Title of Invention	METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR IMPORVING A SEARCH RANKING USING RELATED QUERIES
Abstract	Systems and methods that improve search rankings for a search query by using data associated with queries related to the search query are described. In one aspect, a search query is received, a related query related to the search query is determined, an article (such as a web page) associated with the search query is determined, and a ranking score for the article based at least in part on data associated with the related query is determined. Several algorithms and types of data associated with related queries useful in carrying out such systems and methods are described.

Title of Invention

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR IMPORVING A SEARCH RANKING USING RELATED QUERIES

Abstract

Systems and methods that improve search rankings for a search query by using data associated with queries related to the search query are described. In one aspect, a search query is received, a related query related to the search query is determined, an article (such as a web page) associated with the search query is determined, and a ranking score for the article based at least in part on data associated with the related query is determined. Several algorithms and types of data associated with related queries useful in carrying out such systems and methods are described.

Full Text	METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR IMPROVING A SEARCH RANKING USING RELATED QUERIES FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention generally relates to search engines- More particularly, the invention relates to methods and systems for improving a search ranking using related queries. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Conventional search engines operating in a networked computer environment such as the World Wide Web or in an individual computer can provide search results in response to entry of a user's search query. In many instances, the search results are ranked in accordance with the search engine's scoring or ranking system or method. For example, conventional search engines score or rank documents of a search result for a particular query based on the contents of the documents, such as on the number of times a keyword or particular word or phrase appears in each document in the search results. Documents include, for example, web pages of various formats, such as HTML, XML, XHTML; Portable Document Format (PDF) files; and word processor and application program document files. Other search engines base scoring or ranking on more than the content of the document. For example, one known method, described in an article entitled "The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Search Engine," by Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page, assigns a degree of importance to a document, such as a web page, based on the link structure of the web page. Other conventional methods involve selling a higher score or rank in search results for a particular query to third parties that want to attract users or customers to their websites. In some instances, a user of a search engine may enter an obscure or infrequently used search query. In response to such queries, conventional search engines can return unreliable search results since there is relatively little data to rank or score search results for the search query. If an Internet search engine returns more than one search result in response to a search query, the search results may be displayed as a list of links to the documents associated with the search results. A user may browse and visit a website associated with one or more of the search results to evaluate whether the website is relevant to the user's search query. For example, a user may manipulate a mouse or another input device and "click" on a link to a particular search result to view a website associated with the search result. In many instances, the user will browse and visit several websites provided in the search result, clicking on links associated with each of the several websites to access various websites associated with the search results before locating useful or relevant information to address the user's search query. If the user is not satisfied with the initial search results, the user may decide to change or modify the search query to a second, typically-related query and obtain a new or similar set of search results. After inputting the second query and receiving new search results, the user may manipulate a mouse or another input device and "click" on a link to a particular search result to view a website associated with the search result. As before, the user may browse and visit several websites associated with the search results relumed for the second query by "clicking" on links associated with the websites returned in the search results. Clicking on multiple links to multiple websites associated with a single set of search results can be time consuming. It is desirable to improve the ranking algorithm used by search engines and to therefore provide users with better search results. SUMMARY Embodiments of the present invention comprise systems and methods that improve search rankings for a search query by using data associated with queries related to the search query. One aspect of an embodiment of the present invention comprises receiving a search query, and determining one or more related queries related to the search query. Such related queries may be defined and determined in a variety of ways. Another aspect of an embodiment of the present invention comprises determining an article (such as a web page) associated with the search query, and determining a ranking score for the article based at least in part on data associated with the related query. Such related query data may include one or more of a variety of data associated with the related query. Also, a variety of algorithms using related query data may be applied in such systems and methods. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention are better understood when the following Detailed Description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 illustrates a flow diagram of a method in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 illustrates a flow diagram of a subroutine of the method shown in FIG. 2; and FIG. 4 illustrates a flow diagram of a subroutine of the subroutine shown in FIG. 3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS The present invention comprises methods and systems for improving a search ranking by using related query data. Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of the invention as illustrated in the text and accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers are used throughout the drawings and the following description to refer to the same or like parts. Various systems in accordance with the present invention may be constructed. FIG. I is a diagram illustrating an exemplary system in which exemplary embodiments of the present invention may operate. The present invention may operate, and be embodied in, other systems as well. The system 100 shown in FIG. 1 includes multiple client devices 102a-n, a server device 104, and a network 106. The network 106 shown includes the Internet. In other embodiments, other networks, such as an intranet may be used. Moreover, methods according to the present invention may operate in a single computer. The client devices 102a-n shown each include a computer-readable medium, such as a random access memory (RAM) 108, in the embodiment shown coupled to a processor 110. The processor 110 executes a set of computer-executable program instructions stored in memory 108. Such processors may include a microprocessor, an ASIC, and state machines. Such processors include, or may be in communication with, media, for example computer-readable media, which stores instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform the steps described herein. Embodiments of computer- readable media include, but are not limited to, an electronic, optical, magnetic, or other storage or transmission device capable of providing a processor, such as the processor in communication with a touch-sensitive input device, with computer-readable instructions. Other examples of suitable media include, but are not limited to, a floppy disk, CD-ROM, magnetic disk, memory chip, ROM, RAM, an ASIC, a configured processor, all optical media, all magnetic tape or other magnetic media, or any other medium from which a computer processor can read instructions. Also, various other forms of computer-readable media may transmit or cany instructions to a computer, including a router, private or public network, or other transmission device or channel, both wired and wireless. The instructions may comprise code from any computer-programming language, including, for example, C, C++, C#, Visual Basic, Java, and JavaScript. Client devices 102a-a may also include a number of external or internal devices such as a mouse, a CD-ROM, a keyboard, a display, or other input or output devices. Examples of client devices 102a-n are personal computers, digital assistants, personal digital assistants, cellular phones, mobile phones, smart phones, pagers, digital tablets, laptop computers, a processor- based device and similar types of systems and devices. In general, a client device 102a-n may be any type of processor-based platform connected to a network 106 and that interacts with one or more application programs. The client devices 102a-n shown include personal computers executing a browser application program such as Internet Explorer'"", version 6.0 from Microsoft Corporation, Netscape Navigator"", version 7.1 from Netscape Communications Corporation, and Safari™, version 1.0 from Apple Computer. Through the client devices 102a-D, users 112a-n can communicate over the network 106 with each other and with other systems and devices coupled to the network 106. As shown in FIG. 1, a server device 104 is also coupled to the network 106. In the embodiment shown, a user 112a-n can generate a search query 114 at a client device 102a-n to transmit to the server device 104 via the network 106. For example, a user 112a types a textual search query into a query field of a web page of a search engine displayed on the client device 102a, which is then transmitted via the network 106 to the server device 104. In the embodiment shown, a user 112a-n inputs a search query 114 at a client device 102a-n which transmits an associated search query signal 126 reflecting the search query 114 to the server device 104. The server device 104 shown includes a server executing a search engine application program such as the GoogleTM search engine. Similar to the client devices 102a-n, the server device 104 shown includes a processor 116 coupled to a computer readable memory 118. Server device 104, depicted as a single computer system, may be implemented as a network of computer processors. Examples of a server devices 104 are servers, mainframe computers, networked computers, a processor-based device and similar types of systems and devices. Client processors 110 and the server processor 116 can be any of a number of well known computer processors, such as processors from Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, California and Motorola Corporation of Schaumburg, Illinois. Memory 118 contains the search engine application program, also known as a search engine 124. The search engine 124 locates relevant information in response to a search query 114 from a user 112a-n. The server device 104, or related device, has previously performed a search of the network 106 to locate articles, such as web pages, stored at other devices or systems connected to the network 106, and indexed the articles in memory 118 or another data storage device. Articles include, documents, for example, web pages of various formats, such as HTML, XML, XHTML, Portable Document Format (PDF) files, and word processor, database, and application program document files, audio, video, or any other information of any type whatsoever made available on a network (such as the Internet), a personal computer, or other computing or storage means. The embodiments described herein are described generally in relation to documents, but embodiments may operate on any type of article. The search engine 124 responds to the associated search query signal 126 reflecting the search query 114 by returning a set of relevant information or search results 132 to client device ]02a-n from which the search query 114 originated. The search engine 124 shown includes a document locator 134, a ranking processor 136, and a related query processor 138. In the embodiment shown, each comprises computer code residing in the memory 118. The document locator 134 identifies a set of documents that are responsive to the search query 114 from a user 112a. In the embodiment shown, this is accomplished by accessing an index of documents, indexed in accordance with potential search queries or search terms. The ranking processor 136 ranks or scores the search result 132 including the located set of web pages or documents based upon relevance to a search query 114 and / or any other criteria. The related query processor 138 determines or otherwise measures a quality signal such as a related query signal 128 that reflects or otherwise corresponds to relevance of one or more web pages or documents in the located set of the search results 132. Note that other functions and characteristics of the document locator 134, ranking processor 136, and related query processor 138 are further described below. Server device 104 also provides access to other storage elements, such as a related query data storage element, in the example shown a related query database 120, and a selection data storage element, in the example shown a selection data database 122. The specific selection database shown is a clickthrough database, but any selection data storage element may be used. Data storage elements may include any one or combination of methods for storing data, including without limitation, arrays, hashtables, lists, and pairs. Other similar types of data storage devices can be accessed by the server device 104. The related query database 120 stores data associated with relationships between a search query 114 and other search queries. A relationship between one or more search queries may be based upon a predetermined set of rules. The search engine 124 determines relationships or otherwise executes a set of instructions to determine relationships between search queries, and stores relationship-type data in the related query database 120. Alternatively, the related query processor 138 determines relationships or otherwise executes a set of instructions to determine relationships between search queries, and stores relationship'type data in the related query database 120. It should be noted that the present invention may comprise systems having different architecture than that which is shown in FIG. I. For example, in some systems according to the present invention, the related query database 120 and processor 138 may not be part of the search engine 124, and may carry out modification of selection data (such as click counts) or other operations offline. Also, in other embodiments, the related query processor 138 may affect the output of the document locator 134 or other system. The system 100 shown in FIG. 1 is merely exemplary, and is used to explain the exemplary methods shown in FIGS. 2-4. In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the related query database 120 and clickthrough database 122 contain data gathered and stored prior to carrying out the example method of the present invention as shown in FIGs. 2-4. Still referring to FIG. 1, the related query processor 138 shown determines a relationship between two search queries by recording and analyzing, for example, the proximity of one search query to another search query. For example, when a user 112a types in a first search query such as "infinity auto" and then inputs a second search query such as "infiniti" immediately afterward, the related query processor 138 may define a relationship between the first search query and the second search query. In this example, the relationship or proximity between search queries would be defined as "back-to- back" or consecutive. Thus, for the query "infinity auto," relationships to queries "infiniti," "luxury car," "quality luxury car," and "Japanese quality luxury car" may be defined if a user 112a inputs these queries immediately following the initial query "infinity auto." Other types of relationships or proximities can be defined according to the invention and stored by the related query database 120. As another example, the related queiy database 120 can store information that the relationship between the first search queiy "infinity auto" and the second search query "infiniti" should be stronger or otherwise weighted heavier than the relationship between the first search query and a third search query "luxury car." In this example, a determination can be made to weight the relationship between the first search and second search query heavier than the relationship between the first search and third search query so that improved search results for subsequent search queries can be obtained from related queries. Types of weighting can include the number of times two search queries are input "back-to-back," or the proximity in time that two search queries are input. Other types of weighting or similar, relationship-type data can be defined by the invention and stored by the stored by a related query database 120. The related query database 120 shown includes a list of related queries for a particular query. For example, for the search query "infinity auto," four related queries may be stored and associated with the search query "infinity auto." These related queries can be "infiniti," "luxury car," "quality luxury car," and "Japanese quality luxury car." This number of related queries is used for example purposes. In other embodiments, the number of related queries can be greater or fewer. The clickthrough database 122 shown stores data associated with users' selection of a search result 132 from a search engine 124, such as from a list of documents located in response to a search query 114. For example, a user 112a enters an input at a client device 102a-Q, such as manipulating a mouse or another input device to click on one or more URLs associated with web pages or documents of a search result 132. A user "click" is generated by the user's selection of a document located in the search result 132. This "click" on a document is stored in the clickthrough database 122 as a selection associated with the document's presence in a search result returned for a particular search query. Many other such related query lists, associated with other queries, may be stored there as well. User clicks are generally referred to as "clickthrough" data. In the embodiment shown, the search engine 124 measures and stores the clickthrough data as well as other data related to each of the documents located in the search result 132. Clickthrough data is generally an indicator of quality in a search result. Quality signals or clickthrough data can include, but is not limited to, whether a particular URL or document is clicked by a particular user; how often a URL, document, or web page is clicked by one or more users; and how often a particular user clicks on specific documents or web pages. Other types of quality signals similar to clickthrough data, such as user inputs or observational type data, can be stored by a clickthrough database 122 or similar data storage devices. Other data related to documents located in a search result 132 that can be stored in a clickthrough database 122 or other data storage device can include, but is not limited to, how often a particular URL, document, or web page is shown in response to a search query 114; how many times a particular search query 114 is asked by users 112a-n; the age or time a particular document has been posted on a network 106, and identity of a source of a particular document on a network 106. In the embodiment shown in FIG. I, the server 104 is in communication with the related query database 120 and the clickthrough database 122. The server 104 carries out a process by which the data in the two databases 120,122 are used to improve the search results provided in response to a search query 114 from a user II 2a. Various methods in accordance with the present invention may be carried out. One exemplary method according to the present invention comprises receiving a search query, determining a related query related to the search query, determining an article associated with the search query, and determining a ranking score for the article based at least in part on data associated with the related query. The related query may be related to the search query in any way, and determined to be related in any way. Examples of related queries include having been input as consecutive search queries by users previously (whether once or multiple times), queries input by a user within a defmed time range (e.g., 30 minutes), a misspelling relationship, a numerical relationship, a mathematical relationship, a translation relationship, a synonym, antonym, or acronym relationship, or other human-conceived or human-designated association, and any computer- or algorithm-determined relationship, but the invention is not limited to any particular relationship. The related query data may comprise one or more of a variety of data associated with a related query in any way. Examples of related query data include a selection score for an article when associated with a related query (such as, for example, the number of times the article has been "clicked" when returned in search results in response to a search for the related query), a second selection score for a second article associated with the related query, and a total selection score for a plurality of articles associated with the first related query (such as, for example, the total number of clickthroughs for all or a defmed number of articles when returned in search results for the related query). Other examples include the number of times the related query has been the subject of a search, the number of times search results for the related query have been shown to users, the number of times search results for the related query have included the first article, and the number of times search results for the related query shown have included the first article. Any data associated with the related query may be included in related query data, and these are merely