Title of Invention

A BIO-FUEL COMPOSITION AND A PROCESS THEREOF

Abstract The present invention is in relation to a bio-fuel composition that helps in reducing the usage of kerosene for cooking purposes. Also, the present invention is in relation to a bio-stove for burning of the bio-fuel compostion. Thus the present invention is a solution to the problem fo greenhouse effect.
Full Text

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a bio-fuel composition and a bio-stove. More particularly the present invention relates to a bio-fuel composition for a bio-stove and a process for preparation of composition and a method for burning of bio-fuel composition in a bio-stove.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In rural areas of India, wood is still the main energy source. Steadily rising wood consumption for cooking purposes results in deforestation of large areas creating severe ecological, economical and sociological problems. In order to protect the environment it is urgently required to substitute the utilization of firewood for cooking purposes. Bio-fuels are a promising alternative energy source offering a variety of economical and ecological advantages. A variety of Bio-fuels originate in India and they can be produced locally even in remote areas. Existing cooking stoves for liquid fuels, however, do not allow utilization of Bio-fuel as fuel.
Therefore, we have developed a new pressure-cooking stove according to the principles of the appropriate technology, which can be operated on different pure Bio-fuels like Pongamia oil, Jatropha oil Cashew nut shell oil (CNSO), Cotton seed oil, Castor oil, Gingelly oil and Sunflower oil. It can also be operated on fossil fuels like kerosene. According to the chemical, a physical and combustion properties of Bio-fuel, a new vapo-rizer (preheater), a new burner head and a new tank have been designed. As an advantage to village users, a Biogas burner is also installed as an additional / emergency burner.
Bio-fuel are made from plants or manure, and have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as well as reducing the dependence on imported oil and all the turmoil that seems to come with the imports. Bio-fuels can mean no new carbon dioxide in our atmosphere and less pollution
• Gas or liquid fuel made from plant material (biomass).
• Includes wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, wood sludge, agricultural waste, straw, sludge waste, waste alcohol, plant oil and ethanol blended into motor gasoline.

Technically numerous different authorities have independently assessed bio-fuels and found to:
• Offer a range of environmental benefits, being biodegradable, renewable, and producing less local air pollutants than fossil fuels;
• be usable blended or straight in modem engines without modification (except that vehicles require engine modification to run on high proportions of bio-fuels as do gas powered vehicles);
• generate substantially lower life cycle emissions of greenhouse gases (especially CO2) than fossil fuels;
• reduce tailpipe emissions of many pollutants including particulates, SO.

• have lower toxicity and higher flash points than fossil fuels;
• emit marginally more NO2 than ultra low sulphur fossil fuel but that advanced injection timing can cut this pollution.
B10-FUELS AND THE FUTURE
The most important consideration in an assessment of the potential for a technology is to relate it to the future, not the present and, even less, the past. The fact that we cannot predict the future does not mean that we cannot think about it. Indeed, we all recognize in our daily lives that it is essential to plan for the future even though we know we cannot predict it, even in relation to us personally.
As the saying goes “it is better to be roughly right than precisely wrong”. This is especially so for long-term thinking. This is well illustrated by economic assessments of major developments made at their outset. Some of the most important developments in technology have been damned by premature economic assessment: many, like the light bulb and electricity generally, were dismissed as of no use at all. Others, like the railways, were only developed because of the sheer energetic drive of the few, many of whom went bankrupt in the process. Such economic assessments depend upon costs and prices. But economics is not just about money; it is about the sensible use of resources. Fuel energy is one of the most vital resources and likely to remain so in any future scenario we can visualize. Only in a vastly depopulated world could it be otherwise.

FUEL ENERGY
The world is awash with energy (as it is with water, which is also likely to be scarce in usable form), geothermal, wind, wave, bound up in physical particles and solar radiation.
But fuel energy is only available, on a large useable scale, from fossil sources, representing past solar radiation. It is thus non-renewable. This does not mean that it should not be used. The only legitimate objection to the use of non-renewable resources (such as solar radiation -the sun is running down) is if their use gives rise to unacceptable levels of pollution. Preserving them for future generations, should they take the same view, means that they will never be used and cannot really count as resources at all.
So, at some point, the current supply of fossil fuels will become unavailable, because they run out, become inaccessible ( e.g. politically), become too expensive or cause too much pollution. As soon as demand rises or supply falls, the price will rise, of course.
POSSIBLE FUTURE SCENARIOS
There are foreseeable possibilities that could accelerate such shortages, both short and long-term. Probably the most likely, but perhaps in the long term, is increasing demand in the currently poor and populous countries. It can be argued that world peace and stability will ultimately depend upon a vast rise in the standard of living of all these people. An orderly approach to gradual improvement would be the best way forward and, if it happens this way, the demand for oil will increase even in the short term. The lid cannot be kept on indefinitely by force. In any case, the current economic and military strength of e.g. the USA depends upon oil -and still relatively cheap oil at that. Against this, perhaps long-term background, there are two other possibilities: terrorism (immediate) and global warming (long term).
DIFFERENT TYPES OF B10-FUELS
• Pongamia Pinnata, Jatropha curcas, Cashew nut shell oil - CNSO, Cotton seed oil, Castor oil, Gingelly oil, Sunflower oil, Silk oil, Other cooking oils.

OIL STOVES:
After the discovery of oil, stoves using oil as fuel came into existence. At present two
types of kerosene stove are in use
1. Wick Stove
2. Air Pressurized Stove WICK STOVE
Wick-type burners utilize the capillary effect of fluids. The amount of fuel, which vaporizes at the upper end of the wicks, gets drawn out of the tank at the lower end of wick.
Open wick cookers burn in a yellow flame under soot formation. Pans need to be placed at a certain distance to the upper end of the wick, to ensure clean operation. This, of course, lowers efficiency of the process and power-output remains comparatively low. In the wick-type cookers with higher power output, air is reacting with combustible vapors within an annular combustion chamber. For kerosene, in this process a stable blue flame is formed.
AIR PRESSURIZED STOVE
Fuel is stored in a tank in which pressure is induced with a small incorporated hand-pump. Through the pressure the liquid flows into the vaporizer. In the vaporizer fuel is heated, evaporates, and emits in a high velocity jet through a small nozzle into the combustion area. In the free space between nozzle and flame holder the jet mixes with sufficient quantities of ambient air to enable the mixture to burn. With a rebounding plate the flame is kept in the desired place. Since fuel is burned in a continuous process at surrounding conditions this process is called “exposed flame combustion”.
INTRODUCTION TO THE EXISTING AIR PRESSURIZED KEROSENE STOVE
The presently available air pressurized stove has a kerosene tank which contains kerosene and some room for the air, such that the pressure of air raises which in turn acts on the surface of kerosene. An air pump is used to pump air into the tank. Further the pressurized kerosene is allowed to the burner through a pipe, where it cracks and burns, generating heat. The rate of burning is adjusted by means of adjusting the air pressure inside

