Title of Invention	AN ISOLATED NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULE ENCODING A HUMAN NEROTROPHIC GROWTH FACTOR
Abstract	An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a human neurotrophic growth factor designated enovin and having the amino acid sequence illustrated in Figure 1, or encoding a functional equivalent, derivative or bioprecursor of said growth factor. 10

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FORM 2 THE PATENTS ACT 1970 [39 OF 1970] COMPLETE SPECIFICATION [See Section 10] "NEUROTROPHIC GROWTH FACTOR" JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA N.V., of Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium The following specification particularly describes the nature of the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed :- WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 NEUROTROPHIC GROWTH FACTOR The present invention is concerned with a neurotrophic factor and, in particular, with cloning 5 and expression of a novel member of the GDNF family of neurotrophic factors, designated herein as "enovin" (EVN) . Introduction 10 Neurotrophic factors are involved in neuronal differentiation, development and maintenance. These proteins can prevent degeneration and promote survival of different types of neuronal cells and are thus 15 potential therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases. Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was the first member of a growing subfamily of neurotrophic factors structurally distinct from the neurotrophins. GDNF is a member of the transforming 20 growth factor (J (TGF-β) superfamily of growth factors, characterized by a specific pattern of seven highly conserved cysteine residues within the amino acid sequence (Kingsley, 1994). GDNF was originally purified using an assay based on its ability to 25 maintain the survival and function of embryonic ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons in vitro (Lin et al., 1993). Other neuronal cell types in the central (CNS) or peripheral nervous systems (PNS) are also responsive to the survival effects of GDNF (Henderson 30 et al., 1994, Buj-Bello et al., 1995, Mount et al., 1995, Oppenheim et al., 1995). GDNF is produced by cells in an inactive proform, which is cleaved WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 specifically at a RXXR furin recognition site to produce active (mature) GDNF (Lin et al., 1993). Exogenous administration of GDNF has potent neuroprotective effects in animal models of 5 Parkinson's disease, a common neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the loss of up to 70% of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra of the brain (Beck et al., 1995, Tomac et al., 1995, Gash et al., 1996, Choi-Lundberg et al., 1997, Bilang-Bleuel 10 et al., 1997). Recently, additional neurotrophic factors of the GDNF family have been discovered. Neurturin (NTN) was purified from conditioned medium from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using an assay based on its ability 15 to promote the survival of sympathetic neurons in culture (Kotzbauer et al., 1996). The mature NTN protein is 57% similar to mature GDNF. Persephin (PSP) was discovered by cloning using degenerate primer PCR with genomic DNA as a template. The mature PSP, like 20 mature GDNF, promotes the survival of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons and of motor neurons in culture (Milbrandt et al., 1998). The similarity of the mature PSP protein with mature GDNF and NTN is = 50 %. Artemin (ARTN) was discovered by DNA database 25 searching and is a survival factor of sensory and sympathetic neurons in culture (Baloh et al, 1998b). GDNF, NTN, PSP and ARTN require a heterodimeric receptor complex in order to carry out downstream intracellular signal transduction. GDNF binds to the 30 GDNF family receptor alpha 1 (GFRα-1; GFRα Nomenclature Committee, 1997) subunit, a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (glycosyl-Ptdlns) anchored membrane protein (Jing et al., 1996, Treanor et al., PCT/EP99/0503I 1996, Sanicola et al., 1997). The GDNF/GFRα-1 complex subsequently binds to and activates the cRET proto-oncogene, a membrane bound tyrosine kinase (Durbec et al., 1996, Trupp et al., 1996), resulting in the 5 phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in cRET and subsequent activation of downstream signal transduction pathways (Worby et al., 1996). Several other members of the GFRa family of ligand binding receptors have been characterised (Baloh et al., 1997, 10 Sanicola et al., 1997, Klein et al., 1997, Buj-Bello et al., 1997, Suvanto et al., 1997). GFRα-2 and GFRa-3 (Jing et al., 1997, Masure et al., 1998, Woby et al., 1998, Naveilham et al., 1998, Baloh et al., 1998a) have been identified by a number of different 15 groups. GFRα-1 and GFRa-2 are widely expressed in almost all tissues and expression may be developmentally regulated (Sanicola et al., 1997, Widenfalk et al., 1997). GFRa-3 is not expressed in the developing or 20 adult central nervous system, but is highly expressed in several developing and adult sensory and sympathetic ganglia of the peripheral nervous system (Widenfalk et al., 1998, Naveilhan et al., 1998, Baloh et al., 1998a). A fourth family member, GFRa-4, was 25 cloned from chicken cDNA (Thompson et al., 1998). GFRa-1 is the preferred receptor for GDNF, whereas GFRa-2 preferentially binds NTN (Jing et al., 1996, Treanor et al., 1996, Klein et al., 1997). Chicken GFRa-4 forms a functional receptor complex for PSP in 30 combination with cRET (Enokido et al., 1998). Cells expressing both GFRa-3 and cRET were shown not to respond to either GDNF, NTN or PSP (Worby et al., 1998, Baloh et al., 1998a). Recently, ART has been WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 shown to signal through cRET using GFRa-3 as the preferred ligand-binding receptor (Baloh et al., 1998b). Cross-talk between the neurotrophic factors and GFRα receptors is possible in vitro, as GDNF can 5 bind to GFRα-2 or GFRα-3 in the presence of cRET (Sanicola et al., 1997, Trupp et al., 1998) and NTN can bind to GFRα-1 with low affinity (Klein et al., 1997) . In summary, GDNF, NTN, PSP and ART are part of a neurotrophic signalling system whereby different 10 ligand-binding subunits (GFRa-1 to -4) can interact with the same Tyrosine kinase subunit (cRET). The physiological relevance of these in vitro findings was recently shown in gene knockout studies (reviewed by Rosenthal, 1999), which clearly show that GDNF 15 interacts with GFRa-1 in vivo, whereas NTN is the preferred ligand for GFRa-2. The present inventors have identified, cloned, expressed, chromosomally localized and characterized Enovin (EVN), the fourth member of the GDNF family. 20 The knowledge of the mature EVN protein has been extended with the discovery of different functional and non-functional mRNA splice variants. Moreover, we present expression data, binding data of EVN to GFRa-3 and in vitro effects of EVN on neurite outgrowth and 25 protection against taxol-induced neurotoxicity in staurosporine-differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell cultures. Summary of the Invention 30 In the present application, there is provided a nucleic acid molecule encoding a novel human WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 neurotrophic growth factor, "enovin", an expression vector comprising said nucleic acid molecule, a host cell transformed with said vector, a neurotrophic growth factor encoded by said nucleic acid molecule, 5 isolated enovin, compounds which act as agonists or antagonists of enovin and pharmaceutical compositions containing the nucleic acid or the enovin protein or the agonists or antagonists thereof. 