Title of Invention	METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING A SIGNAL IN A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM EMPLOYING SATELLITES THAT REDUCES THE EFFECTS OF DOPPLER ON A RECEIVER
Abstract	A method and apparatus for precorrecting timing and frequency in a communication system that employs satellites to reduce timing uncertainty and frequency uncertainty due to satellite motion. A transmitted signal is precorrected, or compensated, to account for effects based on known satellite motion as the transmitterd signal propagates from the transmitter to the satellite. Removing these effects reduces the amount of uncertainty in the transmitted signal when it arrives at the receiver thereby making the task of signal reception easier.

Title of Invention

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING A SIGNAL IN A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM EMPLOYING SATELLITES THAT REDUCES THE EFFECTS OF DOPPLER ON A RECEIVER

Abstract

A method and apparatus for precorrecting timing and frequency in a communication system that employs satellites to reduce timing uncertainty and frequency uncertainty due to satellite motion. A transmitted signal is precorrected, or compensated, to account for effects based on known satellite motion as the transmitterd signal propagates from the transmitter to the satellite. Removing these effects reduces the amount of uncertainty in the transmitted signal when it arrives at the receiver thereby making the task of signal reception easier.

Full Text	METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRECORRECTING TIMING AND FREQUENCY IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION L Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to spread spectrum communication systems, and more particularly, to receiving a commvmication signal in the presence of large amounts of signal Doppler. The present invention further relates to a novel and improved method of precorrecting the communication signal in time and frequency to compensate for this signal Doppler. IL Description of the Related Art Typical advanced terrestrial communication systems, such as wireless data or telephone systems, use base stations, also referred to as cell sites, within predefined geographical regions or cells, to relay communication signals to and from one or more user terminals or system subscribers. Typical satellite-based communication systems use base stations referred to as gateways, and one or more satellites to relay communications signals between the gateways and one or more user terminals. Base stations and gateways provide communication links from each user terminal to other user terminals or users of other connected communications systems, such as a public telephone switching network. User terminals in such systems can be fixed or mobile, such as a mobile telephone, and positioned near a gateway or remotely located. Some communications systems employ code division multiple access (CDMA) spread-spectrum signals, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,901,307, issued February 13, 1990, entitled "Spread Spectrum Multiple Access Communication System Using Satellite Or Terrestrial Repeaters/' and U. S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/368,570, filed January 4, 1995, entitled "Method And Apparatus For Using Full Spectrum Transmitted Power In A Spread Spectrum Communication System For Tracking Individual Recipient Phase Time And Energy/' both of which are assigned to the assignee of the present invention, In a typical spread spectrum communications system, one or more preselected pseudonoise (PN) code sequences are used to modulate or "spread" information signals over a predetermined spectral band prior to modulation onto a carrier signal for transmission as communications signals. PN code spreading, a method of spread spectrum transmission that is well known in the art, produces signals for transmission having a bandwidth much greater than that of the data signal. In a base station- or gateway-to-user terminal communication link, PN spreading codes or binary sequences are used to discriminate between signals transmitted by different base stations or over different beams, as well as between multipath signals. In a typical CDMA spread spectrum system, channelizing codes are used to differentiate signals intended for various user terminals within a cell or a satellite sub-beam on a forward link (i.e., the signal path from the base station or gateway to the user terminal transceiver). Each user transceiver has its own orthogonal charmel provided on the forward link by using a unique "channelizing" orthogonal code. Signals transferred on these channels are generally referred to as "traffic signals." Additional forward link channels or signals are provided for "paging," "synchronization," and other signals transmitted to system users. Walsh functions are generally used to implement the channelizing codes. Additional details of the operation of this type of transmission apparatus are found in U. S. Patent No. 5,103,459, entitled "System And Method For Generating Signal Waveforms In A CDMA Cellular Telephone," assigned to the same assignee as the present invention and: incorporated herein by reference. CDMA spread-spectrum communications systems, such as disclosed in the above patents, contemplate the use of coherent modulation and demodulation for forward link user terminal communications- In communications systems using this approach, a "pilot" carrier signal, or simply a "pilot signal," is used as a coherent phase reference for forward link signals. A pilot signal is a signal which generally contains no data modulation, and is transmitted by a gateway, or base station, throughout a region of coverage as a reference. Pilot signals are used by user terminals to obtain initial system synchronization and time, frequency, and phase tracking of other signals transmitted by base stations or gateways. Phase information obtained from tracking a pilot signal carrier is used as a carrier phase reference for coherent demodulation of other system signals or traffic (data) signals. This technique allows many traffic signals to share a common pilot signal as a phase reference, providing for a less costly and more efficient tracking mechanism. A single pilot signal is typically transmitted by each base station or gateway for each frequency used, referred to as CDMA chaxmels or sub- beams, and shared by all user terminals receiving signals from that source or gateway on that frequency. When user terminals are not receiving or transmitting traffic signals, information can be conveyed to them using one or more signals known as paging signals or channels. For example, when a call has been placed to a particular mobile phone, a base station or gateway alerts that mobile phone by means of a paging signal. Paging signals are used to designate the presence of a call, which traffic channel to use, and to also distribute system overhead information, along with system subscriber specific messages. A communication system may have several paging signals or channels. Synchronization signals can also be used to transfer system information useful to facilitate time synchronization. All of these signals act as shared resources in a maimer similar to pilot signals. User terminals can respond to a message on a paging signal by sending an access signal over the reverse link. That is, the signal path from the user terminal to the base station or gateway. Access signals are also used by user terminals when they originate calls, and are sometimes referred to as access probes. Additional long PN codes are typically used to create reverse link traffic charmels. At the same time, a form of M-ary modulation using a set of orthogonal codes can be used to improve reverse link data transfer. As with any communication system, the forward link communication signals are received by the user terminal and downconverted into a baseband frequency for further processing. Once downconverted, the signals are processed digitally to detect the particular pilot signal or signals being received, and to demodulate associated paging, synchronization, and traffic signals. During demodulation, the PN spreading codes are applied to despread the signals and channelizing codes are correlated with the signals to provide data. In order for the reception, downconversion, and demodulation processing to work correctly in such systems, the user terminal must share a common frequency reference and a common timing reference with base stations or gateways transmitting the signals being processed. That is, because information is carried in the phase of the signal carrier, the carrier frequency must be accurately detected, and the position of relative phases of multiple carriers must also be determined. Without reasonably accurate frequency tuning, the carrier cannot be properly removed and the digital signals accurately despread and demodulated. Because the PN spreading codes are sequences applied to the signals, the timing of the signal must be determined to properly despread or demodulate the spreading codes from the signals to provide the data. PN spreading codes and orthogonal channelizing codes cannot be accurately removed without appropriate system timing or signal synchronization. If the codes are applied with incorrect synchronization, the signals will simply appear as noise and no information is conveyed. Determining the positions of satellites, user terminals, and code timing offsets used in such systems, also depends on an accurate knowledge of time or relative temporal displacement. User terminals rely on the accuracy of local oscillators to maintain an appropriate clock rate, event timing, and relative time values with respect to base station or gateway timing, and absolute chronological history or relationships. Communication systems employing satellites with non-geostationary orbits exhibit a high degree of relative user terminal and satellite motion. The relative motion creates fairly substantial Doppler components or shifts in the carrier frequency of signals within the communication links. Because these Doppler components vary with user terminal and satellite motion, they create a range of uncertainty in the frequency of the carrier signal, or more simply, frequency uncertainty. Besides such frequency shifts Doppler effects also cause apparent time or timing shifts into the various codes used, including PN codes, symbols, and so forth. These apparent time shifts are also referred to as code Doppler. In particular, code Doppler is an effect of satellite motion introduced into the baseband signal. Thus, the codes do not arrive at the receiver with a correct code timing. In addition to code Doppler, the satellite motion also creates a large amount of uncertainty in the propagation delay, or timing uncertainty, for signals within the communication links. The propagation delay varies from a minimum when the satellite is directly overhead of the user terminal collocated at the gateway to a maximum when the satellite is at a horizon of the user terminal collocated at the gateway. In other words, the propagation delay is at its minimum when the distance from the gateway to the satellite to the user terminal is at a minimum. Likewise, the propagation delay is at its maximum when the distance from the gateway to the satellite to the user terminal is at a maximum. In order to acquire a communication signal in a spread spectrum communication system, the communication system must detect the carrier frequency of the signal and synchronize timing with the signal. Typical communication systems "search" for the correct frequency and timing by comparing the signal with "hypotheses" comprised of various frequency and timing values within their respective ranges of uncertainty. The hypothesis with the highest correlation to the signal above a predetermined threshold includes the correct frequency and timing to despread and demodulate the signal. However, typical communications systems have heretofore been faced with relatively small "search spaces," or sets of timing and frequency hypotheses due to relatively small frequency and timing uncertainties. For example, terrestrial communication systems or satellite communication systems employing geosynchronous satellites exhibit timing uncertainties in the range of 1 to 2 ms or more, and Doppler uncertainties on the order of 1 parts per million (ppm). In contrast, communication systems employing non-geosynchronous satellites exhibit timing uncertainties in the range of 10 to 20 ms, or more, and Doppler uncertainties on the order of 10 ppm, or more. Thus, all other things being equal, a communication system employing non-geosynchronous satellites has a search space that is orders of magnitude, 100 times or more, greater than that of the terrestrial or geosynchronous communication system. The larger search space requires either a longer time to acquire the signal or multiple searching receivers operating in parallel on a portion of the search space. Each of these alternatives is undesirable. What is needed is a method and apparatus for reducing the search space of a communication system that operates under conditions of high Doppler. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed toward acquiring a signal in a communication system that experiences Doppler due to relative motion of satellite repeaters and user terminals. This type of system has wide ranges of frequency uncertainty and timing uncertainty due to the Doppler shifts and variations in propagation delay due to the relative motion. The present invention reduces the ranges of frequency and timing uncertainties in the communication system. A feature of the present invention is that additional searching receivers are not required in order to resolve the frequency and timing uncertainties. This is because a search space comprised of a range of frequency uncertainty and a range of timing uncertainty is reduced. Thus, fewer frequency and timing hypotheses have to be searched in order to acquire the signal. This also reduces the amount of time required to acquire the signal. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a transmitter, located at a gateway of the communication system, pre-corrects a frequency of a forward link signal to compensate for a Doppler shift due to the relative motion between the satellite and the gateway. Because the relative motion of the satellite with respect to the gateway is well known, the signal is compensated so that when the signal reaches the satellite, the signal does not appear to have experienced any Doppler shift due to the relative motion. In other words, an uplink portion of the forward link signal (i.e., the portion of the forward link from the gateway to the satellite) is precorrected by the transmitter to compensate for the Doppler shift. However, the relative motion of the satellite with respect to the user terminal is not well known. Thus, when a downlink portion of the forward link signal is repeated, or transmitted by the satellite to the user terminal, the signal will experience an unknown Doppler shift due to the relative motion between the satellite and the user terminal. Therefore, according to the present invention, precorrecting the frequency on the uplink portion of the forward link signal does not entirely remove the frequency uncertainty but rather reduces the overall frequency uncertainty in the forward link signal at the user terminal. Precorrecting the frequency reduces the search space of a receiver attempting to acquired the signal. According to another embodiment of the present invention, a transmitter, located at the user terminal of the communication system, transmits a reverse link signal whose carrier frequency has been precorrected to compensate for a Doppler shift due to the relative motion between the user terminal and the satellite. This may be accomplished in one of two ways. Either the user terminal is aware, via various methods, of the relative motion of the satellite, or the user terminal adjusts the reverse link signal based on the Doppler present in the downlink portion of the forward link signal. In either case, the user terminal effectively removes Doppler from the uplink portion of the reverse link signal. In this case, the uplink portion of the reverse link signal arrives at the satellite without any apparent Doppler but still experiences Doppler on the downlink portion. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a transmitter at the gateway precorrects the timing of the uplink portion of the forward link signal. In this embodiment, the timing of the signal is continuously adjusted so that the signal arrives at any of the satellites employed by the communication system at the same time, referred to as satellite time. Thus, the transmitter adjusts the timing of a signal transmitted to a user terminal through each satellite so that the signal is synchronized at the satellites at a predetermined time regardless of the distance between the gateway and the satellite. Thus, the signal arrives at each satellite substantially simultaneously. This means that in many cases the signal will be transmitted at different times at the gateway to the various satellites. One result of precorrecting the timing is that the timing uncertainty at the user terminal due to variations in propagation delay is reduced. Because the timing of the uplink portion of the forward link signal is known, the only uncertainty due to propagation delay occurs in the downlink portion of the forward link. Thus, by precorrecting the timing, the timing uncertainty in the forward link signal is reduced to approximately one half. Continuously precorrecting the timing of the signal in a CDMA communication system results in each code in a PN spreading code sequence arriving at any particular satellite with a starting time substantially synchronized with that in any other satellite regardless of the distance between the gateway and the satellite. In other words, the uplink portion of the forward link signal at the satellite does not exhibit any code Doppler. Thus, the receiver must only correct for code Doppler experienced in the downlink portion of the forward link signal. This reduces the requirements of a timing tracking loop in the receiver of the user terminal. In yet still another embodiment of the present invention, a transmitter at the user terminal precorrects the timing of the reverse link signal- In this embodiment, the timing of the reverse link signal is continuously adjusted so that the signal arrives with a starting time substantially synchronized with that in any of the satellites at the satellite time. Thus, the transmitter adjusts the timing of the signal transmitted to the satellite so that the signal is synchronized at the satellites regardless of the distance between the user terminal and the satellite. This means that in many cases the signal will be transmitted at different user terminal times depending on the distance between the user terminal and the satellite. As with the forward link, precorrecting the timing reduces the timing uncertainty and code Doppler present in the reverse link signal. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, both timing and frequency precorrection are performed on the uplink portions of the forward link signal and the reverse link signal. Because the timing and frequency uncertainties are reduced by approximately one half as a result of the precorrection, the overall search space of the system according to the present invention is reduced by approximately one fourth. This results in a substantial savings in either hardware costs or acquisition time. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for transmitting a signal in a communication system employing satellites that reduces the effects of Doppler on a receiver, the method comprising: continuously computing for a satellite a Doppler frequency relative to a transmitter located at a gateway, said satellite receiving the signal from said transmitter; and adjusting a transmit frequency of the signal as a function of said Doppler frequency so that the-signal is received at said satellite as if there is no Doppler shift; characterized in that: said Doppler frequency is continuously computed from predetermined data; and said satellite repeats the signal to the receiver at a transmit frequency dependent on the receive frequency; whereby the signal repeated by the satellite is received at the receiver with reduced Doppler error. The present invention also provides an apparatus for transmitting a signal in a communication system employing satellites that reduces the effects of Doppler on a receiver, the apparatus comprising: means for continuously computing for a satellite a Doppler frequency relative to a transmitter located ac a gateway; and means for adjusting a transmit frequency of the signal as a function of said Doppler frequency; characterized in that: said means for continuously computing continuously computes the Doppler frequency from predetermined data. The features, objects, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings in which like reference characters identify correspondingly throughout, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears, and wherein: FIG. 1 illustrates a tjrpical communication system in which the present invention is used; FIG. 2 illustrates exemplary transceiver apparatus for use in a user terminal; FIG, 3 illustrates exemplary transmission and reception apparatus for use in a gateway or base station; FIG. 4 illustrates a forward link and a reverse link transmission between a gateway and a user terminal; FIG. 5 illustrates various frequencies associated with a forward link signal for which no frequency precorrection has been performed; FIG. 6 illustrates various frequencies associated with a forward link signal for which frequency precorrection has been performed; FIG. 7 illustrates the steps performed to precorrect frequency for a forward link transmission from a gateway; FIG. 8 illustrates the steps performed to precorrect frequency for a reverse link transmission from a user terminal; FIG. 9 illustrates a forward link and a reverse link transmission for which no timing precorrection has been performed; FIG. 10 illustrates a forward link and a reverse link transmission for a traffic charmel for which timing precorrection has been performed according to the present invention; FIG. 11 illustrates a forward link and a reverse link transmission for an access charmel for which timing precorrection has been performed according to the present invention; FIG. 12 illustrates the steps performed to precorrect timing for a forward link transmission from a gateway; and FIG. 13 illustrates the steps performed to precorrect timing for a reverse link transmission from a user terminal. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention is a method and apparatus for precorrecting timing and frequency shifting due to Doppler in order to reduce the timing and frequency uncertainties in a communication system. The present invention accomplishes this, in part, by determining and compensating for the Doppler experienced by an uplink portion of a forward link signal as it is transmitted from a gateway to a satellite. Thus, all forward link signals arrive at the satellite precorrected to the same frequency. The downlink portion of the forward link signal is uncompensated because the relative motion between the satellite and a user terminal is unknown. Even though the downlink portion is uncompensated, the overall frequency uncertainty in the forward link signal is greatly reduced (approximately one half). This results in a corresponding reduction in the search space required by the forward link receiver to acquire the signal. The present invention is particularly suited for use in communications systems employing Low Earth Orbit satellites. However, as would be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art, the concept of the present invention can also be applied to satellite systems that are not utilized for communications purposes. The invention is also applicable to satellite systems in which the satellites travel in non-LEO orbits, or to non-satellite repeater systems, if there is sufficient relative motion between gateways or base stations and user terminals to impact the frequencies of the signals being received, or if there is sufficient uncertainty in the propagation delay of the signals. The preferred embodiment of the invention is discussed in detail below. While specific steps, configurations and arrangements are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustrative purposes only. A person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that other steps, configurations and arrangements can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The present invention could find use in a variety of wireless information and communication systems, including those intended for position determination, and satellite and terrestrial cellular telephone systems. A preferred application is in CDMA wireless spread spectrum communication systems for mobile or portable telephone service, typically using satellites to transfer signals. An exemplary wireless communication system in which the present invention is useful, is illustrated in FIG. 1. It is contemplated that this communication system uses CDMA type communication signals, but this is not required by the present invention. In a portion of a communication system 100 illustrated in FIG. 1, one base station 112, two satellites 116 and 118, and two associated gateways or hubs 120 and 122 are shown for effecting communications with two remote user terminals 124 and 126. Typically, the base stations and satellites/gateways are components of separate communication systems, referred to as being terrestrial and satellite based, although, this is not necessary. The total number of base stations, gateways, and satellites in such systems depend on desired system capacity and other factors well understood in the art. User terminals 124 and 126 each have or comprise a wireless communication device such as, but not limited to, a cellular telephone, a data transceiver, or a paging or position determination receiver, and can be hand-held or vehicle mounted as desired. Here, the user terminals are illustrated as hand held telephones. However, it is also understood that the teachings of the invention are applicable to fixed units where remote wireless service is desired, including "inside" as well as "open air" locations. Generally, beams from satellites 116 and 118 cover different geographical areas in predefined patterns. Beams at different frequencies, also referred to as CDMA charmels or "sub-beams," can be directed to overlap the same region. It is also readily imderstood by those skilled in the art that beam coverage or service areas for multiple satellites, or antenna patterns for multiple base stations, might be designed to overlap completely or partially in a given region depending on the communication system design and the type of service being offered, and whether space diversity is being achieved. A variety of multi-satellite communication systems have been proposed with an exemplary system employing on the order of 48 or more satellites, traveling in eight different orbital planes in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for servicing a large number of user terminals. However, those skilled in the art will readily understand how the teachings of the present invention are applicable to a variety of satellite system and gateway configurations, including other orbital distances and constellations. At the same time, the invention is equally applicable to terrestrial based systems of various base station configurations. In FIG. 1, some possible signal paths are illustrated for communications being established between user terminals 124 and 126 and base station 112, or through satellites 116 and 118, with gateways 120 and 122. The base station-user terminal communication links are illustrated by lines 130 and 132. The satellite-user terminal communication links between satellites 116 and 118, and user terminals 124 and 126 are illustrated by lines 140, 142, and 144. The gateway-satellite communication links, between gateways 120 and 122 and satellites 116 and 118, are illustrated by lines 146, 148,150, and 152. Gateways 120 and 122, and base station 112, may be used as part of one or two-way communication systems or simply to transfer messages or date to user terminals 124 and 126. An exemplary transceiver 200 for use in a user terminal 106 is illustrated in FIG. 2. Transceiver 200 uses at least one antenna 210 for receiving communication signals which are transferred to an analog receiver 214, where they are downconverted, amplified, and digitized. A duplexer element 212 is typically used to allow the same antenna to serve both transmit and receive functions. However, some systems employ separate antennas for operating at different transmit and receive frequencies. Digital communication signals output by analog receiver 214 are transferred to at least one digital data receiver 216A and at least one digital searcher receiver 218. Additional digital data receivers 216B-216N can be used to obtain desired levels of signal diversity, depending on the acceptable level of unit complexity, as would be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art. At least one user terminal control processor 220 is coupled to data receivers 216A-216N and searcher receiver 218. Control processor 220 provides, among other functions, basic signal processing, timing, power and handoff control or coordination, and selection of frequency used for signal carriers. Another basic control function often performed by control processor 220 is the selection or manipulation of FN code sequences or orthogonal functions to be used for processing communication signal waveforms. Control processor 220 signal processing can include a determination of relative signal strength and computation of various related signal parameters. Such computations of signal parameters, such as relative timing and frequency may include the use of additional or separate dedicated circuitry to provide increased efficiency or speed in measurements or improved allocation of control processing resources. The outputs of digital data receivers 216A-216N are coupled to digital baseband circuitry 222 within the user terminal. User digital baseband circuitry 222 comprises processing and presentation elements used to transfer information to and from a user terminal user. That is, signal or data storage elements, such as transient or long term digital memory; input and output devices such as display screens, speakers, keypad terminals, and handsets; A/D elements, vocoders and other voice and analog signal processing elements; etc., all form parts of the user terminal baseband circuitry using elements well known in the art. If diversity signal processing is employed, user digital baseband circuitry 222 can comprise a diversity combiner and decoder. Some of these elements may also operate under the control of, or in communication with, control processor 220. When voice or other data is prepared as an output message or communications signal originating with the user terminal, user digital baseband circuitry 222 is used to receive, store, process, and otherwise prepare the desired data for transmission. User digital baseband circuitry 222 provides this data to a transmit modulator 226 operating under the control of control processor 220. The output of transmit modulator 226 is transferred to a power controller 228 which provides output power control to a transmit power amplifier 230 for final transmission of the output signal from antenna 210 to a gateway. As discussed further below, in order to implement embodiments of the present invention, user terminal 200 can also employ one or more precorrection elements or precorrectors 232 and 234. Preferably, a precorrection element 232 is used to adjust the frequency of the digital output of digital power controller 228 at baseband frequency. The baseband spectral information including the frequency adjustment is translated to the appropriate center frequency during the up-conversion performed in transmit power amplifier 230. The precorrection or frequency adjustment is accomplished using techniques known in the art. For example, the precorrection can be effected by a complex signal rotation, which is equivalent to multiplying the signal by a factor of ejwt where ca is computed on the basis of known satellite ephemrides and desired charmel frequency. This is very useful where commtmication signals are processed as in-phase (I) and quadrature phase channels (Q). A direct digital synthesis device can be used to generate some of the rotation products. Alternatively, a coordinate rotation digital computation element can be used that employs binary shifts, adds, and subtracts to perform a series of discrete rotations, resulting in the desired overall rotation. Such techniques, and related hardware, are well understood in the art. As an alternative, precorrection element 234 can be disposed in the transmission path on the output of transmit power amplifier 230, to adjust the frequency of the outgoing signal. This can be accomplished using well known techniques of, such as, up- or down-conversion of the transmission waveform. However, changing the frequency on the output of the analog transmitter can be more difficult in that there are often a series of filters used to shape the waveform, and changes at this juncture may interfere with the filtering process. In the alternative, a precorrection element 232 234 can form part of a frequency selection or control mechanism for the analog up-conversion and modulation stage (230) of the user terminal so that an appropriately adjusted frequency is used to convert the digital signal to a desired transmission frequency in one step. As also discussed in further detail below, user terminal 200 can also employ precorrection elements 232, 234 in the transmission path to adjust the timing of the outgoing signal, where timing precorrection circuits form part of such elements. This can be accomplished using well known techniques of adding or subtracting delay in the transmission waveform. In addition, time precorrection elements similar to and in addition to (not shown) precorrection elements 232 and 234, can be used, as desired, that are dedicated to implementing timing changes. Time precorrection can be used with or without frequency precorrection, to alter the relative timing of signals, or PN codes. However, timing adjustments are generally accomplished by having the control processor adjust code generation and timing or other signal parameter timing when a signal is generated at baseband and prior to output by power controller 228. Controller 220 can, for example, determine when codes are generated, and their timing and application to signals, as well as when signals are acted upon by transit modulator 226 and transmitted to various satellites by power controller 228, At least one time reference element 238 is used to generate and store chronological information such as date and time, which can be used to assist in determining satellite positions within known orbits. The time can be stored and updated periodically, and a Universal Time (UT) signal from a GPS receiver can be used as part of this process in some applications. The time may also be supplied to the user terminal periodically by a gateway. In addition, current time can be stored when a user terminal enters an inactive mode, such as when it is "turned off", and used to determine various time dependent signal parameters. As shown in FIG. 2, a local or reference oscillator 240 is used as a reference for analog receiver 214, analog transmitter 230, and for a clock circuit used by time reference element 238. Oscillator 240 is also used as a frequency standard or reference for a timing circuit 242 the generates timing signals for other stages or processing elements within user terminal 200 such as, time tracking circuits, or the correlators in digital receivers 216A-N and 218, or transmit modulator 226, time reference element 238, and control processor 220. The frequency of the oscillator output may be adjusted, using known circuitry, to form the desired timing signals, as well known in the art. Such timing signals are typically referred to as clock signals for many circuits. Timing circuit 242 can also be configured to produce delays or retarding, or advancing in the relative timing of clock signals, under processor control. That is, time tracking can be adjusted by predetermined amounts. This also allows the application of codes to be advanced or retarded from "normal" timing, typically by one or more chip periods, so that FN codes or chips making up the codes can be applied with different timing, as desired. Information or data corresponding to one or more measured signal parameters for received communication signals, or one or more shared resource signals, can be sent to the gateway using a variety of techniques known in the art. For example, the information can be transferred as a separate information signal or be appended to other messages prepared by user digital baseband circuitry 222. Alternatively, the information can be inserted as predetermined control bits by transmit modulator 226 or transmit power controller 228 under control of control processor 220. Data receivers 216A-N and searcher receiver 218 are configured with signal correlation elements to demodulate and track specific signals. Searcher receiver 218 is used to search for pilot signals, or other relatively fixed pattern strong signals, while digital receivers 216A-N are used to demodulate other signals associated with detected pilot signals. A data receiver 416 can also be assigned to track or demodulate a pilot signal after acquisition. Therefore, the outputs of these units can be monitored to determine the energy in or frequency of the pilot signal or other signals. These receivers employ frequency tracking elements that can be monitored to provide current frequency and timing information, to control processor 220 for signals being demodulated. Control processor 220 uses such information to determine to what extent the received signals are offset form an expected reception frequency or the oscillator frequency, when scaled to the same frequency band, as appropriate. This and other information related to frequency errors and Doppler shifts, as discussed below, can be stored in one or more error/Doppler storage or memory elements 236, as desired. This information can be used by control processor 220 to adjust the oscillator operating frequency, or can be transferred to gateways or base stations using various communication signals. An exemplary transmission and reception apparatus 300 for use in a gateways 120 and 122, or a base station, is illustrated in FIG. 3. Such apparatus is known in the art and discussed in the patents referenced above. For example, additional details on the operation of this type of apparatus are found in U. S. Patent No. 5,103,459, issued April 7, 1992, entitled "System And Method For Generating Signal Waveforms In A CDMA Cellular Telephone" assigned to the same assignee as the present invention and incorporated herein by reference. The portion of gateway 120,122 illustrated in FIG. 3 has one or more analog receivers 314 connected to an antenna 310 for receiving communication signals which are then downconverted, amplified, and digitized using various schemes well known in the art. Multiple antennas 310 are used in some communication systems. Digitized signals output by analog receiver 314 are provided as inputs to at least one digital receiver module, indicated by dashed lines generally at 324. Each digital receiver module 324 corresponds to signal processing elements used to manage communications between a gateway 120, 122 and one user terminal 124,126, although certain variations are known in the art. One analog receiver 314 can provide inputs for many digital receiver modules 324, and a number of such modules are typically used in gateways 102 to accommodate all of the satellite beams and possible diversity mode signals being handled at any given time. Each digital receiver module 324 has one or more digital data receivers 316 and searcher receivers 318. A searcher receiver 318 generally searches for appropriate diversity modes of signals other than pilot signals. Where implemented in the communication system, multiple digital data receivers 316A-316N are used for diversity signal reception. The outputs of data receivers 316 are provided to subsequent baseband processing elements 322 comprising apparatus well known in the art and not illustrated in further detail here. Exemplary baseband apparatus includes diversity combiners and decoders to combine multipath signals into one output for each user. Exemplary baseband apparatus also includes interface circuits for providing output data, typically to a digital switch or network. A variety of other known elements such as, but not limited to, vocoders, data modems, and digital data switching and storage components may form a part of baseband processing elements 322. These elements operate to also control or direct the transfer of data signals to one or more transmit modules 334. Signals to be transmitted to user terminals are each coupled to one or more appropriate transmit modules 334. A typical gateway uses a number of such transmit modules 334 to provide service to many user terminals 124, 126 at a time, and for several satellites and beams at a time. The number of transmission modules 334 used by gateways 120,122 is determined by factors well known in the art, including system complexity, number of satellites in view, user capacity, degree of diversity chosen, and the like. Each transmit module 334 includes a transmit modulator 326 which spread spectrum modulates data for transmission and has an output coupled to a digital transmit power controller 328, which controls the transmission power used for the outgoing digital signal. Digital transmit power controller 328 applies a minimum level of power for purposes of interference reduction and resource allocation, but applies appropriate levels of power when needed to compensate for attenuation in the transmission path and other path transfer characteristics. At least one PN generator 332 is used by transmit modulator 326 in spreading the signals. This code generation can also form a functional part of one or more control processors or storage elements used in gateways 122, 124, or base station 112, and may be time shared. The output of transmit power controller 328 is transferred to a summer 336 where it is summed with the outputs from other transmit power control circuits. Those outputs are signals for transmission to other user terminals 124,126 at the same frequency and within the same beam as the output of transmit power controller 328. The output of summer 336 is provided to an analog transmitter 338 for digital-to-analog conversion. conversion to the appropriate RF carrier frequency, further amplification, filtering, and output to one or more antennas 340 for radiating to user terminals 124, 126. Antennas 310 and 340 may be the same antennas depending on the complexity and configuration of the system. In order to implement embodiments of the present invention, one or more precorrectors or frequency/timing precorrection elements 342 and 344 are used. Preferably, a precorrection element 342 is used to adjust the frequency of the digital output of digital power controller 328 at baseband frequency. As in the user terminal, baseband spectral information including the frequency adjustment is translated to the appropriate center frequency during the up-conversion performed in analog transmitter 338. The frequency precorrection is accomplished using techniques known in the art, such as the complex signal rotation discussed above, where the angle of rotation is computed on the basis of known satellite ephemrides and desired channel frequency. As in the user terminal, other signal rotation techniques, and related hardware, are well understood in the art. In FIG. 3, precorrector 342 is shown disposed in the transmission path prior to summer 336. This allows individual control over each user terminal signal as desired. However, a single frequency precorrection element can be vised when precorrection is performed after summer 336, because user terminals share the same transmission path from the gateway to the satellite. As an alternative, a precorrector 344 can be disposed in the transmission path on the output of analog transmitter 338, to adjust the frequency/timing of the outgoing signal, using well known techniques. However, changing the frequency on the output of the analog transmitter can be more difficult, and may interfere with signal filtering processes. Alternatively, the output frequency of analog transmitter 338 can be adjusted directly by control processor 320 to provide a shifted output frequency, offset from the normal center frequency. As discussed above for user terminal 200, precorrection elements 342, 344 can be used in the transmission path to adjust the timing of outgoing signals using known precorrection circuits that can form part of such elements. This can be accomplished using well known techniques of adding or subtracting delay in the transmission waveform. . In addition, time precorrection elements similar to and in addition to (not shown) precorrection elements 342 and 344, can be used, as desired, that are dedicated to implementing timing changes. Time precorrection can also be used with or without frequency precorrection, to alter tiKe relative timing of signals, or PN codes. However, timing adjustments are generally accomplished by having the control processor adjust code generation and timing or other signal parameter timing when a signal is generated at baseband and prior to output by power controller 328. Controller 320, for example, determines code timing and application, as well as when signals are transmitted to various satellites and user terminals by power controller 328. The amount of frequency and/or timing correction imposed on an outgoing user terminal signal, forward link, is based on known Doppler between the gateway and each satellite through which communication is established. The amount of shifting required to account for the satellite Doppler can be computed by control processor 320 using known satellite orbital position data. This data can be stored in and retrieved from one or more storage elements 346, such as lookup tables or memory elements. This data can also be provided from other data sources, as desired. A variety of well known devices such as RAM and ROM circuits, or magnetic storage devices can be used to construct storage elements 346. This information is used to establish the frequency or timing adjustment for each satellite being used by the gateway at any given time. As shown in FIG. 3, a time and frequency unit (TFU) 348 provides reference frequency signals for the analog receiver 314 . A Universal Time (UT) signal from a GPS receiver can be used as part of this process in some applications. It can also be employed in multiple intermediate conversion steps, as desired. As shown, TFU 348 also serves as a reference for analog transmitter 338. TFU 348 also provides timing signals to other stages or processing elements within gateway or base station 300 such as the correlators in digital receivers 316A-N and 318, or transmit modulator 326, and control processor 320. TFU 348 is also configured to retard or advance the relative timing of (clock) signals, under processor control, by predetermined amounts, as desired. At least one gateway control processor 320 is coupled to receiver modules 324, transmit modules 334, and baseband circuitry 322; these units may be physically separated from each other. Control processor 320 provides command and control signals to effect functions such as, but not limited to, signal processing, timing signal generation, power control, handoff control, diversity combining, and system interfacing. In addition, control processor 320 assigns PN spreading codes, orthogonal code sequences, and specific transmitters and receivers or modules for use in user communications. Control processor 320 also controls the generation and power of pilot, synchronization, and paging channel signals and their coupling to transmit power controller 328. The pilot channel is simply a signal that is not modulated by data, and may use a repetitive unchanging pattern or non-varying frame structure type input to transmit modulator 326. That is, the orthogonal function, Walsh code, used to form the channel for the pilot signal generally has a constant value, such as all I's or O's, or a well known repetitive pattern, such as a structured pattern of interspersed I's and O's. This effectively results in transmitting only the PN spreading codes applied from PN generator 332. 332. While control processor 320 can be coupled directly to the elements of a module, such as transmit module 334 or receive module 324, each module generally comprises a module-specific processor, such as transmit processor 330 or receive processor 321, which controls the elements of that module. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, control processor 320 is coupled to transmit processor 330 and receive processor 321, as shown in FIG. 3. In this manner a single control processor 320 can control the operations of a large nimiber of modules and resources more efficiently. Transmit processor 330 controls generation of, and signal power for, pilot, synchronization, paging signals, and traffic channel signals, and their respective coupling to power controller 328. Receiver processor 321 controls searching, PN spreading codes for demodulation and monitoring received power. For certain operations, such as shared resource power control, gateways 120 and 122 receive information such as received signal strength, frequency measurements, or other received signal parameters from user terminals in communication signals. This information can be derived from the demodulated outputs of data receivers 316 by receive processors 321. Alternatively, this information can be detected as occurring at predefined locations in the signals being monitored by control processor 320, or receive processors 321, and transferred to control processor 320. Control processor 320 uses this information (as described below) to control the timing and frequency of signals being transmitted and processed using transmit power controllers 328 and analog transmitter 338. During communication system 100 operation, a communication signal s(t), referred to as a forward link signal is transmitted by a gateway (120, 122) to a user terminal (124, 126) using a gateway generated carrier frequency of A0. The forward link signal experiences time delays, a propagation delay, frequency shifts due to Doppler, and other effects. The forward link signal experiences these effects first, while transiting from a gateway to the satellites (i.e., on an uplink portion of the forward link signal), and second, when transiting from satellites to user terminals (i.e., on a downlink portion of the forward link signal). Once the signal is received, there is a further delay in sending a return or reverse link signal, a propagation delay, and Doppler in the transition from the user terminal to the satellite (i.e. on an uplink portion of the reverse link signal) and again from the satellite to the gateway (i.e. on a downlink portion of the reverse link signal). FIG. 4 illustrates the various signals transmitted in communication system 100. Gateway 120 transmits a forward link signal 410 to user terminal 124 via satellite repeater 116. Forward link signal 410 is comprised of an uplink portion 412 from gateway 120 to satellite repeater 116 and a downlink portion from satellite repeater 116 to user terminal 124. User terminal 124 transmits a reverse link signal 420 to gateway 120 via satellite repeater 116. Reverse link signal 420 is comprised of an uplink portion 422 from user terminal 124 to satellite repeater 116 and a downlink portion 424 from satellite repeater 116 to gateway 120. When gateway 120 transmits forward link signal 410 to satellite repeater 116, uplink portion 412 experiences frequency Doppler and code Doppler as a result of the relative motion between gateway 120 and satellite repeater 116 (i.e., as satellite repeater 116 moves). As is well known, as satellite repeater 116 approaches gateway 120, uplink portion 412 experiences an increase in its carrier frequency as a result of the frequency Doppler. Uplink portion 412 also experiences a decrease in code or pulse width of its FN code sequence as a result of the code Doppler. The opposite effects occur to uplink portion 412 as satellite repeater 116 recedes from gateway 120. Likewise when satellite repeater 116 transmits forward link signal 410 to user terminal 124, downlink portion 414 experiences frequency Doppler and code Doppler as a result of the relative motion between satellite repeater 116 and user terminal 124 (i.e., as both satellite repeater 116 and user terminal 124 move). As is well known, as satellite repeater 116 approaches user terminal 124, downlink portion 414 experiences an increase in its carrier frequency as a result of the frequency Doppler. Downlink portion 414 also experiences a decrease in code or pulse width of its FN code sequence as a result of the code Doppler. The opposite effects occur to downlink portion 414 as satellite repeater 116 recedes from user terminal 124. The effects of Doppler on the carrier frequency is described with reference to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 illustrates, for example, the effects of Doppler on a carrier frequency 510 of a forward link signal 410 as satellite repeater 116 approaches both gateway 120 and user terminal 124. Forward link signal 410, having a carrier frequency 510 (fcarrier 510), is transmitted from gateway 120. Uplink portion 412 experiences an increase in its carrier frequency due to Doppler which is shown in FIG. 5 as uplink Doppler frequency 520 (fuplink 520). Thus, the frequency of forward link signal 410 at satellite repeater (fsAl) is the sum of carrier frequency 510 and uplink Doppler frequency 520. Downlink portion 414 experiences an increase in its frequency due to Doppler which is shown in FIG. 5 as downlink Doppler frequency 530 (fdownlink 530). Thus, the frequency of forward link signal 410 at user terminal 124 (fUr) is the sum of carrier frequency 510, uplink Doppler frequency 520, and downlink Doppler frequency 530. Because uplink Doppler frequency 520 and downlink Doppler frequency 530 vary depending on the relative motion of satellite repeater 116, the frequency of forward link signal 410 at user terminal 124 also varies. This variance is referred to as a frequency uncertainty. In a communication system 100 that employs LEO satellites, the frequency uncertainty is in the range of 50 to 300 kHz, or more. FIG. 6 illustrates an example of frequency precorrection processing performed according to one embodiment of the present invention. Forward link signal 410 has desired frequency of carrier frequency 510 (fcarrier 510). Prior to being transmitted from gateway 120, forward link signal 410 is adjusted by precorrector 342 by a precorrect frequency, precorrection factor, 610. Frequency precorrect 610 is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to uplink Doppler frequency 520. Thus, when forward link signal 410 is transmitted from gateway 120, forward link signal 410 has an initial frequency of carrier frequency 510 plus precorrect frequency 610. Then, uplink portion 412 of forward link signal 410 experiences a change in its frequency due to uplink Doppler frequency 520. In the present invention, the frequency (fsAT) of forward link signal 410 at satellite repeater 116 is the sum of carrier frequency 510, precorrect frequency 610, and uplink Doppler frequency 520. Because precorrect frequency 610 and uplink Doppler frequency are equal and opposite, the frequency of forward link 410 at satellite repeater 116 is equal to carrier frequency 510. Downlink portion 414 still experiences a change in its frequency due to downlink Doppler frequency 530, However, according to the present invention, the frequency (fuT) of forward link signal 410 at user terminal 124 is the sum of carrier frequency 510 and downlink Doppler frequency 530. The frequency of forward link signal 410 at user terminal 124 only varies from carrier frequency 510 by downlink Doppler frequency 530. Thus, in the present invention, the frequency vmcertainty is only a result of the uncertainty in downlink Doppler frequency 530. For practical purposes, the present invention reduces frequency uncertainty by a factor of one half for user terminals 124 who are relatively stationary in comparison with satellite repeater 116. FIG. 7 illustrates the steps performed to precorrect frequency for forward link signal 410 from gateway 120 according to one embodiment of the present invention. In a step 710, transmitter 338 prepares forward link signal 410 to be transmitted to one or more satellite repeaters 116. In a step 720, control processor 320 computes a relative motion and associated uplink Doppler frequency 520 for each satellite repeater 116 to which forward link signal 410 is to be transmitted. Next, in a step 730, precorrector 342 precorrects or compensates forward link signal 410 to account for uplink Doppler frequency 520. Finally, in a step 740, transmitter 338 transmits forward link signal 410 at carrier frequency 510 precorrected by uplink Doppler frequency 520. Another embodiment of the present invention operates in a similar fashion on reverse link signal 420. In this embodiment, user terminal 124 does not have knowledge of the relative motion of satellite repeater 116. Therefore, user terminal 124 must employ a different technique to determine uplink Doppler frequency 520. User terminal 124 does this based on the known carrier frequency 510 and the frequency of forward link signal 410. The difference between these frequencies is downlink Doppler frequency 530. Based on the assumption that the relative motion of the satellite does not change significantly between user terminal 124 receiving forward link signal 410 and transmitting reverse link signal 420, downlink Doppler frequency 530 of forward link signal 410 is approximately the same as uplink Doppler frequency 510 of reverse link signal 420. This technique is discussed in further detail in co-pending patent application Serial No. / , entitled "Determination Of Frequency Offsets In Communication Systems," incorporated above._ FIG. 8 illustrates the steps performed to precorrect frequency for a reverse link signal 420 from user terminal 124. In a step 810, transmitter 230 prepares reverse link signal 420 to be transmitted to satellite repeater 116. In a step 820, control processor 220 computes downlink Doppler frequency 530 based on known carrier frequency 510 and the frequency of the most recently received forward link signal 410. The difference between these two frequencies is downlink Doppler frequency 530 of forward link signal 410. This is approximately uplink Doppler frequency 520 for reverse link signal 420. Next, in a step 830, precorrector 232 precorrects or compensates reverse link signal 420 to account for uplink Doppler frequency 520. Finally, in a step 840, transmitter 230 transmits reverse link signal 420 at carrier frequency 510 precorrected by uplink Doppler frequency 520. Other embodiments of the present invention are based on further knowledge of the position and dynamics of user terminal 124. If the position and dynamics of user terminal 124 are known, for example, by incorporating a positioning device in user terminal 124, both uplink Doppler frequency 520 and downlink Doppler frequency 530 may be computed to compensate for their effects. In fact, if both of these Doppler frequencies are known, either precorrection or post-correction of the signal could be used. In either case, the frequency uncertainty associated with the signal would be virtually removed. Another problem associated with transmitting signals via satellites is a variance in propagation delay for satellites located closely to a transmitter, for example, located in a gateway and for satellites located farther from the transmitter. This variance is referred to as timing uncertainty. FIG. 9 illustrates timing uncertainty for a forward link signal 910 and a reverse link signal 920. As shown in FIG. 9, forward link signal 910 is actually two signals: a forward link signal 910A transmitted to user terminal 124 via a farthest satellite 930, and a forward link signal 910B transmitted to user terminal 124 via a nearest satellite 940. For purposes of this discussion, forward link signal 910A and 910B are the same signal in terms of information. The difference between these signals is that gateway 120 directs them to separate satellites. FIG. 9 also shows user terminal 124 twice in separate locations- This is done for drawing clarity. For purposes of the discussion with respect to FIG. 9, user terminal 124 refers to the same physical device. In other words, forward link signals 910A and 910B reach the same user terminal 124 even though they do so via different satellites 930, 940. Forward link signal 910A includes an uplink portion 912A and a downlink portion 914A. Likewise, forward link signal 910B includes an uplink portion 912B and a downlink portion 914B. Reverse link signal 920 is also shown as two signals in FIG. 9: a reverse link signal 920A transmitted to gateway 120 via farthest satellite 930, and a reverse link signal 920B transmitted to gateway 120 via nearest satellite 940. Reverse link signal 920A includes an uplink portion 922A and a downlink portion 924A. Likewise, reverse link signal 920B includes an uplink portion 922B and a downlink portion 924B. Because of the differences in the distances between gateway 120 and satellites 930, 940, respectively, forward link signals 910A, 910B arrive at user terminal 124 at different times. As shown in FIG. 9, forward link signal 910A arrives at user terminal 124 at a time 960 while forward link signal 910B arrives at user terminal 124 at a time 950. The difference between these two times represents the range of time at which forward link signal 910 can be expected to arrive at user terminal 124. In other words, when a signal is transmitted from gateway 120, it will arrive at user terminal 124 within the range of time bounded by time 950 and time 960. This range, in general, is referred to as timing uncertainty. With respect to forward link signal 910, this timing imcertainty is referred to as the user terminal (UT) forward timing uncertainty. FIG. 9 also shows the timing uncertainty for reverse link signal 920. Reverse link signal 920A arrives at gateway 120 at a time 980 while reverse link signal 920B arrives at gateway 120 at a time 970. The difference between these two times represents the range of time at which reverse link signal 920 can be expected to arrive at gateway 120. This timing imcertainty, bounded by time 970 and 980, is referred to as the gateway (GW) reverse timing uncertainty. In a communication system 100 that employs LEO satellites, the timing uncertainty is approximately 10 to 20 ms, or more, as compared with terrestrial or geosynchronous satellite communication systems whose timing uncertainty is 1 to 2 ms. As discussed above, the problem with timing uncertainty is that the receiver must search the entire range of timing in order to acquire a spread spectrum communication signal. This is especially true for systems that use FN code sequences. The present invention reduces the timing uncertainty by transmitting the communication signal at different times based on the distance between the transmitter and the satellite so that a given communication signal arrives at all satellites to which the signal is being transmitted at the same time, regardless of the distance. FIG. 10 illustrates timing uncertainty for forward link signal 910 and reverse link signal 920 according to one embodiment of the present invention. According to the present invention, forward link signal 910A is transmitted by gateway 120 at a time 1010 to user terminal 124 via farthest satellite 930. At a time 1020, forward link signal 910B is transmitted by gateway 120 to user terminal 124 via nearest satellite 940. The difference between time 1010 and time 1020 is referred to as a precorrection time, or in this case more specifically as forward link precorrection time. Forward link precorrection time is determined based on the distance and associated propagation delay between gateway 120 and the satellite receiving the signal so that regardless of the distance, the signal arrives at the satellite at the same time. For example, forward link signal 910A arrives at farthest satellite 930 and forward link signal 910B arrives at nearest satellite 940 at the same time, a time 1030 (referred to as satellite time 1030). Each satellite 930,940 repeats forward link signal 910 to user terminal 124. Forward link signal 910A arrives at user terminal 124 at time 1050. Forward link signal 910B arrives at user terminal 124 at time 1040. The difference between time 1050 and time 1040 represent the user terminal forward timing uncertainty of the present invention. In effect, the present invention reduces the user terminal forward timing uncertainty by the amount of timing uncertainty associated with uplink portion 912 of forward link signal 910 because forward link signal 910 is "known" to arrive at satellites 930,940 at satellite time 1030. FIG. 10 illustrates the worst case timing uncertainty based on farthest satellite 930 and nearest satellite 940. While the above discussion refers to transmitting forward link signal 910 to one or more satellites, this may not be the case. For example, only one satellite may be within the line-of-sight of a particular gateway 120. In this case, gateway 120 may only be able to transmit to one satellite. In another example, a particular communication system 100 may not be performing diversity processing thereby making multiple transmissions of the same signal useless. Regardless, of the number of satellites used, the present invention reduces timing uncertainty in the received signal by precorrecting the timing of the transmission of the signal so that the signal arrives at the satellite at a known time. One embodiment of the present invention not only precorrects the start of the transmission of the signal but continuously precorrects the signal as it is transmitted so that each component of the signal (i.e., PN code) arrives at the satellite at a known time. This embodiment of the present invention compensates for code Doppler in addition to reducing the timing uncertainty. As with the frequency precorrection discussed above, code Doppler is only precorrected on uplink portion 912 of forward link signal because the timing is known or correct at the satellite. Nonetheless, the uncertainty due to code Doppler is reduced thereby making the tasks of a time tracking loop much easier. FIG. 11 illustrates timing uncertainty for forward link signal 910 and reverse link signal 920 according to another embodiment of the present invention. According to this embodiment of the present invention, forward link signal 910 is transmitted by gateway 120 in a marmer identical to that described above with respect to FIG. 9. This embodiment employs a similar technique with respect to reverse link signal 920. At a time 1110, user terminal 124 transmits reverse link signal 920A to gateway 120 via farthest satellite 930. At a time 1120, user terminal 124 transmits reverse link signal 920B to gateway 120 via nearest satellite 940. The difference between time 1110 and time 1120 is referred to as a reverse link precorrection time. Because user terminal 124 has no knowledge of its own position, user terminal 124 determines reverse link precorrection time based on the time difference between satellite time 1030 and the time forward link signal 910 arrives at user terminal 124. This time difference corresponds to the propagation delay of downlink portion 914 of forward link signal 910. As before, assuming little relative motion during reception of forward link signal 910 and transmission of reverse link signal 920, the propagation delay of downlink portion 914 is the same as the propagation delay of uplink portion 922 of reverse link signal 920, and hence, is the necessary reverse link precorrection time. Reverse link precorrection time is used to adjust or compensate the transmission of reverse link signal 920 so that it arrives at the satellite at a known time referred to as satellite time 1130. The satellite repeats reverse link signal 920 to user terminal 124. Reverse link signal 920A arrives at user terminal 124 at time 1150. Reverse link signal 920B arrives at user terminal 124 at time 1140. The difference between time 1150 and time 1140 represent the gateway reverse timing uncertainty of the present invention. In effect, this embodiment of the present invention reduces both the user terminal forward timing uncertainty as well as the gateway reverse timing uncertainty. With respect to forward link 910, the user terminal forward timing uncertainty is reduced by the amount of timing uncertainty associated with uplink portion 912. With respect to reverse link 920, the gateway reverse timing uncertainty is reduced by the amount of timing uncertainty associated with uplink portion 922. FIG. 12 illustrates the steps performed to precorrect timing for forward link signal 910 at gateway 120 according to one embodiment of the present invention. In a step 1210, control processor 320 computes a distance between gateway 120 and each satellite 930, 940 to which forward link signal 910 is to be transmitted. Next, in a step 1220, control processor 320 computes a propagation delay based on each of these distances. Such distances can be obtained, for example, by measuring round-trip delays for signals transmitted from a satellite to a user terminal and back, either immediately or after a known delay, and then dividing the result by two and multiplying the result by the speed of the signal (light),. The round-trip delay can be measured by transmitting a signal containing a known running PN sequence or spreading code, and comparing the state of the PN sequence in the retransmitted signal as received at the gateway with that of the transmitted signal. The difference in states is used to determine the total round-trip delay, which includes known gateway-to-satellite delays. Using known satellite ephemerides, the known delays are computed by various methods well known in the art Alternatively, the distance is measured using round-trip delays of signals transmitted through one satellite and returned through a second satellite. However, some additional information regarding their relative position is required, which is generally supplied using other signal parameters. Such techniques are discussed in further detail in the co-pending patent applications incorporated above, relating to position determination. In a step 1230, precorrector 342 precorrects or compensates forward link signal 410 to account for the propagation delay to each satellite 930, 940. Finally, in a step 1240, transmitter 338 transmits forward link signal 410 whose timing has been precorrected to the appropriate satellite 930,940. FIG. 13 illustrates the steps performed to precorrect timing for reverse link signal 920 at user terminal 124 according to one embodiment of the present invention. In a step 1310, control processor 220 computes a propagation delay based on the most recently received forward link signal 910 from each of satellites 930, 940 to which reverse link signal 920 is to be transmitted. In a step 1320, precorrector 232 precorrects or compensates reverse link signal 920 to account for the propagation delay to each satellite 930,940. Finally, in a step 1330, transmitter 230 transmits reverse link signal 920 whose timing has been precorrected to the appropriate satellite 930,940. In addition to reducing the timing uncertainty and hence the search space of a receiver attempting to acquire the signal, the present invention also reduces the amount of deskew memory buffers required by communication systems 100 employing diversity processing. These types of systems must buffer incoming signals over the entire range of timing uncertainty in order to "receive" the signal from all possible paths. By reducing the timing uncertainty (i.e. the time within which the signal from all possible paths can be expected), the deskew memory can correspondingly be reduced. A preferred embodiment of the present invention incorporates a precorrector that employs both frequency and timing precorrection. As discussed above, the frequency precorrection and the timing precorrection each reduce their respective uncertainties by a factor of approximately one half. Thus, the preferred embodiment of the present invention is able to reduce the search space of a receiver to approximately a factor of one fourth of the original search space. Hence, gateways 120 or user terminals 124 that incorporate the preferred embodiment of the present invention are able to acquire signals in roughly one fourth the amount of time or with one fourth the number of searching receivers as their conventional counterparts. The previous description of the preferred embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. The various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of the inventive faculty. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. WE CLAIM : 1. A method for transmitting a signal in a communication system (100) employing satellites (116,118) that reduces the effects of Doppler on a receiver (124,126), the method comprising: continuously computing for a satellite (116,118) a Doppler frequency relative to a transmitter located at a gateway (120,122), said satellite (116,118) receiving the signal from said transmitter; and adjusting (342) a transmit frequency of the signal as a function of said Doppler frequency so that the signal is received at said satellite (116,118) as if there is no Doppler shift; characterized in that: said Doppler frequency is continuously computed from predetermined data; and said satellite (116,118) repeats the signal to the receiver (124,126) at a transmit frequency dependent on the receive frequency; whereby the signal repeated by the satellite (116,118) is received at the receiver (124,126) with reduced Doppler error. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said predetermined data comprises satellite ephemerides. 3. An apparatus for transmitting a signal in a communication system (100) employing satellites (116,118) that reduces the effects of Doppler on a receiver, the apparatus comprising: means for continuously computing for a satellite (116,118) a Doppler frequency relative to a transmitter located ac a gateway (120,122); and means (342) for adjusting a transmit frequency of the signal as a function of said Doppler frequency; characterized in that: said means for continuously computing continuously computes the Doppler frequency from predetermined data. '>■ 4. A system for transmitting a signal in a communication system (100) employing satellites (116,118) that reduces the effects of Doppler on a receiver (124,126), the system comprising: the apparatus as claimed in claim 3; wherein: said satellite (116,118) comprises: means for receiving the signal from said transmitter; and means for repeating the signal to the receiver (124,126) at a transmit frequency dependent on the receive frequency; and the transmit frequency of the signal is adjusted as a fiinction of said Doppler frequency so that the signal is received at said satellite (116,118) as if there is no Doppler shift, whereby the signal repeated by the satellite (116,118) is received at the receiver (124, 126) with reduced Doppler error. 5. A method for transmitting a signal in a communication system (100) employing satellites (116,118) that reduces the effects of propagation delay on a receiver (124,126), the method characterized by comprising: continuously computing from predetermined data a distance between a satellite (116,118) and a transmitter located at a gateway (120,122) at a given time, said satellite (116,118) receiving the signal from said transmitter; determining a propagation time required for the signal to traverse said computed distance; subtracting said propagation time from a predetermined time to obtain a corrected transmission timing; and transmitting (334 to 344) the signal at said corrected transmission timing so that the signal is received at said predetermined time. 6. An apparatus for transmitting a signal in a communication system (100) employing satellites (116,118) that reduces the effects of propagation delay on a receiver (124,126), the apparatus characterized by comprising: means for continuously computing from predetermined data a distance between a satellite (116,118) and a transmitter located at a gateway (120,122) at a given time, said satellite (116,118) receiving the signal from said transmitter; means for determining a propagation time required for the signal to traverse said computed distance; means for subtracting said propagation time from a predetermined time to obtain a corrected transmission timing; and means (334 to 344) for transmitting the signal at said corrected transmission timing so that the signal is received at said predetermined time. 7. A method for transmitting a signal in a communication system employing satellites that reduces the effects of Doppler on a receiver, substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings. 8. An apparatus for transmitting a signal in a communication system employing satellites that reduces the effects of Doppler on a receiver, substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Dated this 29 day of September 1997

