Title of Invention	"AN APPLICATOR TOOL FOR DISPENSING FLUID MATERIAL ONTO A SURFACE"
Abstract	This tool applies treatments to surfaces by rubbing. It employs a mildly abrasive body of compacted non-woven fibres to carry and release fluids onto a surface as it cleans and massages the surface. It comprises a spill proof rubbing applicator capable of dispensing chemical substances ranging from low viscosity liquids to fine dry particulate and includes slurries and gels. The tool is provided with means of removing dirty used fibres from its treatment face.

Title of Invention

"AN APPLICATOR TOOL FOR DISPENSING FLUID MATERIAL ONTO A SURFACE"

Abstract

This tool applies treatments to surfaces by rubbing. It employs a mildly abrasive body of compacted non-woven fibres to carry and release fluids onto a surface as it cleans and massages the surface. It comprises a spill proof rubbing applicator capable of dispensing chemical substances ranging from low viscosity liquids to fine dry particulate and includes slurries and gels. The tool is provided with means of removing dirty used fibres from its treatment face.

Full Text	The present invention relates to an applicator tool for dispensing fluid material onto a surface. The tool incorporating a body is made with entangled non-woven fibres carrying a fine abrasive, which body is compacted and a fluid is dispersed therein for subsequent transfer onto a surface during rubbing. If compacted sufficiently an entangled non-woven fibre body carrying mild abrasive will retain low viscosity liquid between its fibres by absorption. When a surface is abraded with this loaded body, it raises the free energy of the surface causing liquid to transfer from the fibres onto the surface. Such an applicator is essentially spill proof because it only releases liquid when rubbed against a surface. Other fluid materials like dry or wetted fine particulate or gel can also be dispensed with such a tool and rubbed onto a surface. Because these materials may not flow as freely as low viscosity liquids their deposition behaviour is likely to differ, but the applicator remains essentially spill proof. The compacted fibre body of the tool may be a flat web, or a stack of webs forming a rectangular layered block, or a rod shape made by stacking many discs, all held tightly together by breakable ties. The stack is stored in a container that may also act as a tool holder. Soiled used layers on a stacked block may be peeled off to expose fresh loaded fibre. Alternatively a rod shaped tool can be made by tightly coiling up a flat web to form a roll which is forced into a tool holder resembling a beefed up lipstick or glue stick dispenser. A cutting device that acts like a pencil sharpener to remove and store used dirty fibre and is housed in the tool end cap. Therefore, this is a tool for applying fluid treatments to a variety of surfaces, which tool employs an assembly of compacted entangled non-woven fibres as both a storage and application medium. The fibres may be either organic or inorganic or some combination thereof and generally manufactured. The fibres are solid and therefore do not depend upon a cellular structure to retain fluid. The body absorbs fluid between the fibres by surface energy effects. The fibre body is held within a tool holding device that may also be an enclosure with an opening through which at least part of the fibre body is exposed. This exposed surface acts as a mild abrading tool, a polishing or massage pad, depending upon the fibre body which may range from soft almost non abrasive up to very hard and highly abrasive. The abrasive may either be dispersed loose between the fibres or bonded thereto. In one aspect this provides an applicator tool for dispensing fluid material while abrading a surface, comprising: a tightly compacted body of non woven, mildly abrasive, essentially non-compressible fibres between which can be stored the fluid to be dispensed, the body having a face from which that fluid can be dispensed (by rubbing that face against a surface); a holder for the body, in or on which holder the body is mounted leaving that dispensing face exposed; and means enabling the removal of worn, dirt laden fibres from that dispensing face. The invention provides an applicator, a tool for dispensing a thin even layer of fluid material onto solid surfaces. In the case of metal surfaces typical functions for the applied material may be an etching agent, degreasing agent, a lubricant, a corrosion inhibitor an adhesion enhancer, a mould release agent, a friction enhancer, a sealant, a primer or stripper, a surfactant or an adhesive. Alternatively in the case of timber surfaces - thinned bees wax, sealants, colourings, grain fillings, adhesives, primers etc. In the case of ceramics or glass an adhesion enhancer wetting or release agent might be beneficially applied. Other uses include the application of adhesive to paper or cloth, application of cosmetics and skin medication, waterproofing of fabrics and leather, or for imparting scent into items like garments or personal effects. Also the tool is useful for invisibly marking objects for security use with trace elements such as fluorescent dye which when rubbed into an absorbent surface is very difficult to remove. The tool is unsuited for applying ink or paint because the layer left is so thin that it is barely visible. In all of the above cases an abrasive is used within the fibre body of the tool. The abrasive may be attached to the fibre or distributed between the fibres. The grade of the abrasives vary according to the purpose for which the tool is used and may in principle vary from something as mild as talcum powder to aggressive diamond paste. Most commonly the abrasives are either alumina or silicon carbide grit size 320 to 80, but can be a powdered metal silicate, for example talc - magnesium silicate or a zinc silicate. In powder silicate form it can act initially as an abrasive to remove adsorbed and some absorbed and soft oxide then, as it encounters the harder substrate it is no longer hard enough to abrade and may then be deposited onto the surface by continued rubbing. The abrasive smoothes and cleans a surface of contaminants adhering to the surface such as corrosion and absorbed layers. The abrasive action raises the free energy of the surface, which as noted in the introduction aids the dispensing action. Light abrasion with a flexible material like a non woven nylon fleece carrying mild abrasives bonded onto its fibres is an efficient means of cleaning metal and other hard surfaces of oxide and adsorbed contaminants. After cleaning oxide will normally reform immediately. Therefore any conditioning material released by the tool as it cleans may be preferentially absorbed into a forming oxide. The cleaning action is mostly limited to the oxide level on hard materials but may still reduce micro roughness. In the case of softer surfaces like timber the smoothing is more significant. In the case of leather or skin, dry scale dirt and adsorbed matter is removed and typically the surface is opened up and slightly roughened. The action of this tool is unsuited to general cleaning duty like a scouring pad, which, although it may use similar non woven materials it must remain open in structure so that water can pass freely through the pad to remove dirt and melt and release the soap condensed onto the fibres. Thus a distinguishing feature between this tool and a scouring pad is the fibres of the tool are compacted and retain dirt which is removed by removing the dirty fibres. Within the body of the tool individual fibres being solid are not easily compressed and the term "essentially non-compressible fibre" is used here to mean that. The non-woven fleece is squeezed together and compacted to reduce fibre spacing rather than each fibre undergoing an actual reduction of volume due to surface pressure. The aim is to bring the fibres sufficiently close together for surface energy effects, later referred to as the energy of adhesion, to retain fluid material suspended between fibres, which behaviour is akin to capillary action. However capillary action is concerned with fluid transported through narrow regular shaped tubes such as fibres with hollow or cellular structures like those in plant stems or in marker pens. Nevertheless fluid is retained between the non-woven fibres by similar surface energy effects as cause capillary flow but the highly irregular spacing and random direction of the fibres impedes organised flow. Under these conditions material tends to be retained indefinitely unless exposed to a high gravitational force or surface energy. This loaded fluid cannot be easily squeezed out because of the stiffness of the compacted fibre. The stiffness being the result of the fibres - which are tangled and crinkled and become interlocked and resist further compression, although the body retains some useful flexibility overall, it does not change volume significantly when flexed. The retained flexibility provides useful compliance and softness at the rubbing interface allowing the tool to follow surface micro roughness when rubbed against a surface. The body of the tool is preferably assembled from commercially available abrasive coated fleece with a springy lofty open structure such as supplied by among many, by the 3M Company under their Scotch-Brite Brand or the Norton Company under their Bear-Tex Brand, both of which are registered marks. While there are user advantages associated with this open structure in some instances like the case of the earlier mentioned scouring pad. The open lofty feature is actually the result of the way the fleece or web is manufactured. Industrial grade abrasive web or fleece is manufactured from crinkled nylon to help provide the natural spacing. The un-coated fibres comprising many short lengths are prepared by blowing and combing into a jumbled up fluffy fleece or mat. Typical fibres being those made by DuPont de Nemours (Deutschland) Gmbh described as Nylon 17 dtex, 58mm 3030. The fleece is coated with resin carrying abrasive and cured. These fleece are produced as broad strips typically 1 meter wide then bulked as rolls containing typically 30 meters prior to conversion into a form suited to some specific purpose. Most commercially available products are made in a standard fleece thickness of about 6 to 8mm nominal. Their stiffness is varied with the diameter of the fibre, which generally increases with the coarseness of the abrasive grains used. These open non woven fleeces are sometimes compacted then impregnated with a hot melt adhesive or curable resin to provide stiff abrasive tools ideal for high speed wheels, squeegee pads or wringer rollers but this compacted material was found to be too stiff for use in the applicator tools of the invention. The preferred way of holding the fleece compacted in block form is with barbed nylon ties that act as staples. For tools using rolls, these may be simply rolled up tight and forced into parallel tubes, some narrowing slightly towards the orifice to provide more compaction at the orifice. This was found to increase the amount of liquid that could be loaded without risk of it seeping out. Other methods of retaining compaction between several layers of fleece include cross-stitching and the welding of filaments with heated needles, which may use the filaments of the fleece or separate filaments. Illustrated examples of these are provided later. A means of retaining and holding said body is provided. The body of the tool needs protection from atmosphere to prevent evaporation as will be explained later and this may take the form of a flimsy plastic cover for block like tool bodies, which in essence is a sealed package that also prevents contamination during storage. When removed from the package the rectangular body is mounted in or on a holding device like a tool holder of some kind. An example of this is illustrated later where the tool holder is a simple extruded plastic handle that grips the side of the fibre body. An alternative is to place the body of fibre within a closed container or holder. Then there is needed some means of urging or pushing the abrasive out of the container or holder, little by little as it is used. As in the previously mentioned case of the glue-stick dispenser, a convenient way is to use a screw mechanism coupled to a knob or grip at the base of the tool. Upon turning this the abrasive body slides outward. For automatic applications other means would probably be used to drive the abrasive out such as a servo-controlled electric or hydraulic actuator. Ideally the container should be made of a similar material to the fibre or have a similar or slightly lower surface energy. The choice of correct materials ensures that during storage the fluid remains preferentially attracted to the fibre and will not migrate to the inner surfaces of the container and then leak or seep out should the container not be properly sealed. It is difficult to provide precise guidance on this detail and each case needs to be carefully considered on its merits and suitable material combinations tested. Successful tool holders for use with coated nylon fibre tools have been made in polypropylene and polyethylene but the surface energy of polycarbonate and ABS proved to be too high. In use the exposable face of the body is prone to accumulate dirt and debris as it cleans the surface and a means is provided for removing accumulated dirt and worn spent fibre from the surface of the body. Two approaches are employed, either a used layer is peeled of and discarded or a slice of the body is cut off. In the case of a block tool made with a laminated construction and the laminations run parallel to the rubbing area, the coupling between the laminated layers is designed to allow a used layer to be peeled of and discarded. The ties are designed to break off level with the new surface as each layer is peeled off and this is achieved by the peeling action bending and fracturing each tie at small indentations (weak-spots) spaced along each tie. These ties can be made from similar but larger diameter fibres as used within the body. In the case of a tool holder like a glue stick dispenser any protruding used fibre is easily cut off with a small saw blade or hack saw and there is illustrated later how a saw blade may be incorporated into the top cap of the tool. Also a trimmer blade may be incorporated into the sealing cap which functions a bit like a pencil sharpener to shape the end face as the cap is rotated against the body. A spiked plate with cutters may also be incorporated into the cap to so that as turned this comb's and drags out spent fibres and cuts them and deposits them into the cap. If the fibre stick or column is formed as a stack of stamped or otherwise shaped flats, then this is analogous to a stack of individual tools using ties. As they are compacted within a constraining body they tend to bind together and grip. Combing the surface to break a few fibres, which are then more likely to tangle with another layer of non-woven material, enhances this gripping feature. And again once expended each disk is simply peeled off and discarded. This exposes the next layer or new tool. In principle the fibre body may comprise of fibres of almost any materials such as plastics; glass or carbon based materials or metals. In practice the preferred fibre is nylon with which may be blended fibres made from other materials. Adequate cleaning was found when small amounts