Title of Invention	A METOD FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ALKALI IODATES FORM IODIDES USING AN ION-EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FLOW REACTOR
Abstract	The present invention reports a method for the manufacture of alkali iodates from iodides using an ion-exchange membrane flow reactor which comprises electrochemical oxidation of the corresponding alkali iodides in a two compartment cell using an expanded precious triple metal oxide coated titanium anode, stainless steel cathode, and ion exchange membrane as solid polymer electrolyte in between the two anode and cathode electrode , alkali iodide as anolyte and alkali hydroxide as catholyte and said anolyte and catholyte flow rate being maintained at 10 ml/min under gravitational force in the said anolyte and catholyte chambers at a current density in the range of 1-40 mA/cm2 and cell voltage in the range of 2-5 V and at temperature ranging 26-30°C and recovering alkali iodate formed from anode compartment. 14

Title of Invention

A METOD FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ALKALI IODATES FORM IODIDES USING AN ION-EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FLOW REACTOR

Abstract

The present invention reports a method for the manufacture of alkali iodates from iodides using an ion-exchange membrane flow reactor which comprises electrochemical oxidation of the corresponding alkali iodides in a two compartment cell using an expanded precious triple metal oxide coated titanium anode, stainless steel cathode, and ion exchange membrane as solid polymer electrolyte in between the two anode and cathode electrode , alkali iodide as anolyte and alkali hydroxide as catholyte and said anolyte and catholyte flow rate being maintained at 10 ml/min under gravitational force in the said anolyte and catholyte chambers at a current density in the range of 1-40 mA/cm2 and cell voltage in the range of 2-5 V and at temperature ranging 26-30°C and recovering alkali iodate formed from anode compartment. 14