10 Detailed Description of the Invention According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a nucleic acid molecule encoding a human neurotrophic growth factor, 15 designated herein as enovin, having the amino acid sequence illustrated in Figure 21, or encoding a functional equivalent, derivative or bioprecursor of said growth factor. Preferably, said nucleic acid molecule is DNA and even more preferably a cDNA 20 molecule. Preferably, the nucleic acid according to the invention comprises the sequence from positions 81 to 419 of the sequence illustrated in Figure 1 and more preferably from positions 81 to 422 and even more 25 preferably the complete sequence illustrated in Figure 1. The nucleic acid molecule from position 81 to 419 is believed to encode the sequence of the mature enovin protein subsequent to processing of the proform 30 of the protein at the RXXR processing site present in the stable proform of said enovin protein. There is also provided by the invention an antisense molecule capable of hybridising to any of WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention, under high stringency conditions, which would be well known to those skilled in the art. Stringency of hybridisation as used herein refers 5 to conditions under which polynucleic acids are stable. The stability of hybrids is reflected in the melting temperature (Tm) of the hybrids. Tm can be approximated by the formula: 10 81.5°C-16.6 (logl0[Na+]+0.41 (%G&C)-600/l wherein 1 is the length of the hybrids in nucleotides. Tm decreases approximately by 1-1.5°C with every 1% decrease in sequence homology. 15 Advantageously, the nucleic acid molecxile according to the invention may be used to express the human neurotrophic growth factor according to the invention, in a host cell or the like using an appropriate expression vector. 20 An expression vector according to the invention includes vectors capable of expressing DNA operatively linked to regulatory sequences, such as promoter regions, that are capable of effecting expression of such DNA fragments. 25 Regulatory elements required for expression include promoter sequences to bind RNA polymerase and transcription initiation sequences for ribosome binding. For example, a bacterial expression vector may include a promoter such as the lac promoter and 30 for transcription initiation the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the start codon AUG. Similarly, a eukaryotic expression vector may include a heterologous or homologous promoter for RNA polymerase WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 II, a downstream polyadenylation signal, the start codon AUG, and a termination codon for detachment of the ribosome. Such vectors may be obtained commercially or assembled from the sequences described 5 by methods well known in the art. Thus, an expression vector refers to a recombinant DNA or RNA construct, such as a plasmid, a phage, recombinant virus or other vector that upon introduction into an appropriate host cell results in 10 expression of the DNA or RNA fragments. Appropriate expression vectors are well known to those skilled in.... the art and include those that are replicable in eukaryotic cells and/or prokaryotic cells and those that remain episomal or those which integrate into the 15 host cell genome. The antisense molecule capable of hybridising to the nucleic acid according to the invention may be used as a probe or as a medicament or in a pharmaceutical composition. 20 Nucleic acid molecules according to the invention may be inserted into the vectors described in an antisense orientation in order to provide for the production of antisense RNA. Antisense RNA or other antisense nucleic acids may be produced by synthetic 25 means. A further aspect of the invention comprises the host cell transformed, transfected or infected with the expression vector according to the invention, which cell preferably comprises a eukaryotic cell and 30 more preferably a mammalian cell. Incorporation of cloned DNA into a suitable expression vector for subsequent transformation of said cell and subsequent selection of the transformed WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 cells is well known to those skilled in the art as provided in Sambrook et al (1989) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press. 5 A further aspect of the present invention comprises a nucleic acid molecule having at least 15 nucleotides of the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention and preferably from 15 to 50 nucleotides. 10 These sequences may, advantageously be used as probes or primers to initiate replication or the like. Such nucleic acid molecules may be produced according to techniques well known in the art, such as by recombinant or synthetic means. They may also be used 15 in diagnostic kits or devices or the like for detecting for the presence of a nucleic acid according to the invention. These tests generally comprise contacting the probe with a sample under hybridising conditions and detecting for the presence of any 20 duplex formation between the probe and any nucleic acid in the sample. According to the present invention these probes may be anchored to a solid support. Preferably, they are present on an array so that multiple probes can 25 simultaneously hybridize to a single biological sample. The probes can be spotted onto the array or synthesised in situ on the array. (See Lockhart et al., Nature Biotechnology, vol. 14, December 1996 "Expression monitoring by hybridisation into high 30 density oligonucleotide arrays". A single array can contain more than 100, 500 or even 1,000 different probes in discrete locations. Nucleic acid molecules according to the invention WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 may also be produced using such recombinant or synthetic means, such as, for example, using PCR cloning mechanisms which generally involve making a pair of primers, which may be from approximately 10 to 5 50 nucleotides to a region of the gene which is desired to be cloned, bringing the primers into contact with mRNA, cDNA, or genomic DNA from a human cell, performing a polymerase chain reaction under conditions which bring about amplification of the 10 desired region, isolating the amplified region or fragment and recovering the amplified DNA. Generally, such techniques as defined herein are well known in the art, such as described in Sambrook et al (Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual, 1989). 