Title of Invention

AN ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL COMPOSITION IN THE FORM OF A WATER-IN-OIL OR OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION

Abstract

An electrically neutral composition in the form of a water-in-oil or an oil-in-water emulsion is imparted with a unipolar electrostatic charge on spraying from an aerosol spray device by incorporating into the composition at least one polar or ionic or aromatic or linearly conjugated compound. The amount of the polar or ionic or aromatic or linearly conjugated compound included in the composition is from 0.01 to 80% w/w based on a non-ionic surfactant also included in the composition, but is such that the theoretical conductivity of the emulsion is less than the bulk conductivity of the emulsion.

Full Text

ELECTROSTATIC AEROSOL COMPOSITIONS The present invention relates to aerosol compositions and, in particular, compositions in which the droplets are imparted with an electrostatic charge on spraying from an aerosol; spray device and in which the electrostatic charge on the droplets is maximised through the inclusion in the compositions of certain selected components. Aerosol spray devices are a convenient form in which a variety of useful products, such as insecticides, air fresheners, antiperspirants, hair sprays, horticultural products, waxes and polishes, oven cleaners, starches and fabric finishes, shoe and leather care products, glass cleaners and various other household, institutional, professional or industrial products, can be dispensed. The utility of aerosol spray devices resides in the ability to readily deliver the composition contained within the device in the form of fine droplets to the target area, for example the spraying of an insecticide onto target insects. In WO 97/28883 there is described a method of precipitating airborne particles from air in a domestic environment containing such particles in which the air to be treated is sprayed with liquid droplets from an aerosol spray device with a unipolar charge being imparted to the droplets during the spraying of the liquid droplets by the aerosol spray device, the unipolar charge being at a level such that the droplets have a charge to mass ratio of at least + /- 1 X 10"^ C/kg. In WO 99/01227 there is described a method of killing flying insects by spraying into the air in which the insects are flying liquid droplets of an insecticidal composition, a unipolar charge being " imparted to the liquid droplets by double layer charging and charge separation during spraying, the unipolar charge being at a level such that the said liquid droplets have a charge to mass ratio of at least +/- 1 X 10-4 c/kg. An apparatus for imparting the unipolar charge of this magnitude to a liquid composition is also described. We have now found that by careful selection of the components which are to be contained within, a liquid composition for application by aerosol spraying, it is possible to charge the liquid dropleti during the spraying operation without requiring any special features of the construction of the aerosol spraying head. Accordingly, in one aspect the present invention provides an electrically neutral composition in the form of a water-in-oil or an oil-in-water emulsion, ii which droplets of the emulsion on discharge from an aerosol spray device are imparted with a unipolar electrostatic charge, which composition comprises: (a) at least one propellent in an amount of fro: 2 to 80% w/w; (b) at least one non-ionic surfactant in an amount of from 0.01 to 10% w/w; (c) optionally one or more oils or solvents, preferably aliphatic, linearly conjugated or aromatic within the oil phase in an amount of up to 80% w/w, preferably up to 40% w/w; (d) at least one polar or ionic or aromatic or conjugated compound in an amount of from 0.01 to 80% w/w based on the non-ionic surfactant, but which is such that the theoretical conductivity of the emulsion is less than the bulk conductivity of the emulsion; and (e) water. in a second aspect the present invention provides a method of enhancing the unipolar charge which is imparted to droplets of an emulsion on discharge from an aerosol spray device in which the droplets are formed from an oil-in-water ,or a water-in-oil emulsion composition which comprises: " , (a) at least one propellent in an amount of from 2 to 8 0% w/w; (b) at least one non-ionic surfactant in an amount of from 0.01 to 10% w/w; (c) , optionally one or more oils or solvents, preferably aliphatic, linearly conjugated or aromatic, within the oil phase in an amount of up to 80% w/w. preferably up to 40% w/w; (d) at least one polar or ionic or aromatic or linearly conjugated compound in an amount of from 0.1 to 80% w/w based on the non-ionic surfactant, but which is such that the theoretical conductivity of the emulsion is less than the bulk conductivity of the emulsion; and (e) water. In a third aspect the present invention provides the use of a non-ionic surfactant and at least one polar or ionic or aromatic or conjugated compound in an amount of from 0.01 to 80% w/w based on the non-ionic surfactant to enhance the electrostatic charge imparted to droplets of a composition in the form of a water-in-oil or an oil-in-water emulsion on discharge from an aerosol spray device, which composition includes: (a) at least one propellant in an amount of from 2 to 80% w/w; (b) optionally one or more oils or solvents, preferably aliphatic, linearly conjugated or aromatic. within the oil phase in an amount of up to 80% w/w, preferably up to 40% w/w; and (c) water; and the amount of the polar or ionic or aromatic or conjugated compound being such that the theoretical conductivity of the emulsion is lees than the bulk conductivity of the emulsion. The liquid droplets preferably have a charge to mass ratio of at least +/- 1 x 10-4 C/kg, more preferably at least +/- 2 x 10"* C/kg. The higher the charge to mass ratio of the liquid droplets, the more effective the liquid droplets will be for their intended use, such as precipitating airborne particles and targeting insects. This charge level is considerably higher than the charge level which is achieved when spraying conventional liquid formulations from conventional aerosol spray device where charge levels of the order of+/4 x 10-5 to +/-i x 10-8 c/kg are obtained. In the formulations of the present invention it is the combination of components (b) and (d) of the emulsion which improves the electron transfer through the emulsion with the charge being transferred from droplet to droplet through the emulsion at the interface between the disperse phase and the continuous phase. The various components (a) to (e) of the compositions of the present invention are discussed in turn below: At least 90% by volume of the droplets of the disperse phase within the emulsion have an average diameter of less than 60 fim. Preferably at least 90% by volume of the droplets of the disperse phase within the emulsion have an average diameter in the range of from 20 to 40 ^m. Propellants One or more propellants are used in the composition of the invention in a total amount of from 2 to 80% w/w. Amongst the propellants that may be used are hydrocarbons and compressed gas, of which hydrocarbons are preferred. Hydrocarbon propellants which may be used are acetylene, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, n-butane, n-butene, isobutene, isobutene, pentane, pentene, isopentane and isopentene. Mixtures of these propellants may also be used. Commercially available propellants typically contain a umber of hydrocarbon gases. For example, odorised commercial butane, contains predominantly n-butane and some iso-butane together with small amounts of propane, propene, pentane and butene. Preferred hydrocarbon propellants include propane, n-butane, isobutene, pentane and isopentane, whilst the most preferred are propane, iso-butane and n-butaile. Particularly preferred hydrocarbon propellants are mixtures of propane, n-butane and iso-butane. Whilst broadly the concentration of hydrocarbon propellant will be from 2 - tq 80% w/w, generally the concenttation will be from 10"to 60% w/w, preferably 25 to 60% w/w and most preferably about 40% w/w. ■When compressed gases are used as a propellant these will generally be carbon dioxide, nitrogen or air. Usually, they will be used at a concentration of 2 to 20% w/w, preferably about 5% w/w. Non-ionic Surfactanta Non-ionic surfactants for use in the present alkoxylated amines; alkoxylated acids; amine oxides; ethoxylated/proproxylated block copolymers; alkoxylated alkanolamides; and