Full Text

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRECORRECTING TIMING AND FREQUENCY IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
L Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to spread spectrum communication systems, and more particularly, to receiving a commvmication signal in the presence of large amounts of signal Doppler. The present invention further relates to a novel and improved method of precorrecting the communication signal in time and frequency to compensate for this signal Doppler.
IL Description of the Related Art
Typical advanced terrestrial communication systems, such as wireless data or telephone systems, use base stations, also referred to as cell sites, within predefined geographical regions or cells, to relay communication signals to and from one or more user terminals or system subscribers. Typical satellite-based communication systems use base stations referred to as gateways, and one or more satellites to relay communications signals between the gateways and one or more user terminals. Base stations and gateways provide communication links from each user terminal to other user terminals or users of other connected communications systems, such as a public telephone switching network. User terminals in such systems can be fixed or mobile, such as a mobile telephone, and positioned near a gateway or remotely located.
Some communications systems employ code division multiple access (CDMA) spread-spectrum signals, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,901,307, issued February 13, 1990, entitled "Spread Spectrum Multiple Access Communication System Using Satellite Or Terrestrial Repeaters/' and U. S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/368,570, filed January 4, 1995, entitled "Method And Apparatus For Using Full Spectrum Transmitted Power In A Spread Spectrum Communication System For Tracking Individual Recipient Phase Time And Energy/' both of which are assigned to the assignee of the present invention,
In a typical spread spectrum communications system, one or more preselected pseudonoise (PN) code sequences are used to modulate or "spread" information signals over a predetermined spectral band prior to modulation onto a carrier signal for transmission as communications