the tank. Thus more amount of fuel is burnt when the pressure is high and the converse is true when the pressure is low and this happens when the stove is continuously burning. Hence to maintain a constant rate of burning it requires replenishment of air frequently by pumping. Due to the non-standardization of the material used in the manufacture of stove and the manufacturing techniques, the quality of the stove is very low. Most of the materials are drawn from scrap, which are of low quality and also there is no indication of the pressure developed inside the tank due to the absence of a pressure-indicating device, which is a basic necessity from the point of utility. The reasons for over pressurization are:
Ø The burner may not be of standard make therefore the user may over-pressurize the system to get the required flame quality.
Ø The nozzle of the burner may have been blocked, which is frequent due to the suspended particles present in kerosene. Here again the user may over pressurize the system. Hence due to the above-mentioned practices the tank may burst pilling all the kerosene contained, causing severe burn injuries to the people. An article, which appeared in the “Indian Express” on the 4th of June 94, has been quoted to high lighten the hazard of using the present air pressurized kerosene stove.
ELECTRIC STOVES:
Here electricity is used for the generation of heat by passing it through a resistance coil. These stoves are not widely preferred over the gas or kerosene stoves because of the following reasons:
1. Cost of electricity.
2. Electricity is not very dependable.
3. One may get an electric shock while handling the stove.
TYPES OF BURNERS
An oil burner is a mechanical device that combines fuel oil with proper amounts of air before delivering the mixture to the point of ignition in a combustion chamber. It is essential for the efficiency of the combustion process that the oil/air mixture is well homogenized and with as few pure droplets of fuel oil as possible.

A fuel oil burner either
• vaporize and/or
• Atomize
THE FUEL OIL BURNER.
Fuel oil burners can in general categorized as
• Gun-type (atomizing) burners (pressure gun)
• Pot-type (vaporizing) burners
GUN-TYPE BURNERS (PRESSURE GUN)
A gun-type burner atomizes the fuel oil by forcing the oil through a nozzle and spraying it into to an gun-like airflow atomic nozzle. The liquid forms microscopic particles or globules, which is well mixed and partly evaporated before ignited in the combustion chamber. The gun-type is very flexible and can be used within a large range of applications, from relative small residential heaters to larger industrial heating applications.
POT-TYPE BURNERS
In a pot-type fuel burner the fuel evaporates (vaporizes) into the combustion air. There are in general
• Natural draft burners
• Forced draft burners
• Sleeve burners
In an atmospheric pot type heater, the gravity causes the oil to flow to the burner. The natural draft burner relies on the natural draft in the chimney for air supply. The forced draft burner relies on a mechanical fan and/or the chimney for air supply. The perforated sleeve burner is only used in small applications. The pot-type burner is the most inexpensive of the fuel oil burners and has the lowest operating cost. A disadvantage of the pot-type is a limited capacity. This type is in general most suited for smaller applications.

PRIOR ART
US Patent Application No. 20060094890 Al entitled “Process for producing biodiesel and the product thereof” describes about the pot process for producing a biodiesel and a product thereof, using non-edible oil sources containing free fatty acid. The process involves esterification and transesterification of non-edible vegetable oil sources to arrive at the final product. However, the US patent application is nowhere in relation to the application of the instant invention and there is no motivation for the Applicant here to arrive at the composition of the instant invention.
A research article entitled “Plant oil cooking stove for developing countries9' by
Elmar Stumpf and Werner Muhlbauer, Institute for Agricultural Engineering in the Tropics and Subtropics Hohenheim University. This article is in relation to plant oil cooking stove, which can be acceptable to people in tropical countries. However, the instant article is nowhere in relation to the application of the instant invention and there is no motivation for the applicant to arrive at the composition of the instant invention.
A research article entitled “Plant oil as cooking fuel” by E. Stumpf and W. Muhlbauer, Institute for Agricultural Engineering in the Tropics and Subtropics Hohenheim University. This article is in relation to usage of oils like Jatropha and Canola oil as cooking fuels. However, this article is not able to arrive at the composition and bio-stove of the instant invention.
None of the above citations taken either singly or in combination is seen to describe the instant invention as claimed. Also, limited information is available with respect to the bio-fuel composition and a bio-stove. Accordingly, the application of the instant invention is arrived to overcome the limitations involved in availability of the information with respect to bio-fuel and a bio-stove.

OBJECTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION :
The principal objective of the present invention is to develop a bio-fuel composition. Another object of the present invention is to develop a process for the preparation of a bio-fuel composition.
Yet another object of the present invention is to develop a bio-stove for combustion of the bio-fuel composition.
Still another object of the present invention is to design a new preheater, a new burner head and a new tank.
Still another object of the present invention is to develop a method for the burning of bio-fuel composition.
Still another object of the present invention is to develop a bio-stove which is useful to villagers.
Still another object of the present invention is to develop a Biogas burner is also installed as an additional / emergency burner.
Still another object of the present invention is to replace as much as percentage of kerosene with renewable biofuel.
STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly the invention provides a bio-fuel composition comprising essentially natural oil, kerosene and optionally along with at least one additive; a process for the preparation of bio-fuel composition, wherein said process comprises steps of extraction of oil from plant source, heating and simultaneously mixing the oil with kerosene to obtain the composition; a bio-stove for burning of bio-fuel composition, said bio-stove comprising barostat spring (14) placed inside the preheater (10) to reduce the consumption of the fuel; and a method for burning of bio-fuel composition in a bio-stove wherein said method comprises steps of : pumping the storage tank (2) to pressurize the bio-fuel (1) using pressurizing lever (13); opening the flow control valve (4) to allow the flow of pressurized bio-fuel (1) through the fuel flow line (3), preheater (10), nozzle(15) and into the expansion chamber (11); light the bio-stove to heat up the preheater (10) to vaporize the bio-fuel (1); dispersion of the vaporized bio-fuel (1) is done by using rebounding plate (6); and opening of