of chopped glass fibre of no more than 5mm average length was blended with un-coated non-woven nylon that was used in place of conventional abrasive. Up to 5% by weight of glass was found to be a practical value. It may on occasions be helpful to employ inorganic material such as glass fibre exclusively where for instance organic polymeric materials are incompatible with the local chemistry. It is more difficult to form a lofty open structure with glass than nylon fibre. Layering small amounts of bundled non-woven glass fibre between thin layers of woven glass fibre mats was found to give make a practical tool. Hence under these circumstances the bundled fibre provided the bulk storage by wetting and the woven material acted as a porous membrane and mechanical retainer. Other fibre materials such as for example aramids, polyesters or polyamides may be used individually, or combined and chosen to meet the local surface energy and chemical need. The surface energies of typical polymeric materials like polyethylene copolymer range from 20 to 24 dynes/cm up to 46dynes/cm for polycarbonate and some nylons. The purpose of the applicator of the invention is to apply fluid to a surface that needs some sort of treatment, and in a second aspect, the invention provides a method of applying fluid material onto a surface using an applicator tool of the invention having the fluid material pre-loaded into the tool's fibre body, in which method the exposed dispensing face of the body is rubbed against the surface to transfer fluid thereto. This invention provides a method of applying and spreading fluids evenly and in small amounts, even traces amounts. The fluid material in liquid or fine particulate form or a combination thereof. The term "trace amount" means a very small amount perhaps in the case of a low viscosity liquid only a few molecules thick on average, which may influence but may not necessarily dominate or totally change the chemical nature of a surface. Such a material in liquid form may be a wet chemical composition, often a blend of several elements designed to fulfil a specific function - for example to act as a surfactant and improve wetting. In fine particulate form the material is a powder again chosen to provide or fulfil a particular function, for example a zinc powder that acts as a sacrificial corrosion element on steel. By combining a fluid like a surfactant with a particulate improved coverage is obtained because the fluid is able to wet and penetrate and carry particulate into troughs and microscopically small imperfections on a surface. These applicators are tools for treating surfaces and the treatment involves varying combinations of cleaning, smoothing, dispensing and rubbing-in (massaging). This treatment actually changing the condition of a surface on an object that is rubbed with the tool. The term condition may embrace both the physical and the chemical nature of a surface, both of which may be influenced by use of this tool. First the physical nature, for example roughness can be reduced and the surface cleaned of dirt adhering to the surface as it is scraped off by mechanical abrading action. Second, abrading the surface layers off changes the surface chemical nature as adsorbed and most absorbed material is removed. In removing these layers some of the surface oxide is scraped off by the abrasive action and this raises the surface free energy which aids wetting, adhesion and adsorption of individual conditioning molecules within the dispensed material. The term "wetting" describes the ability and ease by which a fluid can spread over and adhere onto a solid surface. Wetting is controlled by surface energy, for example, optimum wetting occurs when individual molecules within a fluid are attracted to and attach onto the surface in preference to remaining within a bead or droplet of fluid lying upon a surface. Thus under the operating conditions of this applicator tool, the energy conditions are such that flowable materials, and in particular individual molecules within a fluid are attracted by and held or suspended between the fibre surfaces while they are stored within the fibre body. As a guide, when treating metals with a tool whose body comprises abrasive resin coated nylon, transfer of conditioning fluid onto the treated surface occurs when the surface free energy (measured in dynes/cm) for the abraded surface is about 10 dynes/cm greater than the surface tension of the liquid (also measured in dynes/cm). The difference between these two quantities being known as the energy of adhesion. The surface free energy level of the coated fibre being ideally somewhere between that of the fluid and the surface being treated. There are occasions when the surface free energy of the treated surface may be above these levels in which case material will transfer upon touching, and before rubbing although rubbing will still be beneficial to clean the surface. The actual spacing of the compacted fibres needs to be determined by experiment and verified for each type of fluid. As an example a highly mobile low molecular weight surface-active fluid like a Polydimethylesiloxane water proofing agent, which has low surface tension and a high propensity to creep because of its unique low polar nature will wet the coated nylon fibre very readily. For optimum retention of this material it requires the spacing between the fibres be minimised. In contrast a fluid like de-ionised water, for example, which has relatively high surface tension, because of its strong hydrogen bonding between molecules can be retained by a body with larger spacing between the fibres. Therefore the average spacing between fibres will be determined by the character of the material being stored therein and should be optimised by experiment. During loading, providing energy is available and the materials are liquid with a suitably low viscosity, the material will be drawn into the body and continue to spread and wet the surfaces within the fibre mass until the entire mass approaches saturation. The loading process is aided by gravity if the materials (fluids) are applied to the highest surface. If the energy difference available for driving the wetting falls below that needed for further wetting, no further material can flow in unaided. As already noted it is the intermolecular forces that ultimately determine the distribution of the fluid across the fibres, seeking the lowest or minimum energy difference between the solids and liquids, which once reached, this is a stable situation. Once this stable state is reached the loaded material remains held wetted onto the fibres which constitutes the non-spill feature. This condition remains stable until the system is subjected to a change of energy distribution that may induce out flow or evaporation. If a container with a narrowed orifice is employed and gaps are left between the body and its container, then providing the container is leak proof the gaps can be filled with free fluid by saturating (over loading) the body. However, under these conditions the applicator may then loose its non spill feature because the surface energy effect that normally retains the fluid is unlikely to be effective under these conditions. If the material being loaded in the fibre body is a fine dry particulate then a different procedure must be followed. Although the dry particulate is fluid it does not wet like a liquid. In this case the body needs to be placed and held on a vibrating table and the particulate applied in small quantities to an upwards facing surface so that the powder is shaken down into the fibre body a little at a time. Likewise in use the tool needs to be shaken or vibrated by tapping it against the surface being coated to encourage the release of particulate. A particulate will firstly need much larger gaps and second exclusively surface energy effects do not retain it although electrostatic retention can be significant. Indeed in some cases it may be advantageous to treat the fibre with anti static to prevent the dispenser clogging up. In use mechanical interlocks may form and these need to be released and overcome by vibration. Despite this limitation the applicator is still a very convenient dispenser of fine particulate, especially when it needs to be applied with a liquid as a lotion or slurry If the fluid material being loaded is a wet slurry or gel, then forcing the material into the body under pressure best does this and vacuum impregnation is a convenient way of achieving this. In use the slurry or gel is wiped onto the surface, but the fibre retains these thicker materials only partly by adhesion and partly by mechanical interlock. In use, if gel, slurry or particulate does not flow from the applicator tool it is necessary to trim the fibre back or peel off a layer to gain access to more gel stored within the fibre body. For the fibre to be able to raise the surface energy sufficiently to transfer a liquid, the fibre, or more precisely abrasive retained within the fibre body, needs to be hard enough to remove part of the oxide layer from the surface being treated, but it does not necessarily need to be harder than the substrate or to be able to remove substrate material. During rubbing there is also an energy change within the fibre body and an energy gradient is established across the fibres especially near the surface since the free energy of the rubbing fibres will also increase slightly during rubbing due to friction induced electrostatic effects. As a result material transfers within the body from fibre to fibre in the direction of exposed fibres at the rubbing interface. The energy gradient across the fibres regulates the flow and ultimately limits the amount of material transferred. The resin coating covering the nylon fleece has a surface energy above that of the nylon so if this is worn off by mechanical abrasion any increase in surface energy within the body due to rubbing tends to be offset by a loss of resin coating on exposed fibres that have been used for rubbing. Statement of Invention According to the present invention there is provided an applicator tool for dispensing fluid material onto a surface while mildly abrading that surface the body of the tool compacted with fluid dispersed therein for subsequent transfer onto a surface during rubbing, the tool characterised in that: a tightly compacted body of non-woven, mildly-abrasive, essentially non-compressible fibres spaced to retain the fluid to be dispensed, the body having a face from which that fluid can be dispensed by rubbing that face against a surface; a holder for the body, in or on which holder the body is mounted leaving that dispensing face exposed; and means of removal of worn dirt laden fibres from that dispensing face by cutting or peeling off the used layer. Illustrations. The invention is now described with the aid of Illustrations showing Examples of the various constructions. Figure 1 a shows a side view of an un-compacted stack of six layers of fleece. Figure 1b shows a side view of the same stack held compacted with barbed ties. Figure 1c shows a side view of the same stack held compacted with stitches. Figure 2a shows a general view of a compacted stack with ties Figure 2b shows the same stack held with a tool holder and a peeling layer Figure 3a shows a compacted role of fleece Figure 3b shows a compacted role held within a dispensing tool holder Figure 3c Shows a circular compacted stack within a dispensing tool holder Figure 4a shows a cross section of a cap with dresser for the tool shown in 3a Figure 4b shows how a dressing comb is added to dresser plate Figure 5 shows the assembly an alternative cap with dresser employing a saw blade Examples are now described with reference to illustrations in the above Figures: Example 1. Describes how to make a body of non compacted fibre by reference to Figures 1a, b and c. A strip of medium density non woven abrasive fleece colour coded maroon carrying 220 grit similar to 3M Scotch-Brite 7447 or Norton Bear-Tex 747 was cut into six small sheets 100 x 30mm and stacked as shown in detail 1 in the side view of Figure 1 a. The natural height of this is marked on the diagram as D1. Nylon staple ties with barbs moulded or cut along their length are shown closed 2 and open 3. As stack 1 is compacted down the staples are forced into the body 4 spaced roughly 10 cm equi distant and shown in the cross section view Figure 1b. The action of pressing the staples in compacts the layers down to slightly below height D2 in Figure 1b. As the insertion and compacting force is removed the fleece attempts to expand 5 and the barbs 4 engage with the fibre to hold it compressed, the assembly then having a maximum compacted height D2. The amount of compaction may vary and will generally be between 25 and 75% depending upon the stiffness of the fibres. An alternative method of holding the non-woven fleece compacted is to use a stitch 6 shown inserted into the compressed stack 7 in Figure 1c. Alternately instead of threading the stitch if nylon filament is used then they may be welded by inserting with heated needles pressed into a compacted sheet (not shown). Example 2. Describes how a body of compacted fibre is used by reference to Figures 2a and b. Similar size flat sheets of coated non-woven Scotch Brite as used in Example 1 are stacked, compacted and stabled to form a block 8 and then loaded with about 10ml of Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamthytrisiloxane B copolymer which acts as a surfactant and is useful for improving epoxy adhesive and paint bonding onto steel and aluminium. The surface tension for this chemical material is quoted as about 23 mN/m. The chemical is dripped onto its upper surface an allowed to soak in. The loaded block is then placed inside a sealed polyethylene container for storage until used (not shown). The surface energy of the polyethylene is typically 29 to 31 mN/m and the coated non-woven Scotch Brite is estimated at about 45mN/m. Hence the impregnated fluid is more strongly attracted to the compacted fibre and does not migrate onto the polythene. To prepare the impregnated stack for use, it is removed from it package and placed in a holding device 9. This simple extruded plastic or metal handle has grips on its inner surfaces (not shown) to grip and retain the block. The layers are held compressed together with staples 8 so as to permit individual sheets to be peeled off after use as shown at 10, without relaxing the compression of the remaining sheets. The staples illustrated previously in Fig.lb provide a practical way of holding the stack together. Example 3 describes how a roll tool is assembled and used by reference to Figures 3a, b and c. An example of a cylindrical tool using a compacted roll 11 is shown in Figure 3a. This is made with similar material as used in example 1. A strip of 3M 7447 material was cut 200mmx80mm and tightly rolled onto a cardboard mandrel 4mm outside diameter and 80mm length similar in strength to a drinking straw. The final outside diameter of the roll was 26mm and it was 83mm high. The mandrel was left in place and the roll was taped down the side over the material edge to hold it compacted. The roll was anchored at its base by crimping into a cup shape moulded polythene nut (not shown) that runs on the thread of the central internal moulded screw (not shown). This screw is sized to pass through the mandrel at the centre of the roll and is connected to the hand nut at the bottom. As the hand nut is turned