signals. PN code spreading, a method of spread spectrum transmission that is well known in the art, produces signals for transmission having a bandwidth much greater than that of the data signal. In a base station- or gateway-to-user terminal communication link, PN spreading codes or binary sequences are used to discriminate between signals transmitted by different base stations or over different beams, as well as between multipath signals.
In a typical CDMA spread spectrum system, channelizing codes are used to differentiate signals intended for various user terminals within a cell or a satellite sub-beam on a forward link (i.e., the signal path from the base station or gateway to the user terminal transceiver). Each user transceiver has its own orthogonal charmel provided on the forward link by using a unique "channelizing" orthogonal code. Signals transferred on these channels are generally referred to as "traffic signals." Additional forward link channels or signals are provided for "paging," "synchronization," and other signals transmitted to system users. Walsh functions are generally used to implement the channelizing codes.
Additional details of the operation of this type of transmission apparatus are found in U. S. Patent No. 5,103,459, entitled "System And Method For Generating Signal Waveforms In A CDMA Cellular Telephone," assigned to the same assignee as the present invention and:
incorporated herein by reference.

CDMA spread-spectrum communications systems, such as disclosed in the above patents, contemplate the use of coherent modulation and demodulation for forward link user terminal communications- In communications systems using this approach, a "pilot" carrier signal, or simply a "pilot signal," is used as a coherent phase reference for forward link signals. A pilot signal is a signal which generally contains no data modulation, and is transmitted by a gateway, or base station, throughout a region of coverage as a reference.
Pilot signals are used by user terminals to obtain initial system synchronization and time, frequency, and phase tracking of other signals transmitted by base stations or gateways. Phase information obtained from tracking a pilot signal carrier is used as a carrier phase reference for coherent demodulation of other system signals or traffic (data) signals. This technique allows many traffic signals to share a common pilot signal as a phase reference, providing for a less costly and more efficient tracking mechanism. A single pilot signal is typically transmitted by each base station or gateway for each frequency used, referred to as CDMA chaxmels or sub-

beams, and shared by all user terminals receiving signals from that source or gateway on that frequency.
When user terminals are not receiving or transmitting traffic signals, information can be conveyed to them using one or more signals known as paging signals or channels. For example, when a call has been placed to a particular mobile phone, a base station or gateway alerts that mobile phone by means of a paging signal. Paging signals are used to designate the presence of a call, which traffic channel to use, and to also distribute system overhead information, along with system subscriber specific messages. A communication system may have several paging signals or channels. Synchronization signals can also be used to transfer system information useful to facilitate time synchronization. All of these signals act as shared resources in a maimer similar to pilot signals.
User terminals can respond to a message on a paging signal by sending an access signal over the reverse link. That is, the signal path from the user terminal to the base station or gateway. Access signals are also used by user terminals when they originate calls, and are sometimes referred to as access probes. Additional long PN codes are typically used to create reverse link traffic charmels. At the same time, a form of M-ary modulation using a set of orthogonal codes can be used to improve reverse link data transfer.
As with any communication system, the forward link communication signals are received by the user terminal and downconverted into a baseband frequency for further processing. Once downconverted, the signals are processed digitally to detect the particular pilot signal or signals being received, and to demodulate associated paging, synchronization, and traffic signals. During demodulation, the PN spreading codes are applied to despread the signals and channelizing codes are correlated with the signals to provide data.
In order for the reception, downconversion, and demodulation processing to work correctly in such systems, the user terminal must share a common frequency reference and a common timing reference with base stations or gateways transmitting the signals being processed. That is, because information is carried in the phase of the signal carrier, the carrier frequency must be accurately detected, and the position of relative phases of multiple carriers must also be determined. Without reasonably accurate frequency tuning, the carrier cannot be properly removed and the digital signals accurately despread and demodulated.

Because the PN spreading codes are sequences applied to the signals, the timing of the signal must be determined to properly despread or demodulate the spreading codes from the signals to provide the data. PN spreading codes and orthogonal channelizing codes cannot be accurately removed without appropriate system timing or signal synchronization. If the codes are applied with incorrect synchronization, the signals will simply appear as noise and no information is conveyed. Determining the positions of satellites, user terminals, and code timing offsets used in such systems, also depends on an accurate knowledge of time or relative temporal displacement. User terminals rely on the accuracy of local oscillators to maintain an appropriate clock rate, event timing, and relative time values with respect to base station or gateway timing, and absolute chronological history or relationships.
Communication systems employing satellites with non-geostationary orbits exhibit a high degree of relative user terminal and satellite motion. The relative motion creates fairly substantial Doppler components or shifts in the carrier frequency of signals within the communication links. Because these Doppler components vary with user terminal and satellite motion, they create a range of uncertainty in the frequency of the carrier signal, or more simply, frequency uncertainty.
Besides such frequency shifts Doppler effects also cause apparent time or timing shifts into the various codes used, including PN codes, symbols, and so forth. These apparent time shifts are also referred to as code Doppler. In particular, code Doppler is an effect of satellite motion introduced into the baseband signal. Thus, the codes do not arrive at the receiver with a correct code timing.
In addition to code Doppler, the satellite motion also creates a large amount of uncertainty in the propagation delay, or timing uncertainty, for signals within the communication links. The propagation delay varies from a minimum when the satellite is directly overhead of the user terminal collocated at the gateway to a maximum when the satellite is at a horizon of the user terminal collocated at the gateway. In other words, the propagation delay is at its minimum when the distance from the gateway to the satellite to the user terminal is at a minimum. Likewise, the propagation delay is at its maximum when the distance from the gateway to the satellite to the user terminal is at a maximum.
In order to acquire a communication signal in a spread spectrum communication system, the communication system must detect the carrier

frequency of the signal and synchronize timing with the signal. Typical communication systems "search" for the correct frequency and timing by comparing the signal with "hypotheses" comprised of various frequency and timing values within their respective ranges of uncertainty. The hypothesis with the highest correlation to the signal above a predetermined threshold includes the correct frequency and timing to despread and demodulate the signal.
However, typical communications systems have heretofore been faced with relatively small "search spaces," or sets of timing and frequency hypotheses due to relatively small frequency and timing uncertainties. For example, terrestrial communication systems or satellite communication systems employing geosynchronous satellites exhibit timing uncertainties in the range of 1 to 2 ms or more, and Doppler uncertainties on the order of 1 parts per million (ppm). In contrast, communication systems employing non-geosynchronous satellites exhibit timing uncertainties in the range of 10 to 20 ms, or more, and Doppler uncertainties on the order of 10 ppm, or more. Thus, all other things being equal, a communication system employing non-geosynchronous satellites has a search space that is orders of magnitude, 100 times or more, greater than that of the terrestrial or geosynchronous communication system.
The larger search space requires either a longer time to acquire the signal or multiple searching receivers operating in parallel on a portion of the search space. Each of these alternatives is undesirable.
What is needed is a method and apparatus for reducing the search space of a communication system that operates under conditions of high Doppler.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed toward acquiring a signal in a communication system that experiences Doppler due to relative motion of satellite repeaters and user terminals. This type of system has wide ranges of frequency uncertainty and timing uncertainty due to the Doppler shifts and variations in propagation delay due to the relative motion. The present invention reduces the ranges of frequency and timing uncertainties in the communication system.
A feature of the present invention is that additional searching receivers are not required in order to resolve the frequency and timing uncertainties. This is because a search space comprised of a range of

frequency uncertainty and a range of timing uncertainty is reduced. Thus, fewer frequency and timing hypotheses have to be searched in order to acquire the signal. This also reduces the amount of time required to acquire the signal.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, a transmitter, located at a gateway of the communication system, pre-corrects a frequency of a forward link signal to compensate for a Doppler shift due to the relative motion between the satellite and the gateway. Because the relative motion of the satellite with respect to the gateway is well known, the signal is compensated so that when the signal reaches the satellite, the signal does not appear to have experienced any Doppler shift due to the relative motion. In other words, an uplink portion of the forward link signal (i.e., the portion of the forward link from the gateway to the satellite) is precorrected by the transmitter to compensate for the Doppler shift.
However, the relative motion of the satellite with respect to the user terminal is not well known. Thus, when a downlink portion of the forward link signal is repeated, or transmitted by the satellite to the user terminal, the signal will experience an unknown Doppler shift due to the relative motion between the satellite and the user terminal. Therefore, according to the present invention, precorrecting the frequency on the uplink portion of the forward link signal does not entirely remove the frequency uncertainty but rather reduces the overall frequency uncertainty in the forward link signal at the user terminal. Precorrecting the frequency reduces the search space of a receiver attempting to acquired the signal.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, a transmitter, located at the user terminal of the communication system, transmits a reverse link signal whose carrier frequency has been precorrected to compensate for a Doppler shift due to the relative motion between the user terminal and the satellite. This may be accomplished in one of two ways. Either the user terminal is aware, via various methods, of the relative motion of the satellite, or the user terminal adjusts the reverse link signal based on the Doppler present in the downlink portion of the forward link signal. In either case, the user terminal effectively removes Doppler from the uplink portion of the reverse link signal. In this case, the uplink portion of the reverse link signal arrives at the satellite without any apparent Doppler but still experiences Doppler on the downlink portion.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a transmitter at the gateway precorrects the timing of the uplink portion of the forward link

signal. In this embodiment, the timing of the signal is continuously adjusted so that the signal arrives at any of the satellites employed by the communication system at the same time, referred to as satellite time. Thus, the transmitter adjusts the timing of a signal transmitted to a user terminal through each satellite so that the signal is synchronized at the satellites at a predetermined time regardless of the distance between the gateway and the satellite. Thus, the signal arrives at each satellite substantially simultaneously. This means that in many cases the signal will be transmitted at different times at the gateway to the various satellites.
One result of precorrecting the timing is that the timing uncertainty at the user terminal due to variations in propagation delay is reduced. Because the timing of the uplink portion of the forward link signal is known, the only uncertainty due to propagation delay occurs in the downlink portion of the forward link. Thus, by precorrecting the timing, the timing uncertainty in the forward link signal is reduced to approximately one half.
Continuously precorrecting the timing of the signal in a CDMA communication system results in each code in a PN spreading code sequence arriving at any particular satellite with a starting time substantially synchronized with that in any other satellite regardless of the distance between the gateway and the satellite. In other words, the uplink portion of the forward link signal at the satellite does not exhibit any code Doppler. Thus, the receiver must only correct for code Doppler experienced in the downlink portion of the forward link signal. This reduces the requirements of a timing tracking loop in the receiver of the user terminal.
In yet still another embodiment of the present invention, a transmitter at the user terminal precorrects the timing of the reverse link signal- In this embodiment, the timing of the reverse link signal is continuously adjusted so that the signal arrives with a starting time substantially synchronized with that in any of the satellites at the satellite time. Thus, the transmitter adjusts the timing of the signal transmitted to the satellite so that the signal is synchronized at the satellites regardless of the distance between the user terminal and the satellite. This means that in many cases the signal will be transmitted at different user terminal times depending on the distance between the user terminal and the satellite. As with the forward link, precorrecting the timing reduces the timing uncertainty and code Doppler present in the reverse link signal.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, both timing and frequency precorrection are performed on the uplink portions of the forward

link signal and the reverse link signal. Because the timing and frequency uncertainties are reduced by approximately one half as a result of the precorrection, the overall search space of the system according to the present invention is reduced by approximately one fourth. This results in a substantial savings in either hardware costs or acquisition time.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for transmitting a signal in a communication system employing satellites that reduces the effects of Doppler on a receiver, the method comprising: continuously computing for a satellite a Doppler frequency relative to a transmitter located at a gateway, said satellite receiving the signal from said transmitter; and adjusting a transmit frequency of the signal as a function of said Doppler frequency so that the-signal is received at said satellite as if there is no Doppler shift; characterized in that: said Doppler frequency is continuously computed from predetermined data; and said satellite repeats the signal to the receiver at a transmit frequency dependent on the receive frequency; whereby the signal repeated by the satellite is received at the receiver with reduced Doppler error.
The present invention also provides an apparatus for transmitting a signal in a communication system employing satellites that reduces the effects of Doppler on a receiver, the apparatus comprising: means for continuously computing for a satellite a Doppler frequency relative to a transmitter located ac a gateway; and means for adjusting a transmit frequency of the signal as a function of said Doppler frequency; characterized in that: said means for continuously computing continuously computes the Doppler frequency from predetermined data.