air enrichment valve (7) to facilitate complete combustion of the dispersion of the vaporized
bio-fuel (1).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS
Fig; 1 Functional circuit diagram of bio-stove
Fig: 2 Fuel consumption test for various blends of pongamia oil with kerosene (BO, B10,
B15, B20, B25, B30, B50) and other blends of kerosene with oils of Cashew nut shell oil,
Jatropha oil, Castor oil, Cotton seed oil, Gingelly oil, sunflower oil.
Fig: 3 Time taken to heat a know volume of water to 70° C using blends of pongamia oil with
kerosene (BO, B10, B15, B20, B25, B30, B50).
Fig: 4 Viscosity test for various blends of pongamia oil with kerosene (BO, B10, B15, B20,
B25, B30, B50)
Fig: 5 Viscosity test for various blends of kerosene with oils of Cashew nut shell oil,
Jatropha oil, Castor oil, Cotton seed oil, Gingelly oil, sunflower oil.
Fig: 6 Calorific value for various blends of pongamia oil with kerosene (BO, B10, B15, B20,
B25, B30, B50) and other blends of kerosene with oils of Cashew nut shell oil, Jatropha oil,
Castor oil, Cotton seed oil, Gingelly oil, sunflower oil.
Fig: 7 Thermal efficiency for various blends of pongamia oil with kerosene (BO, B10, B15,
B20, B25, B30, B50) and other blends of kerosene with oils of Cashew nut shell oil, Jatropha
oil, Castor oil, Cotton seed oil, Gingelly oil, sunflower oil.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
The present invention is in relation to a bio-fuel composition comprising essentially natural
oil, kerosene and optionally along with at least one additive.
Another embodiment of the present invention, wherein said natural oil is a fixed oil selected
from a group comprising Pongamia oil, Jatropha oil, Cashew nut shell oil, Cotton seed oil,
Castor oil, Gingelly oil and Sunflower oil.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention, wherein said additive is alcohol.
Still another embodiment of the present invention, wherein the additives are selected from a
group comprising methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol.

Still another embodiment of the present invention, wherein said natural oil and additive are
used in a concentration ranging from 10-60 % v/v and 0.5 % to 1.5 % v/v.
Still another embodiment of the present invention, wherein the natural oil and additive are
preferably used in a concentration of about 20 % v/v and 1 % v/v.
Still another embodiment of the present invention, wherein the bio-fuel is having a thermal
efficiency ranging from 25.0 % to 55.0 %.
Still another embodiment of the present invention, wherein said bio-fuel composition
preferably with pongamia oil used in an optimum concentration of about 20 % v/v is having a
thermal efficiency of 36.6 %.
The present invention is in relation to a process for the preparation of bio-fuel composition,
wherein said process comprises steps of extraction of oil from plant source, heating and
simultaneously mixing the oil with kerosene to obtain the composition.
Another embodiment of the present invention, wherein the extraction of oil is carried using
mechanical press, oil expeller and mortar and pestle.
Yet Another embodiment of the present invention, wherein plant source is selected from a
group comprising Pongamia pods, Jatropha seeds, Cashew nut shell, Cotton seed, Castor
seed, Gingelly seed and Sunflower seeds.
Still another embodiment of the present invention, wherein the oil is heated to a temperature
ranging between 50° C to 60° C.
Still another embodiment of the present invention, wherein the oil is heated to a temperature
of about 55 C and mixed with kerosene by heating and continuous stirring.
Still another embodiment of the present invention, wherein the mixture of oil with kerosene
is heated to a temperature ranging between 60° C to 70° C.
The present invention is in relation to a bio-stove for burning of bio-fuel composition, said
bio-stove comprising barostat spring (14) placed inside the preheater (10) to reduce the
consumption of the fuel.
Another embodiment of the present invention wherein said bio-stove comprising
• a storage tank (2) to hold bio-fuel (1) composition with a fuel inlet (12);
• storage tank (2) is provided with a reciprocating pressurizing lever (13);
• a fuel flow line (3) attached to the storage tank (2);

• one end of flow control valve (4) is connected to storage tank (2) and the other end is connected to pressure gauge (5);
• a preheater (10) is provided with a barostat spring (14), a nozzle(15) and a control needle(16) are connected to a fuel flow line (3);
• an expansion chamber (11), a preheater (10) and a rebounding plate (6) constitute a burner assembly; and
• an airflow control valve (7) along with nozzle (8) is provided towards the head of the flame (9).
Yet another embodiment of the present invention, wherein said barostat spring (14) is a conical coiled spring.
Still another embodiment of the present invention, wherein the one end of preheater (10) is connected to the tip of the flow control valve (7) and the nozzle end (8) towards the expansion chamber (11).
Still another embodiment of the present invention, wherein said barostat spring (14) prevents the over pressurizing of bio-fuel inside the pre heater (10).
Still another embodiment of the present invention wherein the bio-stove is made up of corrosion resistant material preferably with stainless steel having thickness ranging from 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm.
Still another embodiment of the present invention, wherein said storage tank (2) is having a preferable thickness of 2 mm.
The present invention is in relation to a method for burning of bio-fuel composition in a bio-stove wherein said method comprises steps of:
• pumping the storage tank (2) to pressurize the bio-fuel (1) using pressurizing lever (13);
• opening the flow control valve (4) to allow the flow of pressurized bio-fuel (1) through the fuel flow line (3), preheater (10), nozzle(15) and into the expansion chamber (11);
• light the bio-stove to heat up the preheater (10) to vaporize the bio-fuel (1);
• dispersion of the vaporized bio-fuel (1) is done by using rebounding plate (6); and

• opening of air enrichment valve (7) to facilitate complete combustion of the
dispersion of the vaporized bio-fuel (1).
Another embodiment of the present invention, wherein the storage tank (2) is pumped using pressurizing lever (13) to a pressure ranging from 1.5 bars to 2.5 bars and the bio-fuel composition is having a thermal efficiency ranging from 25.0 % to 55.0 % Yet another embodiment of the present invention, wherein the storage tank (2) is pumped using pressurizing lever (13) to a pressure of about 2.0 bars and the bio-fuel composition preferably with pongamia oil used in an optimum concentration of 20 % v/v is having a thermal efficiency of 36.6 %.
Fuels can be categorized into3 categories, viz.
(i) Solid fuels.
(ii) Liquid fuels.
(iii) Gaseous fuels.
Among these, liquid fuels form the most valuable and indispensable part of our existence. They have satisfied a number of our needs, right from cooking, to driving our cars and propelling our airplanes. They have added a whole new dimension to our lives. Liquid fuel in the form of oil or petroleum is the most coveted commodity. This petroleum is made up of many fractions, viz, Naphtha, LPG, Gasoline, Kerosene and the Lubricating oils. For us at present, kerosene (fossil fuel) & bio-fuel forms the basis our interest.
Kerosene is the fraction obtained from the atmospheric distillation unit, during the distillation of crude petroleum. It is obtained in between the Gasoline and the diesel fractions. It is employed primarily as a fuel and an illuminant. As a fuel, it finds usage on the domestic front, as a medium of cooking. It is estimated that in our country around 35-40% of the population uses kerosene. As it is cheaper compared to LPG, it is found prominently among the lower classes. It is also estimated that a meager saving of 1% in kerosene, would save our country about 75 crores.
The scope of this project is to find the optimum blend of bio-fuel with kerosene & studying the desirable combustion properties & design of proper bio stove to ensure the complete combustion of the blend. We propose to achieve this, by enhancing the mode of heat transfer in a conventional stove. As is well known, radioactive heat transfer coefficient is greater than convective heat transfer coefficient. In out project, we intend to establish