it draws the roll down into the moulded plastic case 13 to produce an assembly generally as shown at Figure 3b. Figure 3b. Shows an assembly using a moulded housing similar to those used for a glue stick paper adhesive dispenser. A typical unit stood 70mm tall and 29mm diameter. The internal diameter of the moulded plastic tool holder was about 26.5mm. The ledge detail on the outside of the tool 14 acts as a stop for the container lid, designs for which are shown in Figures 4 and 5. The hand nut 12 has a knurled grip and is coupled to a moulded internal screw (not shown) that runs two thirds of the way up the centre cavity inside the cardboard mandrel within the roll 15. Upon turning the hand nut the roll 15 is raised and forced out of the end as generally shown in Fig3b - ready to be rubbed against a surface. For use the fibre roll 15 is positioned typically between 2 and 5mm above the upper rim of the tubular moulded housing 13.. A tool like this will carry about 5ml of low viscosity (20mm2/s) fluid or 10ml or more of a fluid with a viscosity of about 100mm2/s. By way of example the chemical was added to the compacted fibre mass within the cavity by dripping 5 ml of 30mm2/s -viscosity polymethylehydrogen siloxane copolymer onto the exposed end of the abrasive role before the sealing cap was placed on to seal the container. After three months storage no trace of leakage or evaporation was detected. The loaded material was selected to make the tool suited for treating metal surfaces like steel and imbuing them with a useful increase in rubbing friction and grip between touching metal surfaces. This tool worked satisfactorily as a friction enhancer, having treated approximately four hundred parallel shank drills to reduce slippage when gripped by keyless chucks. The increase in frictional grip observed was typically in excess of 50%. The tool was also used to treat cross head and cross-slot screwdriver tips to reduce slippage. The jaws of a "C" spanner were treated to prevent the spanner slipping off the hexagon form being held and turned. An alternative construction for a cylindrical rod like compressed body is shown in Figure 3c. Here individual discs of non-woven material are cut and stacked then compacted and stapled with barbed staples 16 running the length of the column, the staples used are generally similar to those illustrated in Figure 1. This permits each used layer to be peeled off 17 after use without reducing the compression of the remaining discs. 17 shows a disk being removed. Example 4. describes the sealing cap and dresser used with the tool of Figure 3, described with reference to Figures 4a and b. Figure 4a shows a cross section of a cap 18 suitable for use with the containers shown in Figure.3. which fits snugly against 16 to provide a seal. The cap contains a cutting blade 19 set in a steel disc 20 for dressing the end of the fibre roll to remove used spent and dirty fibre. The space above the cutter 21 is provided to catch the cut off dressing debris. Dressing is done by elevating the fibre role 15 so that the roll makes firm contact with the metal plate 20 and turning the cap 18 relative to the fibre body. Figure 4b shows how additional tags pierced in the plate 20 and pressed downwards so to form pointed teeth that act as a comb as they engage with the top of the roll and when the cap is turned relative to the body. These teeth improve the dressing and cutting action of the cutter. Example 5 describes how a saw blade may be incorporated into the cap for dressing the roll end and is described with reference to Figure 5. Figure 5 shows another device for dressing the roll in which a serrated saw blade 22 is forced against the side of the roll by the thumb pad 32 as it is turned by hand to shear off the spent fibre from the end of the roll. The waste fibre is then trapped and held securely within the cap cavity. This design of top cap trimmer is used when the device shown in Figure 4 proves inadequate perhaps because the fibres are too tough to be easily sheared. Here a moulded cap 24 is provided with diagonal moulded guides 25 on which the cutter blade 22 slides. The cutter 22 is operated (forced down) by pressure applied to the thumb pad 26 that locates and slides in another set of guides 24 moulded along the side of the side of cap 23. The device is assembled by first inserting the coil spring 27 and its half washer 28 into the moulding 23. Then the saw blade 22 is slid onto its lateral guides 25. The thumb button 26 is then slid down over moulding 23 with the inward facing pips on 26 engaging into guide slot 24. The saw blade 22 is sprung onto the outward facing pips on the thumb button 31. A hidden wire spring (not shown) is placed under the thumb pad to help pop the thumb pad 26 up into position 32 after the thumb pad is squeezed and pulled upwards from its normally locked down position. This opens the saw jaw to allow the roll to be forced up past the saw by operating hand screw 12. The front of the saw 22 carries fine sharp serrations in two directions so that it will cut in either direction of rotation. In use the assembled cap device is placed over the moulding case, locating against ridge 14 on the moulded case, with the end of projecting used roll resting against the face of the half-washer 28. Pressure is applied to the thumb button in position 32 as it is turned relative to the fibre roll. The thumb pad forces the saw blade into the side of the roll which shears off fibres as the cap or tool body are moved in opposite directions, leaving the end of the roll trim and square. The debris are again trapped in the cap and retained as in Figure 4. Test Results Test 1. To measure body leakage. This test measured the retentive character of a compacted densified mass of abrasive coated non-woven fibre, tests were performed with three fluids of low viscosity known for their ability to creep and penetrate. These were a diluted phosphoric acid rust remover; a hydrocarbon based water-repellent surface preservative similar to WD40 and a Polydimethyle siloxane formulation for waterproofing. The viscosities of the acid and hydrocarbon were approximately 30 mm2/s for the first two materials and 50 mm2/s for the siloxane. All their surface tensions were in the region of 24 dynes/cm. Strips of 3M 7447 material were cut 150x40mm and rolled up into tight rolls of 20mm diameter average. The length extruded slightly during rolling to 42mm. The three rolls were bound up with nylon thread. The volume of the rolls was about 30% of that of the volume of the original fleece. The rolls were stood on end and 2ml of fluid was applied to each and allowed to soak in. After 15minut.es the rolls were laid horizontally on clean paper towels and inspected and weighed every hour for the first 10 hours for evidence of leakage. They were then weighed daily for two weeks and thereafter monthly for six months. The parts were tested in open laboratory conditions and the average temperature for the period was 15°C. Relative humidity ranged from 5 to 25% averaging about 10% over the 6 month test period. After 10 hours slight leak developed with roll holding phosphoric acid. This stopped after 24 hours having lost 2% by weight of the fluid. No further leakage occurred and a weight loss of 7% inclusive was recorded over 2 weeks. After 6 months 70% by weight of added material was lost while lying on a towel in open atmosphere but there was no evidence of out-flow. Therefore this loss was attributed to evaporation. A similar role stored in a polyethylene bag lost only 3% by weight over the same 6-month period. The hydrocarbon based fluid showed no evidence of leakage over the initial two-week test period. There was a 5% loss of fluid by weight over this fourteen-day period, which was attributed to evaporation and 81% by weight was lost over 6 months. Again similar samples stored in sealed plastic bags showed only 2% loss of fluid by weight over 6 months. The siloxane filled roll showed no sign of leakage for 4 days, thereafter a slight seepage was noted and a loss of about 9% by weight of fluid was measured over 14 days, the rate of escape appearing to steadily rise. About 40% by weight of fluid was lost over 6 months but there was apparently little or no loss due to evaporation because this material was substantially no volatile. A parallel test with a similar roll sealed in a plastic bag showed about a 6% loss in weight of fluid over 6 months, and this was accounted for by the transfer of material onto the inside of the sealed bag. Conclusion The test show that evaporation is the major loss mechanism and therefore the compacted fibre bodies should always be kept in a sealed container for storage. The tests with the siloxane confirmed that the surface free energy of any packaging materials used to store or act as a tool holder for loaded fibre bodies should be closer to the surface tension of the loaded liquid than the fibre mass to prevent material migrating onto the inside of the package. The test confirm that leakage or seepage is a second order effect, confirming the non-spill behaviour. Test 2 - To measure the compressibility and resilience of industry standard non-woven abrasives, typical of those used within the Tool of the Invention. Pads of 3M 7447 material were cut 40x40mm. The average height/depth as received was 8mm. A 1-kilogram weight was placed on the pad to compress it evenly. The compressed or "compacted" height was measured at 1.9mm. The force was maintained for one hour at 18 degrees centigrade. After releasing it the pad height recovered naturally to about 7mm. This confirms the view that a typical non-woven nylon abrasive can be compacted and is capable of recovering to a useful form. The test was repeated with the fleece immersed in boiling water for 15 minutes. Subsequently the non-woven material recovered about half of its height i.e. to approximately 4mm. The test was repeated a third time in an oven heated to 150 centigrade, after which the fleece recovered only to 3.1mm high. Electron micrographs showed considerable damage due to the resin coating becoming separated from the nylon fibre. Conclusion. The tests show that it is preferable to compact the fibre at low temperature rather than heating them because of the risk of damage to the resin binder although it may be helpful to heat the fleece moderately to about 50°C during compaction. Test 3 - To measure typical dispensing rates of applicator tools. Three rolls were prepared as described in Test 1 above and filled with 2ml of phosphoric acid, low viscosity hydrocarbon like WD40 and a 50 mm2/s polydimethyle siloxane respectively. Each roll was rubbed end-on against a degreased mild steel plate on in a test rig. The rubbing rate was set at 300mm/sec and the load applied was 200gram distributed over the 20mm diameter end face. The rubbing action was a reversing stroke of 150mm long with 5mm index on each stroke. Thus total abraded area is 45,000mm2 per minute. Assuming all three materials have a specific gravity of about 1, and ignoring evaporation effects the deposition rates were calculated to be approximately as follows: (Table Removed) Conclusions. Estimating the deposition rate is complex because it is a function of surface energy. In this case the deposition rate might be expected to fall off as rubbing proceeds, but that assumes perfect cleaning which is unlikely. Therefore the likelihood is that each pass cleans the surface a little more and deposits about equal amounts up to about five passes after that deposition rate fall off. We claim: 1. An applicator tool for dispensing fluid material onto a surface while mildly abrading that surface the body of the tool compacted with fluid dispersed therein for subsequent transfer onto a surface during rubbing, the tool characterised in that: a tightly compacted body of non-woven, mildly-abrasive, essentially non-compressible fibres spaced to retain the fluid to be dispensed, the body having a face from which that fluid can be dispensed by rubbing that face against a surface; a holder for the body, in or on which holder the body is mounted leaving that dispensing face exposed; and means of removal of worn dirt laden fibres from that dispensing face by cutting or peeling off the used layer. 2. A tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the abrasive is alumina or silicon carbide grit, or a metal silicate powder. 3. A tool as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein the fibres are nylon. 4. A tool as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein the fibres making up the compacted fibre body are crinkled, and form interlocks, thus resisting further compaction. 5. The tool as claimed in claim in which the tightly compacted body of non-woven mildly-abrasive essentially non-compressible fibres takes the form of a series of layers of compacted fleece held compacted by barbed ties that act or staples, or a roll of compacted fleece. 6. A tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein, to protect the fibre body from atmosphere, and to prevent evaporation, the body has a plastic cover. 7. A tool as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein the fibre body is mounted in or on a holding device in the form of a simple handle that grips the sides of the body, or is mounted within a closed container or holder associated with extrusion means as herein described for pushing the body out from within a closed container or holder by little, as it is used. 8. A tool as claimed in claim 7, wherein for a fibre body mounted within a tubular container, the said extrusion means is a screw mechanism coupled to a knob or grip at the base of the tool which upon actuation causes the fibre body to slide out. 9. A tool as claimed in any of the preceding Claims, wherein the tool holder is made of a similar material to the fibre, or has a similar or slightly lower surface energy. 10. A tool as claimed in claim 8, wherein a holder for use with coated nylon fibre bodies is made of polypropylene or polyethylene. 11. A tool as claimed in any of the preceding Claims, wherein a means is to provided enabling the removal of fibres from that dispensing face; a) the fibre body has a laminated construction, and the laminations run parallel to the rubbing area, allowing a used layer to be peeled of and discarded; or b) the fibre body is disposed within and projects from a capped tubular container, and the exposed end may be trimmed off using a blade or comb incorporated into the cap. 12. A method of applying fluid material onto a surface using an applicator tool as defined in any of the preceding Claims and having the fluid material pre-loaded into the tool's fibre body, in which method the exposed dispensing face of the body is rubbed against the surface to transfer fluid thereto. 13. A method as claimed in claim 12, in which the pre-loading occurs prior to the fibre body being mounted in or on its holder, and involves; a) where the fluid is a mobile liquid, supplying it to the body's highest surface and using gravity to enhance its absorption; b) where the fluid is a fine, dry particulate, supplying it to the body's highest surface and using gravity and vibration to enhance its absorption ; and c) where the fluid is a wet slurry or gel, forcing it into the body under pressure. 14. An applicator tool, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings. 15. A method of applying fluid material onto a surface using an applicator tool, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Full Text