examples. In some embodiments, determining an article associated with the search query may comprise determining that the article is associated with both the search query and the related query (for example, the article may be returned in search results for both the search query and the related query). In such an embodiment or other embodiments, a selection score for the article when associated with the related query may be determined, and determining the ranking score for the first article may comprise detennining the ranking score for the article based at least in part on the selection score. In one embodiment, it is determined that the article is associated with both the search query and with the first related query by determining an initial search result for the search quety, the initial search result comprising the article, and determining that a search result for the related query comprises the article as well. In some embodiments, the article comprises a representation of the first article, such as a uniform resource locator. Further, in some embodiments, detennining the ranking score for the article comprises determining a number of times the article was selected when presented in search results for the related query. This may be accomplished in any fashion. One example is by detennining a number of clickthroughs for the article when presented in search results for the related query. In some embodiments, a ranking score for an article is determined. This may be accomplished in any fashion. In one embodiment, a mathematical function or algorithm may be used. One or more variables may be used in the function, including those associated with related queries and other variables. One example of determining a ranking score for an article comprises determining an initial ranking score for the article when associated with the search query, and calculating a mathematical function comprising the initial ranking score and the selection score. This mathematical function may be any of a variety of fimctions or algorithms. One such function comprises combining the initial ranking score and the selection score, weighted with at least one weighting factor. Other such functions comprise combining the initial ranking score and the selection score, normalized with at least one normalization factor. Again, these are only examples, and a variety of functions may be used. In some embodiments, articles are ranked in relation to other articles based at least in part on related query data. For example, in one method a second article associated with the search query is determined, and a ranking score for the second article is determined based at least in part on data associated with the first related query. The first article and the second article are then ranked based at least in part on the first ranking score and the second ranking score. A search result for the search query having the first article and the second article ranked according at least in part to the first ranking score and the second ranking score may then be provided. In some embodiments, a second related query related to the search query is determined, and the first ranking score for the first article is further based at least in part on data associated with the second related query. Data associated with one or more related queries may be used to score and rank articles and provide search results. These exemplary aspects of embodiments of the present invention may be repeated or iterated to improve search results. FIGS. 2-4 illustrate an exemplary method 200 in accordance with the present invention in detail. This exemplary method is provided by way of example, as there are a variety of ways to carry out methods according to the present invention. The method 200 shown in FIG. 2 can be executed or otherwise performed by any of various systems. The method 200 is described below as carried out by the system 100 shown in FIG. 1 by way of example, and various elements of the system 100 are referenced in explaining the example method of FIGs. 2-4. The method 200 shown provides an improvement of a search ranking using clickthrough data and related queries. Each block shown in FIGs. 2-4 represents one or more steps carried out in the exemplary method 200. Referring to FIG. 2, in block 202, the example method 200 begins. Block 202 is followed by block 204, in which a related query database 120 is provided. This may be accomplished by, for example, constructing such a database or establishing communication with such a database. As described with reference to FIG. 1, the related query database 120 stores relationship-type data between a search query J14 and other search queries. Block 204 is followed by block 206, in which a selection data database, in this case a clickthrough database, is provided. This may be accomplished by, for example, constructing such a database or establishing communication with such a database. As described with reference to FIG. 1, the clickthrough database 122 stores data associated with users' clicks or inputs to a search result 132 provided by the search engine 124, such as a list of documents, such as web pages, provided in response to a search query 114 from a user 112a. Block 206 is followed by block 208, in which a search query, in the form of a search query signal, is received by the server. In the embodiment shown, a user 112a generates a search query 114 at a client device 102a. Tlie client device 102 transmits an associated search query signal 126 reflecting the search query 114 to the server device 104 via a network 106. The search engine 124 receives the search query signal 126 and processes the search query 114. For example, if the user 112a types a search query "infinity auto" into the search or query field of a search page on a browser application program, the client 102a transmits a search query signal 126 that includes the text "infinity auto" or some other representation or indication of "infinity auto." The search engine 124 receives the signal 126 and detenmines that "infinity auto" is the desired search query 114. Block 208 is followed by block 210, in which article data, in the case shown, document data, is determined and received. In this block 210 in the embodiment shown, the search engine 124 conducts a search for relevant documents in a search database (not shown) or memory 118 that have previously been indexed from the network 106. The search engine 124 receives document data fi-om the search database or memory 118 in response to the search query signal 126 reflecting the search query 114 from the user 112a. The document data is also referred to as the initial search result for the search query 114. Document data can include, but is not limited to, a universal resource locator (URL) that provides a link to a document, web page, or to a location from which a document or web page can be retrieved or otherwise accessed by the user 112 via the network 106. Note that document data is sometimes referred to as a "document" throughout the text of the specification. Alternatively, the document locator 134 obtains or otherwise receives document data in response to a search query signal 126 reflecting a search query 114. For example, in block 210 shown, the search engine 124 shown would determine a list of documents responsive to the search query "infmity auto." This list of documents would comprise the determined document data. For example, this initial search result list for "infinity auto" could comprise a list of 15 documents. In the embodiment shown, this initial determination of document data may be by means of a conventional search engine query and results return. Block 210 is followed by block 212, in which related query data is determined. In the embodiment shown, related query data is determined for each document in the initial search result for the search query by calculating a related query signal. In response to each document located in the initial search result, the search engine 124 generates a related query signal 128 for each particular document using a related signal query function. For example, in the embodiment shown, the related query processor 138 receives the initial search result. A related query signal function reflects a score for a document that includes data associated with at least one query related to the search query. The related query signal function, in this case a set of instructions processed by the related query processor 138 shown, determines a weighted value for each document in the initial search result depending upon the number of times other users have previously clicked or otherwise selected the particular document as a part of the initial search result, and upon the number of times other users have previously clicked or otherwise selected the particular document as part of search results for other queries related to the search query. A document that is selected a greater number of times may have a heavier weighted value generated than a document selected a fewer number of times. Note that other signals 130 can be generated for each document or web page based upon other inputs or observational data that could be stored in the related query database 120 and/or the clickthrough database 122, or another data storage device. Any one or more of a variety of related query signal functions may be implemented by various embodiments of the invention. Examples of variables that may be included in a related query signal function include, without limitation, one ore more of the foUowing: a total selection score for a related query q'l, (e.g.., the total number of clicks on all documents shown in response to the related query q'i), denoted NU(q'i) an instance score for related query q'j was shown (e.g., the number of times related query q'j was received from users and/or the number of times search results for related query q'j were shown over a defined time period), denoted S(q'j) a selection score for document d (e.g., number of clicks on document d) for a related query qi, denoted #(d, qj) a number of times related query q'j and document d were shown together, denoted S(d, q'i) a selection score for document d for a related query q', in the context of query q, denoted #(d,q.,q) a total selection score for related query q'j (e.g., number of clicks on all documents returned for related query q'i) in the context of query q, denoted #(q'i, q) a number of times related query q'j was shown in the context of query q, denoted S(qi, q) a number of times related query q'i and document d were shown in the context of query q (in the context of query q means, for example, when there is an indication that the user was looking for query q, e.g., a user first input query q and then input query q'j as a search query, or when the user input query q or a query containing the input query q a defmed time period - such as 30 minutes - before or after inputting related query q'j), denoted S(d, q'j, q) one or more blending factors that reflects, for example, trust in relevance and importance of the related queries, denoted A and X; an initial selection score for document i (e.g., the number of clicks on document i made when the document is returned in search results for the search query), denoted # Initial a selected or calculated weight of relationship between the search query q and related query q'm, denoted W^ a normalization factor that reflects, for example, how often a particular related query q'n, is asked, denoted and Norm_q'm; and one or more other ranking factors or scores, based on related queries, the article under consideration, and/or other factors. There are a variety of other variables that may be included, and these are only examples. Moreover, these and other variables may be limited or defmed by a designated time period, a designated number of users, the number of users who refined their query from q to q'j (e.g., the number who input a related query q'j after inputting a query q), by all those who input the query q'j, or by other limitations or refinements. Variables, limitations, definitions, or other data associated with related queries are referred to generally as related query data. An example of such a limitation is as follows: 1000 people input the search query "infiniti" in a search engine over a defined time period (such as one day), but only 20 people may have first input "infinity" and then input "infiniti." So, if we are given the original query "infinity," the term S(infiniti) could be set to 1000 or 20 in the related query function, as desired. Examples of related queiy signal iunctions, designated as (1) - (6), are discussed briefly below. A first example (1) of a related queiy function is as follows: wherein "M" is the total number of related queries for examination (in the embodiment shown, it is the number returned in the initial determined document data for the search query); "# Totali" is the score calculated for document "i," (in the embodiment shown, it is the total number of user clicks on document "i" after counting clicks on the same document "i" when shown in search results for related queries (q'l + q'2+- ••q'm). and weighed and normalized as desired); "A" is a blending factor that reflects trust in relevance and importance of the related queries (q'l+ q'2+...q'm); "# Initial;' is an initial selection score for document "i" (in the embodiment shown, it is the number of clicks on document "i" made when the document is returned in search results for the search query (not counting clicks on related queries (q'l + q'a+.-.q'm))); "W„" is the weight of relationship between the search query "q" and related query "q'm"; "# q'm" is the number of clicks on a related query "q'm"; and "Norm_q'n," is a normalization factor that reflects how often a particular related queiy "q'm" is asked. A second example (2) of a related query function illustrates the use of other selection data including the number of times a particular query is shown to users, "S(q);" the number of times a particular document for a related query was shown to users, "S(q'm,d);" the number of clicks on a search query. "#q;" the number of clicks on a particular document for a related query, "#(q'ni.d)," squared; and a weighting factor "W^". It is as follows: "#q" is the number of clicks on search query "q;" "S(q)" is the number of times a search query "q" was shown to users; "#{q, d)" is the number of clicks on a particular document "d" for search query "q;" "#(q'm,d)" is the number of clicks on a particular document "d" for related query "q'm;"; and "S(q'm.d)" is the number of times a particular document for related query "q'm" was shown to users. Other variables are the same as described in relation to the first example (]). A third example (3) of a related query function illustrates the use of various types of selection data with a weighting factor "Wm". It is as follows: The variables in the related query function (3) are the same as described in relation to examples (1) and (2). A fourth example (4) of a related query function illustrates the use of other types of selection data, such as the number of clicks on a particular document for a search query, "^q, dj)" with a weighting factor "Wn," and a blending factor "X." It is as follows: "X" is a blending factor that reflects trust in relevance and importance of the related queries (q'i + q'2+...q'm). The other variables in the related query function (4) are the same as described in relation to examples (1) and (2). A fifth example of a related query function illustrates the use of various types of selection data with a weighting factor "Wn," and a blending factor "X." It is as follows: The variables in the related query function (S) are the same as described in relation to examples discussed above. A sixth example of a related query function illustrates the use of a ranking score previously generated by the search engine for all queries, "Score (q, d);" and a ranking score previously generated by the search engine for a particular document "d" in all related queries, "Score (q'm.d);" with various types of selection data such as the number of times a particular query is shown to users, "S(q);" and a weighting factor "Wm." An embodiment of this function may, in addition to using selection (such as clickthrough) information, use the score generated by a search engine on articles for related queries. For example, the function may use selection information combined with information on how well the article scores against the related query. It is as follows: "S(q)" is the number of times a search query "q" was shown to users; "Score (q, d)" is a ranking score previously generated by the search engine for all queries, or can be a score that represents how well a document "d" is believed to match query "q" based on one or more factors, such as textual factors; "Score (q'm.d)" is a ranking score previously generated by the search engine for a particular document "d" in all related queries (q'l + q'2+...q'm). or can be a score that represents how well a document "d" is believed to match related query "q'm" based on one or more factors. The other variables in the related query function (6) are the same as described in relation to the examples discussed above. For purposes of illustration, the algorithm from example (1) is embodied in the example embodiment shown in FIGs. 2-4. Other algorithms besides the examples shown in (l)-(6) may be used in accordance with the present invention, and algorithms (l)-(6) are provided to illustrate examples. Such other algorithms may contain some, all, or none of the variables shown in (1)- (6). FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a subroutine 212 for carrying out the method 200 shown in FIG. 2 in accordance with example (1). The subroutine 212 provides a related query signal 128 for each document received in an initial search result 132. An example of subroutine 212 is as follows. The subroutine 212 begins at block 300. At block 300, a counter associated with the search engine 124 is set to a value such as "1." For example, the related query processor 138 can set a variable "i" in an associated memory 118 to an initial value of "1." The counter or variable "i" counts the number of documents that are processed by the subroutine 212, and the current value of "i" reflects which document in the list of documents in the document data is under operation. Block 300 is followed by block 302, in which the number of queries related to the search query is determined. The search engine 124 calls to the related query database 120 for the number of queries related to a particular query. For example, the related query processor 138 retrieves data from the related query database 120 associated with the number of queries related to a particular query. This type of data includes any relationship data as described in block 204 or other relationship-type data stored in the related query database 120 or other data storage device. By way of example, the number of related queries can be characterized by the variable "M." If the related query processor 138 determines that there are four related queries for a particular query 114, the variable "M" may be set at a value of "4," and the related queries may be designated as follows: q'l, q'2, q'3, and q'4. Thus, for the query "infinity auto," if relationships to queries "infiniti," "luxury car," "quality luxury car," and "Japanese quality luxury car" have been previously defined and stored for the query "infinity auto," the related query processor 138 obtains the number of related queries from the related query database 120, _ n this instance "4." Moreover, q'l = "infmiti," q'2 = "luxury car," q'3 = "quality luxury car," and q'4 = "Japanese quality luxury car." In other embodiments, the set of M related queries to be analyzed may be a subset of the total number of recognized related queries; for example, a query may be determined to have 100 related queries, but only the top 20 related queries (as determined according to, for example, the weight of relationship between the particular query and the related query, or by any other means) may be used. Block 302 is followed by block 304, in which a number of documents is determined. In block 210, the server 104 received document data associated with the search query 114. Among the data determined was the total number of documents in the list of documents responsive to the search query. This number of documents is characterized by (and is set as) the variable "N." For example, as mentioned earlier, a search result for the search query "infmity auto" could have 15 documents, and the server 104 would set "N" to a value of "15." Note that in alternative embodiments, any total number of documents for a search query that has been defmed or otherwise stored by the related query database 120 or another data storage device for a particular query can be transmitted to, or otherwise determined by the search engine 124 or related query processor 138. Further note that the number of documents for each search result for a particular search query can depend upon the relationship-type data previously stored in the related query database 120 as well as clickthrough data stored in the clickthrough database 122, or on other similar types of data stored in other data storage devices. Block 304 is followed by block 306, in which a sum of weighted related query click data for a particular document over all related queries is determined. In the embodiment shown, the search engine 124 determines a sum of weighted related query click data for a particular document over all related queries such as a weighted value that describes the total number of clicks on documents associated with all documents associated with related queries. For example, the related query processor 138 determines a sum which reflects some or all user clicks on a document when returned in response to prior searches for the related queries. The sum can then be applied by the search engine 124 or related query processor 138 to a related query signal function or to set of computer-executable instructions. FIG. 4 illustrates an example of subroutine 306 shown in FIG. 3. The subroutine 306 provides a sum of weighted related query click data for a particular document over all related queries. This embodiment of subroutine 306 begins at block 400. At block 400, a counter associated with the search engine 124 is initialized to the value of "1." For example, a variable "j" in memory 118 can be initially set to the value of "1." The counter or variable "j" counts the number of related queries that have been processed by the subroutine 306. Block 400 is followed by block 402, in which a normalization factor is determined. The normalization factor is a reflection of how often a particular related query is asked or otherwise input by users 112. In the embodiment