15 The nucleic acids or oligonucleotides according to the invention may carry a revealing label. Suitable labels include radioisotopes such as 32P or 35S, enzyme labels or other protein labels such as biotin or fluorescent markers. Such lables may be 20 added to the nucleic acids or oligonucleotides of the invention and may be detected using known techniques per se. Advantageously, human allelic variants or polymorphisms of the DNA molecule according to the 25 invention may be identified by, for example, probing cDNA or genomic libraries from a range of individuals for example from different populations. Furthermore, nucleic acids and probes according to the invention may be used to sequence genomic DNA from patients 30 using techniques well known in the art, such as the Sanger Dideoxy chain termination method, which may advantageously ascertain any predisposition of a patient to certain disorders associated with a growth WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 factor according to the invention. Further provided by the present invention is a transgenic cell, tissue or organism comprising a transgene capable of expressing the human neurotrophic 5 factor enovin according to the invention. The term "transgene capable of expression" as used herein means any suitable nucleic acid sequence which leads to expression of a neurotrophic factor having the same function and/or activity of a 10 neurotrophic factor according to the invention. The transgene may include, for example, genomic nucleic acid isolated from human cells or synthetic nucleic acid including cDNA, integrated into the chromosome or in an extrachromosomal state. 15 Preferably, the transgene comprises a vector according to the invention, which vector includes a nucleic acid molecule encoding said neurotrophic factor, or a functional fragment of said nucleic acid molecule. A "functional fragment" of said nucleic acid 20 should be taken to mean a fragment of the gene or cDNA encoding said neurotrophic factor or a functional equivalent thereof, which fragment is capable of being expressed to produce a functional neurotrophic growth factor according to the invention. Thus, for example, 25 fragments of the neurotrophic growth factor according to the invention which correspond to the specific amino acid residues interacting with the corresponding receptor also form part of the present invention and which fragments may serve to function as agonists 30 activating the corresponding receptor of the growth factor according to the invention so as to elicit its growth promoting and survival sustaining effects on cells. This asDect of the invention also includes WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 differentially spliced isoforms and transcriptional starts of the nucleic acids according to the invention. In accordance with the present invention, a 5 defined nucleic acid includes not only the identical nucleic acid but also any minor base variations including in particular, substitutions in bases which result in a synonymous codon (a different codon specifying the same amino acid residue) due to the 10 degenerate code in conservative amino acid substitutions. The term "nucleic acid molecule" also includes the complementary sequence to any single stranded sequence given regarding base variations. According to a further aspect the invention 15 provides an isolated human"neurotrophic growth factor, encoded by a nucleic acid molecule as defined herein. Preferably, the growth factor comprises an amino acid sequence from position 27 to 139 of the amino acid sequence of Figure 1 or a functional equivalent, 20 derivative or bioprecursor thereof. A "functional equivalent" as defined herein should be taken to mean a growth factor that exhibits all of the growth properties and functionality associated with the growth factor enovin. A 25 "derivative" of enovin as defined herein is intended to include a polypeptide in which certain amino acids have been altered or deleted or replaced with other amino acids and which polypeptide retains the biological activity of enovin and/or which polypeptide 30 can react with antibodies raised using enovin according to the invention as the challenging antigen. Encompassed within the scope of the present invention are hybrid and modified forms of enovin, WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 including fusion proteins and fragments. The hybrid and modified forms include, for example, when certain amino acids have been subjected to some modification or replacement, such as for example, by point mutation 5 yet which modifications still result in a protein which retains the biological activity of enovin, according to the invention. Specific nucleic acid sequences can be altered by those of skill in the art to produce a growth factor exhibiting the same or 10 substantially properties to enovin. As is well known in the art, many proteins are produced in vivo with a (pre) signal sequence at the N-terminus of the protein. Furthermore, such proteins may comprise a further pro sequence that represents a 15 stable precursor to the mature protein. Such pre and pro sequences are not generally necessary for biological activity. The enovin molecule according to the invention includes not only the full length sequence illustrated in Figure 21 but from position 27 20 to 139, which follows the RXXR proteolytic processing site present in growth factors of this type and which is believed to represent the mature sequence of enovin. A defined protein, polypeptide or amino acid 25 sequence according to the invention includes not only the identical amino acid sequence but isomers thereof in addition to minor amino acid variations from the natural amino acid sequence including conservative amino acid replacements (a replacement by an amino 30 acid that is related in its side chains). Also included are amino acid sequences which vary from the natural amino acid but result in a polypeptide which is immunologically identical or similar to the WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 polypeptide encoded by the naturally occurring sequence. Proteins or polypeptides according to the invention further include variants of such sequences, 5 including naturally occurring allelic variants which are substantially homologous to said proteins or polypeptides. In this context, substantial homology is regarded as a sequence which has at least 70%, and preferably 80%, 90% or 95% amino acid homology with 10 the proteins or polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention. Neurotrophic growth factors expressed by the host cells according to the invention are also encompassed within the present invention. 15 The present invention is further directed to inhibiting the neurotrophic growth factor according to the invention in vivo by the use of antisense technology. Antisense technology can be used to control gene expression through triple-helix formation 20 or antisense DNA or RNA, both of which methods are based on binding of a polynucleotide to DNA or RNA. For example, the part of the DNA sequence coding for the mature protein of the present invention is used to design an antisense RNA oligonucleotide of from 10 to 25 50 base pairs in length. A DNA oligonucleotide is designed to be complementary to a region of the gene involved in transcription (triple-helix - see Lee et al. Nucl. Acids. Res., 6:3073 (1979); Cooney et al., Science, 241:456 (1988); and Dervan et al., Science, 30 251: 1360 (1991), thereby preventing transcription and the production of enovin. The antisense RNA oligonucleotide hybridises to the mRNA in vivo and WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 blocks translation of an mRNA molecule into enovin. Because of the sequence similarity between the growth factor described herein with previously identified growth factors of the GDNF family, enovin 5 is also believed to be capable of promoting cell survival and growth and in treating disorders resulting from defects in function or expression of said neurotrophic factor. The nucleic acid molecules or the neurotrophic 10 factor