The present invention relates to an applicator tool for dispensing fluid material onto a surface. The tool incorporating a body is made with entangled non-woven fibres carrying a fine abrasive, which body is compacted and a fluid is dispersed therein for subsequent transfer onto a surface during rubbing.
If compacted sufficiently an entangled non-woven fibre body carrying mild abrasive will retain low viscosity liquid between its fibres by absorption. When a surface is abraded with this loaded body, it raises the free energy of the surface causing liquid to transfer from the fibres onto the surface. Such an applicator is essentially spill proof because it only releases liquid when rubbed against a surface.
Other fluid materials like dry or wetted fine particulate or gel can also be dispensed with such a tool and rubbed onto a surface. Because these materials may not flow as freely as low viscosity liquids their deposition behaviour is likely to differ, but the applicator remains essentially spill proof.
The compacted fibre body of the tool may be a flat web, or a stack of webs forming a rectangular layered block, or a rod shape made by stacking many discs, all held tightly together by breakable ties. The stack is stored in a container that may also act as a tool holder. Soiled used layers on a stacked block may be peeled off to expose fresh loaded fibre. Alternatively a rod shaped tool can be made by tightly coiling up a flat web to form a roll which is forced into a tool holder resembling a beefed up lipstick or glue stick dispenser. A cutting device that acts like a pencil sharpener to remove and store used dirty fibre and is housed in the tool end cap.
Therefore, this is a tool for applying fluid treatments to a variety of surfaces, which tool employs an assembly of compacted entangled non-woven fibres as both a storage and application medium. The fibres may be either organic or inorganic or some combination thereof and generally manufactured. The fibres
are solid and therefore do not depend upon a cellular structure to retain fluid. The body absorbs fluid between the fibres by surface energy effects. The fibre body is held within a tool holding device that may also be an enclosure with an opening through which at least part of the fibre body is exposed. This exposed surface acts as a mild abrading tool, a polishing or massage pad, depending upon the fibre body which may range from soft almost non abrasive up to very hard and highly abrasive. The abrasive may either be dispersed loose between the fibres or bonded thereto.
In one aspect this provides an applicator tool for dispensing fluid material while abrading a surface, comprising:
a tightly compacted body of non woven, mildly abrasive, essentially non-compressible fibres between which can be stored the fluid to be dispensed, the body having a face from which that fluid can be dispensed (by rubbing that face against a surface);
a holder for the body, in or on which holder the body is mounted leaving that dispensing face exposed; and
means enabling the removal of worn, dirt laden fibres from that dispensing face.
The invention provides an applicator, a tool for dispensing a thin even layer of fluid material onto solid surfaces. In the case of metal surfaces typical functions for the applied material may be an etching agent, degreasing agent, a lubricant, a corrosion inhibitor an adhesion enhancer, a mould release agent, a friction enhancer, a sealant, a primer or stripper, a surfactant or an adhesive. Alternatively in the case of timber surfaces - thinned bees wax, sealants, colourings, grain fillings, adhesives, primers etc. In the case of ceramics or glass an adhesion enhancer wetting or release agent might be beneficially applied. Other uses include the application of adhesive to paper or cloth, application of cosmetics and skin medication, waterproofing of fabrics and leather, or for imparting scent into items like garments or personal effects. Also the tool is
useful for invisibly marking objects for security use with trace elements such as fluorescent dye which when rubbed into an absorbent surface is very difficult to remove. The tool is unsuited for applying ink or paint because the layer left is so thin that it is barely visible.
In all of the above cases an abrasive is used within the fibre body of the tool. The abrasive may be attached to the fibre or distributed between the fibres. The grade of the abrasives vary according to the purpose for which the tool is used and may in principle vary from something as mild as talcum powder to aggressive diamond paste. Most commonly the abrasives are either alumina or silicon carbide grit size 320 to 80, but can be a powdered metal silicate, for example talc - magnesium silicate or a zinc silicate. In powder silicate form it can act initially as an abrasive to remove adsorbed and some absorbed and soft oxide then, as it encounters the harder substrate it is no longer hard enough to abrade and may then be deposited onto the surface by continued rubbing.
The abrasive smoothes and cleans a surface of contaminants adhering to the surface such as corrosion and absorbed layers. The abrasive action raises the free energy of the surface, which as noted in the introduction aids the dispensing action.
Light abrasion with a flexible material like a non woven nylon fleece carrying mild abrasives bonded onto its fibres is an efficient means of cleaning metal and other hard surfaces of oxide and adsorbed contaminants. After cleaning oxide will normally reform immediately. Therefore any conditioning material released by the tool as it cleans may be preferentially absorbed into a forming oxide.
The cleaning action is mostly limited to the oxide level on hard materials but may still reduce micro roughness. In the case of softer surfaces like timber the smoothing is more significant. In the case of leather or skin, dry scale dirt and adsorbed matter is removed and typically the surface is opened up and slightly roughened. The action of this tool is unsuited to general cleaning duty like a
scouring pad, which, although it may use similar non woven materials it must remain open in structure so that water can pass freely through the pad to remove dirt and melt and release the soap condensed onto the fibres. Thus a distinguishing feature between this tool and a scouring pad is the fibres of the tool are compacted and retain dirt which is removed by removing the dirty fibres.
Within the body of the tool individual fibres being solid are not easily compressed and the term "essentially non-compressible fibre" is used here to mean that. The non-woven fleece is squeezed together and compacted to reduce fibre spacing rather than each fibre undergoing an actual reduction of volume due to surface pressure. The aim is to bring the fibres sufficiently close together for surface energy effects, later referred to as the energy of adhesion, to retain fluid material suspended between fibres, which behaviour is akin to capillary action. However capillary action is concerned with fluid transported through narrow regular shaped tubes such as fibres with hollow or cellular structures like those in plant stems or in marker pens. Nevertheless fluid is retained between the non-woven fibres by similar surface energy effects as cause capillary flow but the highly irregular spacing and random direction of the fibres impedes organised flow. Under these conditions material tends to be retained indefinitely unless exposed to a high gravitational force or surface energy. This loaded fluid cannot be easily squeezed out because of the stiffness of the compacted fibre. The stiffness being the result of the fibres - which are tangled and crinkled and become interlocked and resist further compression, although the body retains some useful flexibility overall, it does not change volume significantly when flexed. The retained flexibility provides useful compliance and softness at the rubbing interface allowing the tool to follow surface micro roughness when rubbed against a surface.
The body of the tool is preferably assembled from commercially available abrasive coated fleece with a springy lofty open structure such as supplied by among many, by the 3M Company under their Scotch-Brite Brand or the Norton Company under their Bear-Tex Brand, both of which are registered marks. While
there are user advantages associated with this open structure in some instances like the case of the earlier mentioned scouring pad. The open lofty feature is actually the result of the way the fleece or web is manufactured. Industrial grade abrasive web or fleece is manufactured from crinkled nylon to help provide the natural spacing. The un-coated fibres comprising many short lengths are prepared by blowing and combing into a jumbled up fluffy fleece or mat. Typical fibres being those made by DuPont de Nemours (Deutschland) Gmbh described as Nylon 17 dtex, 58mm 3030. The fleece is coated with resin carrying abrasive and cured.
These fleece are produced as broad strips typically 1 meter wide then bulked as rolls containing typically 30 meters prior to conversion into a form suited to some specific purpose. Most commercially available products are made in a standard fleece thickness of about 6 to 8mm nominal. Their stiffness is varied with the diameter of the fibre, which generally increases with the coarseness of the abrasive grains used. These open non woven fleeces are sometimes compacted then impregnated with a hot melt adhesive or curable resin to provide stiff abrasive tools ideal for high speed wheels, squeegee pads or wringer rollers but this compacted material was found to be too stiff for use in the applicator tools of the invention.
The preferred way of holding the fleece compacted in block form is with barbed nylon ties that act as staples. For tools using rolls, these may be simply rolled up tight and forced into parallel tubes, some narrowing slightly towards the orifice to provide more compaction at the orifice. This was found to increase the amount of liquid that could be loaded without risk of it seeping out. Other methods of retaining compaction between several layers of fleece include cross-stitching and the welding of filaments with heated needles, which may use the filaments of the fleece or separate filaments. Illustrated examples of these are provided later.
A means of retaining and holding said body is provided. The body of the tool needs protection from atmosphere to prevent evaporation as will be explained
later and this may take the form of a flimsy plastic cover for block like tool bodies, which in essence is a sealed package that also prevents contamination during storage. When removed from the package the rectangular body is mounted in or on a holding device like a tool holder of some kind. An example of this is illustrated later where the tool holder is a simple extruded plastic handle that grips the side of the fibre body.
An alternative is to place the body of fibre within a closed container or holder. Then there is needed some means of urging or pushing the abrasive out of the container or holder, little by little as it is used. As in the previously mentioned case of the glue-stick dispenser, a convenient way is to use a screw mechanism coupled to a knob or grip at the base of the tool. Upon turning this the abrasive body slides outward. For automatic applications other means would probably be used to drive the abrasive out such as a servo-controlled electric or hydraulic actuator.
Ideally the container should be made of a similar material to the fibre or have a similar or slightly lower surface energy. The choice of correct materials ensures that during storage the fluid remains preferentially attracted to the fibre and will not migrate to the inner surfaces of the container and then leak or seep out should the container not be properly sealed. It is difficult to provide precise guidance on this detail and each case needs to be carefully considered on its merits and suitable material combinations tested. Successful tool holders for use with coated nylon fibre tools have been made in polypropylene and polyethylene but the surface energy of polycarbonate and ABS proved to be too high.
In use the exposable face of the body is prone to accumulate dirt and debris as it cleans the surface and a means is provided for removing accumulated dirt and worn spent fibre from the surface of the body. Two approaches are employed, either a used layer is peeled of and discarded or a slice of the body is cut off.
In the case of a block tool made with a laminated construction and the laminations run parallel to the rubbing area, the coupling between the laminated layers is designed to allow a used layer to be peeled of and discarded. The ties are designed to break off level with the new surface as each layer is peeled off and this is achieved by the peeling action bending and fracturing each tie at small indentations (weak-spots) spaced along each tie. These ties can be made from similar but larger diameter fibres as used within the body.
In the case of a tool holder like a glue stick dispenser any protruding used fibre is easily cut off with a small saw blade or hack saw and there is illustrated later how a saw blade may be incorporated into the top cap of the tool. Also a trimmer blade may be incorporated into the sealing cap which functions a bit like a pencil sharpener to shape the end face as the cap is rotated against the body. A spiked plate with cutters may also be incorporated into the cap to so that as turned this comb's and drags out spent fibres and cuts them and deposits them into the cap.
If the fibre stick or column is formed as a stack of stamped or otherwise shaped flats, then this is analogous to a stack of individual tools using ties. As they are compacted within a constraining body they tend to bind together and grip. Combing the surface to break a few fibres, which are then more likely to tangle with another layer of non-woven material, enhances this gripping feature. And again once expended each disk is simply peeled off and discarded. This exposes the next layer or new tool.
In principle the fibre body may comprise of fibres of almost any materials such as plastics; glass or carbon based materials or metals. In practice the preferred fibre is nylon with which may be blended fibres made from other materials. Adequate cleaning was found when small amounts of chopped glass fibre of no more than 5mm average length was blended with un-coated non-woven nylon that was used in place of conventional abrasive. Up to 5% by weight of glass was found to be a practical value.
It may on occasions be helpful to employ inorganic material such as glass fibre exclusively where for instance organic polymeric materials are incompatible with the local chemistry. It is more difficult to form a lofty open structure with glass than nylon fibre. Layering small amounts of bundled non-woven glass fibre between thin layers of woven glass fibre mats was found to give make a practical tool. Hence under these circumstances the bundled fibre provided the bulk storage by wetting and the woven material acted as a porous membrane and mechanical retainer.
Other fibre materials such as for example aramids, polyesters or polyamides may be used individually, or combined and chosen to meet the local surface energy and chemical need. The surface energies of typical polymeric materials like polyethylene copolymer range from 20 to 24 dynes/cm up to 46dynes/cm for polycarbonate and some nylons.
The purpose of the applicator of the invention is to apply fluid to a surface that needs some sort of treatment, and in a second aspect, the invention provides a method of applying fluid material onto a surface using an applicator tool of the invention having the fluid material pre-loaded into the tool's fibre body, in which method the exposed dispensing face of the body is rubbed against the surface to transfer fluid thereto.
This invention provides a method of applying and spreading fluids evenly and in small amounts, even traces amounts. The fluid material in liquid or fine particulate form or a combination thereof. The term "trace amount" means a very small amount perhaps in the case of a low viscosity liquid only a few molecules thick on average, which may influence but may not necessarily dominate or totally change the chemical nature of a surface. Such a material in liquid form may be a wet chemical composition, often a blend of several elements designed to fulfil a specific function - for example to act as a surfactant and improve wetting. In fine particulate form the material is a powder again chosen to provide or fulfil a particular function, for example a zinc powder that acts as a sacrificial
corrosion element on steel. By combining a fluid like a surfactant with a particulate improved coverage is obtained because the fluid is able to wet and penetrate and carry particulate into troughs and microscopically small imperfections on a surface.
These applicators are tools for treating surfaces and the treatment involves varying combinations of cleaning, smoothing, dispensing and rubbing-in (massaging). This treatment actually changing the condition of a surface on an object that is rubbed with the tool. The term condition may embrace both the physical and the chemical nature of a surface, both of which may be influenced by use of this tool. First the physical nature, for example roughness can be reduced and the surface cleaned of dirt adhering to the surface as it is scraped off by mechanical abrading action. Second, abrading the surface layers off changes the surface chemical nature as adsorbed and most absorbed material is removed. In removing these layers some of the surface oxide is scraped off by the abrasive action and this raises the surface free energy which aids wetting, adhesion and adsorption of individual conditioning molecules within the dispensed material.
The term "wetting" describes the ability and ease by which a fluid can spread over and adhere onto a solid surface. Wetting is controlled by surface energy, for example, optimum wetting occurs when individual molecules within a fluid are attracted to and attach onto the surface in preference to remaining within a bead or droplet of fluid lying upon a surface. Thus under the operating conditions of this applicator tool, the energy conditions are such that flowable materials, and in particular individual molecules within a fluid are attracted by and held or suspended between the fibre surfaces while they are stored within the fibre body.
As a guide, when treating metals with a tool whose body comprises abrasive resin coated nylon, transfer of conditioning fluid onto the treated surface occurs when the surface free energy (measured in dynes/cm) for the abraded surface is
about 10 dynes/cm greater than the surface tension of the liquid (also measured in dynes/cm). The difference between these two quantities being known as the energy of adhesion. The surface free energy level of the coated fibre being ideally somewhere between that of the fluid and the surface being treated. There are occasions when the surface free energy of the treated surface may be above these levels in which case material will transfer upon touching, and before rubbing although rubbing will still be beneficial to clean the surface. The actual spacing of the compacted fibres needs to be determined by experiment and verified for each type of fluid. As an example a highly mobile low molecular weight surface-active fluid like a Polydimethylesiloxane water proofing agent, which has low surface tension and a high propensity to creep because of its unique low polar nature will wet the coated nylon fibre very readily. For optimum retention of this material it requires the spacing between the fibres be minimised. In contrast a fluid like de-ionised water, for example, which has relatively high surface tension, because of its strong hydrogen bonding between molecules can be retained by a body with larger spacing between the fibres. Therefore the average spacing between fibres will be determined by the character of the material being stored therein and should be optimised by experiment.
During loading, providing energy is available and the materials are liquid with a suitably low viscosity, the material will be drawn into the body and continue to spread and wet the surfaces within the fibre mass until the entire mass approaches saturation. The loading process is aided by gravity if the materials (fluids) are applied to the highest surface. If the energy difference available for driving the wetting falls below that needed for further wetting, no further material can flow in unaided. As already noted it is the intermolecular forces that ultimately determine the distribution of the fluid across the fibres, seeking the lowest or minimum energy difference between the solids and liquids, which once reached, this is a stable situation. Once this stable state is reached the loaded material remains held wetted onto the fibres which constitutes the non-spill feature. This condition remains stable until the system is subjected to a change of energy distribution that may induce out flow or evaporation.
If a container with a narrowed orifice is employed and gaps are left between the body and its container, then providing the container is leak proof the gaps can be filled with free fluid by saturating (over loading) the body. However, under these conditions the applicator may then loose its non spill feature because the surface energy effect that normally retains the fluid is unlikely to be effective under these conditions.
If the material being loaded in the fibre body is a fine dry particulate then a different procedure must be followed. Although the dry particulate is fluid it does not wet like a liquid. In this case the body needs to be placed and held on a vibrating table and the particulate applied in small quantities to an upwards facing surface so that the powder is shaken down into the fibre body a little at a time. Likewise in use the tool needs to be shaken or vibrated by tapping it against the surface being coated to encourage the release of particulate. A particulate will firstly need much larger gaps and second exclusively surface energy effects do not retain it although electrostatic retention can be significant. Indeed in some cases it may be advantageous to treat the fibre with anti static to prevent the dispenser clogging up. In use mechanical interlocks may form and these need to be released and overcome by vibration. Despite this limitation the applicator is still a very convenient dispenser of fine particulate, especially when it needs to be applied with a liquid as a lotion or slurry
If the fluid material being loaded is a wet slurry or gel, then forcing the material into the body under pressure best does this and vacuum impregnation is a convenient way of achieving this.
In use the slurry or gel is wiped onto the surface, but the fibre retains these thicker materials only partly by adhesion and partly by mechanical interlock. In use, if gel, slurry or particulate does not flow from the applicator tool it is necessary to trim the fibre back or peel off a layer to gain access to more gel stored within the fibre body.
For the fibre to be able to raise the surface energy sufficiently to transfer a liquid, the fibre, or more precisely abrasive retained within the fibre body, needs to be hard enough to remove part of the oxide layer from the surface being treated, but it does not necessarily need to be harder than the substrate or to be able to remove substrate material.
During rubbing there is also an energy change within the fibre body and an energy gradient is established across the fibres especially near the surface since the free energy of the rubbing fibres will also increase slightly during rubbing due to friction induced electrostatic effects. As a result material transfers within the body from fibre to fibre in the direction of exposed fibres at the rubbing interface. The energy gradient across the fibres regulates the flow and ultimately limits the amount of material transferred. The resin coating covering the nylon fleece has a surface energy above that of the nylon so if this is worn off by mechanical abrasion any increase in surface energy within the body due to rubbing tends to be offset by a loss of resin coating on exposed fibres that have been used for rubbing.
Statement of Invention
According to the present invention there is provided an applicator tool for dispensing fluid material onto a surface while mildly abrading that surface the body of the tool compacted with fluid dispersed therein for subsequent transfer onto a surface during rubbing, the tool characterised in that:
a tightly compacted body of non-woven, mildly-abrasive, essentially non-compressible fibres spaced to retain the fluid to be dispensed, the body having a face from which that fluid can be dispensed by rubbing that face against a surface; a holder for the body, in or on which holder the body is mounted leaving that dispensing face exposed; and means of removal of worn dirt laden fibres from that dispensing face by cutting or peeling off the used layer.
Illustrations.
The invention is now described with the aid of Illustrations showing Examples of the various constructions.
Figure 1 a shows a side view of an un-compacted stack of six layers of fleece. Figure 1b shows a side view of the same stack held compacted with barbed ties. Figure 1c shows a side view of the same stack held compacted with stitches.
Figure 2a shows a general view of a compacted stack with ties
Figure 2b shows the same stack held with a tool holder and a peeling layer
Figure 3a shows a compacted role of fleece
Figure 3b shows a compacted role held within a dispensing tool holder
Figure 3c Shows a circular compacted stack within a dispensing tool holder
Figure 4a shows a cross section of a cap with dresser for the tool shown in 3a Figure 4b shows how a dressing comb is added to dresser plate
Figure 5 shows the assembly an alternative cap with dresser employing a saw blade
Examples are now described with reference to illustrations in the above Figures:
Example 1. Describes how to make a body of non compacted fibre by reference to Figures 1a, b and c.
A strip of medium density non woven abrasive fleece colour coded maroon carrying 220 grit similar to 3M Scotch-Brite 7447 or Norton Bear-Tex 747 was cut into six small sheets 100 x 30mm and stacked as shown in detail 1 in the side view of Figure 1 a. The natural height of this is marked on the diagram as D1.