radiation as the dominant mode of heat transfer. In order to accomplish our aim, we intend to design an innovative preheating mechanism for the Bio-Stove.
We have developed a Bio-Fuel pressure stove, which enables continuous operation and repeated ignition with pure Bio-Fuels. Next to the Bio-Fuels, the prototype can also be fueled with plant oil esters, as well as kerosene .The prototype is realized as a Two -flame cooker and can be produced using simple means and materials which are available in developing countries. Therefore, the selling price of the Bio-Fuel stove will be in the range of the prices of the well-known kerosene pressure stoves.
Since handling of the Bio-Fuel cooking stove is similar to the known kerosene pressure stoves, it can be easily introduced even in rural areas of developing countries. Regarding power output and efficiency as well as emissions, the Bio-Fuel stove is comparable to kerosene stoves. Utilization of Bio-Fuel as fuel, however, prevents users from severe operating risks related to the easy inflammation of kerosene.
With a hand-pump, pressure is induced into the tank. Due to this pressure, the fuel flows into the oil line. The fuel flux is regulated with a valve included within the oil line. The vaporizer is connected to the oil line. Within this tube vaporization of the fuel takes place due to the heat of the burner flame. Since Bio-Fuels have high flash point, retention time of the fuel within the flame is increased considerably in comparison to kerosene stoves. However, during vaporization process, cracking of the Bio-Fuel molecules may take place. Hence, recombination products may be deposited at the inner wall of the vaporizer and will have to be cleaned mechanically.
The nozzle with a diameter of 0.5 mm is located at the end of the vaporizer. After leaving the nozzle the stream of vaporized Bio-Fuel mixes with ambient air. The fuel-air-mixture is gathered in the gas collection tube of the burner head. Within the burner head complete mixing of the fuel gas with the air as well as spatial distribution takes place. While leaving the openings of the burner head, the fuel-air mixture incinerates and burns. To ensure a proper flame distribution without lifting off, a suitable burner head is used, which also conducts the flame towards the bottom of the cooking pot. For incineration, an asbestos strip

dipped in kerosene is burnt right beneath the vaporizer. After lighting, the heat of the asbestos strip is sufficient for starting the vaporization process within the vaporizer.
The success of our endeavor can be determined by the fact if radiation is attained, for a given amount of fuel burnt, the heat transferred through convection, thereby resulting in a saving of the amount of fuel used for same heat loads. It is also environment friendly, as it does not release any new carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere
This project looks to hold promise in the growing energy crisis scenario. It has the potential to be adopted industrially. A small saving of kerosene here is the beginning to the conservation of kerosene at a large scale.
PONGAMIA PINNATA USES
The pongamia tree is cultivated for two purposes:
(1) As an ornamental in gardens and along avenues and roadsides, for its fragrant Wisteria-like flowers, and
(2) As a host plant for insects. It is appreciated as an ornamental throughout coastal India and all of Polynesia. Gardeners use well-decomposed flowers as compost for plants requiring rich nutrients.
The bark yields a black gum that is used to treat wounds caused by poisonous fish. In wet areas of the tropics the leaves serve as green manure and as fodder. The seeds contain pongam oil, a bitter, red brown, thick, non-drying, non-edible oil, 27-36% by weight, which is used for tanning leather, soap, as a liniment to treat scabies, herpes, and rheumatism and as an illuminating. Also used for lubrication and indigenous medicine. Both the oil and residues are toxic. Still the press cake is described as a “useful poultry feed.” Seeds are used to poison fish. Still it is recommended as a shade tree for pastures and windbreak for tea. Dried pongam leaves are used in stored grains to repel insects.

CHEMISTRY
Reported to contain alkaloids demethoxy-kanugin, gamatay, glabrin, glabrosaponin, kaempferol, kanjone, kanugin, karangin, neoglabrin, pinnatin, pongamol, pongapin, quercitin, saponin, b-sitosterol, and tannin. Air-dry kernels have 19.0% moisture, 27.5% fatty oil, 17.4% protein, 6.6% starch, 7.3% crude fiber, and 2.4% ash. Fatty acid composition: palmitic 3.7-7.9%, stearic 2.4-8.9, arachidic 2.2-4.7, behenic 4.2-5.3, lignoceric 1.1-3.5, oleic, 44.5-71.3, linoleic 10.8-18.3, and eicosenoic 9.5-12.4%. Manurial values of leaves and twigs are respectively: nitrogen 1.16, 0.71; phosphorus (P2O5), 0.14, 0.11; potash (K2O), 0.49, 0.62; and lime (CaO), 1.54, 1.58%.
DESCRIPTION
Fast growing, glabrous, deciduous, tree to ca 25 m tall, branches drooping; trunk diameter to 60 cm; bark smooth, gray. Leaves imparipinnate, shiny; young leaves pinkish red, mature leaves glossy, deep green; leaflets 5-9, the terminal leaflet larger than the others; stipels none; stipules caducous. Flowers fragrant, white to pinkish, paired along rachis in axillary, pendent, long racemes or panicles; calyx campanulate or cup-shaped, truncate, short-dentate, lowermost lobe sometimes longer; standard suborbicular, broad, usually with 2 inflexed, basal ears, thinly silky-haired outside; wings oblique, long, somewhat adherent to the obtuse keel; keel petals coherent at apex; stamens monadelphous, vexillary stamen free at the base but joined with others into a closed tube; ovary subsessile to short-stalked, pubescent; ovules 2, rarely 3; style filiform, upper half incurved, glabrous; stigma small, terminal.
DISTRIBUTION
An Indomalaysian species, a medium-sized sub evergreen tree, common on alluvial and coastal situations from India to Fiji, from sea level to 1200 m. Now found in Australia, Florida, Hawaii, India, Malaysia, Oceania, Philippines, and Seychelles.