alkoxylated alkyl phenols. particularly preferred are those surfactants which contain at least one alkyl, allyl or substituted phenyl group containing at least one Cg to C22 carbon chain. Examples are esters with C10-C22 fatty acids, preferably C12-C18 fatty acids, particularly polyglycerol oleate and ethoxylated fatty alcohols, such as oleyl alcohol ethoxylated with two moles of ethylene oxide. Further examples are the polyethylene glycol oleates, such as PEG-4 oleate, PEG-8 oleate and PEG-12 oleate. In some instances, the non-ionic surfactant may itself be combined with component (d) . For example, when the non-ionic surfactant,is polyglycerol oleate. the surfactant may contain small quantities of sodium or potassium oleates as impurities as a by-product of manufacture. For example is an amount of from 0.01 to 1% by weight. Greater quantities of such ionic compounds are generally not desirable and may result in the compositions not fulfilling the conductivity requirements of the compositions of the invention., The concentration of the non-ionic surfactant is from 0.01 to 10% w/w, preferably O.Ol to 1% w/w. Polar. ionie, aromatic or conjugatad compounds The polar or ionic or aromatic or conjugated compound which is included as component (d) in the compositions of the present invention is preferably a compound which is attracted,to the interface between the disperse phase and the continuous phase and may be selected from; a) alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, ammonium salts, amine salts or amino alcohol salts of one or more of the following compounds: alkyl sulphates, alkyl ether sulphates, alkylamidoether sulphates, alkylarylpolyether sulphates, monoglyceride sulphates, polyglyceride sulphates, alkyl sulphonates, alkylamine sulphonates, alkyl"-aryi sulphonates,olefin sulphonates, paraffin sulphonates, alkyl sulpho-succinates, alkylether sulphosuccinates, alkylamide sulphosuccinates, alkyl sulphocinnamates, alkyl sulphoacetates, alkyl phosphates, alkylether phosphates, acyl sarcosinates, acyl isothionates and N-acyl taurates; b) alkyl amidopropylbetaines, alkylamido-betaines, alkylamidosulphobetaines, alkylbetaines, aminimides, quaternary ammonium confounds and quaternary phosphonium compounds; C) carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid salts, esters, ketones, aldehydes, amides or amines of carboxylic acids containing from 6 to 30 carbon atoms; d) diethyl brthophthalate, methylphenylcarbinyl acetate, a-methyl ionone, 4-hydroxy 3-methoxy-benzaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol/ dipropylene glycol, styryl acetate, n-butyl benzoate, isopropyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, isobutyl acetophenone, isopropyl acetophenone, nicotinic acid, benzoic acid, 2-naphthol, neopentyl benzene, naphthalene, toluene, fullerene, tannic acid, t-butylacetophenone, isopropylcinnamte, resorcinol, 4-methoxycinnam-aldehyde, arbutin, 4-acetoxy-3-methoxycinnanialdehyde, 4-isopropylphenol, trans-stilbene, esculetin, p-chloro-m-xylenol, chloro-o-cresol, triclosan, norfenafrine, butyl-o-methylhydrocinnamic aldehyde, Particularly preferred compounds in group (b) are alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, octyltimethyl ammonium bromide, cetyltrimethylaramonium bromide and dodecyltrimethylphosphonium bromide. Particularly preferred compounds in group(c) are lauric, oleic, palmitic, ricinoleic and stearic acids, or the salts, amides, esters, ketones or aldehydes thereof. It will be understood that certain of the aromatic or conjugated compounds may also be classed as fragrances. The concentration of component (d) is from 0,01 to 80% w/w, preferably from 0.01 to 30%, more preferably from 0.01 to 10% w/w based on the non-ionic surfactant, component (b) . The amount of component (d) is selected so that the bulk conductivity is greater than the theoretical conductivity. In some cases, too great an amount of component (d) can result in the composition not fulfilling the conductivity requirement of the compositions of the invention. It will be understood that mixtures of confounds may be used as component (d) . In particular it has been found that the addition of an aromatic compound together with an ionic confound increases the charge to mass ratio of the formulations on spraying. oils