shown, the search engine 124 determines a normalization factor that describes how often a particular query is asked by users. For example, the related query processor 138 retrieves clickthrough data from the clic^through database 122. The related query processor 138 then applies a predetermined equation or set of computer-executable instructions to some or all of the clickthrough data to define a normalization factor for each related query. Note that normalization factors are parameters that can be set either manually or in some automated fashion from the data. For example, the normalization factor could be the sum of the weighting factors for each respective variable "M." A normalization factor for each related query, q'l, q'z,... q'm, can be defined as Norm_q'i,Norm_q'2,... Norm_q'm, respectively, as shown in the related query signal function above in subroutine 212. Thus, as applied to the prior example for the query "infinity auto," the related query processor 138 can define a normalization factor, Norm_q'i.Norm_q'2, Norm_q'3, Norm_q'4, respectively, for each previously identified related queries "infiniti," "luxury car," "quality luxury car," and "Japanese quality luxury car." These normalization factors could then be applied to the related query signal function shown above in subroutine 212. Block 402 is followed by block 404, in which a number of selections, in this case clicks, is determined for the current document of interest (document "i") for a related query (related query "j"). The search engine 124 determines the number of clicks for document "i" when document "i" is returned in search results for query "j." For example, the related query processor 138 accesses clickthrough data stored by the clickthrough database 122 or other data storage devices. In some embodiments, this clickthrough data is weighted by the number of times a selection option for the document was displayed to users in response to the query (i.e., realization of clickthrough as a percentage based on the number of displays to the user). The related query processor 138 applies a predetermined equation or set of computer-executable instructions to some or all of the clickthrough data to determine the number of clicks for a particular document for a related query. For example, for the query "infinity auto," it was determined that as described above that related query q'l is "infiniti." In block 404, the search engine determines the number of clicks made by other users over a defined time with the document of interest (document "i") when that document (document "i") is returned in response to the search query "infiniti." Block 404 is followed by block 406, in which a weight of a relationship between the search query and a related query is determined. The search engine 124 determines the weight of a relationship between a present query and a related query. For example, the related query processor 138 accesses the related query database 120 or other data storage device to retrieve .elationship data. Using a predetermined equation or set of computer-executable instructions, the related query processor 138 determines the weight of a relationship between a present query and a related query. If weighting values or scores for related queries have previously been stored in the related query database 120, the related query processor 138 retrieves the weighting values or scores for related queries. For example, the related query database 120 may indicate that the relationship between a first query "infinity auto" and a second query "infiniti" should be stronger than the relationship between the first query and a third query "luxury car." In this example, a determination can be made to weight the relationship between the first and second query heavier than the relationship between the first and third query so that improved search results can be obtained from related queries. In the embodiment shown, the weight of a relationship between a present query and a related query is represented by Wi, W2, ... Wn, in the related query signal function of subroutine 212. Thus, as applied to the prior example for the query "infinity auto," the related query processor 138 can define a weight for the relationship between the query "infinity auto" and each of the previously identified related queries "infiniti," "luxury car," "quality luxury car," and "Japanese quality luxury car." The weight of the relationship for each related queries would then be represented in the related query signal function above in subroutine 212 as Wi, W2, W3, W4, respectively. Thus, when j = "1," the search engine determines the weight of the relationship, W\|, between "infinity auto" and "infiniti;" when j = "2," the search engine determines W2 between "infinity auto" and "luxury car;" when j = "3," the search engine determines W3 between "infinity auto" and "quality luxury car;" and when j = "4," the search engine determines W4 between "infinity auto" and "Japanese quality luxury car." In this and other examples, weighting of the relationship can be based on proximity between a search query and related queries, the number of times two queries are input "back-to- back," or the proximity in time that two queries are input. Other weighting factors can be defined in a predetermined set of rules as described above with respect to the related query database 120. Block 406 is followed by block 408, in which weighted related query data is determined. The search engine 124 determines weighted query data using one or more predetermined factors. For example, the related query processor 138 utilizes the normalization factor, the number of clicks for a particular document for a related query, and the weight of relationship between a present query and a related query to determine weighted related query data. As applied to the prior example for the query "infinity auto," the related query processor 138 processes a respective normalization factor (Norm_q'i) for a first related query "infiniti," a number of clicks for a particular document for the related query "infiniti" (#q'i), and a weight of relationship between the query "infinity auto" and "infiniti" (Wi) to determine a value for weighting the related query data for the particular related query "infiniti." Other values for weighting the related query data for the other related queries "luxury car," "quality luxury car," and "Japanese quality luxury car" can be similarly processed with each related queries' respective factors and components as described in blocks 402-404. In the embodiment shown, the weight (W\|) of the relationship between "infinity auto" and "infiniti" is multiplied by the number of clicks (#q*i) on document "i" for the related inquiry "infiniti," and then the result is divided by the normalization factor (Norm_q' i) to determine a value representing the weighted related query data for a document "i." Block 408 is followed by decision block 410, in which a decision is made whether all of the related queries associated with the search query have been processed. The search engine 124 compares the counter or variable "j" initially set at a value of "1" in block 400 to the variable "M," which has been set to a value according to the number of related queries (M = 4 in the example under discussion). If all the related queries have been processed, then the "YES" branch is followed to block 412. In some embodiments, this variable "M" may be assigned a maximum, e.g. 1000. In block 412, the subroutine 308 ends. If, however, in decision block 410, not all of the related queries have been processed or a set maximum has been reached, then the "NO" branch is followed to block 414. In block 414, a counter is incremented to the next value to track the number of related queries that have been processed. For example, the counter or variable "j" initially set at a value of "1" is incremented to a next value of "2." The subroutine 308 then returns to block 404 to process in relation to the next related query (q'2). Subsequent related queries are processed by blocks 404-408, and the counter at block 414 is incremented, and the process 404-408 repeated, until all of the related queries are processed. Thus, in the example provided previously for the search query "infinity auto," blocks 404-408 would process the remaining related queries "luxury car," "quality luxury car," and "Japanese quality luxury car." When all of the documents have been processed, the "YES" branch is followed from decision block 410, and the subroutine 308 ends at block 412. Returning to FIG. 3, subroutine 306 is followed by block 308, in which a blending factor is determined. The search engine 124 determines a blending factor that reflects the reliability or perceived trust in the quality of related queries for a particular query. For example, the related query processor 138 utilizes a predetermined equation or set of computer-executable instructions to determine the blending factor that accounts for the reliability or perceived trust in the quality of the related queries for a particular query. Hie blending factor can be particularly useful if a series of related queries is from a particular source known or otherwise perceived not to be reliable or otherwise trustworthy. In that case, the blending factor can be used to affect or otherwise influence the weight or value of the data associated with the related queries. In most instances, the blending factor is applied to a related query signal function or to a set of computer- executable instructions processed by the related query processor 138. Note that blending factors are parameters that can be set either manually or in some automated fashion from the data. In one embodiment, the blending factor indicates the amount of trust in user clicks on the original query "q" over clicks on related queries. As applied to the prior example for the query "infinity auto," the related query processor 138 determines a blending factor for the related queries "infmiti," "luxury car," "quality luxury car," and "Japanese quality luxury car," as represented by "A" in the related query signal function above in subroutine 212. This factor indicates the reliability or perceived trust in the relatedness of the related queries to "infinity auto." Block 308 is followed by block 310, in which a subject query click weight is determined. The search engine 124 determines a subject query click weight using the number of actual clicks on the particular document of interest (document "i") in a search result 132 for the search query 114. For example, the related query processor 138 retrieves clickthrough data from the clickthrough database 122 or other data storage device. The related query processor 138 processes a portion of or all of the clickthrough data with a predetermined equation or set of computer-executable instructions to determine the subject query click weight which is a function of the clickthrough data associated with a particular document for the subject search query. In most instances, clickthrough data for a single document "N" located in a search result 132 for the user's search query 114 is used to determine a subject query click weight. In the embodiment shown, this click number is then weighted by, for example, applying a multiplier "A." As applied to the prior example for the query "infmity auto," the related query processor 138 determines a subject query click weight for particular search query "infinity auto," as represented by "# Initial;" in the related query signal function above in subroutine 212. The subject query click weight can be expressed a total number of user clicks on a particular document "i" for the query "infmity auto." A multiplier such as "A" can then be applied to "# Initial;" to obtain the subject query click weight for a document "i." Block 310 is followed by block 312, in which a related query signal for a document is determined. The search engine 124 determines a related query signal 128 for a particular document in a search result 132. For example, the related query processor 138 uses a number of factors such as the number of related queries; the number of documents for the related queries; the sum of weighted related query click data for a document over all related queries, the blending factor, if needed, and the subject query click weight, to determine a related query signal 128 for a particular document in a search result. In the embodiment shown, this related query signal is calculated using the data determined in previous blocks discussed. As applied to the prior example for the query "infinity auto," the related query processor 138 determines a related query signal 128 for a particular document in a search result 132. As represented by "M Total/' in the related query signal function as shown above in subroutine 212, a weighted value representing the weighted total number of user clicks on document "i" after counting clicks on related queries is determined by the related query processor 138. This is carried out by performing the mathematical functions as indicated by the algorithm described above to calculate the "# Totalj" for document "i." Block 312 is followed by decision block 314, in which a decision is made whether all documents for related queries have been processed. The search engine 124 compares the counter or variable "i" initially set at a value of "1" in block 300 to the variable "N," which has been set to a value according to the number of documents to be processed for the search query. If all the documents have been processed, then the counter or variable "i" will equal the variable "N" and the "YES" branch is followed to block 316. In alternative embodiments, a maximum number of documents for analysis may be set. For example, "N" may be set to a maximum number that is less than the number of documents determined in block 304. In block 316, the subroutine 212 ends. If however in decision block 314, not all of the documents have been processed and the counter or variable "i" is not equal to the variable "N," then the "NO" branch is followed to block 318. In block 318, a counter is incremented to track the number of documents that have been processed. For example, the counter or variable "i" initially set at a value of "1" is incremented to a next value such as "2." The subroutine 212 then returns to block 306 to continue processing the next document. Subsequent documents are processed by blocks 306-314, and the counter or variable "i" at block 318 is subsequently incremented until all of the documents are processed, and the value of the counter or variable "i" equals "N." Thus, in the example provided previously for "infinity auto," all 15 documents of the search result for the search query "infinity auto" would be processed by blocks 306-314. When all of the documents have been processed, the "YES" branch is followed from decision block 314, and the subroutine 212 ends at block 316. Referring again to FIG. 2, subroutine 212 is followed by block 214, in which the related query signal for each document is provided to the ranking processor. For example, in the embodiment shown, the calculated variable "# Total j" for each document "1 - N" would be included in "N" related query signals. The related query signal 128 for each document is transmitted to the ranking processor 136 for determining subsequent rankings or scores of search results in response to other search queries. The ranking processor 136 includes a ranking or scoring function or set of computer-executable instmctions that incorporates the related query signal 128 and/or other output from the related query processor 138. For example, a weighted value generated from subroutine 212 is transmitted to the ranking processor 136, which utilizes a related query signal 128 such as a weighted value to rank or otherwise score subsequent search results. Other signals 130 generated for each document by the search engine 124 or another system or method can also be transmitted to the ranking processor 136 to rank or score subsequent search results. Block 214 is followed by block 216, in which search results are provided. The ranking processor 136 generates a ranking or scoring of each document located in a search result 132 in response to a search query 114. Using the related query signal 128 from block 214, such as a weighted value, the ranking processor 136 affects the ranking or scoring of one or more documents located in a search result 132. Note that the ranking processor 136 can use other signals such as those shown in FIG. I as 130 in conjunction with the related query signal 128 to rank or otherwise score documents of a search result 132. In some instances, the ranking processor 136 can further decide whether to utilize a particular related query signal 128 and/or other signals 130 during processing of a score or ranking for a search result 132. Block 216 is followed by block 218, in which the method 200 ends. In other embodiments of the invention, the method 200 can be utilized in an iterative manner to determine a new or updated related query signal whenever new or changes to data in the related query database 120 and/or clickthrough database 122 or other data storage devices is received or otherwise obtained. When a new or updated related query signal is determined, the signal can then be transmitted to the ranking processor 136 to change or to update the ranking or scores for a search result 132. While the above description contains many specifics, these specifics should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but merely as exemplifications of the disclosed embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision many other possible variations that are within the scope of the invention. W e Claim: 1. A method for search ranking, said method comprising: (a) receiving a first search query; (b) receiving a second search query; (c) identifying a relationship between the first search query and the second search query based at least in part on a criterion; (d) determining a first article associated with the second search query; (e) determining a first ranking score for the first article based at least in part on data associated with the first search query, wherein the data associated with the first search query comprises (i) a total selection score for the first search query that comprises a total number of users that selected a result returned for a search for the first search query, or (ii) an instance score for the first query that corresponds to a number of instances the first article was shown in a search result for the first search query; and (f) outputting a search result comprising the first article. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the total selection score for the first search query comprises selections made in search results for the first search query in a context of the second search query. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the data associated with the first search query comprises a second selection score for a second article associated with the first search query. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first article comprises a representation of the first article. 5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the representation of the first article comprises a uniform resource locator. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, comprising: determining a second article associated with the second search query; and determining a second ranking score for the second article based at least in part on data associated with the first search query. 7. The method as claimed in claim 6, comprising ranking the first article and the second article based at least in part on the first ranking score and the second ranking score. 8. The method as claimed in claim 6, comprising providing a search result for the second search query having the first article and the second article ranked according at least in part to the first ranking score and the second ranking score. 9. The method as claimed in claim 6, comprising receiving a third search query; and determining a relationship between the third search query and the second search query, and wherein determining the first ranking score for the first article is further based at least in part on data associated with the third search query. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein receiving the first search query further comprises determining a query previously made consecutively with the second query. 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the criterion is at least one of an order of submission, a time period, a misspelling relationship, a synonym relationship, an antonym relationship, or an acronym relationship. 12. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the instance score for the first search query comprises selections made in search results for the first search query in a context of the second search query. 13. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the number of instances the first article was shown in a search result for the first search query comprises instances included in a context of the second search query. It. A system for performing a search ranking, said system comprising: a server to receive a first search query and a second search query; a search engine to identify a relationship between the first search query and the second search query based at least in part on a criterion; a related query processor to determine a first article associated with the second search query; a ranking processor to determine a first ranking score for the first article based at least in part on data associated with the first search query, wherein determining the first ranking score for the first article based at least in part on data associated with the first search query comprises determining a number of times the first article was selected when included in search results for the first search query, wherein determining the number of times the first article was selected when presented in search results for the first search query comprises determining a number of clickthroughs for the first article when presented in search results for the first search query; and the server to output a search result comprising the first article. Systems and methods that improve search rankings for a search query by using data associated with queries related to the search query are described. In one aspect, a search query is received, a related query related to the search query is determined, an article (such as a web page) associated with the search query is determined, and a ranking score for the article based at least in part on data associated with the related query is determined. Several algorithms and types of data associated with related queries useful in carrying out such systems and methods are described.