The features, objects, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings in which like reference characters identify correspondingly throughout, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears, and wherein:
FIG. 1 illustrates a tjrpical communication system in which the present invention is used;
FIG. 2 illustrates exemplary transceiver apparatus for use in a user terminal;
FIG, 3 illustrates exemplary transmission and reception apparatus for use in a gateway or base station;
FIG. 4 illustrates a forward link and a reverse link transmission between a gateway and a user terminal;
FIG. 5 illustrates various frequencies associated with a forward link signal for which no frequency precorrection has been performed;
FIG. 6 illustrates various frequencies associated with a forward link signal for which frequency precorrection has been performed;
FIG. 7 illustrates the steps performed to precorrect frequency for a forward link transmission from a gateway;
FIG. 8 illustrates the steps performed to precorrect frequency for a reverse link transmission from a user terminal;
FIG. 9 illustrates a forward link and a reverse link transmission for which no timing precorrection has been performed;
FIG. 10 illustrates a forward link and a reverse link transmission for a traffic charmel for which timing precorrection has been performed according to the present invention;
FIG. 11 illustrates a forward link and a reverse link transmission for an access charmel for which timing precorrection has been performed according to the present invention;

FIG. 12 illustrates the steps performed to precorrect timing for a forward link transmission from a gateway; and
FIG. 13 illustrates the steps performed to precorrect timing for a reverse link transmission from a user terminal.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED
EMBODIMENTS
The present invention is a method and apparatus for precorrecting timing and frequency shifting due to Doppler in order to reduce the timing and frequency uncertainties in a communication system. The present invention accomplishes this, in part, by determining and compensating for the Doppler experienced by an uplink portion of a forward link signal as it is transmitted from a gateway to a satellite. Thus, all forward link signals arrive at the satellite precorrected to the same frequency. The downlink portion of the forward link signal is uncompensated because the relative motion between the satellite and a user terminal is unknown. Even though the downlink portion is uncompensated, the overall frequency uncertainty in the forward link signal is greatly reduced (approximately one half). This results in a corresponding reduction in the search space required by the forward link receiver to acquire the signal.
The present invention is particularly suited for use in communications systems employing Low Earth Orbit satellites. However, as would be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art, the concept of the present invention can also be applied to satellite systems that are not utilized for communications purposes. The invention is also applicable to satellite systems in which the satellites travel in non-LEO orbits, or to non-satellite repeater systems, if there is sufficient relative motion between gateways or base stations and user terminals to impact the frequencies of the signals being received, or if there is sufficient uncertainty in the propagation delay of the signals.
The preferred embodiment of the invention is discussed in detail below. While specific steps, configurations and arrangements are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustrative purposes only. A person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that other steps, configurations and arrangements can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The present invention could find use in a variety of wireless information and communication systems, including those intended for position determination, and satellite and

terrestrial cellular telephone systems. A preferred application is in CDMA wireless spread spectrum communication systems for mobile or portable telephone service, typically using satellites to transfer signals.
An exemplary wireless communication system in which the present invention is useful, is illustrated in FIG. 1. It is contemplated that this communication system uses CDMA type communication signals, but this is not required by the present invention. In a portion of a communication system 100 illustrated in FIG. 1, one base station 112, two satellites 116 and 118, and two associated gateways or hubs 120 and 122 are shown for effecting communications with two remote user terminals 124 and 126. Typically, the base stations and satellites/gateways are components of separate communication systems, referred to as being terrestrial and satellite based, although, this is not necessary. The total number of base stations, gateways, and satellites in such systems depend on desired system capacity and other factors well understood in the art.
User terminals 124 and 126 each have or comprise a wireless communication device such as, but not limited to, a cellular telephone, a data transceiver, or a paging or position determination receiver, and can be hand-held or vehicle mounted as desired. Here, the user terminals are illustrated as hand held telephones. However, it is also understood that the teachings of the invention are applicable to fixed units where remote wireless service is desired, including "inside" as well as "open air" locations.
Generally, beams from satellites 116 and 118 cover different geographical areas in predefined patterns. Beams at different frequencies, also referred to as CDMA charmels or "sub-beams," can be directed to overlap the same region. It is also readily imderstood by those skilled in the art that beam coverage or service areas for multiple satellites, or antenna patterns for multiple base stations, might be designed to overlap completely or partially in a given region depending on the communication system design and the type of service being offered, and whether space diversity is being achieved.
A variety of multi-satellite communication systems have been proposed with an exemplary system employing on the order of 48 or more satellites, traveling in eight different orbital planes in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for servicing a large number of user terminals. However, those skilled in the art will readily understand how the teachings of the present invention are applicable to a variety of satellite system and gateway configurations, including other orbital distances and constellations. At the same time, the

invention is equally applicable to terrestrial based systems of various base station configurations.
In FIG. 1, some possible signal paths are illustrated for communications being established between user terminals 124 and 126 and base station 112, or through satellites 116 and 118, with gateways 120 and 122. The base station-user terminal communication links are illustrated by lines 130 and 132. The satellite-user terminal communication links between satellites 116 and 118, and user terminals 124 and 126 are illustrated by lines 140, 142, and 144. The gateway-satellite communication links, between gateways 120 and 122 and satellites 116 and 118, are illustrated by lines 146, 148,150, and 152. Gateways 120 and 122, and base station 112, may be used as part of one or two-way communication systems or simply to transfer messages or date to user terminals 124 and 126.
An exemplary transceiver 200 for use in a user terminal 106 is illustrated in FIG. 2. Transceiver 200 uses at least one antenna 210 for receiving communication signals which are transferred to an analog receiver 214, where they are downconverted, amplified, and digitized. A duplexer element 212 is typically used to allow the same antenna to serve both transmit and receive functions. However, some systems employ separate antennas for operating at different transmit and receive frequencies.
Digital communication signals output by analog receiver 214 are transferred to at least one digital data receiver 216A and at least one digital searcher receiver 218. Additional digital data receivers 216B-216N can be used to obtain desired levels of signal diversity, depending on the acceptable level of unit complexity, as would be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art.
At least one user terminal control processor 220 is coupled to data receivers 216A-216N and searcher receiver 218. Control processor 220 provides, among other functions, basic signal processing, timing, power and handoff control or coordination, and selection of frequency used for signal carriers. Another basic control function often performed by control processor 220 is the selection or manipulation of FN code sequences or orthogonal functions to be used for processing communication signal waveforms. Control processor 220 signal processing can include a determination of relative signal strength and computation of various related signal parameters. Such computations of signal parameters, such as relative timing and frequency may include the use of additional or separate

dedicated circuitry to provide increased efficiency or speed in measurements or improved allocation of control processing resources.
The outputs of digital data receivers 216A-216N are coupled to digital baseband circuitry 222 within the user terminal. User digital baseband circuitry 222 comprises processing and presentation elements used to transfer information to and from a user terminal user. That is, signal or data storage elements, such as transient or long term digital memory; input and output devices such as display screens, speakers, keypad terminals, and handsets; A/D elements, vocoders and other voice and analog signal processing elements; etc., all form parts of the user terminal baseband circuitry using elements well known in the art. If diversity signal processing is employed, user digital baseband circuitry 222 can comprise a diversity combiner and decoder. Some of these elements may also operate under the control of, or in communication with, control processor 220.
When voice or other data is prepared as an output message or communications signal originating with the user terminal, user digital baseband circuitry 222 is used to receive, store, process, and otherwise prepare the desired data for transmission. User digital baseband circuitry 222 provides this data to a transmit modulator 226 operating under the control of control processor 220. The output of transmit modulator 226 is transferred to a power controller 228 which provides output power control to a transmit power amplifier 230 for final transmission of the output signal from antenna 210 to a gateway.
As discussed further below, in order to implement embodiments of the present invention, user terminal 200 can also employ one or more precorrection elements or precorrectors 232 and 234. Preferably, a precorrection element 232 is used to adjust the frequency of the digital output of digital power controller 228 at baseband frequency. The baseband spectral information including the frequency adjustment is translated to the appropriate center frequency during the up-conversion performed in transmit power amplifier 230.
The precorrection or frequency adjustment is accomplished using techniques known in the art. For example, the precorrection can be effected by a complex signal rotation, which is equivalent to multiplying the signal by a factor of ejwt where ca is computed on the basis of known satellite ephemrides and desired charmel frequency. This is very useful where commtmication signals are processed as in-phase (I) and quadrature phase channels (Q). A direct digital synthesis device can be used to generate some

of the rotation products. Alternatively, a coordinate rotation digital computation element can be used that employs binary shifts, adds, and subtracts to perform a series of discrete rotations, resulting in the desired overall rotation. Such techniques, and related hardware, are well understood in the art.
As an alternative, precorrection element 234 can be disposed in the transmission path on the output of transmit power amplifier 230, to adjust the frequency of the outgoing signal. This can be accomplished using well known techniques of, such as, up- or down-conversion of the transmission waveform. However, changing the frequency on the output of the analog transmitter can be more difficult in that there are often a series of filters used to shape the waveform, and changes at this juncture may interfere with the filtering process. In the alternative, a precorrection element 232 234 can form part of a frequency selection or control mechanism for the analog up-conversion and modulation stage (230) of the user terminal so that an appropriately adjusted frequency is used to convert the digital signal to a desired transmission frequency in one step.
As also discussed in further detail below, user terminal 200 can also employ precorrection elements 232, 234 in the transmission path to adjust the timing of the outgoing signal, where timing precorrection circuits form part of such elements. This can be accomplished using well known techniques of adding or subtracting delay in the transmission waveform. In addition, time precorrection elements similar to and in addition to (not shown) precorrection elements 232 and 234, can be used, as desired, that are dedicated to implementing timing changes. Time precorrection can be used with or without frequency precorrection, to alter the relative timing of signals, or PN codes.
However, timing adjustments are generally accomplished by having the control processor adjust code generation and timing or other signal parameter timing when a signal is generated at baseband and prior to output by power controller 228. Controller 220 can, for example, determine when codes are generated, and their timing and application to signals, as well as when signals are acted upon by transit modulator 226 and transmitted to various satellites by power controller 228,
At least one time reference element 238 is used to generate and store chronological information such as date and time, which can be used to assist in determining satellite positions within known orbits. The time can be stored and updated periodically, and a Universal Time (UT) signal from a

GPS receiver can be used as part of this process in some applications. The time may also be supplied to the user terminal periodically by a gateway. In addition, current time can be stored when a user terminal enters an inactive mode, such as when it is "turned off", and used to determine various time dependent signal parameters.
As shown in FIG. 2, a local or reference oscillator 240 is used as a reference for analog receiver 214, analog transmitter 230, and for a clock circuit used by time reference element 238. Oscillator 240 is also used as a frequency standard or reference for a timing circuit 242 the generates timing signals for other stages or processing elements within user terminal 200 such as, time tracking circuits, or the correlators in digital receivers 216A-N and 218, or transmit modulator 226, time reference element 238, and control processor 220.
The frequency of the oscillator output may be adjusted, using known circuitry, to form the desired timing signals, as well known in the art. Such timing signals are typically referred to as clock signals for many circuits. Timing circuit 242 can also be configured to produce delays or retarding, or advancing in the relative timing of clock signals, under processor control. That is, time tracking can be adjusted by predetermined amounts. This also allows the application of codes to be advanced or retarded from "normal" timing, typically by one or more chip periods, so that FN codes or chips making up the codes can be applied with different timing, as desired.
Information or data corresponding to one or more measured signal parameters for received communication signals, or one or more shared resource signals, can be sent to the gateway using a variety of techniques known in the art. For example, the information can be transferred as a separate information signal or be appended to other messages prepared by user digital baseband circuitry 222. Alternatively, the information can be inserted as predetermined control bits by transmit modulator 226 or transmit power controller 228 under control of control processor 220.
Data receivers 216A-N and searcher receiver 218 are configured with signal correlation elements to demodulate and track specific signals. Searcher receiver 218 is used to search for pilot signals, or other relatively fixed pattern strong signals, while digital receivers 216A-N are used to demodulate other signals associated with detected pilot signals. A data receiver 416 can also be assigned to track or demodulate a pilot signal after acquisition. Therefore, the outputs of these units can be monitored to determine the energy in or frequency of the pilot signal or other signals.

These receivers employ frequency tracking elements that can be monitored to provide current frequency and timing information, to control processor 220 for signals being demodulated.
Control processor 220 uses such information to determine to what extent the received signals are offset form an expected reception frequency or the oscillator frequency, when scaled to the same frequency band, as appropriate. This and other information related to frequency errors and Doppler shifts, as discussed below, can be stored in one or more error/Doppler storage or memory elements 236, as desired. This information can be used by control processor 220 to adjust the oscillator operating frequency, or can be transferred to gateways or base stations using various communication signals.
An exemplary transmission and reception apparatus 300 for use in a gateways 120 and 122, or a base station, is illustrated in FIG. 3. Such apparatus is known in the art and discussed in the patents referenced above. For example, additional details on the operation of this type of apparatus are found in U. S. Patent No. 5,103,459, issued April 7, 1992, entitled "System And Method For Generating Signal Waveforms In A CDMA Cellular Telephone" assigned to the same assignee as the present invention and incorporated herein by reference.
The portion of gateway 120,122 illustrated in FIG. 3 has one or more analog receivers 314 connected to an antenna 310 for receiving communication signals which are then downconverted, amplified, and digitized using various schemes well known in the art. Multiple antennas 310 are used in some communication systems. Digitized signals output by analog receiver 314 are provided as inputs to at least one digital receiver module, indicated by dashed lines generally at 324.
Each digital receiver module 324 corresponds to signal processing elements used to manage communications between a gateway 120, 122 and one user terminal 124,126, although certain variations are known in the art. One analog receiver 314 can provide inputs for many digital receiver modules 324, and a number of such modules are typically used in gateways 102 to accommodate all of the satellite beams and possible diversity mode signals being handled at any given time. Each digital receiver module 324 has one or more digital data receivers 316 and searcher receivers 318. A searcher receiver 318 generally searches for appropriate diversity modes of signals other than pilot signals. Where implemented in the

communication system, multiple digital data receivers 316A-316N are used for diversity signal reception.
The outputs of data receivers 316 are provided to subsequent baseband processing elements 322 comprising apparatus well known in the art and not illustrated in further detail here. Exemplary baseband apparatus includes diversity combiners and decoders to combine multipath signals into one output for each user. Exemplary baseband apparatus also includes interface circuits for providing output data, typically to a digital switch or network. A variety of other known elements such as, but not limited to, vocoders, data modems, and digital data switching and storage components may form a part of baseband processing elements 322. These elements operate to also control or direct the transfer of data signals to one or more transmit modules 334.
Signals to be transmitted to user terminals are each coupled to one or more appropriate transmit modules 334. A typical gateway uses a number of such transmit modules 334 to provide service to many user terminals 124, 126 at a time, and for several satellites and beams at a time. The number of transmission modules 334 used by gateways 120,122 is determined by factors well known in the art, including system complexity, number of satellites in view, user capacity, degree of diversity chosen, and the like.
Each transmit module 334 includes a transmit modulator 326 which spread spectrum modulates data for transmission and has an output coupled to a digital transmit power controller 328, which controls the transmission power used for the outgoing digital signal. Digital transmit power controller 328 applies a minimum level of power for purposes of interference reduction and resource allocation, but applies appropriate levels of power when needed to compensate for attenuation in the transmission path and other path transfer characteristics. At least one PN generator 332 is used by transmit modulator 326 in spreading the signals. This code generation can also form a functional part of one or more control processors or storage elements used in gateways 122, 124, or base station 112, and may be time shared.
The output of transmit power controller 328 is transferred to a summer 336 where it is summed with the outputs from other transmit power control circuits. Those outputs are signals for transmission to other user terminals 124,126 at the same frequency and within the same beam as the output of transmit power controller 328. The output of summer 336 is provided to an analog transmitter 338 for digital-to-analog conversion.