Nylon staple ties with barbs moulded or cut along their length are shown closed 2 and open 3. As stack 1 is compacted down the staples are forced into the body 4 spaced roughly 10 cm equi distant and shown in the cross section view Figure 1b. The action of pressing the staples in compacts the layers down to slightly below height D2 in Figure 1b. As the insertion and compacting force is removed the fleece attempts to expand 5 and the barbs 4 engage with the fibre to hold it compressed, the assembly then having a maximum compacted height D2. The amount of compaction may vary and will generally be between 25 and 75% depending upon the stiffness of the fibres. An alternative method of holding the non-woven fleece compacted is to use a stitch 6 shown inserted into the compressed stack 7 in Figure 1c. Alternately instead of threading the stitch if nylon filament is used then they may be welded by inserting with heated needles pressed into a compacted sheet (not shown).
Example 2. Describes how a body of compacted fibre is used by reference to Figures 2a and b.
Similar size flat sheets of coated non-woven Scotch Brite as used in Example 1 are stacked, compacted and stabled to form a block 8 and then loaded with about 10ml of Polyalkyleneoxide Modified Heptamthytrisiloxane B copolymer which acts as a surfactant and is useful for improving epoxy adhesive and paint bonding onto steel and aluminium. The surface tension for this chemical material is quoted as about 23 mN/m. The chemical is dripped onto its upper surface an allowed to soak in. The loaded block is then placed inside a sealed polyethylene container for storage until used (not shown). The surface energy of the polyethylene is typically 29 to 31 mN/m and the coated non-woven Scotch Brite is estimated at about 45mN/m. Hence the impregnated fluid is more strongly attracted to the compacted fibre and does not migrate onto the polythene.
To prepare the impregnated stack for use, it is removed from it package and placed in a holding device 9. This simple extruded plastic or metal handle has grips on its inner surfaces (not shown) to grip and retain the block.