ECOLOGY
Probably ranges from Tropical Dry to Moist through Subtropical Dry to Moist Forest Life Zones. Withstanding temperatures slightly below 0°C to 50°C and annual rainfall of 5-25 dm, the tree grows wild on sandy and rocky soils, but will grow in most soil types, even with its roots in salt water.
CULTIVATION
Seeds, remaining viable for sometime, require no special scarification. Direct sowing is usually successful. Seedlings transplant easily from the nursery after about a year.
HARVESTING
Pods are collected and shells removed by hand. Grown in 30-year rotations for fuel.
YIELDS AND ECONOMICS
A single tree is said to yield 9-90 kg seed per tree, indicating a yield potential of 900--9000 kg seed/ha, 25% of which might be rendered as oil (assuming 100 trees/ha). In general, Indian mills extract 24-27.5% oil, village crushers, 18-22% oil.
ENERGY
Wherever it is grown, the wood (calorific value 4,600 kcal/kg) is burned for cooking fuel. The thick oil from the seeds is used for illumination, as a kerosene substitute, and lubrication. The oil has been tried as fuel in diesel engines, showing a good thermal efficiency.
DESCRIPTION OF MULTI-FUEL DUAL BURNER B10 STOVE
Development of the Basic Systems: The circuit diagram of bio-stove is given in Figure: 1. The components required to construct the stove are:
1. Fuel storage system
2. Fuel supply system

3. Fuel pressurizing system
4. Fuel control system
5. Fuel burning system
6. Structure
7. Oxygen Enrichment System
Description of the system:
(1) Fuel Storage System:
The fuel storage system is the tank, which is an integral part of the system. It is made of mild steel sheet of 2 mm thickness.
(2) Fuel Supply System:
For supply of fuel to the burner a cylinder piston combination along with proper piping is used. When the piston is pulled fuel is drawn into the cylinder through the piping provided for the purpose.
(3) Fuel Pressurizing System:
A pressure lever is used to pressurize the fuel contained in the cylinder. The spring is mounted on the piston. When the piston is pulled to draw in fuel the spring is compressed, spring exerts force on the piston when the handle used to pull the piston is released.
Spring mechanism in pre heater
A unique barostatic spring is designed in order to prevent the over pressurizing of bio-fuel inside the pre heater, this mechanism will prevent the excess of fuel flow from the nozzle and also act as secondary pressure regulating system. It is basically a conical coiled spring provided at the tip of the flow control needle. It creates a backpressure to regulate the movement of flow control needle. This also acts as an economizer /governor to reduce the consumption of the fuel.

(4) Fuel Control System:
A non-return valve is used to allow fuel from the tank to the burner but prevents the back flow of fuel. For proper working of the stove the following two operations are needed
• The pressurized fuel is to be allowed to the burner for heat generation.
• Further to stop heat generation the tank has to be depressurized.
(5) Fuel Burning System:
A burner with a preheater is installed to preheat the fuel to a higher temperature and to vaporize it. This vaporized fuel is ignited and continuous burning takes place.
(6) Structure: Made of standard L angle
Dimension of 1.5x3 feet
(7) Oxygen Enrichment System
Supplies air from the tank to the burner head to provide extra air for complete combustion. Therefore avoids soot formation.
The technology of the instant Application is further elaborated with the help of following examples. However, the examples should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention.
Example: 1
Extraction of the Oil from Pods (Specifically Pongamia Pinnata ).
Oilseeds processing & oil extraction comprise the following processes: Collection of oilseeds -Suitable Pods are collected for oil extraction.
1. Cleaning of the oilseeds - Fuel seeds are now cleaned on a hot water bath to ensure the complete removal of Pesticides and other chemicals.
2. Drying of oilseeds - The cleaned oilseeds are later sun dried to remove moisture.
3. Removing seed coat and separating the seeds from the chaff
4. Extraction of oil - oil is extracted with an oil press, expeller or mortal & pestle depending on the type of oilseed used. Mechanical press and Oil expeller are the most

commonly used methods. These oilseeds are now crushed in the press to extract oil. This oil is later passed through the strainers to remove the sub-solid impurities present. 5. Purification - this process is carried out only if necessary.
Example: 2
Steps Involved In Preparation of the Bio-fuel Composition
The Pongamia Pmnata oil (600ml) is heated over a hot water bath to a lukewarm temperature (55 degrees Celsius). Now, 400ml of white kerosene is added under a continuous stirring action. The mixture is heated up to a temperature of 60-70 deg Celsius. This is done to improvise the molecular combination and thus a homogeneous mixture is obtained. Volatile additives like Ethanol are added after cooling the mixture to room temperature at a concentration of 1 % v/v.
NOTE:
• The Kerosene should be added simultaneously to the pongamia oil under continuous stirring.
• A lean mixture of the above combination can also be made without the heating process. But this does not have a longer shelf life.
• If required Volatile additives like Ethanol can also be added after cooling the mixture to room temperature.
The experiments were conducted in three phases. In phase one, experimentation was limited to the usage of pure kerosene (B0) without any mixture or blend of Bio-fuel. The second phase comprised of testing of various blends under diverse conditions.
First to be tested among the different blends was the B10 fuel, which is a volumetric mixture of 10% of pongamia oil, Bio-fuel (Pongamia Pinnata) with kerosene. Similarly the other percentages were prepared. All the below mentioned experimentation was repeated for the various blends of Bio-fuel with kerosene viz, B15, B20, B25, B30, B50 etc,. Also, the

studies were carried out using percentage of various other oils with kerosene. Other oils used apart from Pongamia oil are Cashew nut shell oil, Jatropha oil, Castor oil, Cottonseed oil, Gingelly oil and sunflower oil. In all the compositions alcohol can used as an additive or optionally as an additive to arrive at the final composition.
Example: 3
Determination Of Viscosity Of The Fuel
Viscosity is a measure of flowability at definite temperatures. Viscosity is the single most important property of the lubricating oils, which determine their performance under the operating conditions. Lubricating oil should have sufficient viscosity to enable it to stay in position. On machine parts moving at slow speeds under high pressure, a heavy oil (high viscosity) should be used, as it is better resist being squeezed out from between the rubbing parts. Light oils (low viscosity) can be use however when lower pressures and higher speeds are encountered ( since high speed permits a good oil wedge to form) and should be preferred as they do not impose drag on high speed parts as heavy oils do. In fact under hydrodynamic lubrication, solid friction is completely substituted by fluid friction and so the frictional resistance encountered depends directly on the viscosity of the oil. Therefore for minimum friction the thinnest (least viscous) oil that will stay in position should be used.
Change of viscosity with temperature; viscosity index: with rise in temperature, the forces of cohesive between the molecules of a fluid are weakened, resulting in a decrease in viscosity. When the same lubricant has to function satisfactorily at widely varying temperatures, the variation of its viscosity with temperature must be negligibly small. Otherwise the lubricant may become very thin at higher temperatures (usually above 200 deg centigrade during takeoff of landing of an aircraft) and may be squeezed out of position or it may become highly viscous at very low temperature (at times about -50 deg cent when the oil is pumped into aircraft engines in colder regions of the world) and may even cease to flow.
The variation viscosity with temperature is either indicated by viscosity- temperature curves (V-T curves) or measured on an arbitrary scale known as viscosity index. V,I represents the average decrease in viscosity of an oil per deg rise in the temp, between 100 F