or Selvnts One or more oils or solvents may be incorporated in the compositions of the invention in an amount of up to 80% w/w, preferably up to 40% w/w. Generally, the solvent will be water immiscible. A wide range of oils or solvent materials may be used, although care should be exercised to ensure that the solvent does not adversely interact with any active components of the compositions of the invention, such as insecticides. Examples of solvents that may be used in the compositions of the invention include:- liquid n-paraffins, liquid Isoparaffins, cycloalkanes, naphthene-containing solvents, white spirit/ kerosene, ester solvents, silicone solvents or oils, fatty acids, dialkyl phthalates, C5-C11 alcohols and fatty alcohols, specific examples of these are as liquid n-paraffins - Norpar 12, Norpar 13 and ertn **« Norpar 15 (available from Exxon) (tfin a.Trt Q^f^ liquid isoparaffins - Isopar G, Isopar H, Isopar L, Isopa?^M and Isopar V (available from Exxon) . Naphthene-containing solvents - Exxsol D40, Exxsol 060, Exxsol D80, Exxsol DlOO, Exxsol DUO, (fcrM Nappar 10/ Solvesol 100, Solvesol 150, Solvesol 200 HTM ,"■■■" (available frprt Exxon), Ester solvents - such as alkyl acetates, examples being Exxate 1000, Exxate 1300 (available from ExxonT, and Coasol (available from Chemoxy International); I Silicone solvent oils - Dow Corning 244, 245, 344 and 345 fluids. Fatty alcohols - bctanol, dodecanol, lauryl alcohol,, my"ristyl alcohol, cetyl.alcohol, stearyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol. Preferred solvents are liquid hydrocarbon solvents, n-paraffins, and iso-paraffins. Although the solvent is preferably incorporated at a level of from 1 to 20% w/w, ttiore preferably the concentration will be in the range of from 2 to 10% , Insacticidal Composition In one preferred agent of the present invention the compositions are insecticidal compositions which contain from 0.001 to 5% w/w of an insecticidal compound. A wide range of active ingredients may be used of which pyrethroids, particularly synthetic pyrethroids, chlorpyrifos, propoxur and diazinon are preferred. When synthetic pyrethroids such as lamnbda cyhalothrin and bioresmethrin are used, generally they will be incorporated in concentrations of about 0.02% w/w or above. Other synthetic pyrethroids such as cypermethrin, tetramethrin, permethrin and bioallethrin, will usually be incorporated to give a concentration of about 0.2%-0,S% w/w, or above. Chloropyrifos, propoxur and diazinion will generally be incorporated to give concentration in the range of 0.5-0.9% w/w. Preferably, insecticidal compositions of the invention will include an insecticide which functions primarily to knock down an insect, ■ together with a second insecticide which functions primarily as a "kill agent. An example of such a combination is the use of permethrin as a kill agent in a combination with tetramethrin as a knock down agent. Optional Ingredients Various optional ingredients may be incorporated into the compositions of the present invention. For example, in order to maximise the effectiveness of the insecticidal activity of the compositions of the invention, synergists such as N-octylbicycloheptene dicarboximide and piperonyl butoxide may be included at a concentration of from 0.5 to 1.5% w/w, most preferably about 1.0% w/w, for use in conjunction with pyrethroid insecticides. In addition, other ingredients including corrosion inhibitors, such as l-hydroxyethyl-2-heptadecenyl imidazoline and/or sodium benzoate, preferably in a concentration from 0.01 to 0.5% w/w, preservatives and antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene, may be used as required. One or more fragrance components may also be included, according to the particular consumer requirements. It will be understood that certain fragrance components are components which may comprise component (d) of the compositions of the present ihvention and in this instance, such a component is not an optional ingredient. Lewia Acid and Lowis Base Characteriatics in relation to the fourth embodiment of the inverition an aerosol spray device and the electrically neutral composition contained therein have certain Lewis acid and Lewis base characteristics which assist in imparting a unipolar charge to the liquid. When two