Full Text	The present invention relates to a method for the manufacture of alkali iodates from iodides using an ion-exchange membrane flow reactor. This is a novel, simple and eco-friendly method for the manufacture of iodates in pure form by the electrolysis of iodide salts or mixture of iodide and iodate. in an ion-exchange membrane flow reactor. It is particularly useful for the synthesis of potassium iodate in aqueous solution form which can be directly used for iodization of common salt. lodate is a negative ion represented as 1O3 which is derived from iodic acid. HIO3. It may exist as polymeric ion indicated in the empirical formulae as KH2I3O9 and K.H(IO3)2 which are stable at room temperatures but lose oxygen on heating. Metallic iodates, although stable and safe to handle, should be kept out of contact with organic substrates and other combustible materials, because such mixtures are explosive. Iodates with most of the alkali metals and calcium are known. They are useful in the iodization of salt for edible purposes to prevent thyroid gland diseases, in the preparation of certain medicines, as conditioning agents in bakeries and as a reagent in chemical laboratories. Calcium iodate is known to be used in animal and fowl feed stuffs. According to T. A. Arzhanova (Russ. RU 2,077,605, Cl. C23 C18/18, 20 Apr. 1997) the solution of potassium iodate in dilute sulfuric acid is useful for the preliminary preparation of surface of plastics before metal coatings. Iodates are naturally obtained along with sodium nitrate .in Chile saltpeter and Iquique. They are prepared by the oxidation of iodine to iodic acid using strong oxidizing agents followed by neutralization with corresponding metal oxide, hydroxide or carbonate (Eds. Niosh Toxic Substances List, edited by H. E. Christensen and T. L. Luginbyhl. Publication No. 74-134, Washington D. C. 1974; Iodine Hygienic Guide Services, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Detroit, Michigan, 1965; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 4th edn., 1995, Vol. 14, 727). The oxidizing agents employed in these methods are perchloric acid, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide or silver nitrate which are generally costly, corrosive and difficult to handleJ Sodium and potassium iodates can be prepared by a multi-stage method as reported by J. von Liebig (Ogg. Ann. 1832, 2V,362) and G. S. Serullas (Ann. Chim. Phys. 1830, 43, 125) independently. It comprises saturating chlorine gas in water containing a fine suspension of iodine, neutralizing the liquid with the respective carbonate; and again passing chlorine until the iodine is all dissolved, and further neutralizing with the carbonate. The solution is to be evaporated to one-tenth of its volume, mixed with half its volume of alcohol, and the sodium/potassium chloride was washed from the precipitate by means of aqueous alcoholic solutions. The sodium carbonate is to removed by treatment with acetic acid, and the sodium acetate is then washed with alcohol. This method is not advantageous as it is a multi stage process and involves the use of hazardous chlorine gas. Moreover, it requires heating to concentrate the solutions and adding alcohol to precipitate the iodate salts. J. L. Gay Lussac (Ann. Chim. Phys. 1814, 9l(1) 5) has prepared the potassium iodate by the action of elemental iodine on hot potassium hydroxide. The salt is separated by the addition of alcohol after the concentration. In this method, one-sixth of the total iodine only gets converted to potassium iodate and the rest to potassium iodide which needs to be oxidized again to potassium iodate by an additional oxidizing agent. O. Henry (Journ. Pharm. 1862, 18, 345) has obtained potassium iodate by melting together an intimate mixture of potassium iodide and potassium chlorate upto the temperature at which chlorate begins to decompose. The product is separated from the unreacted potassium chlorate by the fractional crystallization. In an other report, J. S. Stas (Mem. Acad. Belgque, 1865, 35, 3) has made potassium iodate by heating elemental iodine or potassium iodide with potassium chlorate. These methods require special equipment and intensive care as the potassium chlorate is a strong oxidizing agent, corrosive and explosive at high temperatures. S. Balagopalan; J. Krishnamurthy; S. Krishnamurthy, E. Karuppiah and C. Sankaranarayanan (CSIR, Indian IN 173, 008 (Cl C01 D3/12) 22nd Jan. 1994) have claimed a flow reactor with an externally insulated stainless steel tank as cathode and a cylindrical lead oxide coated graphite anode placed at a distance of 1.5 - 3 mm gap for the preparation of potassium iodate from elemental iodine in a potassium hydroxide solution. The product is isolated by cooling the mixture after electrolysis. The product obtained by this method contains impurities like lead, which from the view point of health, is hazardous and hence not useful as a micro nutrient in food ingredients. Moreover, the product potassium iodate and hypo iodite may decompose on the cathode. N. H. Hugo; M. A. J. Edith and L. P. A. Walter (Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuommgshu CN 1,121,540; Cl. C25 Bl/14, 1 May 1996, Ch.) have patented a method of preparing potassium iodate by electrolysis using elemental iodine and potassium hydroxide. In this method iodine is reacted with 30-40 lit potassium hydroxide in a cooling reactor and subjected to electrolysis in multistage series-connected electrolytic cells. The voltage of each cell is maintained at 2.0 - 3.5 V and the flow rate at 5 - 10 lit/min. The current density was between 0. 1 and 0.2 A/m2 while the temperature of the last cell was reported to be 80-100 °C. The potassium iodate is crystallized and separated. 