The layers are held compressed together with staples 8 so as to permit individual sheets to be peeled off after use as shown at 10, without relaxing the compression of the remaining sheets. The staples illustrated previously in Fig.lb provide a practical way of holding the stack together.
Example 3 describes how a roll tool is assembled and used by reference to Figures 3a, b and c.
An example of a cylindrical tool using a compacted roll 11 is shown in Figure 3a. This is made with similar material as used in example 1. A strip of 3M 7447 material was cut 200mmx80mm and tightly rolled onto a cardboard mandrel 4mm outside diameter and 80mm length similar in strength to a drinking straw. The final outside diameter of the roll was 26mm and it was 83mm high. The mandrel was left in place and the roll was taped down the side over the material edge to hold it compacted. The roll was anchored at its base by crimping into a cup shape moulded polythene nut (not shown) that runs on the thread of the central internal moulded screw (not shown). This screw is sized to pass through the mandrel at the centre of the roll and is connected to the hand nut at the bottom. As the hand nut is turned it draws the roll down into the moulded plastic case 13 to produce an assembly generally as shown at Figure 3b.
Figure 3b. Shows an assembly using a moulded housing similar to those used for a glue stick paper adhesive dispenser. A typical unit stood 70mm tall and 29mm diameter. The internal diameter of the moulded plastic tool holder was about 26.5mm. The ledge detail on the outside of the tool 14 acts as a stop for the container lid, designs for which are shown in Figures 4 and 5. The hand nut 12 has a knurled grip and is coupled to a moulded internal screw (not shown) that runs two thirds of the way up the centre cavity inside the cardboard mandrel within the roll 15. Upon turning the hand nut the roll 15 is raised and forced out of the end as generally shown in Fig3b - ready to be rubbed against a surface. For use the fibre roll 15 is positioned typically between 2 and 5mm above the upper
rim of the tubular moulded housing 13.. A tool like this will carry about 5ml of low viscosity (20mm2/s) fluid or 10ml or more of a fluid with a viscosity of about 100mm2/s.
By way of example the chemical was added to the compacted fibre mass within the cavity by dripping 5 ml of 30mm2/s -viscosity polymethylehydrogen siloxane copolymer onto the exposed end of the abrasive role before the sealing cap was placed on to seal the container. After three months storage no trace of leakage or evaporation was detected. The loaded material was selected to make the tool suited for treating metal surfaces like steel and imbuing them with a useful increase in rubbing friction and grip between touching metal surfaces.
This tool worked satisfactorily as a friction enhancer, having treated approximately four hundred parallel shank drills to reduce slippage when gripped by keyless chucks. The increase in frictional grip observed was typically in excess of 50%. The tool was also used to treat cross head and cross-slot screwdriver tips to reduce slippage. The jaws of a "C" spanner were treated to prevent the spanner slipping off the hexagon form being held and turned.
An alternative construction for a cylindrical rod like compressed body is shown in Figure 3c. Here individual
discs of non-woven material are cut and stacked then compacted and stapled with barbed staples 16 running the length of the column, the staples used are generally similar to those illustrated in Figure 1. This permits each used layer to be peeled off 17 after use without reducing the compression of the remaining discs. 17 shows a disk being removed.
Example 4. describes the sealing cap and dresser used with the tool of Figure 3, described with reference to Figures 4a and b.
Figure 4a shows a cross section of a cap 18 suitable for use with the containers shown in Figure.3. which fits snugly against 16 to provide a seal. The cap
contains a cutting blade 19 set in a steel disc 20 for dressing the end of the fibre roll to remove used spent and dirty fibre. The space above the cutter 21 is provided to catch the cut off dressing debris. Dressing is done by elevating the fibre role 15 so that the roll makes firm contact with the metal plate 20 and turning the cap 18 relative to the fibre body. Figure 4b shows how additional tags pierced in the plate 20 and pressed downwards so to form pointed teeth that act as a comb as they engage with the top of the roll and when the cap is turned relative to the body. These teeth improve the dressing and cutting action of the cutter.
Example 5 describes how a saw blade may be incorporated into the cap for dressing the roll end and is described with reference to Figure 5.
Figure 5 shows another device for dressing the roll in which a serrated saw blade 22 is forced against the side of the roll by the thumb pad 32 as it is turned by hand to shear off the spent fibre from the end of the roll. The waste fibre is then trapped and held securely within the cap cavity. This design of top cap trimmer is used when the device shown in Figure 4 proves inadequate perhaps because the fibres are too tough to be easily sheared. Here a moulded cap 24 is provided with diagonal moulded guides 25 on which the cutter blade 22 slides. The cutter 22 is operated (forced down) by pressure applied to the thumb pad 26 that locates and slides in another set of guides 24 moulded along the side of the side of cap 23.
The device is assembled by first inserting the coil spring 27 and its half washer 28 into the moulding 23. Then the saw blade 22 is slid onto its lateral guides 25. The thumb button 26 is then slid down over moulding 23 with the inward facing pips on 26 engaging into guide slot 24. The saw blade 22 is sprung onto the outward facing pips on the thumb button 31. A hidden wire spring (not shown) is placed under the thumb pad to help pop the thumb pad 26 up into position 32 after the thumb pad is squeezed and pulled upwards from its normally locked down position. This opens the saw jaw to allow the roll to be forced up past the
saw by operating hand screw 12. The front of the saw 22 carries fine sharp serrations in two directions so that it will cut in either direction of rotation. In use the assembled cap device is placed over the moulding case, locating against ridge 14 on the moulded case, with the end of projecting used roll resting against the face of the half-washer 28. Pressure is applied to the thumb button in position 32 as it is turned relative to the fibre roll. The thumb pad forces the saw blade into the side of the roll which shears off fibres as the cap or tool body are moved in opposite directions, leaving the end of the roll trim and square. The debris are again trapped in the cap and retained as in Figure 4.
Test Results
Test 1. To measure body leakage.
This test measured the retentive character of a compacted densified mass of abrasive coated non-woven fibre, tests were performed with three fluids of low viscosity known for their ability to creep and penetrate. These were a diluted phosphoric acid rust remover; a hydrocarbon based water-repellent surface preservative similar to WD40 and a Polydimethyle siloxane formulation for waterproofing. The viscosities of the acid and hydrocarbon were approximately 30 mm2/s for the first two materials and 50 mm2/s for the siloxane. All their surface tensions were in the region of 24 dynes/cm.
Strips of 3M 7447 material were cut 150x40mm and rolled up into tight rolls of 20mm diameter average. The length extruded slightly during rolling to 42mm. The three rolls were bound up with nylon thread. The volume of the rolls was about 30% of that of the volume of the original fleece. The rolls were stood on end and 2ml of fluid was applied to each and allowed to soak in. After 15minut.es the rolls were laid horizontally on clean paper towels and inspected and weighed every hour for the first 10 hours for evidence of leakage. They were then weighed daily for two weeks and thereafter monthly for six months. The parts were tested in open laboratory conditions and the average temperature for the
period was 15°C. Relative humidity ranged from 5 to 25% averaging about 10% over the 6 month test period.
After 10 hours slight leak developed with roll holding phosphoric acid. This stopped after 24 hours having lost 2% by weight of the fluid. No further leakage occurred and a weight loss of 7% inclusive was recorded over 2 weeks. After 6 months 70% by weight of added material was lost while lying on a towel in open atmosphere but there was no evidence of out-flow. Therefore this loss was attributed to evaporation. A similar role stored in a polyethylene bag lost only 3% by weight over the same 6-month period.
The hydrocarbon based fluid showed no evidence of leakage over the initial two-week test period. There was a 5% loss of fluid by weight over this fourteen-day period, which was attributed to evaporation and 81% by weight was lost over 6 months. Again similar samples stored in sealed plastic bags showed only 2% loss of fluid by weight over 6 months.
The siloxane filled roll showed no sign of leakage for 4 days, thereafter a slight seepage was noted and a loss of about 9% by weight of fluid was measured over 14 days, the rate of escape appearing to steadily rise. About 40% by weight of fluid was lost over 6 months but there was apparently little or no loss due to evaporation because this material was substantially no volatile. A parallel test with a similar roll sealed in a plastic bag showed about a 6% loss in weight of fluid over 6 months, and this was accounted for by the transfer of material onto the inside of the sealed bag.
Conclusion
The test show that evaporation is the major loss mechanism and therefore the
compacted fibre bodies should always be kept in a sealed container for storage.
The tests with the siloxane confirmed that the surface free energy of any packaging materials used to store or act as a tool holder for loaded fibre bodies
should be closer to the surface tension of the loaded liquid than the fibre mass to prevent material migrating onto the inside of the package.
The test confirm that leakage or seepage is a second order effect, confirming the non-spill behaviour.
Test 2 - To measure the compressibility and resilience of industry standard non-woven abrasives, typical of those used within the Tool of the Invention.
Pads of 3M 7447 material were cut 40x40mm. The average height/depth as received was 8mm.
A 1-kilogram weight was placed on the pad to compress it evenly. The compressed or "compacted" height was measured at 1.9mm. The force was maintained for one hour at 18 degrees centigrade. After releasing it the pad height recovered naturally to about 7mm. This confirms the view that a typical non-woven nylon abrasive can be compacted and is capable of recovering to a useful form.
The test was repeated with the fleece immersed in boiling water for 15 minutes. Subsequently the non-woven material recovered about half of its height i.e. to approximately 4mm.
The test was repeated a third time in an oven heated to 150 centigrade, after which the fleece recovered only to 3.1mm high. Electron micrographs showed considerable damage due to the resin coating becoming separated from the nylon fibre.
Conclusion.
The tests show that it is preferable to compact the fibre at low temperature rather than heating them because of the risk of damage to the resin binder although it may be helpful to heat the fleece moderately to about 50°C during compaction.
Test 3 - To measure typical dispensing rates of applicator tools.
Three rolls were prepared as described in Test 1 above and filled with 2ml of phosphoric acid, low viscosity hydrocarbon like WD40 and a 50 mm2/s polydimethyle siloxane respectively.
Each roll was rubbed end-on against a degreased mild steel plate on in a test rig. The rubbing rate was set at 300mm/sec and the load applied was 200gram distributed over the 20mm diameter end face. The rubbing action was a reversing stroke of 150mm long with 5mm index on each stroke. Thus total abraded area is 45,000mm2 per minute. Assuming all three materials have a specific gravity of about 1, and ignoring evaporation effects the deposition rates were calculated to be approximately as follows:

(Table Removed)
Conclusions.
Estimating the deposition rate is complex because it is a function of surface energy. In this case the deposition rate might be expected to fall off as rubbing proceeds, but that assumes perfect cleaning which is unlikely. Therefore the likelihood is that each pass cleans the surface a little more and deposits about equal amounts up to about five passes after that deposition rate fall off.

We claim:
1. An applicator tool for dispensing fluid material onto a surface while mildly
abrading that surface the body of the tool compacted with fluid dispersed therein for
subsequent transfer onto a surface during rubbing, the tool characterised in that:
a tightly compacted body of non-woven, mildly-abrasive, essentially non-compressible fibres spaced to retain the fluid to be dispensed, the body having a face from which that fluid can be dispensed by rubbing that face against a surface; a holder for the body, in or on which holder the body is mounted leaving that dispensing face exposed; and means of removal of worn dirt laden fibres from that dispensing face by cutting or peeling off the used layer.
2. A tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the abrasive is alumina or silicon carbide
grit, or a metal silicate powder.
3. A tool as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein the fibres are nylon.
4. A tool as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein the fibres making up the
compacted fibre body are crinkled, and form interlocks, thus resisting further compaction.
5. The tool as claimed in claim in which the tightly compacted body of non-woven
mildly-abrasive essentially non-compressible fibres takes the form of a series of layers of
compacted fleece held compacted by barbed ties that act or staples, or a roll of
compacted fleece.
6. A tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein, to protect the fibre body from atmosphere,
and to prevent evaporation, the body has a plastic cover.
7. A tool as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein the fibre body is
mounted in or on a holding device in the form of a simple handle that grips the sides of