and 210 F. the viscosity of oil whose V.I is to be calculated is compared with that of two standard oils having the same viscosity at 210F as the oil under test. One of these reference oils is chosen from a standard set made from Pennsylvania crude (consisting mainly of paraffin's and showing a relatively small decrease in viscosity with rise in temperature) and arbitrarily assigned a V.I of 100. The other is chosen from the standard set made from gulf coast crude and arbitrarily assigned a V.I of zero.
The viscosity for various blends of pongamia oil with kerosene and other oils like Cashew nut shell oil, Jatropha oil, Castor oil, Cotton seed oil, Gingelly oil, sunflower oil is shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5. Fig: 4 Viscosity test for various blends of pongamia oil with kerosene (BO, B10, B15, B20, B25, B30, B50). Fig: 5 Viscosity test for various blends of kerosene with oils of Cashew nut shell oil, Jatropha oil, Castor oil, Cotton seed oil, Gingelly oil, sunflower oil. The viscosity of various blends of bio-fuel compositions of pongamia oil with kerosene is tabulated in Table: 4. Also, the viscosity test for various blends of kerosene with oils of Cashew nut shell oil, Jatropha oil, Castor oil, Cotton seed oil, Gingelly oil, sunflower oil in Table: 5
PROCEDURE:
• Clean the viscometer with the help of a suitable solvent and remove any trace of the solvent.
• Fill the bath with water for determining viscosity.
• Keep the brass ball in position so as to seat the orifice.
• Pour the oil under test carefully into the oil cup up to the tip of the indicator.
• Keep the 50ml flask in position below the jet.
• Insert a thermometer and a stirrer and cover with lid. Keep stirring the water in the bath and oil in the cup and adjust the bath temperature until the oil attains the desired constant temperature.
• When the temperature of the oil has become quite steady in the oil cup and shows a constant reading, lift the ball valves and simultaneously start the stopwatch, allow the oil to fill in the flask up to 50ml mark. Stop the stop watch and note down the time, in seconds.

• Replace the ball valve in position to seal the cup to prevent over flow of the oil.
• Refill the oil up to indicator up of the oil cup. Repeat the experiment to get nearly producible results. Take the mean value as redwoodl viscosity at T 0C= t seconds. This gives the viscosity at room temperature.
• Repeat the experiment at five elevated temperatures and note the respective times taken to collect in the beaker.
Example: 4
FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT
Flash point: This is the minimum temperature at which the vapor above a liquid fuel will
first support a combustion transient or “flash”. The flash point is measured by a standardized
test (ASTM D56) using a small quantity (50 cc) of liquid that is slowly heated (about 1 deg
C/minute) until a flash is observed when an open flame is dipped down into a covered vapor
space.
Fire point: This is the minimum temperature at which the vapor above a liquid fuel will
continuously burn instead of just flashing.
DESCRIPTION
The apparatus consists of a brass cup wit filling mark mounted on an air bath and heated by a
gas flame or electric heaters. A propeller type stirrer is operated by flexible drive that extends from the centre of the cover into the cup. The cover has openings. The temperature of the oil bath is measured by thermometer and the temperature is raised at 5-6 °C. The results obtained in flash point and fire point tests are tabulated in Table: 6.
PROCEDURE:
n Thoroughly clean and dry all parts of the cup and its accessories before starting the test and remove the solvent left if any.
n Support the tester on a level, steady table.
n Fill the cup with the sample to be tested to the level indicated by the filling mark.
n The cover incorporating the stirring device, the thermometer and the flame exposure device is fixed on the top.
n Insert the thermometer, light the test flame.
n The apparatus is heated so that the oil temperature at use increases gradually and the stirrer is continuously rotated for the uniform distribution of heat.

n As the temperature rises the oil is tested for flash point by bringing the fire near the oil.
n This is repeated at frequent intervals of time till the flash on the oil surface is seen and after this the oil catches fire.
n Note down the temperature at which flashes of fire and temperature at which the oil catches fire are seen.
Example: 5
Fuel Consumption Test
For this, the initial weight of the stove with fuel in it was noted. Then the stove was lit and
fuel was allowed to burn off for about 20 minutes. At the end of 20 minutes, the stove was
put off and its weight was noted. The difference in weight gave the amount of fuel burnt as a
function of time. In other words this was the fuel consumption rate.
Example: 6
DETERMINATION OF CALORIFIC VALUE USING BOMB CALORIMETER
BOMB CALORIMETER
The bomb shall have an internal diameter of not less than 55mm and a capacity of 325±25ml. the mass of the bomb shall not exceed 3.25kg. it shall be so constructed that it does not leak and can be easily drained, all the parts enclosing the gas space shall be constructed of materials which are not affected sufficiently by the combustion process, to introduce measurable heat input or alteration of the end products. The electrodes shall made of heat and corrosion resistant materials for e.g. platinum or its alloys, suitable steels or Nickel chrome and so placed when the oil cup is position its base shall be not less than 90mm from the under side of the bomb lid. The closure of the bomb shall be so designed that in normal operation the bomb can be sealed and opened by hand without the use of any tool. The calorimeter bomb seal shall be so designed that after had tightening, an increase of pressure in the bomb will tighten the seal and prevent leakage. After completion each bomb shall be tested under the water pressure of 300bar, which shall be maintained in the bomb for lOmin without leakage. After removal of the test pressure the external of the bomb shall not show increase exceeding 0.1% of diameter measured and thread shall be examined for galling. The calorific value for various blends of pongamia oil and for blends of kerosene with other

varieties of oils like cashew nut shell oil, Jatropha oil, castor oil, cotton seed oil, gingelly or and sunflower oil are shown in Figure 6. Fig: 6 Calorific value for various blends of pongamia oil with kerosene (BO, B10, B15, B20, B25, B30, B50) and other blends of kerosene with oils of Cashew nut shell oil, Jatropha oil, Castor oil, Cotton seed oil, Gingelly oil, sunflower oil. The results obtained in calorific value experimentation for various blends of pongamia oil with kerosene (BO, B10, B15, B20, B25, B30, B50) are tabulated in Table: 7
Procedure to find calorific value of liquid fuel
• A known weight of the biofuels mixture is taken in the given capsule.
• Weigh the capsule, and remove from the balance forceps.
• A Nichrome wire of 15 cm & the cotton thread of 10cm was attached to the capsule to ignition rod ,with the capsule just touching the bottom of the crucible.
• The oxygen sample was coupled with the bomb calorimeter, till the pressure in the bomb rises to 40kg/cm2, with the release valve in the closed position.
• The charged bomb is placed in the calorimeter which is filled with 2000cc of water , the thermometer & the mechanical sitter were switched on when the bomb and the content attain the steady state temperature power was supplied to ignite the fuel.
• The rise in temperature with the time was observed by thermometer & is recorded. The stirrer is kept in motion all the time.
Example: 7
Results and Discussion
In this section, as the name suggests, we present the findings of the experiments carried out. Extensive experiments were carried out, with various blends and different heat loads. During experimentation it was observed, that the efficiency remained tolerable upto a certain percentage of blend and later a steep reduction was observed. This was deduced from the fact that, time taken by the volume of water to attain 70°C was more as compared to the case, when no bio-fuel was used. This led to the conclusion that, use of a Bio-fuel to a limited percentage can be encouraged without any compensation in the efficiency.