1 - 3 g/lit potassium dichromate is added to the electrolytes to prevent the reduction of iodates and hypo iodite on the cathodes. The iodates obtained by this method is not useful for edible purposes as they * contain trace quantities of dichromate and/or chromate which are known to be carcinogens. According to L. Henry (Ber. 1870, 3, 893), potassium iodate can be prepared by passing chlorine gas into finely divided suspension of elemental iodine in water until all was dissolved. Latter, a mol of potassium chlorate per gram atom of iodine is added to the resulting solution. The mixture is warmed to get potassium iodate with the evolution of chlorine gas. Chlorine is an air pollutant and corrosive. It requires specially made vessels to store and transport. Hence, the use of this method is limited. Moreover, this method needs to purify the product from potassium chloride. The potassium iodate can alternately be prepared by the oxidation of potassium iodide with a solution of costly potassium permanganate as reported by L. P. de St. Giles (Compt. Rend 1858, 46, 624). The product obtained by this method again needs to purify from manganese dioxide in order to make it useful for edible purposes. KC1O3 + IC1 → KI03 + Cl2 • 2KMnO4 + KI + H2O → 2MnO2 + 2KOH + 10KMnO4 + I2 + 2H2O → 10MnO2 + 4KOH + 6KIO3. The main objective of the present invention is to provide a method for the manufacture of alkali iodates from iodides using an ion-exchange membrane flow reactor which obviates the drawbacks as detailed above. Another objective of the present invention is to use an ion-exchange membrane as solid polymer electrolyte for supporting and enhancing the electrolysis and to keep the products formed at the cathode and anode compartments separately. Still another objective of the present invention is to use metal oxide coated titanium as stable catalytic anode by replacing the corrosive chlorine and costly oxo-compounds that are used earlier. Still another objective of the present invention is to use membrane cells for the oxidation of alkali iodides to corresponding iodates without the problem of separation of side products or those caused by the heating of ClO3 salts. In the drawing (Sheet No. 1) accompanying this specification describes a view of the electrolytic membrane cell. The capacity of each of the electrode compartments of the cell was about 20 ml. The catalytic anode (1) having an effective total surface area around 40 cm2 was an expanded titanium sheet with a precious triple metal oxide coating. A fine stainless steel mesh (2) covering about 70 cm2 area was served as the cathode. Both of these electrodes were separately fitted inside the electrode chambers made of Teflon (4). They were separated by about 0.5 cm by the pre-conditioned indigenous anion-exchange membrane (3) between them. A 100 ml solution of 1 - 5% KI in doubled distilled water was passed through the anode compartment at 10 ml/min flow rate, under gravity, while a 100 ml solution of 1% or 5% KOH was circulated through the cathode compartment at the rate equaling to that of the anolyte solution, with the aid of inlets (5) and outlets (6) provided to the cell. Accordingly the present invention provides a method for the manufacture of alkali iodates from iodides using an ion-exchange membrane flow reactor which comprises electrochemical oxidation of the corresponding alkali iodides in a two compartment cell using an expanded precious triple metal oxide coated titanium anode, stainless steel cathode, and ion exchange membrane as solid polymer electrolyte in between the two anode and cathode electrode , alkali iodide as anolyte and alkali hydroxide as catholyte and said anolyte and catholyte flow rate being maintained at 10 ml/min under gravitational force in the said anolyte and catholyte chambers at a current density in the range of 1-40 mA/cm2 and cell voltage in the range of 2-5 V and at temperature ranging 26-3 0°C and recovering alkali iodate formed from anode compartment. In an embodiment of the present invention an ion-exchange membrane may be placed as solid polymer electrolyte between the anode and the cathode at a distance of 2 - 5 mm. In another embodiment of the present invention, an alkali iodide solutions (1-5% w/v) may be used as anolyte. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a solution of the corresponding alkali hydroxide (1 -8% w/v) may be used as the catholyte. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the anolyte and catholyte solutions may be passed through the respective compartments at 8-12 ml/min rate under gravity when continuous process is adopted. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, an expanded precious triple metal oxide coated titanium anode and a thin (1-2 mm) stainless steel mesh cathode may be used as current carrying electrodes. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the current at the electrodes may be varied between 1 - 40 mA/cm2. We Claim: 1. A method for the manufacture of alkali iodates from iodides of alkali using an ion- exchange membrane flow reactor which comprises electrochemical oxidation of the corresponding alkali iodides in a two compartment cell using an expanded precious triple metal oxide coated titanium anode, stainless steel cathode, and ion exchange membrane as solid polymer electrolyte in between the anode and cathode electrode , alkali iodide as anolyte and alkali hydroxide as catholyte and said anolyte and catholyte flow rate being maintained at 10 ml/min under gravitational force in the said anolyte and catholyte chambers at a current density in the range of 1-40 mA/cm2 and cell voltage in the range of 2-5 V and at temperature ranging 26-30°C and recovering alkali iodate formed from anode compartment. 2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein an ion-exchange membrane is placed between the anode and the cathode at a distance of 2 - 5 mm. 3. A method as claimed in claims 1-2, wherein the 1 - 5% (w/v) alkali iodide solutions were used as anolyte. 4. A method as claimed in claims 1-3, wherein 1-8% (w/v) of the corresponding alkali hydroxide was used as the catholyte solution. 5. A method as claimed in claims 1 - 4, wherein the anolyte and catholyte solutions were passed at 8 - 12 ml/min rate under gravity when continuous process is adopted. 6. A method as claimed in claims 1-5, wherein an expanded precious triple metal oxide coated titanium anode and a thin (1-2 mm) stainless steel mesh cathode were used. 7. A method as claimed in claims 1 - 6, wherein the current at the electrodes was varied between 1 - 40 mA/cm2. 8. A method for the manufacture of alkali iodates from iodides of alkali using an ion-exchange membrane flow reactor substantially as herein described with reference to the examples and drawings accompanying this specification.