conversion to the appropriate RF carrier frequency, further amplification, filtering, and output to one or more antennas 340 for radiating to user terminals 124, 126. Antennas 310 and 340 may be the same antennas depending on the complexity and configuration of the system.
In order to implement embodiments of the present invention, one or more precorrectors or frequency/timing precorrection elements 342 and 344 are used. Preferably, a precorrection element 342 is used to adjust the frequency of the digital output of digital power controller 328 at baseband frequency. As in the user terminal, baseband spectral information including the frequency adjustment is translated to the appropriate center frequency during the up-conversion performed in analog transmitter 338. The frequency precorrection is accomplished using techniques known in the art, such as the complex signal rotation discussed above, where the angle of rotation is computed on the basis of known satellite ephemrides and desired channel frequency. As in the user terminal, other signal rotation techniques, and related hardware, are well understood in the art.
In FIG. 3, precorrector 342 is shown disposed in the transmission path prior to summer 336. This allows individual control over each user terminal signal as desired. However, a single frequency precorrection element can be vised when precorrection is performed after summer 336, because user terminals share the same transmission path from the gateway to the satellite.
As an alternative, a precorrector 344 can be disposed in the transmission path on the output of analog transmitter 338, to adjust the frequency/timing of the outgoing signal, using well known techniques. However, changing the frequency on the output of the analog transmitter can be more difficult, and may interfere with signal filtering processes. Alternatively, the output frequency of analog transmitter 338 can be adjusted directly by control processor 320 to provide a shifted output frequency, offset from the normal center frequency.
As discussed above for user terminal 200, precorrection elements 342, 344 can be used in the transmission path to adjust the timing of outgoing signals using known precorrection circuits that can form part of such elements. This can be accomplished using well known techniques of adding or subtracting delay in the transmission waveform. . In addition, time precorrection elements similar to and in addition to (not shown) precorrection elements 342 and 344, can be used, as desired, that are dedicated to implementing timing changes. Time precorrection can also be

used with or without frequency precorrection, to alter tiKe relative timing of signals, or PN codes.
However, timing adjustments are generally accomplished by having the control processor adjust code generation and timing or other signal parameter timing when a signal is generated at baseband and prior to output by power controller 328. Controller 320, for example, determines code timing and application, as well as when signals are transmitted to various satellites and user terminals by power controller 328.
The amount of frequency and/or timing correction imposed on an outgoing user terminal signal, forward link, is based on known Doppler between the gateway and each satellite through which communication is established. The amount of shifting required to account for the satellite Doppler can be computed by control processor 320 using known satellite orbital position data. This data can be stored in and retrieved from one or more storage elements 346, such as lookup tables or memory elements. This data can also be provided from other data sources, as desired. A variety of well known devices such as RAM and ROM circuits, or magnetic storage devices can be used to construct storage elements 346. This information is used to establish the frequency or timing adjustment for each satellite being used by the gateway at any given time.
As shown in FIG. 3, a time and frequency unit (TFU) 348 provides reference frequency signals for the analog receiver 314 . A Universal Time (UT) signal from a GPS receiver can be used as part of this process in some applications. It can also be employed in multiple intermediate conversion steps, as desired. As shown, TFU 348 also serves as a reference for analog transmitter 338. TFU 348 also provides timing signals to other stages or processing elements within gateway or base station 300 such as the correlators in digital receivers 316A-N and 318, or transmit modulator 326, and control processor 320. TFU 348 is also configured to retard or advance the relative timing of (clock) signals, under processor control, by predetermined amounts, as desired.
At least one gateway control processor 320 is coupled to receiver modules 324, transmit modules 334, and baseband circuitry 322; these units may be physically separated from each other. Control processor 320 provides command and control signals to effect functions such as, but not limited to, signal processing, timing signal generation, power control, handoff control, diversity combining, and system interfacing. In addition, control processor

320 assigns PN spreading codes, orthogonal code sequences, and specific transmitters and receivers or modules for use in user communications.
Control processor 320 also controls the generation and power of pilot, synchronization, and paging channel signals and their coupling to transmit power controller 328. The pilot channel is simply a signal that is not modulated by data, and may use a repetitive unchanging pattern or non-varying frame structure type input to transmit modulator 326. That is, the orthogonal function, Walsh code, used to form the channel for the pilot signal generally has a constant value, such as all I's or O's, or a well known repetitive pattern, such as a structured pattern of interspersed I's and O's. This effectively results in transmitting only the PN spreading codes applied from PN generator 332. 332.
While control processor 320 can be coupled directly to the elements of a module, such as transmit module 334 or receive module 324, each module generally comprises a module-specific processor, such as transmit processor 330 or receive processor 321, which controls the elements of that module. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, control processor 320 is coupled to transmit processor 330 and receive processor 321, as shown in FIG. 3. In this manner a single control processor 320 can control the operations of a large nimiber of modules and resources more efficiently. Transmit processor 330 controls generation of, and signal power for, pilot, synchronization, paging signals, and traffic channel signals, and their respective coupling to power controller 328. Receiver processor 321 controls searching, PN spreading codes for demodulation and monitoring received power.
For certain operations, such as shared resource power control, gateways 120 and 122 receive information such as received signal strength, frequency measurements, or other received signal parameters from user terminals in communication signals. This information can be derived from the demodulated outputs of data receivers 316 by receive processors 321. Alternatively, this information can be detected as occurring at predefined locations in the signals being monitored by control processor 320, or receive processors 321, and transferred to control processor 320. Control processor 320 uses this information (as described below) to control the timing and frequency of signals being transmitted and processed using transmit power controllers 328 and analog transmitter 338.
During communication system 100 operation, a communication signal s(t), referred to as a forward link signal is transmitted by a gateway (120, 122) to a user terminal (124, 126) using a gateway generated carrier

frequency of A0. The forward link signal experiences time delays, a
propagation delay, frequency shifts due to Doppler, and other effects. The forward link signal experiences these effects first, while transiting from a gateway to the satellites (i.e., on an uplink portion of the forward link signal), and second, when transiting from satellites to user terminals (i.e., on a downlink portion of the forward link signal). Once the signal is received, there is a further delay in sending a return or reverse link signal, a propagation delay, and Doppler in the transition from the user terminal to the satellite (i.e. on an uplink portion of the reverse link signal) and again from the satellite to the gateway (i.e. on a downlink portion of the reverse link signal).
FIG. 4 illustrates the various signals transmitted in communication system 100. Gateway 120 transmits a forward link signal 410 to user terminal 124 via satellite repeater 116. Forward link signal 410 is comprised of an uplink portion 412 from gateway 120 to satellite repeater 116 and a downlink portion from satellite repeater 116 to user terminal 124. User terminal 124 transmits a reverse link signal 420 to gateway 120 via satellite repeater 116. Reverse link signal 420 is comprised of an uplink portion 422 from user terminal 124 to satellite repeater 116 and a downlink portion 424 from satellite repeater 116 to gateway 120.
When gateway 120 transmits forward link signal 410 to satellite repeater 116, uplink portion 412 experiences frequency Doppler and code Doppler as a result of the relative motion between gateway 120 and satellite repeater 116 (i.e., as satellite repeater 116 moves). As is well known, as satellite repeater 116 approaches gateway 120, uplink portion 412 experiences an increase in its carrier frequency as a result of the frequency Doppler. Uplink portion 412 also experiences a decrease in code or pulse width of its FN code sequence as a result of the code Doppler. The opposite effects occur to uplink portion 412 as satellite repeater 116 recedes from gateway 120.
Likewise when satellite repeater 116 transmits forward link signal 410 to user terminal 124, downlink portion 414 experiences frequency Doppler and code Doppler as a result of the relative motion between satellite repeater 116 and user terminal 124 (i.e., as both satellite repeater 116 and user terminal 124 move). As is well known, as satellite repeater 116 approaches user terminal 124, downlink portion 414 experiences an increase in its carrier frequency as a result of the frequency Doppler. Downlink portion 414 also experiences a decrease in code or pulse width of its FN code sequence as

a result of the code Doppler. The opposite effects occur to downlink portion 414 as satellite repeater 116 recedes from user terminal 124.
The effects of Doppler on the carrier frequency is described with reference to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 illustrates, for example, the effects of Doppler on a carrier frequency 510 of a forward link signal 410 as satellite repeater 116 approaches both gateway 120 and user terminal 124. Forward link signal 410, having a carrier frequency 510 (fcarrier 510), is transmitted from gateway 120. Uplink portion 412 experiences an increase in its carrier frequency due to Doppler which is shown in FIG. 5 as uplink Doppler frequency 520 (fuplink 520). Thus, the frequency of forward link signal 410 at satellite repeater (fsAl) is the sum of carrier frequency 510 and uplink Doppler frequency 520.
Downlink portion 414 experiences an increase in its frequency due to Doppler which is shown in FIG. 5 as downlink Doppler frequency 530 (fdownlink 530). Thus, the frequency of forward link signal 410 at user terminal 124 (fUr) is the sum of carrier frequency 510, uplink Doppler
frequency 520, and downlink Doppler frequency 530.
Because uplink Doppler frequency 520 and downlink Doppler frequency 530 vary depending on the relative motion of satellite repeater 116, the frequency of forward link signal 410 at user terminal 124 also varies. This variance is referred to as a frequency uncertainty. In a communication system 100 that employs LEO satellites, the frequency uncertainty is in the range of 50 to 300 kHz, or more.
FIG. 6 illustrates an example of frequency precorrection processing performed according to one embodiment of the present invention. Forward link signal 410 has desired frequency of carrier frequency 510 (fcarrier 510). Prior to being transmitted from gateway 120, forward link signal 410 is adjusted by precorrector 342 by a precorrect frequency, precorrection factor, 610. Frequency precorrect 610 is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to uplink Doppler frequency 520. Thus, when forward link signal 410 is transmitted from gateway 120, forward link signal 410 has an initial frequency of carrier frequency 510 plus precorrect frequency 610. Then, uplink portion 412 of forward link signal 410 experiences a change in its frequency due to uplink Doppler frequency 520. In the present invention, the frequency (fsAT) of forward link signal 410 at satellite repeater 116 is the sum of carrier frequency 510, precorrect frequency 610, and uplink Doppler frequency 520. Because precorrect frequency 610 and uplink Doppler frequency are equal and opposite, the frequency of forward link 410 at satellite repeater 116 is equal to carrier frequency 510.

Downlink portion 414 still experiences a change in its frequency due to downlink Doppler frequency 530, However, according to the present invention, the frequency (fuT) of forward link signal 410 at user terminal 124 is the sum of carrier frequency 510 and downlink Doppler frequency 530. The frequency of forward link signal 410 at user terminal 124 only varies from carrier frequency 510 by downlink Doppler frequency 530. Thus, in the present invention, the frequency vmcertainty is only a result of the uncertainty in downlink Doppler frequency 530. For practical purposes, the present invention reduces frequency uncertainty by a factor of one half for user terminals 124 who are relatively stationary in comparison with satellite repeater 116.
FIG. 7 illustrates the steps performed to precorrect frequency for forward link signal 410 from gateway 120 according to one embodiment of the present invention. In a step 710, transmitter 338 prepares forward link signal 410 to be transmitted to one or more satellite repeaters 116. In a step 720, control processor 320 computes a relative motion and associated uplink Doppler frequency 520 for each satellite repeater 116 to which forward link signal 410 is to be transmitted. Next, in a step 730, precorrector 342 precorrects or compensates forward link signal 410 to account for uplink Doppler frequency 520. Finally, in a step 740, transmitter 338 transmits forward link signal 410 at carrier frequency 510 precorrected by uplink Doppler frequency 520.
Another embodiment of the present invention operates in a similar fashion on reverse link signal 420. In this embodiment, user terminal 124 does not have knowledge of the relative motion of satellite repeater 116. Therefore, user terminal 124 must employ a different technique to determine uplink Doppler frequency 520. User terminal 124 does this based on the known carrier frequency 510 and the frequency of forward link signal 410. The difference between these frequencies is downlink Doppler frequency 530. Based on the assumption that the relative motion of the satellite does not change significantly between user terminal 124 receiving forward link signal 410 and transmitting reverse link signal 420, downlink Doppler frequency 530 of forward link signal 410 is approximately the same as uplink Doppler frequency 510 of reverse link signal 420. This technique is discussed in further detail in co-pending patent application Serial No.
/ , entitled "Determination Of Frequency Offsets In
Communication Systems," incorporated above._