Full Text

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR IMPROVING A SEARCH RANKING USING
RELATED QUERIES
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention generally relates to search engines- More particularly, the invention relates
to methods and systems for improving a search ranking using related queries.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Conventional search engines operating in a networked computer environment such as the
World Wide Web or in an individual computer can provide search results in response to entry of
a user's search query. In many instances, the search results are ranked in accordance with the
search engine's scoring or ranking system or method. For example, conventional search engines
score or rank documents of a search result for a particular query based on the contents of the
documents, such as on the number of times a keyword or particular word or phrase appears in
each document in the search results. Documents include, for example, web pages of various
formats, such as HTML, XML, XHTML; Portable Document Format (PDF) files; and word
processor and application program document files. Other search engines base scoring or ranking
on more than the content of the document. For example, one known method, described in an
article entitled "The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Search Engine," by Sergey Brin
and Lawrence Page, assigns a degree of importance to a document, such as a web page, based on
the link structure of the web page. Other conventional methods involve selling a higher score or
rank in search results for a particular query to third parties that want to attract users or customers
to their websites.
In some instances, a user of a search engine may enter an obscure or infrequently used
search query. In response to such queries, conventional search engines can return unreliable

search results since there is relatively little data to rank or score search results for the search
query.
If an Internet search engine returns more than one search result in response to a search
query, the search results may be displayed as a list of links to the documents associated with the
search results. A user may browse and visit a website associated with one or more of the search
results to evaluate whether the website is relevant to the user's search query. For example, a user
may manipulate a mouse or another input device and "click" on a link to a particular search
result to view a website associated with the search result. In many instances, the user will
browse and visit several websites provided in the search result, clicking on links associated with
each of the several websites to access various websites associated with the search results before
locating useful or relevant information to address the user's search query.
If the user is not satisfied with the initial search results, the user may decide to change or
modify the search query to a second, typically-related query and obtain a new or similar set of
search results. After inputting the second query and receiving new search results, the user may
manipulate a mouse or another input device and "click" on a link to a particular search result to
view a website associated with the search result. As before, the user may browse and visit
several websites associated with the search results relumed for the second query by "clicking" on
links associated with the websites returned in the search results.
Clicking on multiple links to multiple websites associated with a single set of search
results can be time consuming. It is desirable to improve the ranking algorithm used by search
engines and to therefore provide users with better search results.