Full Text

The present invention relates to a method for the manufacture of alkali iodates from iodides using an ion-exchange membrane flow reactor.
This is a novel, simple and eco-friendly method for the manufacture of iodates in pure form by the electrolysis of iodide salts or mixture of iodide and iodate. in an ion-exchange membrane flow reactor. It is particularly useful for the synthesis of potassium iodate in aqueous solution form which can be directly used for iodization of common salt.
lodate is a negative ion represented as 1O3 which is derived from iodic acid. HIO3. It may exist as polymeric ion indicated in the empirical formulae as KH2I3O9 and K.H(IO3)2 which are stable at room temperatures but lose oxygen on heating. Metallic iodates, although stable and safe to handle, should be kept out of contact with organic substrates and other combustible materials, because such mixtures are explosive.
Iodates with most of the alkali metals and calcium are known. They are useful in the iodization of salt for edible purposes to prevent thyroid gland diseases, in the preparation of certain medicines, as conditioning agents in bakeries and as a reagent in chemical laboratories. Calcium iodate is known to be used in animal and fowl feed stuffs. According to T. A. Arzhanova (Russ. RU 2,077,605, Cl. C23 C18/18, 20 Apr. 1997) the solution of potassium iodate in dilute sulfuric acid is useful for the preliminary preparation of surface of plastics before metal coatings.
Iodates are naturally obtained along with sodium nitrate .in Chile saltpeter and Iquique. They are prepared by the oxidation of iodine to iodic acid using strong oxidizing agents followed by neutralization with corresponding metal oxide, hydroxide or carbonate (Eds. Niosh Toxic Substances List, edited by H. E. Christensen and T. L. Luginbyhl. Publication No. 74-134, Washington D. C. 1974; Iodine Hygienic Guide Services, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Detroit, Michigan, 1965; Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 4th edn., 1995, Vol. 14, 727). The oxidizing agents employed in these methods are perchloric acid, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide or silver nitrate which are generally costly, corrosive and difficult to handleJ
Sodium and potassium iodates can be prepared by a multi-stage method as reported by J. von Liebig (Ogg. Ann. 1832, 2V,362) and G. S. Serullas (Ann. Chim. Phys. 1830, 43, 125) independently. It comprises saturating chlorine gas in water containing a fine suspension of
iodine, neutralizing the liquid with the respective carbonate; and again passing chlorine until the iodine is all dissolved, and further neutralizing with the carbonate. The solution is to be evaporated to one-tenth of its volume, mixed with half its volume of alcohol, and the sodium/potassium chloride was washed from the precipitate by means of aqueous alcoholic solutions. The sodium carbonate is to removed by treatment with acetic acid, and the sodium acetate is then washed with alcohol. This method is not advantageous as it is a multi stage process and involves the use of hazardous chlorine gas. Moreover, it requires heating to concentrate the solutions and adding alcohol to precipitate the iodate salts. J. L. Gay Lussac (Ann. Chim. Phys. 1814, 9l(1) 5) has prepared the potassium iodate by the action of elemental iodine on hot potassium hydroxide. The salt is separated by the addition of alcohol after the concentration. In this method, one-sixth of the total iodine only gets converted to potassium iodate and the rest to potassium iodide which needs to be oxidized again to potassium iodate by an additional oxidizing agent.
O. Henry (Journ. Pharm. 1862, 18, 345) has obtained potassium iodate by melting together an intimate mixture of potassium iodide and potassium chlorate upto the temperature at which chlorate begins to decompose. The product is separated from the unreacted potassium chlorate by the fractional crystallization. In an other report, J. S. Stas (Mem. Acad. Belgque, 1865, 35, 3) has made potassium iodate by heating elemental iodine or potassium iodide with potassium chlorate. These methods require special equipment and intensive care as the potassium chlorate is a strong oxidizing agent, corrosive and explosive at high temperatures.
S. Balagopalan; J. Krishnamurthy; S. Krishnamurthy, E. Karuppiah and C. Sankaranarayanan (CSIR, Indian IN 173, 008 (Cl C01 D3/12) 22nd Jan. 1994) have claimed a flow reactor with an externally insulated stainless steel tank as cathode and a cylindrical lead oxide coated graphite anode placed at a distance of 1.5 - 3 mm gap for the preparation of potassium iodate from elemental iodine in a potassium hydroxide solution. The product is isolated by cooling the mixture after electrolysis. The product obtained by this method contains impurities like lead, which from the view point of health, is hazardous and hence not useful as a micro nutrient in food ingredients. Moreover, the product potassium iodate and hypo iodite may decompose on the cathode.
N. H. Hugo; M. A. J. Edith and L. P. A. Walter (Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuommgshu CN 1,121,540; Cl. C25 Bl/14, 1 May 1996, Ch.) have patented a method of preparing potassium iodate by electrolysis using elemental iodine and potassium hydroxide. In this method iodine is reacted with 30-40 lit potassium hydroxide in a cooling reactor and subjected to electrolysis in multistage series-connected electrolytic cells. The voltage of