according to the invention may, advantageously, therefore be used to treat or prevent neural disorders in a subject by administering to said subject an amount of a nucleic acid molecule or growth factor according to the invention in sufficient concentration 15 to reduce the symptoms of said disorder. Thus, the nucleic acid molecules of the invention may be used to promote maintenance and survival of neuronal cells and for treating neuronal disorders or neurodegenerative conditions including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's 20 disease, peripheral neuropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, peripheral and central nerve trauma or injury and exposure to neurotoxins. The neurotrophic growth factor according to the invention has, advantageously, been observed to confer 25 a neurotrophic or neuroprotective effect on neuronal cells or cell populations, particularly those neuronal cells or cell populations which have been induced to undergo apoptosis. Accordingly, the nucleic acid or the enovin growth factor itself according to the 30 invention may additionally be used in treating neurodegenerative disorders such as stroke, Huntingdons disease, peripheral neuropathy, acute brain injury, nervous system tumours, multiple WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, peripheral nerve trauma, injury exposure to neurotoxins, multiple endocrine neoplasia, familial Hirschsprung disease, Prion associated diseases, Creutzfeld - Jacob disease 5 by administering to a patient in need thereof, an amount of said nucleic acid or enovin in sufficient concentration to reduce or prevent the symptoms of the neural disorders described herein. Additionally, and which is described in more 10 details in the example below, enovin has been shown to speed up recovery of induced sensory deficits, which identifies enovin as a candidate for treating or alleviating pain syndromes with a peripheral or central neurogenic component, rheumatic/inflammatory 15 diseases as well as conductance disturbances, by administration to a patient in need thereof in sufficient concentration to reduce or prevent the symptoms of these disorders. An alternative method for treating the nerve 20 disorders described above comprises implanting in a subject cells that express a human neurotrophic growth factor according to the invention such as the transgenic cell described herein. The nucleic acid molecules and neurotrophic 25 growth factor according to the invention may also be included in a pharmaceutical composition together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient therefor. Antibodies to the neurotrophic factor of the 30 present invention may, advantageously, be prepared by techniques which are known in the art. For example, polyclonal antibodies may be prepared by inoculating a host animal such as a mouse with the growth factor or WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 an epitope thereof and recovering immune serum. Monoclonal antibodies may be prepared according to known techniques such as described by Kohler R. and Milstein C, Nature (1975) 256, 495-497. 5 Antibodies according to the invention may, advantageously, be used in a method of detecting for the presence of a growth factor according to the invention, which method comprises reacting the antibody with a sample and identifying any protein 10 bound to said antibody. A kit is also provided for performing said method which comprises an antibody according to the invention and means for reacting the antibody with said sample. Also provided by the present invention is a kit 15 or device for detecting for the presence of a neurotrophic growth factor according to the invention in a sample, comprising an antibody as described above and means for reacting said antibody and said sample. Proteins which interact with the neurotrophic 20 factor of the invention, such as for example it's corresponding cellular receptor may be identified by investigating protein-protein interactions using the two-hybrid vector system which is well known to molecular biologists (Fields & Song, Nature 340:245 25 1989). This technique is based on functional reconstitution in vivo of a transcription factor which activates a reporter gene. More particularly the technique comprises providing an appropriate host cell with a DNA construct comprising a reporter gene under 30 the control cf a promoter regulated by a transcription factor having a DNA binding domain and an activating domain, expressing in the host cell a first hybrid DNA sequence encoding a first fusion of a fragment or all PCT/EP99/05031 of a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention and either said DNA binding domain or said activating domain of the transcription factor, expressing in the host at least one second hybrid DNA sequence, such as 5 a library or the like, encoding putative binding proteins to be investigated together with the DNA binding or activating domain of the transcription factor which is not incorporated in the first fusion; detecting any binding of the proteins to be 10 investigated with a protein according to the invention by detecting for the presence of any reporter gene product in the host cell; optionally isolating second hybrid DNA sequences encoding the binding protein. An example of such a technique utilises the GAL4 15 protein in yeast. GAL4 is a transcriptional activator of galactose metabolism in yeast and has a separate domain for binding to activators upstream of the galactose metabolising genes as well as a protein binding domain. Nucleotide vectors may be constructed, 20 one of which comprises the nucleotide residues encoding the DNA binding domain of GAL4. These binding domain residues may be fused to a known protein encoding sequence, such as for example the nucleic acids according to the invention. The other vector 25 comprises the residues encoding the protein binding domain of GAL4. These residues are fused to residues encoding a test protein, preferably from the signal transduction pathway of the vertebrate in question. Any interaction between neurotrophic factor encoded by 30 the nucleic acid according to the invention and the protein to be tested leads to transcriptional activation of a reporter molecule in a GAL-4 transcription deficient yeast cell into which the WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 vectors have been transformed. Preferably, a reporter molecule such as p-galactosidase is activated upon restoration of transcription of the yeast galactose metabolism genes. 5 The receptor for enovin has been identified by the present inventors as GFRα3. Assays may therefore be prepared to identify agonist or antagonistic compounds of enovin. This assay may also be used in association with other neurotrophic growth factors and 10 their corresponding receptors. Compounds identified may be used to treat or prevent disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, neuronal disorders associated with expanded polyglutamine sequences, such as, Huntingdon's disease, peripheral 15 neuropathy, acute brain injury, nervous system tumours, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, peripheral nerve trauma or injury exposure to neurotoxins, multiple endocrine neoplasia and familial Hirschsprung disease, Prion associated 20 diseases, Creutzfeld - Jacob disease, stroke, pain syndromes with a substantially peripheral or central neurogenic component, rheumatic/inflammatory diseases as well as conductance disturbances by administering to an individual an amount of said agonist or 25 antagonist in sufficient concentration to prevent or treat said neural disorders. Such compounds may also be included in pharmaceutical compositions together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient therefor. 