SUMMARY
Embodiments of the present invention comprise systems and methods that improve
search rankings for a search query by using data associated with queries related to the search
query. One aspect of an embodiment of the present invention comprises receiving a search
query, and determining one or more related queries related to the search query. Such related
queries may be defined and determined in a variety of ways. Another aspect of an embodiment
of the present invention comprises determining an article (such as a web page) associated with
the search query, and determining a ranking score for the article based at least in part on data
associated with the related query. Such related query data may include one or more of a variety
of data associated with the related query. Also, a variety of algorithms using related query data
may be applied in such systems and methods.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention are better
understood when the following Detailed Description is read with reference to the accompanying
drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a system in accordance with one embodiment of the
present invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates a flow diagram of a method in accordance with one embodiment of the
present invention;
FIG. 3 illustrates a flow diagram of a subroutine of the method shown in FIG. 2; and
FIG. 4 illustrates a flow diagram of a subroutine of the subroutine shown in FIG. 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
The present invention comprises methods and systems for improving a search ranking by
using related query data. Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of the
invention as illustrated in the text and accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers are
used throughout the drawings and the following description to refer to the same or like parts.
Various systems in accordance with the present invention may be constructed. FIG. I is
a diagram illustrating an exemplary system in which exemplary embodiments of the present
invention may operate. The present invention may operate, and be embodied in, other systems as
well.
The system 100 shown in FIG. 1 includes multiple client devices 102a-n, a server device
104, and a network 106. The network 106 shown includes the Internet. In other embodiments,
other networks, such as an intranet may be used. Moreover, methods according to the present
invention may operate in a single computer. The client devices 102a-n shown each include a
computer-readable medium, such as a random access memory (RAM) 108, in the embodiment
shown coupled to a processor 110. The processor 110 executes a set of computer-executable
program instructions stored in memory 108. Such processors may include a microprocessor, an
ASIC, and state machines. Such processors include, or may be in communication with, media,
for example computer-readable media, which stores instructions that, when executed by the
processor, cause the processor to perform the steps described herein. Embodiments of computer-
readable media include, but are not limited to, an electronic, optical, magnetic, or other storage
or transmission device capable of providing a processor, such as the processor in communication
with a touch-sensitive input device, with computer-readable instructions. Other examples of
suitable media include, but are not limited to, a floppy disk, CD-ROM, magnetic disk, memory
chip, ROM, RAM, an ASIC, a configured processor, all optical media, all magnetic tape or other

magnetic media, or any other medium from which a computer processor can read instructions.
Also, various other forms of computer-readable media may transmit or cany instructions to a
computer, including a router, private or public network, or other transmission device or channel,
both wired and wireless. The instructions may comprise code from any computer-programming
language, including, for example, C, C++, C#, Visual Basic, Java, and JavaScript.
Client devices 102a-a may also include a number of external or internal devices such as a
mouse, a CD-ROM, a keyboard, a display, or other input or output devices. Examples of client
devices 102a-n are personal computers, digital assistants, personal digital assistants, cellular
phones, mobile phones, smart phones, pagers, digital tablets, laptop computers, a processor-
based device and similar types of systems and devices. In general, a client device 102a-n may
be any type of processor-based platform connected to a network 106 and that interacts with one
or more application programs. The client devices 102a-n shown include personal computers
executing a browser application program such as Internet Explorer'"", version 6.0 from Microsoft
Corporation, Netscape Navigator""*, version 7.1 from Netscape Communications Corporation,
and Safari™, version 1.0 from Apple Computer.
Through the client devices 102a-D, users 112a-n can communicate over the network 106
with each other and with other systems and devices coupled to the network 106. As shown in
FIG. 1, a server device 104 is also coupled to the network 106. In the embodiment shown, a
user 112a-n can generate a search query 114 at a client device 102a-n to transmit to the server
device 104 via the network 106. For example, a user 112a types a textual search query into a
query field of a web page of a search engine displayed on the client device 102a, which is then
transmitted via the network 106 to the server device 104. In the embodiment shown, a user
112a-n inputs a search query 114 at a client device 102a-n which transmits an associated search
query signal 126 reflecting the search query 114 to the server device 104.

The server device 104 shown includes a server executing a search engine application
program such as the GoogleTM search engine. Similar to the client devices 102a-n, the server
device 104 shown includes a processor 116 coupled to a computer readable memory 118. Server
device 104, depicted as a single computer system, may be implemented as a network of
computer processors. Examples of a server devices 104 are servers, mainframe computers,
networked computers, a processor-based device and similar types of systems and devices. Client
processors 110 and the server processor 116 can be any of a number of well known computer
processors, such as processors from Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, California and Motorola
Corporation of Schaumburg, Illinois.
Memory 118 contains the search engine application program, also known as a search
engine 124. The search engine 124 locates relevant information in response to a search query
114 from a user 112a-n.
The server device 104, or related device, has previously performed a search of the
network 106 to locate articles, such as web pages, stored at other devices or systems connected to
the network 106, and indexed the articles in memory 118 or another data storage device. Articles
include, documents, for example, web pages of various formats, such as HTML, XML, XHTML,
Portable Document Format (PDF) files, and word processor, database, and application program
document files, audio, video, or any other information of any type whatsoever made available on
a network (such as the Internet), a personal computer, or other computing or storage means. The
embodiments described herein are described generally in relation to documents, but
embodiments may operate on any type of article.
The search engine 124 responds to the associated search query signal 126 reflecting the
search query 114 by returning a set of relevant information or search results 132 to client device
]02a-n from which the search query 114 originated.

The search engine 124 shown includes a document locator 134, a ranking processor 136,
and a related query processor 138. In the embodiment shown, each comprises computer code
residing in the memory 118. The document locator 134 identifies a set of documents that are
responsive to the search query 114 from a user 112a. In the embodiment shown, this is
accomplished by accessing an index of documents, indexed in accordance with potential search
queries or search terms. The ranking processor 136 ranks or scores the search result 132
including the located set of web pages or documents based upon relevance to a search query 114
and / or any other criteria. The related query processor 138 determines or otherwise measures a
quality signal such as a related query signal 128 that reflects or otherwise corresponds to
relevance of one or more web pages or documents in the located set of the search results 132.
Note that other functions and characteristics of the document locator 134, ranking processor 136,
and related query processor 138 are further described below.
Server device 104 also provides access to other storage elements, such as a related query
data storage element, in the example shown a related query database 120, and a selection data
storage element, in the example shown a selection data database 122. The specific selection
database shown is a clickthrough database, but any selection data storage element may be used.
Data storage elements may include any one or combination of methods for storing data,
including without limitation, arrays, hashtables, lists, and pairs. Other similar types of data
storage devices can be accessed by the server device 104. The related query database 120 stores
data associated with relationships between a search query 114 and other search queries. A
relationship between one or more search queries may be based upon a predetermined set of rules.
The search engine 124 determines relationships or otherwise executes a set of instructions to
determine relationships between search queries, and stores relationship-type data in the related
query database 120. Alternatively, the related query processor 138 determines relationships or

otherwise executes a set of instructions to determine relationships between search queries, and
stores relationship'type data in the related query database 120.
It should be noted that the present invention may comprise systems having different
architecture than that which is shown in FIG. I. For example, in some systems according to the
present invention, the related query database 120 and processor 138 may not be part of the search
engine 124, and may carry out modification of selection data (such as click counts) or other
operations offline. Also, in other embodiments, the related query processor 138 may affect the
output of the document locator 134 or other system. The system 100 shown in FIG. 1 is merely
exemplary, and is used to explain the exemplary methods shown in FIGS. 2-4.
In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the related query database 120 and
clickthrough database 122 contain data gathered and stored prior to carrying out the example
method of the present invention as shown in FIGs. 2-4. Still referring to FIG. 1, the related
query processor 138 shown determines a relationship between two search queries by recording
and analyzing, for example, the proximity of one search query to another search query. For
example, when a user 112a types in a first search query such as "infinity auto" and then inputs a
second search query such as "infiniti" immediately afterward, the related query processor 138
may define a relationship between the first search query and the second search query. In this
example, the relationship or proximity between search queries would be defined as "back-to-
back" or consecutive. Thus, for the query "infinity auto," relationships to queries "infiniti,"
"luxury car," "quality luxury car," and "Japanese quality luxury car" may be defined if a user
112a inputs these queries immediately following the initial query "infinity auto." Other types of
relationships or proximities can be defined according to the invention and stored by the related
query database 120.

As another example, the related queiy database 120 can store information that the
relationship between the first search queiy "infinity auto" and the second search query "infiniti"
should be stronger or otherwise weighted heavier than the relationship between the first search
query and a third search query "luxury car." In this example, a determination can be made to
weight the relationship between the first search and second search query heavier than the
relationship between the first search and third search query so that improved search results for
subsequent search queries can be obtained from related queries. Types of weighting can include
the number of times two search queries are input "back-to-back," or the proximity in time that
two search queries are input. Other types of weighting or similar, relationship-type data can be
defined by the invention and stored by the stored by a related query database 120.
The related query database 120 shown includes a list of related queries for a particular
query. For example, for the search query "infinity auto," four related queries may be stored and
associated with the search query "infinity auto." These related queries can be "infiniti," "luxury
car," "quality luxury car," and "Japanese quality luxury car." This number of related queries is
used for example purposes. In other embodiments, the number of related queries can be greater
or fewer.
The clickthrough database 122 shown stores data associated with users' selection of a
search result 132 from a search engine 124, such as from a list of documents located in response
to a search query 114. For example, a user 112a enters an input at a client device 102a-Q, such
as manipulating a mouse or another input device to click on one or more URLs associated with
web pages or documents of a search result 132. A user "click" is generated by the user's
selection of a document located in the search result 132. This "click" on a document is stored in
the clickthrough database 122 as a selection associated with the document's presence in a search

result returned for a particular search query. Many other such related query lists, associated with
other queries, may be stored there as well.
User clicks are generally referred to as "clickthrough" data. In the embodiment shown,
the search engine 124 measures and stores the clickthrough data as well as other data related to
each of the documents located in the search result 132.
Clickthrough data is generally an indicator of quality in a search result. Quality signals
or clickthrough data can include, but is not limited to, whether a particular URL or document is
clicked by a particular user; how often a URL, document, or web page is clicked by one or more
users; and how often a particular user clicks on specific documents or web pages. Other types of
quality signals similar to clickthrough data, such as user inputs or observational type data, can be
stored by a clickthrough database 122 or similar data storage devices.
Other data related to documents located in a search result 132 that can be stored in a
clickthrough database 122 or other data storage device can include, but is not limited to, how
often a particular URL, document, or web page is shown in response to a search query 114; how
many times a particular search query 114 is asked by users 112a-n; the age or time a particular
document has been posted on a network 106, and identity of a source of a particular document on
a network 106.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. I, the server 104 is in communication with the related
query database 120 and the clickthrough database 122. The server 104 carries out a process by
which the data in the two databases 120,122 are used to improve the search results provided in
response to a search query 114 from a user II 2a.
Various methods in accordance with the present invention may be carried out. One
exemplary method according to the present invention comprises receiving a search query,

