-2012.pdf

2980-CHENP-2006 AMENDED CLAIMS 22-11-2012.pdf

2980-CHENP-2006 CORRESPONDENCE OTHERS 07-12-2011.pdf

2980-CHENP-2006 CORRESPONDENCE OTHERS 11-09-2012.pdf

2980-CHENP-2006 CORRESPONDENCE OTHERS 22-11-2012.pdf

2980-CHENP-2006 FORM-13 22-11-2012.pdf

2980-CHENP-2006 FORM-3 11-09-2012.pdf

2980-CHENP-2006 AMENDED CLAIMS 17-05-2012.pdf

2980-CHENP-2006 EXAMINATION REPORT REPLY RECEIVED 17-05-2012.pdf

2980-CHENP-2006 FORM-3 17-05-2012.pdf

2980-CHENP-2006 POWER OF ATTORNEY 17-05-2012.pdf

2980-chenp-2006-abstract.pdf

2980-chenp-2006-assignement.pdf

2980-chenp-2006-claims.pdf

2980-chenp-2006-correspondnece-others.pdf

2980-chenp-2006-description(complete).pdf

2980-chenp-2006-drawings.pdf

2980-chenp-2006-form 1.pdf

2980-chenp-2006-form 3.pdf

2980-chenp-2006-form 5.pdf

2980-chenp-2006-pct.pdf

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Patent Number

254632

Indian Patent Application Number

2980/CHENP/2006

PG Journal Number

48/2012

Publication Date

30-Nov-2012

Grant Date

29-Nov-2012

Date of Filing

14-Aug-2006

Name of Patentee

THE MATHWORKS, INC.

Applicant Address

3 Apple Hill Drive, Natick, MA 01760

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	SZPAK, Peter	47 Arapahoe Road, Newton, MA 02465
2	ENGLEHART, Matthew	26247 Bagley Road, Olmsted Falls, OH 44138

PCT International Classification Number

G06F9/44,17/50

PCT International Application Number

PCT/US2005/000390

PCT International Filing date

2005-01-06

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1	10/759,346	2004-01-15	U.S.A.