The experiments were conducted in three phases. In phase one, experimentation was limited to the usage of pure kerosene (BO) without any mixture or blend of Bio-fuel. The efficiency calculated for this phase was around 50-54%. This marked the culmination of the first phase and the commencement of the second. The second phase comprised of testing of various blends under diverse conditions.
First to be tested among the different blends was the B10 fuel, which is a volumetric mixture of 10% of Bio-fuel (Pongamia Pinnata) with kerosene. By using B10 the fuel consumption test, time taken to heat a known volume of water to 70°C and the evaluation of the Bio-fuel blend properties like finding the Viscosity, Flash Point, fire point, Calorific Value and the Thermal efficiency tests were performed.
All the above experimentation was repeated for the various blends of Bio-fuel with kerosene viz, B15, B20, B25, B30, B50 etc,. It was observed that the
• Viscosity of the blends increased with the increase in the percentage composition of Bio-fuel.
• The Viscosity of individual blends decreased with rise in temperature .
• The Flash Point and Fire Point also increased with the increase in the percentage composition of Bio-fuel.
• The Calorific Value of the fuel decreased with the increase in the percentage composition of Bio-fuel.
• Thermal Efficiency remained tolerable up to a certain percentage of blend and later a steep reduction was observed .
• Blue Flame persisted up to a certain percentage of blend and later gave out Yellow Flame which resulted in soot deposition over the pre-heater and the vessels.
Thus, the second phase of experimentation concluded and the third phase began. This phase was completely devoted to the testing of the Bio-Gas Burner. As there was no much alterations made to the Bio-gas burner, detailed study was not made. Conventional Standard Burners were installed on the stove to make it Dual Burner. The main aim to install a bio-gas burner was to induce the multi-fuel compatibility for the stove. This would be more Advantageous to the Village users who can afford for the bio-gas. This brought us to the end

of the third and final phase of experimentation. Lack of time acted as a constraint and restricted our experimentation to only up to B50 blends. For the benefit of the reader, we have endeavored to show a specimen calculation for all the experiments carried out.
Fuel consumption test;
It was observed that the weight of the setup decreased with increase in time, this was due to the continuous consumption of the fuel for combustion. The difference between the initial and final weights was found to note the amount of fuel consumption for various blends of fuels. The whole experiment was carried out with a constant pressure (25 kg/cm ) maintained in the fuel tank and for constant opening of the needle valve. Fig: 2 provides the graphical representation fuel consumption test for various blends of pongamia oil with kerosene (BO, BIO, B15, B25, B30, B50) and other blends of kerosene with oils of cashew nut shell oil, Jatropha oil, castor oil, cotton seed oil, gingelly oil and sunflower oil. The results of fuel consumption test for various blends of pongamia oil with kerosene are tabulated in Table: 1. Further, the fuel consumption test for various varieties of oil with kerosene having different percentage blends are shown in Table:









Example: 8
THERMAL EFFICIENCY TEST OF VARIOUS BLENDS OF FUEL
SPECIMEN CALCULATION:-
1. LITRE WATER (HEAT LOAD).: For B10 fuel at constant pressure of 25 Kg/cm2 and for constant opening of valve , fuel consumption rate was 32gm of kerosene / 20 minutes. In other words, in 1200 seconds (20 min) 32 gm of kerosene was burnt. Now for B10 fuel the time required for 1 liter of water to attain 70° C was 413 seconds. Therefore amount of kerosene burnt in 413 seconds is

Cp = Specific heat capacity of water = 4186.8 J/kg °C.
And AT = difference in temperature = (Final temp - Room temp) = (70-30) = 40 °C. Therefore the Heat absorbed = Heat output = (1x4186.8x40) = 167472 J. Hence, thermal efficiency for B10 fuel is = (Heat absorbed/Heat Liberated) x 100
= (167472/ 354715.5 )x 100 = 47.2 %.
The results obtained for various blends of bio-fuel composition comprising pongamia oil with kerosene are tabulated in Table: 8. The thermal efficiency for various blends of pongamia oil with kerosene and other blends of kerosene with other varieties of oil are shown in Fig: 7. Thermal efficiency for various blends of pongamia oil with kerosene (B0, B10, B15, B20, B25, B30, B50) and other blends of kerosene with oils of Cashew nut shell oil, Jatropha oil, Castor oil, Cotton seed oil, Gingelly oil, sunflower oil. The results of calorific value and thermal efficiency values for various blends of oils with kerosene are tabulated in Table: 9



INFERENCE:
It was observed from the tables and graphs that the
• viscosity of the blends increased with the increase in the percentage composition of Bio-fuel.
• The Viscosity of individual blends decreased with rise in temperature .
• The Flash Point and Fire Point also increased with the increase in the percentage composition of Bio-fuel.
• The Calorific Value of the fuel decreased with the increase in the percentage composition of Bio-fuel.
• Thermal Efficiency remained tolerable up to B20 blend and later a steep reduction was observed .
• Blue Flame persisted up to a certain percentage of blend and later gave out Yellow Flame which resulted in soot deposition over the pre-heater and the vessels.

CONCLUSIONS :
The conclusion seems clear, we should seek to reduce our vulnerability to a serious shortage of fossil-derived fuels, both oil and gas. Production of bio-fuels would achieve this -supplies coming from the earth's current energy account rather than its capital account. One way is to reduce the use of oil for cooking purposes, such as the use of bio-fuels, biogas and solar radiation for heating and cooking.
A pressure-cooking stove is developed which can be fueled by bio-fuel blended kerosene. Only a small amount of pre heating is needed for start-up. In addition, a new stove prototype was designed which can be built locally at competitive prices in developing countries. Utilization of the bio-fuels in cooking stove has numerous ecological, economical, and sociological benefits, bio-fuels are a sustainable energy source ensuring a sustainable supply of cooking energy. Introduction of the new bio-fuels cooking stove can be readily acceptable to people in tropical and subtropical countries since its operation is similar to the familiar kerosene stoves.
Beside all the plus points scored by the improved stove over the other type of stoves from the point of safety, this stove is found to be much superior in comparison with the air pressurized stove.
Advantages of the Invention
• Due to use of bio-fuels it offers a range of environmental benefits, being biodegradable, renewable.
• produces less local air pollutants than fossil fuels
• generate substantially lower life cycle emissions of greenhouse gases (especially CO2) than fossil fuels .
• have lower toxicity and higher flash points than fossil fuels
We Claim:
1. A bio-fuel composition comprising essentially natural oil, kerosene and optionally along with at least one additive.
2) The bio-fuel composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein said natural oil is a fixed oil selected from a group comprising Pongamia oil, Jatropha oil, Cashew nut shell oil, Cotton seed oil, Castor oil, Gingelly oil and Sunflower oil.
3) The bio-fuel composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein said additive is alcohol.
4) The bio-fuel composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the additives are selected from a group comprising methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol.
5) The bio-fuel composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein said natural oil and additive are used in a concentration ranging from 10-60 % v/v and 0.5 % to 1.5 % v/v.
6) The bio-fuel composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the natural oil and additive are preferably used in a concentration of about 20 % v/v and 1 % v/v.
7) The bio-fuel composition as claimed in claim l, wherein the bio-fuel is having a thermal efficiency ranging from 25.0 % to 55.0 %.
8) The bio-fuel composition as claimed in claim l, wherein said bio-fuel composition preferably with pongamia oil used in an optimum concentration of about 20 % v/v is having a thermal efficiency of 36.6 %.
9) A process for the preparation of bio-fuel composition, wherein said process comprises steps of extraction of oil from plant source, heating and simultaneously mixing the oil with kerosene to obtain the composition.
10) The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein the extraction of oil is carried using mechanical press, oil expeller and mortar and pestle.
11) The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein plant source is selected from a group comprising Pongamia pods, Jatropha seeds, Cashew nut shell, Cotton seed, Castor seed, Gingelly seed and Sunflower seeds.
12) The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein the oil is heated to a temperature ranging between 50° C to 60° C.
13) The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein the oil is heated to a temperature of about 55° C and mixed with kerosene by heating and continuous stirring.