determining a related query related to the search query, determining an article associated with the
search query, and determining a ranking score for the article based at least in part on data
associated with the related query. The related query may be related to the search query in any
way, and determined to be related in any way. Examples of related queries include having been
input as consecutive search queries by users previously (whether once or multiple times), queries
input by a user within a defmed time range (e.g., 30 minutes), a misspelling relationship, a
numerical relationship, a mathematical relationship, a translation relationship, a synonym,
antonym, or acronym relationship, or other human-conceived or human-designated association,
and any computer- or algorithm-determined relationship, but the invention is not limited to any
particular relationship. The related query data may comprise one or more of a variety of data
associated with a related query in any way. Examples of related query data include a selection
score for an article when associated with a related query (such as, for example, the number of
times the article has been "clicked" when returned in search results in response to a search for
the related query), a second selection score for a second article associated with the related query,
and a total selection score for a plurality of articles associated with the first related query (such
as, for example, the total number of clickthroughs for all or a defmed number of articles when
returned in search results for the related query). Other examples include the number of times the
related query has been the subject of a search, the number of times search results for the related
query have been shown to users, the number of times search results for the related query have
included the first article, and the number of times search results for the related query shown have
included the first article. Any data associated with the related query may be included in related
query data, and these are merely examples.
In some embodiments, determining an article associated with the search query may
comprise determining that the article is associated with both the search query and the related
query (for example, the article may be returned in search results for both the search query and the

related query). In such an embodiment or other embodiments, a selection score for the article
when associated with the related query may be determined, and determining the ranking score
for the first article may comprise detennining the ranking score for the article based at least in
part on the selection score. In one embodiment, it is determined that the article is associated with
both the search query and with the first related query by determining an initial search result for
the search quety, the initial search result comprising the article, and determining that a search
result for the related query comprises the article as well. In some embodiments, the article
comprises a representation of the first article, such as a uniform resource locator.
Further, in some embodiments, detennining the ranking score for the article comprises
determining a number of times the article was selected when presented in search results for the
related query. This may be accomplished in any fashion. One example is by detennining a
number of clickthroughs for the article when presented in search results for the related query.
In some embodiments, a ranking score for an article is determined. This may be
accomplished in any fashion. In one embodiment, a mathematical function or algorithm may be
used. One or more variables may be used in the function, including those associated with related
queries and other variables. One example of determining a ranking score for an article comprises
determining an initial ranking score for the article when associated with the search query, and
calculating a mathematical function comprising the initial ranking score and the selection score.
This mathematical function may be any of a variety of fimctions or algorithms. One such
function comprises combining the initial ranking score and the selection score, weighted with at
least one weighting factor. Other such functions comprise combining the initial ranking score
and the selection score, normalized with at least one normalization factor. Again, these are only
examples, and a variety of functions may be used.

In some embodiments, articles are ranked in relation to other articles based at least in part
on related query data. For example, in one method a second article associated with the search
query is determined, and a ranking score for the second article is determined based at least in part
on data associated with the first related query. The first article and the second article are then
ranked based at least in part on the first ranking score and the second ranking score. A search
result for the search query having the first article and the second article ranked according at least
in part to the first ranking score and the second ranking score may then be provided.
In some embodiments, a second related query related to the search query is determined,
and the first ranking score for the first article is further based at least in part on data associated
with the second related query. Data associated with one or more related queries may be used to
score and rank articles and provide search results. These exemplary aspects of embodiments of
the present invention may be repeated or iterated to improve search results.
FIGS. 2-4 illustrate an exemplary method 200 in accordance with the present invention
in detail. This exemplary method is provided by way of example, as there are a variety of ways
to carry out methods according to the present invention. The method 200 shown in FIG. 2 can be
executed or otherwise performed by any of various systems. The method 200 is described below
as carried out by the system 100 shown in FIG. 1 by way of example, and various elements of
the system 100 are referenced in explaining the example method of FIGs. 2-4. The method 200
shown provides an improvement of a search ranking using clickthrough data and related queries.
Each block shown in FIGs. 2-4 represents one or more steps carried out in the exemplary
method 200. Referring to FIG. 2, in block 202, the example method 200 begins. Block 202 is
followed by block 204, in which a related query database 120 is provided. This may be
accomplished by, for example, constructing such a database or establishing communication with

such a database. As described with reference to FIG. 1, the related query database 120 stores
relationship-type data between a search query J14 and other search queries.
Block 204 is followed by block 206, in which a selection data database, in this case a
clickthrough database, is provided. This may be accomplished by, for example, constructing
such a database or establishing communication with such a database. As described with
reference to FIG. 1, the clickthrough database 122 stores data associated with users' clicks or
inputs to a search result 132 provided by the search engine 124, such as a list of documents, such
as web pages, provided in response to a search query 114 from a user 112a.
Block 206 is followed by block 208, in which a search query, in the form of a search
query signal, is received by the server. In the embodiment shown, a user 112a generates a search
query 114 at a client device 102a. Tlie client device 102 transmits an associated search query
signal 126 reflecting the search query 114 to the server device 104 via a network 106. The
search engine 124 receives the search query signal 126 and processes the search query 114. For
example, if the user 112a types a search query "infinity auto" into the search or query field of a
search page on a browser application program, the client 102a transmits a search query signal
126 that includes the text "infinity auto" or some other representation or indication of "infinity
auto." The search engine 124 receives the signal 126 and detenmines that "infinity auto" is the
desired search query 114.
Block 208 is followed by block 210, in which article data, in the case shown, document
data, is determined and received. In this block 210 in the embodiment shown, the search engine
124 conducts a search for relevant documents in a search database (not shown) or memory 118
that have previously been indexed from the network 106. The search engine 124 receives
document data fi-om the search database or memory 118 in response to the search query signal
126 reflecting the search query 114 from the user 112a. The document data is also referred to as

the initial search result for the search query 114. Document data can include, but is not limited
to, a universal resource locator (URL) that provides a link to a document, web page, or to a
location from which a document or web page can be retrieved or otherwise accessed by the user
112 via the network 106. Note that document data is sometimes referred to as a "document"
throughout the text of the specification. Alternatively, the document locator 134 obtains or
otherwise receives document data in response to a search query signal 126 reflecting a search
query 114.
For example, in block 210 shown, the search engine 124 shown would determine a list of
documents responsive to the search query "infmity auto." This list of documents would
comprise the determined document data. For example, this initial search result list for "infinity
auto" could comprise a list of 15 documents. In the embodiment shown, this initial
determination of document data may be by means of a conventional search engine query and
results return.
Block 210 is followed by block 212, in which related query data is determined. In the
embodiment shown, related query data is determined for each document in the initial search
result for the search query by calculating a related query signal. In response to each document
located in the initial search result, the search engine 124 generates a related query signal 128 for
each particular document using a related signal query function. For example, in the embodiment
shown, the related query processor 138 receives the initial search result. A related query signal
function reflects a score for a document that includes data associated with at least one query
related to the search query. The related query signal function, in this case a set of instructions
processed by the related query processor 138 shown, determines a weighted value for each
document in the initial search result depending upon the number of times other users have
previously clicked or otherwise selected the particular document as a part of the initial search

result, and upon the number of times other users have previously clicked or otherwise selected
the particular document as part of search results for other queries related to the search query. A
document that is selected a greater number of times may have a heavier weighted value
generated than a document selected a fewer number of times. Note that other signals 130 can be
generated for each document or web page based upon other inputs or observational data that
could be stored in the related query database 120 and/or the clickthrough database 122, or
another data storage device.
Any one or more of a variety of related query signal functions may be implemented by
various embodiments of the invention. Examples of variables that may be included in a related
query signal function include, without limitation, one ore more of the foUowing:
a total selection score for a related query q'l, (e.g.., the total number of clicks on all
documents shown in response to the related query q'i), denoted NU(q'i)
an instance score for related query q'j was shown (e.g., the number of times related query q'j was
received from users and/or the number of times search results for related query q'j were shown
over a defined time period), denoted S(q'j)
a selection score for document d (e.g., number of clicks on document d) for a related query qi,
denoted #(d, qj)
a number of times related query q'j and document d were shown together, denoted S(d,
q'i)
a selection score for document d for a related query q', in the context of query q, denoted
#(d,q.,q)
a total selection score for related query q'j (e.g., number of clicks on all documents
returned for related query q'i) in the context of query q, denoted #(q'i, q)
a number of times related query q'j was shown in the context of query q, denoted S(qi, q)

a number of times related query q'i and document d were shown in the context of query q
(in the context of query q means, for example, when there is an indication that the user was
looking for query q, e.g., a user first input query q and then input query q'j as a search query, or
when the user input query q or a query containing the input query q a defmed time period - such
as 30 minutes - before or after inputting related query q'j), denoted S(d, q'j, q)
one or more blending factors that reflects, for example, trust in relevance and importance of the
related queries, denoted A and X;
an initial selection score for document i (e.g., the number of clicks on document i made
when the document is returned in search results for the search query), denoted # Initial
a selected or calculated weight of relationship between the search query q and related query q'm,
denoted W^
a normalization factor that reflects, for example, how often a particular related query q'n,
is asked, denoted and Norm_q'm; and
one or more other ranking factors or scores, based on related queries, the article under
consideration, and/or other factors.
There are a variety of other variables that may be included, and these are only examples.
Moreover, these and other variables may be limited or defmed by a designated time period, a
designated number of users, the number of users who refined their query from q to q'j (e.g., the
number who input a related query q'j after inputting a query q), by all those who input the query
q'j, or by other limitations or refinements. Variables, limitations, definitions, or other data
associated with related queries are referred to generally as related query data.
An example of such a limitation is as follows: 1000 people input the search query
"infiniti" in a search engine over a defined time period (such as one day), but only 20 people may
have first input "infinity" and then input "infiniti." So, if we are given the original query
"infinity," the term S(infiniti) could be set to 1000 or 20 in the related query function, as desired.

Examples of related queiy signal iunctions, designated as (1) - (6), are discussed briefly
below.
A first example (1) of a related queiy function is as follows:
wherein "M" is the total number of related queries for examination (in the embodiment shown, it
is the number returned in the initial determined document data for the search query);
"# Totali" is the score calculated for document "i," (in the embodiment shown, it is the
total number of user clicks on document "i" after counting clicks on the same document "i" when
shown in search results for related queries (q'l + q'2+- ••q'm). and weighed and normalized as
desired);
"A" is a blending factor that reflects trust in relevance and importance of the related
queries (q'l+ q'2+...q'm);
"# Initial;'* is an initial selection score for document "i" (in the embodiment shown, it is
the number of clicks on document "i" made when the document is returned in search results for
the search query (not counting clicks on related queries (q'l + q'a+.-.q'm)));
"W„" is the weight of relationship between the search query "q" and related query
"q'm";
"# q'm" is the number of clicks on a related query "q'm"; and
"Norm_q'n," is a normalization factor that reflects how often a particular related queiy
"q'm" is asked.