30 Agonists or antagonists of a growth factor (such as for example enovin) may be identified in one embodiment by contacting a cell tissue or organism expressing an appropriate receptor and cRET with a WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/0S031 candidate compound in the presence of the growth factor and comparing the levels of RET activation in said cell, tissue or organism with a control which has not been contacted with said candidate compound. 5 An alternative embodiment of the invention comprises a method of identifying agonists or antagonists of a neurotrophic growth factor said method comprising contacting a cell tissue or organism expressing an appropriate receptor of said growth 10 factor and cRET with a candidate compound in the presence of said growth factor, measuring the level of activation of a signalling kinase in the signal transduction pathway of which said appropriate receptor is a component following addition of an 15 antibody specific for said signal kinase conjugated to a reporter molecule compared to a cell tissue or organism which has not been contacted with said compound. A further aspect of the invention comprises use 20 of a compound identified as an antagonist according to the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating gastrointestinal disorders or conditions mediated by increased peristaltic intestinal movement. The compounds identified in the assays of the 25 present invention may advantageously be used to enhance the gastrointestinal motility and therefore may be useful in treating conditions related to a hampered or impaired gastrointestinal transit. Accordingly, such compounds may be useful in 30 treating warm-blooded animals, including humans, suffering from conditions related to a hampered or impaired gastric emptying or more generally suffering from conditions related to a hampered or impaired WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/0503J gastrointestinal transit. Consequently a method of treatment is provided for relieving patients from conditions, such as, for example, gastroesophageal reflux, dyspepsia, gastroparesis, post-operative 5 ileus, and intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Dyspepsia is an impairment of the function of digestion, that can arise as a symptom of a primary gastrointestinal dysfunction, especially a gastrointestinal dysfunction related to an increased 10 muscle tone or as a complication due to other disorders such as appendicitis, galbladder disturbances, or malnutrition. Dyspeptic symptoms are for example a lack of appetite, feeling of fullness, early satiety, nausea, vomiting and bloating. 15 Gastroparesis can be brought about by an abnormmaly in the stomach or as a complication of diseases such as diabetes, progressive systemic sclerosis, anorexia, nervosa and myotonic dystrophy. Post-operative ileus is an obstruction or a 20 kinetic impairment in the intestine due to a disruption in muscle tone following surgery. Intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a condition characterized by constipation, colicky pain, and vomiting, but without evidence of physical 25 obstruction. The compounds of the present invention can thus be used either to take away the actual cause of the condition or to alleviate the symptoms of the conditions. 30 Additionally some of the compounds being stimulators of kinetic activity on the colon, may be useful to normalize or to improve the intestinal transit in subjects suffering from symptoms related to PCT/EP99/05031 disturbed motility, e.g. a decreased peristalsis of the small and large intestine alone or in combination with delayed gastric emptying. In view of the colon kinetic utility of the 5 compounds of the present invention, there is provided a method of treating warm-blooded animals, including humans, suffering from motility disorders of the intestinal system, such as, for example, constipation, pseudo-obstruction, intestinal atony, post-operative 10 intestinal atony, irritable bowel sydrome (IBS), and drug-induced delayed transit. Compounds identified as antagonists according to the assays of the present invention may also be of potential use in the treatment or prophylaxis of 15 gastrointestinal conditions resulting from increased peristaltic movements in the intestines such as diarrhea (including secretory diarrhea, bacterial induced diarrhea, choleic diarrhea, traveller's diarrhea and psychogenic diarrhea), Crohn's disease, 20 spastic colon, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), diarrheapredominant irritable bowel gastrointestinal hypersensitivity. In view of the utility of the compounds of the invention, it follows that the present invention also 25 provides a method of treating warm-blooded animals, including humans suffering from gastrointestinal conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), especially the diarrhoea aspects of IBS. Consequently a method of treatment is provided for relieving 30 patients suffering from conditions such as irritable bowel syndrom (IBS), diarrheapredonminant irritable bowel syndrome, bowel hypersensitivity, and the reduction of pain associated with gastrointestinal PCT/EP99/05031 hypersensitivity. The present compounds may also be of potential use in other gastrointestinal disorders, such as those associated with upper gut motility, and as antiemetics 5 for treating emesis, and cytotoxic drug and radiation induced emesis. Inflammatory bowel diseases include, for example, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and the like. A further aspect of the invention also comprises 10 a method of treating a disorder mediated by expression of enovin according to the invention by administering to a patient an amount of an antisense molecule or an antagonist thereof according to the invention in sufficient concentration to alleviate or reduce the 15 symptoms of said disorder. Disorders mediated by inactivation or inhibiting expression of enovin may also advantageously be treated by administering to an individual an amount of a compound identified as an agonist of enovin in 20 sufficient concentration to reduce or prevent the symptoms of the disorder. In.a further aspect, the invention provides a method for making a pharmaceutical formulation for the treatment of diseases associated with human 25 neurotrophic growth factor enovin, said method comprising, selecting a candidate compound identified as an agonist or antagonist of enovin according to the invention, manufacturing bulk quantities of said compound and formulating the compound manufactured in 30 a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As will be seen in more detail from the examples below, enovin has been successful in reducing taxol induced sensory deficits. Enovin may therefore play a WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 possible role in pain syndromes with a substantially peripheral and central neurogenic component, rheumatic diseases as well as conductance disturbances and can play a modulatory role in sensory processes after 5 transdermal, topical, local central (such as