each cell is maintained at 2.0 - 3.5 V and the flow rate at 5 - 10 lit/min. The current density was between 0. 1 and 0.2 A/m2 while the temperature of the last cell was reported to be 80-100 °C. The potassium iodate is crystallized and separated. 1 - 3 g/lit potassium dichromate is added to the electrolytes to prevent the reduction of iodates and hypo iodite on the cathodes. The iodates obtained by this method is not useful for edible purposes as they * contain trace quantities of dichromate and/or chromate which are known to be carcinogens.
According to L. Henry (Ber. 1870, 3, 893), potassium iodate can be prepared by passing chlorine gas into finely divided suspension of elemental iodine in water until all was dissolved. Latter, a mol of potassium chlorate per gram atom of iodine is added to the resulting solution. The mixture is warmed to get potassium iodate with the evolution of chlorine gas. Chlorine is an air pollutant and corrosive. It requires specially made vessels to store and transport. Hence, the use of this method is limited. Moreover, this method needs to purify the product from potassium chloride. The potassium iodate can alternately be prepared by the oxidation of potassium iodide with a solution of costly potassium permanganate as reported by L. P. de St. Giles (Compt. Rend 1858, 46, 624). The product obtained by this method again needs to purify from manganese dioxide in order to make it useful for edible purposes.
KC1O3 + IC1 → KI03 + Cl2 • 2KMnO4 + KI + H2O → 2MnO2 + 2KOH +
10KMnO4 + I2 + 2H2O → 10MnO2 + 4KOH + 6KIO3.
The main objective of the present invention is to provide a method for the manufacture of alkali iodates from iodides using an ion-exchange membrane flow reactor which obviates the drawbacks as detailed above.
Another objective of the present invention is to use an ion-exchange membrane as solid polymer electrolyte for supporting and enhancing the electrolysis and to keep the products formed at the cathode and anode compartments separately.
Still another objective of the present invention is to use metal oxide coated titanium as stable catalytic anode by replacing the corrosive chlorine and costly oxo-compounds that are used earlier.
Still another objective of the present invention is to use membrane cells for the oxidation of alkali iodides to corresponding iodates without the problem of separation of side products or those caused by the heating of ClO3 salts.
In the drawing (Sheet No. 1) accompanying this specification describes a view of the electrolytic membrane cell. The capacity of each of the electrode compartments of the cell was about 20 ml. The catalytic anode (1) having an effective total surface area around 40 cm2 was an expanded titanium sheet with a precious triple metal oxide coating. A fine stainless steel mesh (2) covering about 70 cm2 area was served as the cathode. Both of these electrodes were separately fitted inside the electrode chambers made of Teflon (4). They were separated by about 0.5 cm by the pre-conditioned indigenous anion-exchange membrane (3) between them. A 100 ml solution of 1 - 5% KI in doubled distilled water was passed through the anode compartment at 10 ml/min flow rate, under gravity, while a 100 ml solution of 1% or 5% KOH was circulated through the cathode compartment at the rate equaling to that of the anolyte solution, with the aid of inlets (5) and outlets (6) provided to the cell.
Accordingly the present invention provides a method for the manufacture of alkali iodates from iodides using an ion-exchange membrane flow reactor which comprises electrochemical oxidation of the corresponding alkali iodides in a two compartment cell using an expanded precious triple metal oxide coated titanium anode, stainless steel cathode, and ion exchange membrane as solid polymer electrolyte in between the two anode and cathode electrode , alkali iodide as anolyte and alkali hydroxide as catholyte and said anolyte and catholyte flow rate being maintained at 10 ml/min under gravitational force in the said anolyte and catholyte chambers at a current density in the range of 1-40 mA/cm2 and cell voltage in the range of 2-5 V and at temperature ranging 26-3 0°C and recovering alkali iodate formed from anode compartment.
In an embodiment of the present invention an ion-exchange membrane may be placed as solid polymer electrolyte between the anode and the cathode at a distance of 2 - 5 mm.
In another embodiment of the present invention, an alkali iodide solutions (1-5% w/v) may be used as anolyte.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a solution of the corresponding alkali hydroxide (1 -8% w/v) may be used as the catholyte.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the anolyte and catholyte solutions may be passed through the respective compartments at 8-12 ml/min rate under gravity when continuous process is adopted.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, an expanded precious triple metal oxide coated titanium anode and a thin (1-2 mm) stainless steel mesh cathode may be used as current carrying electrodes.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the current at the electrodes may be varied between 1 - 40 mA/cm2.