A second example (2) of a related query function illustrates the use of other selection data
including the number of times a particular query is shown to users, "S(q);" the number of times a
particular document for a related query was shown to users, "S(q'm,d);" the number of clicks on
a search query. "#q;" the number of clicks on a particular document for a related query,
"#(q'ni.d)," squared; and a weighting factor "W^". It is as follows:
"#q" is the number of clicks on search query "q;"
"S(q)" is the number of times a search query "q" was shown to users;
"#{q, d)" is the number of clicks on a particular document "d" for search query "q;"
"#(q'm,d)" is the number of clicks on a particular document "d" for related query "q'm;";
and
"S(q'm.d)" is the number of times a particular document for related query "q'm" was
shown to users.
Other variables are the same as described in relation to the first example (]).
A third example (3) of a related query function illustrates the use of various types of
selection data with a weighting factor "Wm". It is as follows:
The variables in the related query function (3) are the same as described in relation to
examples (1) and (2).
A fourth example (4) of a related query function illustrates the use of other types of
selection data, such as the number of clicks on a particular document for a search query, "^q,
dj)" with a weighting factor "Wn," and a blending factor "X." It is as follows:
"X" is a blending factor that reflects trust in relevance and importance of the related
queries (q'i + q'2+...q'm).
The other variables in the related query function (4) are the same as described in relation
to examples (1) and (2).
A fifth example of a related query function illustrates the use of various types of selection
data with a weighting factor "Wn," and a blending factor "X." It is as follows:
The variables in the related query function (S) are the same as described in relation to
examples discussed above.
A sixth example of a related query function illustrates the use of a ranking score
previously generated by the search engine for all queries, "Score (q, d);" and a ranking score
previously generated by the search engine for a particular document "d" in all related queries,

"Score (q'm.d);" with various types of selection data such as the number of times a particular
query is shown to users, "S(q);" and a weighting factor "Wm." An embodiment of this function
may, in addition to using selection (such as clickthrough) information, use the score generated by
a search engine on articles for related queries. For example, the function may use selection
information combined with information on how well the article scores against the related query.
It is as follows:

"S(q)" is the number of times a search query "q" was shown to users;
"Score (q, d)" is a ranking score previously generated by the search engine for all queries,
or can be a score that represents how well a document "d" is believed to match query "q" based
on one or more factors, such as textual factors;
"Score (q'm.d)" is a ranking score previously generated by the search engine for a
particular document "d" in all related queries (q'l + q'2+...q'm). or can be a score that represents
how well a document "d" is believed to match related query "q'm" based on one or more factors.
The other variables in the related query function (6) are the same as described in relation
to the examples discussed above.
For purposes of illustration, the algorithm from example (1) is embodied in the example
embodiment shown in FIGs. 2-4. Other algorithms besides the examples shown in (l)-(6) may
be used in accordance with the present invention, and algorithms (l)-(6) are provided to illustrate
examples. Such other algorithms may contain some, all, or none of the variables shown in (1)-
(6).

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a subroutine 212 for carrying out the method 200 shown
in FIG. 2 in accordance with example (1). The subroutine 212 provides a related query signal
128 for each document received in an initial search result 132. An example of subroutine 212 is
as follows.
The subroutine 212 begins at block 300. At block 300, a counter associated with the
search engine 124 is set to a value such as "1." For example, the related query processor 138 can
set a variable "i" in an associated memory 118 to an initial value of "1." The counter or variable
"i" counts the number of documents that are processed by the subroutine 212, and the current
value of "i" reflects which document in the list of documents in the document data is under
operation.
Block 300 is followed by block 302, in which the number of queries related to the search
query is determined. The search engine 124 calls to the related query database 120 for the
number of queries related to a particular query. For example, the related query processor 138
retrieves data from the related query database 120 associated with the number of queries related
to a particular query. This type of data includes any relationship data as described in block 204
or other relationship-type data stored in the related query database 120 or other data storage
device.
By way of example, the number of related queries can be characterized by the variable
"M." If the related query processor 138 determines that there are four related queries for a
particular query 114, the variable "M" may be set at a value of "4," and the related queries may
be designated as follows: q'l, q'2, q'3, and q'4. Thus, for the query "infinity auto," if
relationships to queries "infiniti," "luxury car," "quality luxury car," and "Japanese quality
luxury car" have been previously defined and stored for the query "infinity auto," the related
query processor 138 obtains the number of related queries from the related query database 120,

_ n this instance "4." Moreover, q'l = "infmiti," q'2 = "luxury car," q'3 = "quality luxury car,"
and q'4 = "Japanese quality luxury car." In other embodiments, the set of M related queries to be
analyzed may be a subset of the total number of recognized related queries; for example, a query
may be determined to have 100 related queries, but only the top 20 related queries (as
determined according to, for example, the weight of relationship between the particular query
and the related query, or by any other means) may be used.
Block 302 is followed by block 304, in which a number of documents is determined. In
block 210, the server 104 received document data associated with the search query 114. Among
the data determined was the total number of documents in the list of documents responsive to the
search query.
This number of documents is characterized by (and is set as) the variable "N." For
example, as mentioned earlier, a search result for the search query "infmity auto" could have 15
documents, and the server 104 would set "N" to a value of "15."
Note that in alternative embodiments, any total number of documents for a search query
that has been defmed or otherwise stored by the related query database 120 or another data
storage device for a particular query can be transmitted to, or otherwise determined by the search
engine 124 or related query processor 138. Further note that the number of documents for each
search result for a particular search query can depend upon the relationship-type data previously
stored in the related query database 120 as well as clickthrough data stored in the clickthrough
database 122, or on other similar types of data stored in other data storage devices.
Block 304 is followed by block 306, in which a sum of weighted related query click data
for a particular document over all related queries is determined. In the embodiment shown, the
search engine 124 determines a sum of weighted related query click data for a particular
document over all related queries such as a weighted value that describes the total number of

clicks on documents associated with all documents associated with related queries. For example,
the related query processor 138 determines a sum which reflects some or all user clicks on a
document when returned in response to prior searches for the related queries. The sum can then
be applied by the search engine 124 or related query processor 138 to a related query signal
function or to set of computer-executable instructions.
FIG. 4 illustrates an example of subroutine 306 shown in FIG. 3. The subroutine 306
provides a sum of weighted related query click data for a particular document over all related
queries.
This embodiment of subroutine 306 begins at block 400. At block 400, a counter
associated with the search engine 124 is initialized to the value of "1." For example, a variable
"j" in memory 118 can be initially set to the value of "1." The counter or variable "j" counts the
number of related queries that have been processed by the subroutine 306.
Block 400 is followed by block 402, in which a normalization factor is determined. The
normalization factor is a reflection of how often a particular related query is asked or otherwise
input by users 112. In the embodiment shown, the search engine 124 determines a normalization
factor that describes how often a particular query is asked by users. For example, the related
query processor 138 retrieves clickthrough data from the clic^through database 122. The related
query processor 138 then applies a predetermined equation or set of computer-executable
instructions to some or all of the clickthrough data to define a normalization factor for each
related query. Note that normalization factors are parameters that can be set either manually or
in some automated fashion from the data. For example, the normalization factor could be the
sum of the weighting factors for each respective variable "M."
A normalization factor for each related query, q'l, q'z,... q'm, can be defined as
Norm_q'i,Norm_q'2,... Norm_q'm, respectively, as shown in the related query signal function

above in subroutine 212. Thus, as applied to the prior example for the query "infinity auto," the
related query processor 138 can define a normalization factor, Norm_q'i.Norm_q'2, Norm_q'3,
Norm_q'4, respectively, for each previously identified related queries "infiniti," "luxury car,"
"quality luxury car," and "Japanese quality luxury car." These normalization factors could then
be applied to the related query signal function shown above in subroutine 212.
Block 402 is followed by block 404, in which a number of selections, in this case clicks,
is determined for the current document of interest (document "i") for a related query (related
query "j"). The search engine 124 determines the number of clicks for document "i" when
document "i" is returned in search results for query "j." For example, the related query processor
138 accesses clickthrough data stored by the clickthrough database 122 or other data storage
devices. In some embodiments, this clickthrough data is weighted by the number of times a
selection option for the document was displayed to users in response to the query (i.e., realization
of clickthrough as a percentage based on the number of displays to the user). The related query
processor 138 applies a predetermined equation or set of computer-executable instructions to
some or all of the clickthrough data to determine the number of clicks for a particular document
for a related query.
For example, for the query "infinity auto," it was determined that as described above that
related query q'l is "infiniti." In block 404, the search engine determines the number of clicks
made by other users over a defined time with the document of interest (document "i") when that
document (document "i") is returned in response to the search query "infiniti."
Block 404 is followed by block 406, in which a weight of a relationship between the
search query and a related query is determined. The search engine 124 determines the weight of
a relationship between a present query and a related query. For example, the related query
processor 138 accesses the related query database 120 or other data storage device to retrieve

.elationship data. Using a predetermined equation or set of computer-executable instructions, the
related query processor 138 determines the weight of a relationship between a present query and
a related query.
If weighting values or scores for related queries have previously been stored in the related
query database 120, the related query processor 138 retrieves the weighting values or scores for
related queries. For example, the related query database 120 may indicate that the relationship
between a first query "infinity auto" and a second query "infiniti" should be stronger than the
relationship between the first query and a third query "luxury car." In this example, a
determination can be made to weight the relationship between the first and second query heavier
than the relationship between the first and third query so that improved search results can be
obtained from related queries.
In the embodiment shown, the weight of a relationship between a present query and a
related query is represented by Wi, W2, ... Wn, in the related query signal function of subroutine
212. Thus, as applied to the prior example for the query "infinity auto," the related query
processor 138 can define a weight for the relationship between the query "infinity auto" and each
of the previously identified related queries "infiniti," "luxury car," "quality luxury car," and
"Japanese quality luxury car." The weight of the relationship for each related queries would then
be represented in the related query signal function above in subroutine 212 as Wi, W2, W3, W4,
respectively. Thus, when j = "1," the search engine determines the weight of the relationship,
W|, between "infinity auto" and "infiniti;" when j = "2," the search engine determines W2
between "infinity auto" and "luxury car;" when j = "3," the search engine determines W3
between "infinity auto" and "quality luxury car;" and when j = "4," the search engine determines
W4 between "infinity auto" and "Japanese quality luxury car."

In this and other examples, weighting of the relationship can be based on proximity
between a search query and related queries, the number of times two queries are input "back-to-
back," or the proximity in time that two queries are input. Other weighting factors can be
defined in a predetermined set of rules as described above with respect to the related query
database 120.
Block 406 is followed by block 408, in which weighted related query data is determined.
The search engine 124 determines weighted query data using one or more predetermined factors.
For example, the related query processor 138 utilizes the normalization factor, the number of
clicks for a particular document for a related query, and the weight of relationship between a
present query and a related query to determine weighted related query data.
As applied to the prior example for the query "infinity auto," the related query processor
138 processes a respective normalization factor (Norm_q'i) for a first related query "infiniti," a
number of clicks for a particular document for the related query "infiniti" (#q'i), and a weight of
relationship between the query "infinity auto" and "infiniti" (Wi) to determine a value for
weighting the related query data for the particular related query "infiniti." Other values for
weighting the related query data for the other related queries "luxury car," "quality luxury car,"
and "Japanese quality luxury car" can be similarly processed with each related queries'
respective factors and components as described in blocks 402-404.
In the embodiment shown, the weight (W|) of the relationship between "infinity auto"
and "infiniti" is multiplied by the number of clicks (#q*i) on document "i" for the related inquiry
"infiniti," and then the result is divided by the normalization factor (Norm_q' i) to determine a
value representing the weighted related query data for a document "i."
Block 408 is followed by decision block 410, in which a decision is made whether all of
the related queries associated with the search query have been processed. The search engine 124

compares the counter or variable "j" initially set at a value of "1" in block 400 to the variable
"M," which has been set to a value according to the number of related queries (M = 4 in the
example under discussion). If all the related queries have been processed, then the "YES"
branch is followed to block 412. In some embodiments, this variable "M" may be assigned a
maximum, e.g. 1000.
In block 412, the subroutine 308 ends.
If, however, in decision block 410, not all of the related queries have been processed or a
set maximum has been reached, then the "NO" branch is followed to block 414.
In block 414, a counter is incremented to the next value to track the number of related
queries that have been processed. For example, the counter or variable "j" initially set at a value
of "1" is incremented to a next value of "2." The subroutine 308 then returns to block 404 to
process in relation to the next related query (q'2). Subsequent related queries are processed by
blocks 404-408, and the counter at block 414 is incremented, and the process 404-408 repeated,
until all of the related queries are processed. Thus, in the example provided previously for the
search query "infinity auto," blocks 404-408 would process the remaining related queries
"luxury car," "quality luxury car," and "Japanese quality luxury car."
When all of the documents have been processed, the "YES" branch is followed from
decision block 410, and the subroutine 308 ends at block 412.
Returning to FIG. 3, subroutine 306 is followed by block 308, in which a blending factor
is determined. The search engine 124 determines a blending factor that reflects the reliability or
perceived trust in the quality of related queries for a particular query. For example, the related
query processor 138 utilizes a predetermined equation or set of computer-executable instructions
to determine the blending factor that accounts for the reliability or perceived trust in the quality