epidural, intrathecal, ICV, intraplexus, intraneuronal) per oral, rectal and systemic application. Therefore, in the same manner as described herein for other conditions mediated by enovin, these conditions may be 10 alleviated or even prevented by administering either an antisense molecule, a nucleic acid, enovin protein, pharmaceutical composition, or a compound identified as an agonist or an antagonist, as appropriate, according to the invention, in sufficient 15 concentrations to alleviate or prevent the symptoms of said disorder(s). The therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be administered by any suitable route known in the art including for example 20 intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, transdermal, intrathecal or intracerebral or administration to cells in ex vivo treatment protocols. Administration can be either rapid as by injection or over a period of time as by slow infusion or administration of slow 25 release formulation. For treating tissues in the central nervous system, administration can be by injection or infusion into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) . Enovin can also be linked or conjugated with 30 agents that provide desirable pharmaceutical or pharmacodynamic properties. For example, it can be coupled to any substance known in the art to promote penetration or transport across the blood-brain WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 barrier such as an antibody to the transferrin receptor, and administered by intravenous injection. Enovin, the antisense molecules or indeed the compounds identified as agonists or antagonists of 5 enovin according to the invention may be used in the form of a pharmaceutical composition, which may be prepared according to procedures well known in the art. Preferred compositions include a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle or diluent or 10 excipient, such as for example, a physiological saline solution. Other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers including other non-toxic salts, sterile water or the like may also be used. A suitable buffer may also be present allowing the compositions to be lyophilized 15 and stored in sterile conditions prior to reconstitution by the addition of sterile water for subsequent administration. Incorporation of enovin into a solid or semi-solid biologically compatible matrix may be carried out which can be implanted into 20 tissues requiring treatment. The carrier can also contain other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients for modifying other conditions such as pH, osmolarity, viscosity, sterility, lipophilicity, solubility or the like. 25 Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which permit sustained or delayed release following administration may also be included. The enovin. protein or the nucleic acid molecules or compounds according to the invention may be 30 administered orally. In this embodiment they may be encapsulated and combined with suitable carriers in solid dosage forms which would be well known to those skilled in the art. WO 00/04050 As would be well known to those of skill in the art, the specific dosage regime may be calculated according to the body surface area of the patient or the volume of body space to be occupied, dependent 5 upon the particular route of administration to be used. The amount of the composition actually administered will, however, be determined by a medical practitioner, based on the circumstances pertaining to the disorder to be treated, such as the severity of 10 the symptoms, the composition to be administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient and the chosen route of administration. The present invention may be more clearly understood by the following examples which are purely 15 exemplary and by reference to the accompanying drawings wherein: Figure 1: is partial cDNA sequence of a neurotrophic factor according to the invention 20 designated as enovin. The consensus sequence was obtained by PCR amplification with primers PNHsp3 and PNHapl on different cDNAs and on genomic DNA followed by cloning and sequence analysis and comparison of the obtained sequences. The predicted one letter code 25 amino acid sequence is shown above the DNA sequence. The nucleotide residue number is shown on the right of the DNA sequence, whereas the amino acid residue number is shown to the right of the translated protein sequence. The putative RXXR cleavage site for the 30 prodomain is indicated in bold and underlined. The putative start of the mature protein is indicated by an arrow. The seven conserved cysteine residues characteristics for all members of the TGF-β family WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 are indicated in bold. A potential N-glycosylation site is double underlined, Figure 2: is alignment of the predicted mature 5 protein sequences of human GDNF, NTN, PSP and EVN. The sequences were aligned using the ClustalW alignment program. Amino acid residues conserved between all three proteins are included in the black areas. Residues conserved between two or three of the 10 sequences are shaded in grey. The 7 conserved cysteine residues characteristic for members of the TGF-β family are indicated by asterisks above the sequence. Amino acid residues are numbered to the right. The dashes indicate gaps introduced into the sequence to 15 optimize the alignment, Figure 3: is partial cDNA sequence of enovin. The consensus sequence was obtained by PCR amplification (primary PCR with primers PNHspl and PNHapl and nested 20 PCR with primers PNHsp2 and PNHap2) on different cDNAs followed by cloning and sequence analysis and comparison of the obtained sequences. The translated one letter code amino acid sequence of nucleotides 30 to 284 (reading frame A) is shown above the sequence 25 and numbered to the right (Al to A85). This reading frame contains a putative ATG translation start codon. The translated one letter code amino acid sequence of nucleotides 334 to 810 (reading frame B) is shown above the sequence and numbered to the right (Bl to 30 B159). This reading frame contains the region of homology with GDNF, NTN and PSP. The nucleotide residue number is shown to the right of the DNA sequence. The putative RXXR cleavage site for the WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 prodomain is indicated in bold and underlined. The putative start of the mature protein is indicated by an arrow. The seven conserved cysteine residues characteristic for all members of the TGF-β family are 5 indicated in bold. A potential N-glycosylation site is double underlined, Figure 4: is an illustration of the chromosomal localisation of human Enovin. (A) Diagram of FISH 10 mapping results for Enovin. Each dot represents the double FISH signals detected on human chromosome 1, region p31.3-p32. (B) Example of FISH mapping of Enovin. The left panel shows the FISH signals on chromosome 1. The right panel shows the same mitotic 15 figure stained with 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole to identify chromosome 1, Figure 5. is an illustration of expression of Enovin in different human tissues. (A), (B), (C) 20 Northern blot analysis of tissue expression of Enovin. The expression of Enovin mRNA in different human tissues was assessed using a probe corresponding to part of the coding region of Enovin (including the region coding for the mature Enovin protein) to 25 analyse