substances are brought together and then separated, an electridal charge is transferred from one to .the" other. This can occur for solid-solid separations, for solid-liquid separations and for liquid-liquid separations. When one of the components becomes airborne, the electrical charge can remain on the substance for a significant length of time as there ia no plaee to gxpund-.the ChaKg«. The ab4.Xi>£y of suJ?6t«ni©e^^a^rainB* (Y-)vaiues,fo« the.j»«hBtaBee:i^ Ai4^uJaa£«aswasJfeCse>" characteristic values and these can be calculatft"*^"^ indirectly from their component surface energies. These surface energies when combined with a London-van der Waals component (γlm) form what is known as the surface tension. , This is easiest to measure at the interface between a drop of liquid on a solid substrate. This equation used for; these calculations comes fromithe approach used by Good and van Oss: {1 +■ Cos e}YL, = 2[M:Y»""V") + V(VS*7L") + V(vs*YL~)] Where 6 is the contact angle that a drop of liquid makes with the surface. Ys is the energy component for the solid. YL is the energy component for the liquid. Y""" Respresents the London-van der Waals component. Y* is the Lewis acid component (electron acceptor) . Y" is the Lewis base component (electron donor) . Using three or more test liquids whose characteristics are known, it is possible to solve this equation for the three unknowns, Y*"** VS* and YS~. By using test solids whose characteristics are known, it is also possible to solve this equation to find the three unknown liquid surface energies. Thus it is possible to characterise a series of solids and liquids to form a series of Y* an Surface " (mJ m"^) Liquids also have a value of y and y* that can be measured. When liquids contact a solid of known y" and Y* on^-aerosol spraying^, and the v" of the liquid is gr»«"fceap:;thai>r o»^ le«^s^lw!wi.>thiip*. o4vtha-,s«ii#»i)y,.., 2 mJ^nTl/ prefeisebly-by^^-mJ^iiin"^" moftfc, prje^8»#bly 15 m^B^/ or .a V 94^fMt****^tb»*w•voxsaeaJJ^lSBWtf;l^i8^ solid by 0.5 mJ iti"^ prefisrably 1 mJ icr^, utog^p-^ preferably 2 mJ iti"^, the liquid has a tendency to charge to +/- 1 x 10"* C/kg. A common material from which inserts for aerosol actuators are made is Acetal 900P NC-10, which has a y" of 15 mJ m"^. Aeroaol Spr«y D»v±amm The compositions of the present invention, when sprayed through conventional aerosol spray heads, form into droplets which are imparted with a unipolar charge of at least +/- 1 x 10"* C/kg. It is possible to impart^ even higher charges to the liquid droplets by choosing aspects of the aerosol device including the material, shape and dimensions of the actuator, the actuator insert, the valve and the dip tube and the characteristics of the liquid which is to be sprayed, so that the required level of charge is generated as the liquid is dispersed as droplets. A number of characteristics of the aerosol system increase double layer charging and charge exchange between the liquid formulation and the surface of the aerosol system. Such increases are brought about by factors which may increase the turbulence of the flow through the system, and increase the frequency and" velocity of contact between the liquid and the internal surface of the container and valve and actuator system. By way of example, characteristics of the actuator can be optimised to increase the charge levels on the liquid sprayed from the container. A smaller orifice in the actuator insert, of a size of 0.45mm or less, increases the charge levels of the liquid sprayed through the actuator. The choice of material for the actuator can also increase the charge levels on the liquid sprayed from the device with materials such as nylon, polyester, acetal, PVC and polypropylene tending to increase the charge levels. The geometry of the orifice in the insert can be optimised to increase the charge levels on the liquid as it is sprayed through the actuator. Inserts which promote the mechanical break-up of the liquid give better charging. The actuator insert of the spray device may be formed from a conducting, insulating, semi-conducting or static-dissipative material. The characteristics of the dip tube can be optimised to increase charge levels in the liquid sprayed from the container. A narrow dip tube, of for example about 1.27 mm internal