of the related queries for a particular query. Hie blending factor can be particularly useful if a
series of related queries is from a particular source known or otherwise perceived not to be
reliable or otherwise trustworthy. In that case, the blending factor can be used to affect or
otherwise influence the weight or value of the data associated with the related queries. In most
instances, the blending factor is applied to a related query signal function or to a set of computer-
executable instructions processed by the related query processor 138. Note that blending factors
are parameters that can be set either manually or in some automated fashion from the data. In
one embodiment, the blending factor indicates the amount of trust in user clicks on the original
query "q" over clicks on related queries.
As applied to the prior example for the query "infinity auto," the related query processor
138 determines a blending factor for the related queries "infmiti," "luxury car," "quality luxury
car," and "Japanese quality luxury car," as represented by "A" in the related query signal
function above in subroutine 212. This factor indicates the reliability or perceived trust in the
relatedness of the related queries to "infinity auto."
Block 308 is followed by block 310, in which a subject query click weight is determined.
The search engine 124 determines a subject query click weight using the number of actual clicks
on the particular document of interest (document "i") in a search result 132 for the search query
114. For example, the related query processor 138 retrieves clickthrough data from the
clickthrough database 122 or other data storage device. The related query processor 138
processes a portion of or all of the clickthrough data with a predetermined equation or set of
computer-executable instructions to determine the subject query click weight which is a function
of the clickthrough data associated with a particular document for the subject search query. In
most instances, clickthrough data for a single document "N" located in a search result 132 for the

user's search query 114 is used to determine a subject query click weight. In the embodiment
shown, this click number is then weighted by, for example, applying a multiplier "A."
As applied to the prior example for the query "infmity auto," the related query processor
138 determines a subject query click weight for particular search query "infinity auto," as
represented by "# Initial;" in the related query signal function above in subroutine 212. The
subject query click weight can be expressed a total number of user clicks on a particular
document "i" for the query "infmity auto." A multiplier such as "A" can then be applied to "#
Initial;" to obtain the subject query click weight for a document "i."
Block 310 is followed by block 312, in which a related query signal for a document is
determined. The search engine 124 determines a related query signal 128 for a particular
document in a search result 132. For example, the related query processor 138 uses a number of
factors such as the number of related queries; the number of documents for the related queries;
the sum of weighted related query click data for a document over all related queries, the blending
factor, if needed, and the subject query click weight, to determine a related query signal 128 for a
particular document in a search result.
In the embodiment shown, this related query signal is calculated using the data
determined in previous blocks discussed. As applied to the prior example for the query "infinity
auto," the related query processor 138 determines a related query signal 128 for a particular
document in a search result 132. As represented by "M Total/' in the related query signal
function as shown above in subroutine 212, a weighted value representing the weighted total
number of user clicks on document "i" after counting clicks on related queries is determined by
the related query processor 138. This is carried out by performing the mathematical functions as
indicated by the algorithm described above to calculate the "# Totalj" for document "i."

Block 312 is followed by decision block 314, in which a decision is made whether all
documents for related queries have been processed. The search engine 124 compares the counter
or variable "i" initially set at a value of "1" in block 300 to the variable "N," which has been set
to a value according to the number of documents to be processed for the search query. If all the
documents have been processed, then the counter or variable "i" will equal the variable "N" and
the "YES" branch is followed to block 316. In alternative embodiments, a maximum number of
documents for analysis may be set. For example, "N" may be set to a maximum number that is
less than the number of documents determined in block 304.
In block 316, the subroutine 212 ends.
If however in decision block 314, not all of the documents have been processed and the
counter or variable "i" is not equal to the variable "N," then the "NO" branch is followed to
block 318.
In block 318, a counter is incremented to track the number of documents that have been
processed. For example, the counter or variable "i" initially set at a value of "1" is incremented
to a next value such as "2." The subroutine 212 then returns to block 306 to continue processing
the next document. Subsequent documents are processed by blocks 306-314, and the counter or
variable "i" at block 318 is subsequently incremented until all of the documents are processed,
and the value of the counter or variable "i" equals "N." Thus, in the example provided
previously for "infinity auto," all 15 documents of the search result for the search query "infinity
auto" would be processed by blocks 306-314.
When all of the documents have been processed, the "YES" branch is followed from
decision block 314, and the subroutine 212 ends at block 316.

Referring again to FIG. 2, subroutine 212 is followed by block 214, in which the related
query signal for each document is provided to the ranking processor. For example, in the
embodiment shown, the calculated variable "# Total j" for each document "1 - N" would be
included in "N" related query signals. The related query signal 128 for each document is
transmitted to the ranking processor 136 for determining subsequent rankings or scores of search
results in response to other search queries. The ranking processor 136 includes a ranking or
scoring function or set of computer-executable instmctions that incorporates the related query
signal 128 and/or other output from the related query processor 138. For example, a weighted
value generated from subroutine 212 is transmitted to the ranking processor 136, which utilizes a
related query signal 128 such as a weighted value to rank or otherwise score subsequent search
results. Other signals 130 generated for each document by the search engine 124 or another
system or method can also be transmitted to the ranking processor 136 to rank or score
subsequent search results.
Block 214 is followed by block 216, in which search results are provided. The ranking
processor 136 generates a ranking or scoring of each document located in a search result 132 in
response to a search query 114. Using the related query signal 128 from block 214, such as a
weighted value, the ranking processor 136 affects the ranking or scoring of one or more
documents located in a search result 132. Note that the ranking processor 136 can use other
signals such as those shown in FIG. I as 130 in conjunction with the related query signal 128 to
rank or otherwise score documents of a search result 132. In some instances, the ranking
processor 136 can further decide whether to utilize a particular related query signal 128 and/or
other signals 130 during processing of a score or ranking for a search result 132.
Block 216 is followed by block 218, in which the method 200 ends.

In other embodiments of the invention, the method 200 can be utilized in an iterative
manner to determine a new or updated related query signal whenever new or changes to data in
the related query database 120 and/or clickthrough database 122 or other data storage devices is
received or otherwise obtained. When a new or updated related query signal is determined, the
signal can then be transmitted to the ranking processor 136 to change or to update the ranking or
scores for a search result 132.
While the above description contains many specifics, these specifics should not be
construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but merely as exemplifications of the
disclosed embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision many other possible variations that
are within the scope of the invention.
W e Claim:
1. A method for search ranking, said method comprising:
(a) receiving a first search query;
(b) receiving a second search query;
(c) identifying a relationship between the first search query and the second search query
based at least in part on a criterion;
(d) determining a first article associated with the second search query;
(e) determining a first ranking score for the first article based at least in part on data
associated with the first search query, wherein the data associated with the first search
query comprises (i) a total selection score for the first search query that comprises a total
number of users that selected a result returned for a search for the first search query, or
(ii) an instance score for the first query that corresponds to a number of instances the first
article was shown in a search result for the first search query; and
(f) outputting a search result comprising the first article.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the total selection score for the first search
query comprises selections made in search results for the first search query in a context of
the second search query.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the data associated with the first search
query comprises a second selection score for a second article associated with the first
search query.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first article comprises a representation
of the first article.
5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the representation of the first article
comprises a uniform resource locator.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1, comprising: determining a second article associated
with the second search query; and determining a second ranking score for the second
article based at least in part on data associated with the first search query.
7. The method as claimed in claim 6, comprising ranking the first article and the second
article based at least in part on the first ranking score and the second ranking score.
8. The method as claimed in claim 6, comprising providing a search result for the second
search query having the first article and the second article ranked according at least in
part to the first ranking score and the second ranking score.
9. The method as claimed in claim 6, comprising receiving a third search query; and
determining a relationship between the third search query and the second search query,
and wherein determining the first ranking score for the first article is further based at least
in part on data associated with the third search query.
10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein receiving the first search query further
comprises determining a query previously made consecutively with the second query.
11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the criterion is at least one of an order of
submission, a time period, a misspelling relationship, a synonym relationship, an
antonym relationship, or an acronym relationship.
12. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the instance score for the first search
query comprises selections made in search results for the first search query in a context of
the second search query.
13. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the number of instances the first article
was shown in a search result for the first search query comprises instances included in a
context of the second search query.
It. A system for performing a search ranking, said system comprising:
a server to receive a first search query and a second search query;
a search engine to identify a relationship between the first search query and the
second search query based at least in part on a criterion;
a related query processor to determine a first article associated with the second
search query;
a ranking processor to determine a first ranking score for the first article based at
least in part on data associated with the first search query, wherein determining the first
ranking score for the first article based at least in part on data associated with the first
search query comprises determining a number of times the first article was selected when
included in search results for the first search query, wherein determining the number of
times the first article was selected when presented in search results for the first search
query comprises determining a number of clickthroughs for the first article when
presented in search results for the first search query; and
the server to output a search result comprising the first article.

Systems and methods that improve search rankings for a search query by using data
associated with queries related to the search query are described. In one aspect, a search
query is received, a related query related to the search query is determined, an article
(such as a web page) associated with the search query is determined, and a ranking score
for the article based at least in part on data associated with the related query is
determined. Several algorithms and types of data associated with related queries useful in
carrying out such systems and methods are described.

Documents:

00686-kolnp-2006-abstract.pdf

00686-kolnp-2006-claims.pdf

00686-kolnp-2006-description complete.pdf

00686-kolnp-2006-drawings.pdf

00686-kolnp-2006-form 1.pdf

00686-kolnp-2006-form 3.pdf

00686-kolnp-2006-form 5.pdf

00686-kolnp-2006-international publication.pdf

00686-kolnp-2006-international search report.pdf

00686-kolnp-2006-pct request.pdf

00686-kolnp-2006-priority document.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-assignment.pdf

686-KOLNP-2006-CORRESPONDENCE-1.1.pdf

686-KOLNP-2006-CORRESPONDENCE.pdf

686-KOLNP-2006-FOR ALTERATION OF ENTRY IN THE PATENT REGISTER.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-form 3.pdf

686-KOLNP-2006-FORM-27.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-granted-abstract.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-granted-assignment.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-granted-claims.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-granted-correspondence.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-granted-description (complete).pdf

686-kolnp-2006-granted-drawings.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-granted-examination report.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-granted-form 1.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-granted-form 13.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-granted-form 18.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-granted-form 2.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-granted-form 26.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-granted-form 3.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-granted-form 5.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-granted-gpa.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-granted-reply to examination report.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-granted-specification.pdf

686-KOLNP-2006-OTHERS.pdf

686-KOLNP-2006-PA.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-pct priority document notification.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-petition under rule 137.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-petition under rule 138.pdf

686-kolnp-2006-reply to examination report.pdf

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Patent Number

239044

Indian Patent Application Number

686/KOLNP/2006

PG Journal Number

10/2010

Publication Date

05-Mar-2010

Grant Date

03-Mar-2010

Date of Filing

23-Mar-2006

Name of Patentee

GOOGLE INC.

Applicant Address

1600 AMPHITHEATRE PARKWAY, BUILDING 41, MOUNTAIN VIEW , CALIFORNIA

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	TONG, SIMON	541 DEL DEDIO AVENUE, #319 MOUNTAIN VIEW, CALIFORNIA 94040
2	BRIN, SERGEY	555 BRYANT STREET, #160 PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA 94301
3	PEARSON, MARK	ROOM 411, INTERNATIONAL HOUSE, 2299 PIEDMONT AVENUE, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 94720

PCT International Classification Number

G06F 17/30

PCT International Application Number

PCT/US2004/029615

PCT International Filing date

2004-09-10

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1	10/661,748	2003-09-12	U.S.A.