blots of human poly(A) rich RNA. (A) Multiple Tissue Northern (MTN) blot; (B) MTN blot II) Fetal MTN blot II. Panel (D) shows an autoradiography of the human RNA master blot probed with the same Enovin cDNA fragment. Panel (E) shows the location of human tissue 30 mRNA samples on the RNA master blot from (D), Figure 6: is a graphic illustration of the total survival of SH-SY5Y cells after 12 hours treatment WO 00/04050 PCI7EP99/05031 with 10-6M taxol and the effect of increasing doses of enovin on this survival, normalised to the condition of solvent. SH-SY5Y cells are differentiated for 5 days with 25nM staurosporine before application of 5 taxol. Data are from two independent experiments in sixtuplate. Mean and st. dev. is shown, 10 15 20 Figure 7: is a graphic representation of the effect of increasing concentrations of enovin over 48 hours on neurite outgrowth of staurosporine -differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, normalised to the condition of solvent. SH-SY5Y cells are differentiated for 5 days with 25nM staurosporine before starting the 48 hour experiment. As a positive control, the differentiating effect of 25nM staurosporine is shown. Neurite length is calculated on at least 5000 cells. Data is provided from the experiments performed in duplicate. Mean and st. dev. is shown. Figures 8 to 18: are graphic representations of the effect of enovin on proliferation of various cell types. 25 Figure 19: is a graphic representation of the effects of enovin on taxol-induced sensory deficits using the pin prick test. Given are the average (+ 1 SEM) cumulative scores over time of rats treated with either 2 different doses of enovin (23 or 130 μg/ml; n 30 = 10 rats/ group) or vehicle / saline (n = 20 rats) after taxol. Enovin or saline / vehicle were injected in a volume of 75 μl in the subplantar area of the right hind paw. WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/0503I 10 15 20 25 30 Figure 20: is a graphic representation of the effects of enovin on taxol-pduced sensory deficits using the pin prick test. Gen are the average (+1 SEM) cumulative scores overtime of rats treated with either 2 different doses ofnovin (23 or 130μg/ml n = 10 rats/ group) or vehicl saline (n = 20 rats) before taxol. Enovin or saP / vehicle were injected in a volume of 75 μ1 in thebplantar area of the right hind paw. Figure 21: is a DNA snce of enovin the consensus sequence was obtd by amplification with PCR using primers PNHsp5 aNHapl on human frontal cortex cDNA and on human as DNA foliowed by cloning, sequence analysi comparison of the resultant sequences. The cted amino acid sequence is shown above to sequence for the only splice variant yielding atonal Enovin protein after translation. The nide residue number is shown to the left of the nuance, whereas the amino acid residue numberown to the right of the translated protein sequent and 3' splice sites detected by comparison oficed cDNA fragments with the genomic sequencedicated by vertical lines bending to the leftht, respectively, and are numbered consecutivel putative RXXR furin cleavage site for the prss indicated in bold and underlined. The putert of the mature protein is indicated by . The seven conserved cysteine residues charad for all members of the TGF-β family are ind bold. A potential N-linked glycosylation Suble underlined The 5' and 3' splice sites aed and enci rcle d. WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 Figure 22: is an illustration of expression of different Enovin splice variants in human tissues. (A) schematic diagram of Enovin splice variants identified by RT-PCR experiments with Enovin specific 5 primers on RNA derived from different human tissues followed by cloning and sequence analysis of PCR products. The top line shows a scale (in bp). The second line represents the Enovin genomic sequence. The position of the translation start and stop codon, 10 of the start of the mature Enovin coding sequence and of the 5' and 3' splice sites (see Figure 21) are indicated. The right part of the figure shows the PCR products obtained by RT-PCR on ovary and on frontal cortex RNA together with a 100 bp DNA ladder. The 15 position of the different mRNA variants is indicated together with their size (from start to stop codon). The translated proteins are shown on the left hand side. Boxes delineate regions represented in the cDNA. Dashed lines represent spliced out genomic DNA. 20 The shaded region represents the mature Enovin coding sequence. The dotted line marks the start of the mature Enovin coding sequence. The two transcripts capable of yielding functional Enovin protein are indicated by an asterisk at the left hand side. (B) 25 Tissue distribution of the main splice variants. The photograph shows the PCR fragments obtained by RT-PCR with Enovin specific primers on different human cDNAs. The 4 main splice variants (A to D) are indicated by arrows at the left hand side. Sizes are indicated on 30 the right hand side based on the 100 bp DNA ladder used as size reference on the gel. Figure 23: Predicted protein sequence of the long WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 splice variant of Enovin, obtained by splicing out the two introns from the DNA sequence of Figure 21. Splice sites 5'1 and 3'-l are used to remove the first intron and splice sites 5'-2 and 3'-3 are used to 5 remove the second intron. This results in a cDNA sequence having an open reading frame coding for the 228 amino acid residue protein shown above. Figure 24: Predicted protein sequence of an 10 alternative (short) splice variant of Enovin, obtained by splicing out the two introns from the DNA sequence of Figure 21. Splice sites 5'-l and 3'-2 are used to remove the first intron and splice sites 5'-2 and 3'-3 are used to remove the second intron. This results in 15 a cDNA sequence having an open reading frame coding for the 220 amino acid residue protein shown above. This protein sequence misses 8 amino acid residues compared to the sequence of Figure 23. 20 Figure 25: is a graphic representation of the results obtained from experiments designed to compare the levels of expression of enovin in normal diseased tissue. Enovin and GAPDH expression is represented in brain tissue, in respect of multiple sclerosis and 25 Alzheimer's disease. Figure 26: is a graphic representation of the results obtained to detect levels of expression of enovin and GAPDH in Parkinson's disease and cancer. 30 Deposits Plasmid EVNmat/pRSETB including the DNA seque WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 encoding enovin, was deposited on 6 May 1999 under Accession No. LMBP3931, at the Belgian Coordinated Collections of Micro-Biologie (BCCM) at Laboratorium voor Moleculaire - Plasmidencollectie (LMBP) B9000, 5 Ghent, Belgium, in accordance with the provisions of the Budapest Treaty of 28 April 1997. Materials and methods 10 Materials Native Taq polymerase, ampicillin, IPTG (isopropyl-p-D-thiogalactoside), X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-B-D-galactopyranoside) and all 15 restriction enzymes used were from Boehringer Mannheim (Mannhein, Germany) . 