diameter, increases the charge levels on the liquid, and the dip tube material can also be changed to increase charge. Valve characteristics can be selected which increase the charge to mass ratio of the liquid product as it is sprayed from the container. A small tailpiece orifice in the housing, of about 0.65 mm, increases the charge to mass ratio during spraying. A reduced number of holes in the stem, for example 2 x 0.50mm, also increases the charge during spray. The , presence of, a, Vapour phase tap helps to maximise the charge levels, a larger orifice vapour phase tap of, for exan^le, about 0.50 mm to 1.0 mm generally giving higher charge levels. The liquid droplets sprayed from the aerosol spray device h^ill generally have diameters in the range of from 5 to 100 micrometres, with a peak of droplets o^wh^uit- 4%ja4e«ometres. Pref er8^3# ^^•^l6B^%"m*^^m,vo§mBg::jp$^i;^^MTS^^Sim. of the dispei»« gdiatfBi>wi diameter of less than 60jun, more prefereOaly an average diameter in the range of from 20 to 40nm. Prepar»ti.oD The coit^ositions of the present invention may be prepared by standard technique^ which are well known in the art. For exait^le, con^onents (b) to (d) may be mixed together to form the solvent phase. This solvent phase is then mixed with water to produce an emulsified concentrate which is then filled into cans and blended with the propellant. Alternatively, the concentrate and the propellant may be filled into the cans simultaneously. ConduetivitY The theoretical conductivity of an emulsion, o, can be calculated from measurements of the actual conductivity of the external phase and the internal phase, according to the following equation: a «= ac(l + 3(p{ap - ad / (Op + 2oc)) where c = theoretical conductivity of the emulsion Oc measured conductivity of the separated external phase Op measured conductivity of the separated Internal phase volume fraction of the internal phase. the biilk conductivity can be cletermined by experimentation. Component (d) of the compositions of the present Invention serves to enhance the actual conductivity of the emulsion and thus the bulk conductivity of the emulsion is higher than the theoretical conductivity calculated according to the above formula. Preferably the difference between the theoretical conductivity of the emulsion of the emulsion is at least + 0.5 iiS cm"^, preferably at least «4 pS cm"^, more preferably at least + 6 jiS cm~^. Component (d) in the compositions of the present invention thus improves the electron transfer through the emulsion with the charge being transferred from droplet to droplet through the emulsion at the interface between the disperse phase and the continuous phase. The present invention will be further described with reference to the following non-limiting Examples. Method for pradicting" the thaoretiol conductivity of an emulsion through the measurwaent of the conductivity of the individual phases: 1. Calibrate the conductivity cell by measuring a solution of known conductivity. The conductivity cell comprises a pair of platinum electrodes, held apart and attached to the inside of a glass tube of approximately 1 on internal diameter. 2- Using the same cell, measure the conductivity of the bulk emulsion according to the invention, whilst ensuring that the emulsion is static and homogeneous prior to taking the measurement. 3. Determine whether the continuous phase of the emulsion is water or oil. 4. Separate the two phases of the emulsion by either gravimetric or centrifugal separation. Isolate the phases and measure the conductivity of each phase in the, calibrated cell. 5. Use the equation given below to determine the theoretical conductivity of the bulk emulsion. 6^ The^.diffecjwao*-be*,iW«i^^-t^«i the«tf^6ic»A.. condtt emulsion Oc = measured conductivity of the separated external phase Op = measured conductivity of the separated internal phase cp = volume fraction of the internal phase. Measur«went of Electrogtatxc Charg« The charge to mass ratio of the compositions of Examples 4 to 50 was measured using a standard aerosol can with a valve insert made from polyoxymethylene EXAMPLE 24 Formulation 3. Ingredient Ethoxylated (5E0) alcohol (C12-15) incorporating, sodium laureth sulphate (30% active) at,4% w/w in surfactant 0.24% w/v Deionised water 47% v/v Butane 40 53% v/v I I This formulation^ when made up as an aerosol and sprayed through the physical valve/actuator combination described above produced a mono-polar charge on the sprayed droplet* of -1.1 x^lO"* C/kg. The same formulation wa«£%p£e>{HUE#«t"-aute8tituti]:;e^_ d^S^m^-ifoai^tttacw^ Tbaii*daBpM^fe$jfeio«fe;4iaiaie V of 26-:^ m^- m*** An acetal 900P HC-10 insert in the spray head had a y~ of 15 mJ m . The difference between these Lewis base values = 26.2 - 15 = 11.2 mJ m"^. 