the body, or is mounted within a closed container or holder associated with extrusion means as herein described for pushing the body out from within a closed container or holder by little, as it is used.
8. A tool as claimed in claim 7, wherein for a fibre body mounted within a tubular
container, the said extrusion means is a screw mechanism coupled to a knob or grip at the
base of the tool which upon actuation causes the fibre body to slide out.
9. A tool as claimed in any of the preceding Claims, wherein the tool holder is made
of a similar material to the fibre, or has a similar or slightly lower surface energy.
10. A tool as claimed in claim 8, wherein a holder for use with coated nylon fibre
bodies is made of polypropylene or polyethylene.
11. A tool as claimed in any of the preceding Claims, wherein a means is to provided
enabling the removal of fibres from that dispensing face;

a) the fibre body has a laminated construction, and the laminations run parallel to
the rubbing area, allowing a used layer to be peeled of and discarded; or
b) the fibre body is disposed within and projects from a capped tubular container,
and the exposed end may be trimmed off using a blade or comb incorporated into the cap.

12. A method of applying fluid material onto a surface using an applicator tool as
defined in any of the preceding Claims and having the fluid material pre-loaded into the
tool's fibre body, in which method the exposed dispensing face of the body is rubbed
against the surface to transfer fluid thereto.
13. A method as claimed in claim 12, in which the pre-loading occurs prior to the
fibre body being mounted in or on its holder, and involves;

a) where the fluid is a mobile liquid, supplying it to the body's highest surface and
using gravity to enhance its absorption;
b) where the fluid is a fine, dry particulate, supplying it to the body's highest
surface and using gravity and vibration to enhance its absorption ; and
c) where the fluid is a wet slurry or gel, forcing it into the body under pressure.

14. An applicator tool, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the
accompanying drawings.
15. A method of applying fluid material onto a surface using an applicator tool,
substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Documents:

abstract.jpg

in-pct-2002-1259-del-abstract.pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-claims.pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-correspondence-others.pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-correspondence-po.pdf

IN-PCT-2002-1259-DEL-Description (Complete).pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-drawings.pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-form-1.pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-form-13.pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-form-19.pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-form-2.pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-form-26.pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-form-3.pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-form-5.pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-pct-210.pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-pct-220.pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-pct-308.pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-pct-401.pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-pct-402.pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-pct-408.pdf

in-pct-2002-1259-del-petition-137.pdf

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Patent Number

218390

Indian Patent Application Number

IN/PCT/2002/01259/DEL

PG Journal Number

24/2008

Publication Date

13-Jun-2008

Grant Date

31-Mar-2008

Date of Filing

17-Dec-2002

Name of Patentee

BALL BURNISHIN G MACHINE TOOLS LTD.

Applicant Address

12 BROOKMANS AVENUE, BROOKMANS PARK, HATFIELD, HERTS AL9 7QJ, U.K.

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	LINZELL, GEOFFREY, ROBERT	12 BROOKMANS AVENUE, BROOKMANS PARK, HATFIELD, HERTS AL9 7QJ, U.K.

PCT International Classification Number

B05C 17/00

PCT International Application Number

PCT/GB01/02212

PCT International Filing date

2001-05-17

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1	0011769.7	2000-05-17	U.K.