We Claim:
1. A method for the manufacture of alkali iodates from iodides of alkali using an ion-
exchange membrane flow reactor which comprises electrochemical oxidation of the
corresponding alkali iodides in a two compartment cell using an expanded precious
triple metal oxide coated titanium anode, stainless steel cathode, and ion exchange
membrane as solid polymer electrolyte in between the anode and cathode electrode ,
alkali iodide as anolyte and alkali hydroxide as catholyte and said anolyte and
catholyte flow rate being maintained at 10 ml/min under gravitational force in the
said anolyte and catholyte chambers at a current density in the range of 1-40
mA/cm2 and cell voltage in the range of 2-5 V and at temperature ranging 26-30°C
and recovering alkali iodate formed from anode compartment.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein an ion-exchange membrane is placed
between the anode and the cathode at a distance of 2 - 5 mm.
3. A method as claimed in claims 1-2, wherein the 1 - 5% (w/v) alkali iodide
solutions were used as anolyte.
4. A method as claimed in claims 1-3, wherein 1-8% (w/v) of the corresponding alkali
hydroxide was used as the catholyte solution.
5. A method as claimed in claims 1 - 4, wherein the anolyte and catholyte solutions
were passed at 8 - 12 ml/min rate under gravity when continuous process is adopted.

6. A method as claimed in claims 1-5, wherein an expanded precious triple metal
oxide coated titanium anode and a thin (1-2 mm) stainless steel mesh cathode were
used.
7. A method as claimed in claims 1 - 6, wherein the current at the electrodes was varied
between 1 - 40 mA/cm2.
8. A method for the manufacture of alkali iodates from iodides of alkali using an ion-exchange membrane flow reactor substantially as herein described with reference to the examples and drawings accompanying this specification.

Documents:

1057-del-2000-abstract.pdf

1057-del-2000-claims.pdf

1057-del-2000-correspondence-others.pdf

1057-del-2000-correspondence-po.pdf

1057-DEL-2000-Description (Complete).pdf

1057-del-2000-drawings.pdf

1057-del-2000-form-1.pdf

1057-del-2000-form-19.pdf

1057-del-2000-form-2.pdf

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Patent Number

242170

Indian Patent Application Number

1057/DEL/2000

PG Journal Number

34/2010

Publication Date

20-Aug-2010

Grant Date

17-Aug-2010

Date of Filing

24-Nov-2000

Name of Patentee

COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH

Applicant Address

RAFI MARG, NEW DELHI-110001, INDIA.

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	PUSHPITO KUMAR GHOSH	CENTRAL SALT AND MARINE CHEMICALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, BHAVNAGAR-364 002, GUJARAT.
2	GADDE RAMACHANDRAIAH	CENTRAL SALT AND MARINE CHEMICALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, BHAVNAGAR-364002, GUJARAT.
3	VENKATA RAMA KRISHNA SARMA SUSARLA	CENTRAL SALT AND MARINE CHEMICALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, BHAVNAGAR-364002, GUJARAT.
4	SANJAY SHAMBHUBHAI VAGHELA AND ASHOK DAHYABHAI	CENTRAL SALT AND MARINE CHEMICALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, BHAVNAGAR-364002, GUJARAT.

PCT International Classification Number

C01B 11/22

PCT International Application Number

N/A

PCT International Filing date

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1			NA