1. An electrically neutral composition in Che form of a water-in.-oil or an oil-in-water emulsion, in. which droplets o: the emulsion on discharge from an aerosol spray device are imparted with a unipolar electrostatic charge, which composition comprises: (a) at least one propellant in an amount of frcn 2 to 80% w/w; (b) at least one non-ionic surfactant in an amount of from 0.01 to 10% w/w;" (c) optionally one or more oils or solvents, preferably aliphatic, linearly conjugated or aromatic, within the oil phase in an amount of up to 80% w/w. preferably up to 40% w/w; (d) at least one polar or ionic or aromatic or linearly conjugated compound in an amount of from 0.01 to 80% w/w based on the non-ionic surfactant, but which is such that the theoretical conductivity of the emulsion is less than the bulk conductivity of the emulsion; and (e) water. 2. A composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the difference between the theoretical conductivity of the emulsion and the bulk conductivity of the erauleion is at least + 0.5^3 cm"^. 3. A composition as claimed in claim 2 wherein the difierence between the theoretical conductivity of the emuLsion and the bulk conductivity cf the emulsion is at least + 4/J3 cm""-. 4. A composition as claimed in claim 2 wherein the difference between the theoretical canductivity of the emulsion and the bulk conductivity of the emulsion is at least + 6μS cm-1 5. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein .at least 90% by volume of the droplets of the disperse phase within the emulsion have an average diametet of less than 60 μm, 6. A composition as claimed in claim 3 wherein at least 90% by volume of the droplets of the disperse phase within the emulsion have an average diameter in the range of from 20 to 40 μ m. 7. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein at least one non-ionic surfactant is selected from mono, di and tri sorbiCan esters, polyoxyethylene mono, di and tri sorbitan esters; mono and polyglycaryl esters; alkoxylated alcohols; alkoxylated amines; alkoxylated acids; amine oxides; ethoxylated/ptaproxylated block copolymecs; alkoxylated alkanolamides; and alkoxylated alkyl phenols. S. A composition as claimed in claim 7 wherein the ionic surfactant contains at least one alkyl, allyl or substituted phenyl group containing at least one C6 to C22 carbon chain. 9. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein component (d) is selected from a) alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, ammonium salts, dmine ialts or amino alcohol salts of one or more of the following compounds; alkyl sulphates, alkyl ether sulphates, aikylemidoether sulphates, alkylarylpolyether sulphates, moncgiyceride sulphates, polyglyceride sulphates, alkyl sulphonates, alkylamine sulphonates, alkyl-aryl sulphonates, olefir. sulphonates, paraffin sulphonates, alkyl suipho-suGcinatea, alkylerher sulphosuccinates, alkylamide sulphoauccinates, alkyl sulphocinnamates, alkyl sulphoacetates, alkyl phosphates, alkylether phosphates, acyl aarcosinates, acyl isothionates and N-acyl taurates; bj alkyl amidopropylbetaines, alkylamido-betaines, alkylaraidasulphobetaines, alkylbetaines, aminimides, quaternary ammoniuin compounds and quaternary phosphoniiOT compounds; c) carboxylic acids, catboxylic acid salts, esters, ketones, aldehydes, amides or amines of carboxylic acids containing from 6 to 30 carbon atoms; d) diethyl orthophthalate, methylphenylcarbinyl acetate, a-methyl ionone, 4-hydroxy 3-methoxy-benzaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol, dipropylene glycol, styzyl acetate, n-butyl benzoate, isopropyl 4-hydtoxybenzoate, iaobutyl acetaphenone, isopropyl acetophenone, nicotinic acid, benzoic acid, 2-napthoi, neopentyl benzene, naphthalene, toluene, fullerene, tannic acid, t-butylacetaphenone, isopropylcinnamte, resorcinol, 4-methoxycinnamalde-hyde, arbutin, 4-acet2xy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde, 4-i3oprapylphenol, tcana-stilbene, osculetin, p-chloro-m-xylenol, chloro-o-cresol, triclosan, norfenefrine, norepinephrine, hexyl-resorcinol, limonene, methylphenylcarbinyl acetate and p-tert-butyl-tt"-met-hylhydrocinnamic aldehyde. 10. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein component (d) is present in z-he co.Tvposition in an amount of from O.Ol to 30% w/w, preferably 0.01 to 10% w/w based or: the weight of component (b). 11. A ccmposition as claimed in any one of the preceding ciains wherein the droplets formed on discharge from an aerosol spray device have a charge to mass ratio of at least +/- I x 10-1 C/kq, p-eferably at least +/- 2 X 10-4 C/kq. 12. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims which is an insecticidal composition which includes one or more insecticides therein in an amo-ant, of from Q.QOl to 5% w/w. 13. A method of enhancing the unipolar charge which is imparted to droplets o£ an emulsion on discharge from an aerosol spray device ir. which the droplets are formed from an cil-in-water or a water-in-oil emulsion composition which comprises: (a) at least one propellent in an amount of from 2 to 90% W/H; (b) at least one non-ionic surfactant in an amount of from O.0l to 10% w/w; (c) optionally one or more oils or solvents, preferably aliphatic, linearly conjugated or aromatic, within the oil phase in an amount of up to 801 w/w, preferably up to 40% w/w; .(d) at least one polar or ionic or aromatic or linearly conjiigatsd compound in an amount of from 0.1 to 60% w/w baaed on the non-ionic surfactant, but which is such that the theoretical conductivity of the emulsion is lass than the bulk conductivity of the emulsion; and (el water. 14. An aerosol spray device which contains an electrically neutral composition in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion, an oil-in-water emulsion or a single phase composition, in which droplets of the composition on discharge from the aerosol spray device are imparted with a unipolar electrostatic charge, wherein the formulation of the composition and the material of the portion of the aerosol spray device with which the liquid comes into contact on spraying are selected such that i) the difference between the Lewis base component of the liquid and the Lewis base component of the material with which the liquid comes into contact on spraying is at least + 2mJ m" ; and/or; ii) the difference between the Lewis acid component of the liquid and the Lewis acid component of the material with which the liquid comes into contact on spraying is at least + 0.5 mJ m-2. 15. The device as claimed in claim 14, wherein the difference between the Lewis base component of the liquid and the Lewis base component of the material with which the liquid comes into contact on spraying is at least + 5mJ m-2 and/or the difference the difference between the Lewis acid component of the liquid and the Lewis acid component of the material with which the liquid comes into contact on spraying is at least + ImJ m"^. 16. The device as claimed in claims 14 and 15, wherein the difference the difference between the Lewis base component of the liquid and the Lewis base component of the material with which the liquid comes into contact on spraying is at least + 15mJ m-2 and/or the difference the difference between the Lewis acid component of the liquid and the Lewis acid component of the material with which the liquid comes into contact on spraying is at least + 2 mJ m-2. 17. The aerosol spray device as claimed in any one of claims 14 to 16 wherein the composition contained therein is a composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 13.

Documents:

in-pct-2002-0465-che claims-duplicate.pdf

in-pct-2002-0465-che claims.pdf

in-pct-2002-0465-che correspondences-others.pdf

in-pct-2002-0465-che correspondences-po.pdf

in-pct-2002-0465-che description (complete)-duplicate.pdf

in-pct-2002-0465-che description (complete).pdf

in-pct-2002-0465-che drawings.pdf

in-pct-2002-0465-che form-1.pdf

in-pct-2002-0465-che form-19.pdf

in-pct-2002-0465-che form-26.pdf

in-pct-2002-0465-che form-3.pdf

in-pct-2002-0465-che form-5.pdf

in-pct-2002-0465-che pct.pdf