14) The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein the mixture of oil with kerosene is heated to a temperature ranging between 60° C to 70 C.
15) A bio-stove for burning of bio-fuel composition, said bio-stove comprising barostat spring (14) placed inside the preheater (10) to reduce the consumption of the fuel.
16) A bio-stove as claimed in claim 15, wherein said bio-stove comprising

• a storage tank (2) to hold bio-fuel (1) composition with a fuel inlet (12);
• storage tank (2) is provided with a reciprocating pressurizing lever (13);
• a fuel flow line (3) attached to the storage tank (2);
• one end of flow control valve (4) is connected to storage tank (2) and the other end is connected to pressure gauge (5);
• a preheater (10) is provided with a barostat spring (14), a nozzle(15) and a control needle(16) are connected to a fuel flow line (3);
• an expansion chamber (11), a preheater (10) and a rebounding plate (6) constitute a burner assembly; and
• an air flow control valve (7) along with nozzle (8) is provided towards the head of the flame (9).

17) The bio-stove as claimed in claim 15, wherein said barostat spring (14) is a conical coiled spring.
18) The bio-stove as claimed in claim 15, wherein the one end of preheater (10) is connected to the tip of the flow control valve (7) and the nozzle end (8) towards the expansion chamber (11).
19) The bio-stove as claimed in claim 15, wherein said barostat spring (14) prevents the over pressurizing of bio-fuel inside the pre heater (10).
20) The bio-stove as claimed in claim 16, wherein the bio-stove is made up of corrosion resistant material preferably with stainless steel having thickness ranging from 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm.
21) The bio-stove as claimed in claim 16, wherein said storage tank (2) is having a preferable thickness of 2 mm.
22) A method for burning of bio-fuel composition in a bio-stove wherein said method comprises steps of:

• pumping the storage tank (2) to pressurize the bio-fuel (1) using pressurizing lever (13);
• opening the flow control valve (4) to allow the flow of pressurized bio-fuel (1) through the fuel flow line (3), preheater (10), nozzle(15) and into the expansion chamber (11);
• light the bio-stove to heat up the preheater (10) to vaporize the bio-fuel (1);
• dispersion of the vaporized bio-fuel (1) is done by using rebounding plate (6); and
• opening of air enrichment valve (7) to facilitate complete combustion of the dispersion of the vaporized bio-fuel (1).
23) The method as claimed in claim 22, wherein the storage tank (2) is pumped using pressurizing lever (13) to a pressure ranging from 1.5 bars to 2.5 bars and the bio-fuel composition is having a thermal efficiency ranging from 25.0 % to 55.0 %
24) The method as claimed in claim 22, wherein the storage tank (2) is pumped using pressurizing lever (13) to a pressure of about 2.0 bars and the bio-fuel composition preferably with pongamia oil used in an optimum concentration of 20 % v/v is having a thermal efficiency of 36.6 %.
25) A bio-fuel composition, a process for its preparation, a bio-stove and a method of burning of bio-stove are substantially herein described along with the accompanying drawings and examples.


Documents:

2045-CHE-2006 AMANDED CLAIMS 12-01-2010.pdf

2045-che-2006 amanded claims 05-03-2010.pdf

2045-CHE-2006 AMANDED PAGES OF SPECIFICATION 12-01-2010.pdf

2045-CHE-2006 CORRESPONDENCE OTHERS 05-03-2010.pdf

2045-CHE-2006 CORRESPONDENCE OTHERS.pdf

2045-CHE-2006 CORRESPONDENCE PO.pdf

2045-CHE-2006 EXAMINATION REPORT REPLY RECIEVED 12-01-2010.pdf

2045-CHE-2006 FORM 1.pdf

2045-CHE-2006 FORM 18.pdf

2045-CHE-2006 FORM 9.pdf

2045-CHE-2006 POWER OF ATTORNEY.pdf

2045-che-2006-abstract.pdf

2045-che-2006-claims.pdf

2045-che-2006-correspondnece-others.pdf

2045-che-2006-description(complete).pdf

2045-che-2006-drawings.pdf

2045-che-2006-form 1.pdf

2045-che-2006-form 3.pdf

2045-che-2006-form 5.pdf


Patent Number 239957
Indian Patent Application Number 2045/CHE/2006
PG Journal Number 17/2010
Publication Date 23-Apr-2010
Grant Date 15-Apr-2010
Date of Filing 06-Nov-2006
Name of Patentee MR. HARISH KUMAR RAJU
Applicant Address #63, 1ST FLOOR, 4 MAIN, A.D. BLOCK, SRIRAMPURAM, BANGALORE-560021, KARNATAKA, INDIA.
Inventors:
# Inventor's Name Inventor's Address
1 MR. GIRIKUMAR KUMARESH #U. 29, 10TH CROSS, 1ST MAIN CHAMARAJPET, BANGALORE-560018, KARNATAKA, INDIA
2 MR. PETER MARTIN JEBARAJ 306, 7TH MAIN ROAD, LAKKASANDRA EXTN, BANGALORE-560030, KARNATAKA, INDIA
3 MR. HARISH KUMAR RAJU #63, 1ST FLOOR, 4 MAIN, A.D. BLOCK, SRIRAMPURAM, BANGALORE-560021, KARNATAKA, INDIA.
PCT International Classification Number C10L01/00
PCT International Application Number N/A
PCT International Filing date
PCT Conventions:
# PCT Application Number Date of Convention Priority Country
1 NA