FIG. 8 illustrates the steps performed to precorrect frequency for a reverse link signal 420 from user terminal 124. In a step 810, transmitter 230 prepares reverse link signal 420 to be transmitted to satellite repeater 116. In a step 820, control processor 220 computes downlink Doppler frequency 530 based on known carrier frequency 510 and the frequency of the most recently received forward link signal 410. The difference between these two frequencies is downlink Doppler frequency 530 of forward link signal 410. This is approximately uplink Doppler frequency 520 for reverse link signal 420. Next, in a step 830, precorrector 232 precorrects or compensates reverse link signal 420 to account for uplink Doppler frequency 520. Finally, in a step 840, transmitter 230 transmits reverse link signal 420 at carrier frequency 510 precorrected by uplink Doppler frequency 520.
Other embodiments of the present invention are based on further knowledge of the position and dynamics of user terminal 124. If the position and dynamics of user terminal 124 are known, for example, by incorporating a positioning device in user terminal 124, both uplink Doppler frequency 520 and downlink Doppler frequency 530 may be computed to compensate for their effects. In fact, if both of these Doppler frequencies are known, either precorrection or post-correction of the signal could be used. In either case, the frequency uncertainty associated with the signal would be virtually removed.
Another problem associated with transmitting signals via satellites is a variance in propagation delay for satellites located closely to a transmitter, for example, located in a gateway and for satellites located farther from the transmitter. This variance is referred to as timing uncertainty. FIG. 9 illustrates timing uncertainty for a forward link signal 910 and a reverse link signal 920. As shown in FIG. 9, forward link signal 910 is actually two signals: a forward link signal 910A transmitted to user terminal 124 via a farthest satellite 930, and a forward link signal 910B transmitted to user terminal 124 via a nearest satellite 940. For purposes of this discussion, forward link signal 910A and 910B are the same signal in terms of information. The difference between these signals is that gateway 120 directs them to separate satellites. FIG. 9 also shows user terminal 124 twice in separate locations- This is done for drawing clarity. For purposes of the discussion with respect to FIG. 9, user terminal 124 refers to the same physical device. In other words, forward link signals 910A and 910B reach the same user terminal 124 even though they do so via different satellites 930, 940. Forward link signal 910A includes an uplink portion 912A and a

downlink portion 914A. Likewise, forward link signal 910B includes an uplink portion 912B and a downlink portion 914B.
Reverse link signal 920 is also shown as two signals in FIG. 9: a reverse link signal 920A transmitted to gateway 120 via farthest satellite 930, and a reverse link signal 920B transmitted to gateway 120 via nearest satellite 940. Reverse link signal 920A includes an uplink portion 922A and a downlink portion 924A. Likewise, reverse link signal 920B includes an uplink portion 922B and a downlink portion 924B.
Because of the differences in the distances between gateway 120 and satellites 930, 940, respectively, forward link signals 910A, 910B arrive at user terminal 124 at different times. As shown in FIG. 9, forward link signal 910A arrives at user terminal 124 at a time 960 while forward link signal 910B arrives at user terminal 124 at a time 950. The difference between these two times represents the range of time at which forward link signal 910 can be expected to arrive at user terminal 124. In other words, when a signal is transmitted from gateway 120, it will arrive at user terminal 124 within the range of time bounded by time 950 and time 960. This range, in general, is referred to as timing uncertainty. With respect to forward link signal 910, this timing imcertainty is referred to as the user terminal (UT) forward timing uncertainty.
FIG. 9 also shows the timing uncertainty for reverse link signal 920. Reverse link signal 920A arrives at gateway 120 at a time 980 while reverse link signal 920B arrives at gateway 120 at a time 970. The difference between these two times represents the range of time at which reverse link signal 920 can be expected to arrive at gateway 120. This timing imcertainty, bounded by time 970 and 980, is referred to as the gateway (GW) reverse timing uncertainty. In a communication system 100 that employs LEO satellites, the timing uncertainty is approximately 10 to 20 ms, or more, as compared with terrestrial or geosynchronous satellite communication systems whose timing uncertainty is 1 to 2 ms.
As discussed above, the problem with timing uncertainty is that the receiver must search the entire range of timing in order to acquire a spread spectrum communication signal. This is especially true for systems that use FN code sequences. The present invention reduces the timing uncertainty by transmitting the communication signal at different times based on the distance between the transmitter and the satellite so that a given communication signal arrives at all satellites to which the signal is being transmitted at the same time, regardless of the distance.

FIG. 10 illustrates timing uncertainty for forward link signal 910 and reverse link signal 920 according to one embodiment of the present invention. According to the present invention, forward link signal 910A is transmitted by gateway 120 at a time 1010 to user terminal 124 via farthest satellite 930. At a time 1020, forward link signal 910B is transmitted by gateway 120 to user terminal 124 via nearest satellite 940. The difference between time 1010 and time 1020 is referred to as a precorrection time, or in this case more specifically as forward link precorrection time. Forward link precorrection time is determined based on the distance and associated propagation delay between gateway 120 and the satellite receiving the signal so that regardless of the distance, the signal arrives at the satellite at the same time. For example, forward link signal 910A arrives at farthest satellite 930 and forward link signal 910B arrives at nearest satellite 940 at the same time, a time 1030 (referred to as satellite time 1030).
Each satellite 930,940 repeats forward link signal 910 to user terminal 124. Forward link signal 910A arrives at user terminal 124 at time 1050. Forward link signal 910B arrives at user terminal 124 at time 1040. The difference between time 1050 and time 1040 represent the user terminal forward timing uncertainty of the present invention. In effect, the present invention reduces the user terminal forward timing uncertainty by the amount of timing uncertainty associated with uplink portion 912 of forward link signal 910 because forward link signal 910 is "known" to arrive at satellites 930,940 at satellite time 1030.
FIG. 10 illustrates the worst case timing uncertainty based on farthest satellite 930 and nearest satellite 940. While the above discussion refers to transmitting forward link signal 910 to one or more satellites, this may not be the case. For example, only one satellite may be within the line-of-sight of a particular gateway 120. In this case, gateway 120 may only be able to transmit to one satellite. In another example, a particular communication system 100 may not be performing diversity processing thereby making multiple transmissions of the same signal useless. Regardless, of the number of satellites used, the present invention reduces timing uncertainty in the received signal by precorrecting the timing of the transmission of the signal so that the signal arrives at the satellite at a known time.
One embodiment of the present invention not only precorrects the start of the transmission of the signal but continuously precorrects the signal as it is transmitted so that each component of the signal (i.e., PN code) arrives at the satellite at a known time. This embodiment of the present

invention compensates for code Doppler in addition to reducing the timing uncertainty. As with the frequency precorrection discussed above, code Doppler is only precorrected on uplink portion 912 of forward link signal because the timing is known or correct at the satellite. Nonetheless, the uncertainty due to code Doppler is reduced thereby making the tasks of a time tracking loop much easier.
FIG. 11 illustrates timing uncertainty for forward link signal 910 and reverse link signal 920 according to another embodiment of the present invention. According to this embodiment of the present invention, forward link signal 910 is transmitted by gateway 120 in a marmer identical to that described above with respect to FIG. 9. This embodiment employs a similar technique with respect to reverse link signal 920. At a time 1110, user terminal 124 transmits reverse link signal 920A to gateway 120 via farthest satellite 930. At a time 1120, user terminal 124 transmits reverse link signal 920B to gateway 120 via nearest satellite 940. The difference between time 1110 and time 1120 is referred to as a reverse link precorrection time. Because user terminal 124 has no knowledge of its own position, user terminal 124 determines reverse link precorrection time based on the time difference between satellite time 1030 and the time forward link signal 910 arrives at user terminal 124. This time difference corresponds to the propagation delay of downlink portion 914 of forward link signal 910. As before, assuming little relative motion during reception of forward link signal 910 and transmission of reverse link signal 920, the propagation delay of downlink portion 914 is the same as the propagation delay of uplink portion 922 of reverse link signal 920, and hence, is the necessary reverse link precorrection time.
Reverse link precorrection time is used to adjust or compensate the transmission of reverse link signal 920 so that it arrives at the satellite at a known time referred to as satellite time 1130. The satellite repeats reverse link signal 920 to user terminal 124. Reverse link signal 920A arrives at user terminal 124 at time 1150. Reverse link signal 920B arrives at user terminal 124 at time 1140. The difference between time 1150 and time 1140 represent the gateway reverse timing uncertainty of the present invention. In effect, this embodiment of the present invention reduces both the user terminal forward timing uncertainty as well as the gateway reverse timing uncertainty. With respect to forward link 910, the user terminal forward timing uncertainty is reduced by the amount of timing uncertainty associated with uplink portion 912. With respect to reverse link 920, the

gateway reverse timing uncertainty is reduced by the amount of timing uncertainty associated with uplink portion 922.
FIG. 12 illustrates the steps performed to precorrect timing for forward link signal 910 at gateway 120 according to one embodiment of the present invention. In a step 1210, control processor 320 computes a distance between gateway 120 and each satellite 930, 940 to which forward link signal 910 is to be transmitted. Next, in a step 1220, control processor 320 computes a propagation delay based on each of these distances.
Such distances can be obtained, for example, by measuring round-trip delays for signals transmitted from a satellite to a user terminal and back, either immediately or after a known delay, and then dividing the result by two and multiplying the result by the speed of the signal (light),. The round-trip delay can be measured by transmitting a signal containing a known running PN sequence or spreading code, and comparing the state of the PN sequence in the retransmitted signal as received at the gateway with that of the transmitted signal. The difference in states is used to determine the total round-trip delay, which includes known gateway-to-satellite delays. Using known satellite ephemerides, the known delays are computed by various methods well known in the art Alternatively, the distance is measured using round-trip delays of signals transmitted through one satellite and returned through a second satellite. However, some additional information regarding their relative position is required, which is generally supplied using other signal parameters. Such techniques are discussed in further detail in the co-pending patent applications incorporated above, relating to position determination.
In a step 1230, precorrector 342 precorrects or compensates forward link signal 410 to account for the propagation delay to each satellite 930, 940. Finally, in a step 1240, transmitter 338 transmits forward link signal 410 whose timing has been precorrected to the appropriate satellite 930,940.
FIG. 13 illustrates the steps performed to precorrect timing for reverse link signal 920 at user terminal 124 according to one embodiment of the present invention. In a step 1310, control processor 220 computes a propagation delay based on the most recently received forward link signal 910 from each of satellites 930, 940 to which reverse link signal 920 is to be transmitted. In a step 1320, precorrector 232 precorrects or compensates reverse link signal 920 to account for the propagation delay to each satellite 930,940. Finally, in a step 1330, transmitter 230 transmits reverse link signal 920 whose timing has been precorrected to the appropriate satellite 930,940.

In addition to reducing the timing uncertainty and hence the search space of a receiver attempting to acquire the signal, the present invention also reduces the amount of deskew memory buffers required by communication systems 100 employing diversity processing. These types of systems must buffer incoming signals over the entire range of timing uncertainty in order to "receive" the signal from all possible paths. By reducing the timing uncertainty (i.e. the time within which the signal from all possible paths can be expected), the deskew memory can correspondingly be reduced.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention incorporates a precorrector that employs both frequency and timing precorrection. As discussed above, the frequency precorrection and the timing precorrection each reduce their respective uncertainties by a factor of approximately one half. Thus, the preferred embodiment of the present invention is able to reduce the search space of a receiver to approximately a factor of one fourth of the original search space. Hence, gateways 120 or user terminals 124 that incorporate the preferred embodiment of the present invention are able to acquire signals in roughly one fourth the amount of time or with one fourth the number of searching receivers as their conventional counterparts.
The previous description of the preferred embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. The various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of the inventive faculty. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

WE CLAIM :
1. A method for transmitting a signal in a communication system (100) employing satellites (116,118) that reduces the effects of Doppler on a receiver (124,126), the method comprising: continuously computing for a satellite (116,118) a Doppler frequency relative to a transmitter located at a gateway (120,122), said satellite (116,118) receiving the signal from said transmitter; and adjusting (342) a transmit frequency of the signal as a function of said Doppler frequency so that the signal is received at said satellite (116,118) as if there is no Doppler shift; characterized in that: said Doppler frequency is continuously computed from predetermined data; and said satellite (116,118) repeats the signal to the receiver (124,126) at a transmit frequency dependent on the receive frequency; whereby the signal repeated by the satellite (116,118) is received at the receiver (124,126) with reduced Doppler error.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said predetermined data comprises satellite ephemerides.
3. An apparatus for transmitting a signal in a communication system (100) employing satellites (116,118) that reduces the effects of Doppler on a receiver, the apparatus comprising: means for continuously computing for a satellite (116,118) a Doppler frequency relative to a transmitter located ac a gateway (120,122); and means (342) for adjusting a transmit frequency of the signal as a function of said Doppler frequency; characterized in that: said means for continuously computing continuously computes the Doppler frequency from predetermined data.

'>■

4. A system for transmitting a signal in a communication system (100) employing satellites (116,118) that reduces the effects of Doppler on a receiver (124,126), the system comprising: the apparatus as claimed in claim 3; wherein: said satellite (116,118) comprises: means for receiving the signal from said transmitter; and means for repeating the signal to the receiver (124,126) at a transmit frequency dependent on the receive frequency; and the transmit frequency of the signal is adjusted as a fiinction of said Doppler frequency so that the signal is received at said satellite (116,118) as if there is no Doppler shift, whereby the signal repeated by the satellite (116,118) is received at the receiver (124, 126) with reduced Doppler error.
5. A method for transmitting a signal in a communication system (100) employing satellites (116,118) that reduces the effects of propagation delay on a receiver (124,126), the method characterized by comprising: continuously computing from predetermined data a distance between a satellite (116,118) and a transmitter located at a gateway (120,122) at a given time, said satellite (116,118) receiving the signal from said transmitter; determining a propagation time required for the signal to traverse said computed distance; subtracting said propagation time from a predetermined time to obtain a corrected transmission timing; and transmitting (334 to 344) the signal at said corrected transmission timing so that the signal is received at said predetermined time.
6. An apparatus for transmitting a signal in a communication system (100) employing satellites (116,118) that reduces the effects of propagation delay on a receiver (124,126), the apparatus characterized by comprising:

means for continuously computing from predetermined data a distance between a satellite (116,118) and a transmitter located at a gateway (120,122) at a given time, said satellite (116,118) receiving the signal from said transmitter; means for determining a propagation time required for the signal to traverse said computed distance; means for subtracting said propagation time from a predetermined time to obtain a corrected transmission timing; and means (334 to 344) for transmitting the signal at said corrected transmission timing so that the signal is received at said predetermined time.
7. A method for transmitting a signal in a communication system employing
satellites that reduces the effects of Doppler on a receiver, substantially
as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
8. An apparatus for transmitting a signal in a communication system
employing satellites that reduces the effects of Doppler on a receiver,
substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying
drawings.
Dated this 29 day of September 1997

Documents:

2152-mas-1997-abstract.pdf

2152-mas-1997-assignement.pdf

2152-mas-1997-claims filed.pdf

2152-mas-1997-claims granted.pdf

2152-mas-1997-correspondnece-others.pdf

2152-mas-1997-correspondnece-po.pdf

2152-mas-1997-description(complete)filed.pdf

2152-mas-1997-description(complete)granted.pdf

2152-mas-1997-drawings.pdf

2152-mas-1997-form 1.pdf

2152-mas-1997-form 19.pdf

2152-mas-1997-form 26.pdf

2152-mas-1997-form 3.pdf

2152-mas-1997-form 4.pdf

2152-mas-1997-form 5.pdf

2152-mas-1997-other documents.pdf

2152-mas-1997-pct.pdf

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Patent Number

212499

Indian Patent Application Number

2152/MAS/1997

PG Journal Number

07/2008

Publication Date

15-Feb-2008

Grant Date

03-Dec-2007

Date of Filing

29-Sep-1997

Name of Patentee

QUALCOMM INCORPORATED

Applicant Address

6455 LUSK BOULEVARD, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA 92121,

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	STEVEN A KREMM	3770 SPRING VALLEY ROAD, BOULDER, COLORADO 80304,

PCT International Classification Number

H04 B 07/01

PCT International Application Number

N/A

PCT International Filing date

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1	08/723,490	1996-09-30	U.S.A.