10 mM dNTP mix was purchased from Life Technologies (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). The TOPO-TA cloning kit was purchased from Invitrogen BV (Leek, The Netherlands). The Qiagen plasmid mini- or midi-DNA 20 purification kit, the Qiaprep Spin Miniprep kit and the Qiaquick gel extraction kit were purchased from Qiagen GmbH (Dusseldorf, Germany). cDNA libraries, Marathon™ Ready cDNA kits, human multiple tissue cDNA (MTCTM) panels I and II multiple tissues northern 25 blots and the Advantage-GC cDNA PCR kit were obtained from Clontech Laboratories (Palo Alto, CA, USA). All PCR reactions were performed in a GeneAmp PCR system 9600 cycler (Perkin Elmer, Foster City, CA, USA). LB (Luria-Bertani) medium consists of 10 g/1 of tryptone, 30 5 g/1 of yeast extract and 10 g/1 of NaCl. 2x YT/ampicillin plates consist of 16 g/1 of tryptone, 10 g/1 of yeast extract, 5 g/1 of NaCl, 15 g/1 of agar WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 and 100 mg/1 of ampicillin. Database homology searching and sequence comparison. 5 Using the complete human glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF; accession no. Q99748), neurturin (NTN; accession no. P39905) and persephin (PSP; accession no. AF040962) cDNA derived protein 10 sequences as query sequences, a BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; Altschul et al., 1990) search was performed on the daily update of the EMBL/GenBank human expressed sequence tag (EST) and genomic databases. 15 Additional BLAST searches were performed using the genomic sequence with accession no. AC005038 and several ESTs present in the GenBank database and showing homology to this genomic sequence were detected. 20 The percentage identity and percentage similarity between members of the GDNF family was calculated bypairwise comparison of the sequences using the BESTFIT program (Genetics Computer Group sequence analysis software package, version 8.0, University of 25 Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA). Alignments of DNA or protein sequences were done with the ClustalW alignment program (EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany). Oligonucleotide synthesis for PCR and 30 DNA sequencing. All oligonucleotide primers were ordered from WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 Eurogentec (Seraing, Belgium). Insert-specific sequencing primers (15- and 16-mers) and primers for use in PCR reactions were designed manually. DNA was prepared on Qiagen-tip-20 or -100 anion exchange or 5 Qiaquick spin columns (Qiagen GmbH, Dusseldorf, Germany) and recovered from the columns in 30 μl TE-buffer (10 mM Tris.HCl, 1 mM EDTA (sodium salt), pH 8.0). Sequencing reactions were done on both strands 10 using the ABI prism BigDye Terminator Cycle sequencing kit and were run on an Applied Biosystems 377XL sequencer (Perkin Elmer, ABI Division, Foster City, CA, USA) . The Sequencher™ software was used for sequence assembly and manual editing (GeneCodes, 15 AnnArbor, MI, USA). Cloning of a novel GDNF homologue. A DNA region spanning nucleotides 67411 to 68343 20 of EMBL accession no. AC005038 of which the translated protein sequence was homologous to mature NTN and PS? was used to design oligonucleotide primers for PCR amplification. The different primers used are shown in Table 1. WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 Table 1: Primers used for the PCR amplification of fragments of AC005038. Primer name Primer sequence 5 PNHspl 5' - CGGTGCACTCAGGTGATTCCTCC - 3' PNHsp2 5' - GGCAGCAAACCCATTATACTGGAACC - 3' PNHsp3 5'- CGCTGGTGCAGTGGAAGAGCC - 3' PNHsp4 5' - CTGCACCCCCATCTGCTCTTCC - 3' PNHapl 5' - GCAGGAAGAGCCACCGGTAAGG - 3' 10 PNHap2 5' - CCAGTCTGCAAAGCCCTGGAGC - 3' Primers PNHsp3 and PNHapl were used to amplify a fragment of 502 bp on cDNA derived from different human tissues (fetal brain, whole fetus, prostate or 15 lung Marathon-Ready™ cDNA (Clontech Laboratories) , frontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum cDNA) and on human genomic DNA. Based on the genomic sequence from the EMBL/GenBank database (ace. no. AC005038), the fragment to be amplified was predicted to have a 20 G+C content of 7 6%. Therefore, amplifications were done using the Advantage-GC cDNA PCR kit (Clontech Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA) optimized for the amplification of GC-rich DNA sequences. PCR reactions were performed in a total volume of 50 μl, containing 25 lx GC cDNA PCR reaction buffer, 0.2 mM dNTP, 1 M GC-MELTTM, 200 nM of primers PNHsp3 and PNHapl, 1 μ1 of Advantage KlenTaq polymerase mix and 1 to 5 μl of cDNA or 0.5 μg of genomic DNA. Samples were heated to 95°C for 5 min and cycling was done for 45 s at 95°C, 1 min 30 at 58°C and 40 s at 72°C for 35 cycles, with a final step of 7 min at 72°C. Samples were finally treated with 2.5 U cf native Taq DNA polymerase to add an A- PCT/EP99/05031 overhang. PCR products were analysed on a 1% (w/v) agarose gel in lx TAE buffer (40 mM Tris-acetate, 1 mM EDTA (sodium salt), pH 8.3). PCR fragments of the expected size (4 95 bp) were excised from the gel and 5 purified with the Qiaquick gel extraction kit. The PCR fragments were sequenced to confirm their identity and cloned into the plasmid vector pCR2.1-TOPO using the TOPO TA cloning kit according to manufacturer's instructions. Approximately 20 ng of purified fragment 10 was combined with 1 μl pCR2.1-TOPO vector in a total volume of 5 μl. Reactions were incubated at room temperature (20°C) for 5 min. 2 μl of the reaction was transformed into TOP10F' competent cells (Invitrogen BV) using heat-shock transformation and plated on 2x 15 YT/ampicillin plates supplemented with 10 mM IPTG and 2% (w/v) X-gal for blue-white screening. White colonies after overnight growth were picked from the plates, grown in 5 ml of LB medium supplemented with 100 mg/1 ampicillin and plasmid DNA prepared using the 20 Qiaprep Spin Miniprep kit. The presence of an insert of the expected size was confirmed by restriction digestion with EcoRI. The plasmid insert of several positive clones was sequenced and the obtained sequences compared using the ClustalW alignment 25 program. To obtain additional coding sequence for the novel GDNF homologue, a fragment with an expected size of 931 bp based on the EMBL/GenBank sequence (ace. no. AC005038) was amplified by PCR using primers PNHspl 30 and PNHapl. PCR reactions were performed in a total volume of 50 μl, containing lx GC cDNA PCR reaction buffer, 0.2 mM dNTP, 1 M GC-MELTTM, 200 nM of primers PNHspl and PNHapl, 1 μ1 of Advantage KlenTaq WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 polymerase mix and 1 to 5 μ1 of cDNA from cerebellum, frontal cortex or hippocampus or 0.5 μg of genomic DNA. Samples were heated to 95°C for 5 min and cycling was done for 45 s at 95°C, 1 min at 58°C and 1 min 30 5 s at 72°C for 35 cycles, with a final step of 7 min at 72°C. PCR products were analysed on a 1% (w/v) agarose gel in lx TAE buffer (40 mM Tris-acetate, 1 mM EDTA (sodium salt), pH 8.3). A second round amplification was performed with nested primers (PNHsp2 and PNHap2). 10 1 μl of the first round amplification reaction was used in a total volume of 50 μl, containing lx GC cDNA PCR reaction buffer, 0.2 mM dNTP, 1 M GC-MELT™, 200 nM of primers PNHsp2 and PNHap2 and 1 μl of Advantage KlenTaq polymerase mix. Samples were heated to 95°C 15 for 5 min and cycling was done for 45 s at 95°C, 1 min at 58°C and 1 min 30 s at 72°C for 35 cycles, with a final step of 7 min at 72°C. Samples were analysed on a 1% (w/v) agarose gel in lx TAE buffer. PCR fragments of the expected size (870 bp) were excised from the 20 gel and purified with the Qiaquick gel extraction kit. The PCR fragments were sequenced to confirm their identity, treated with 2.5 U of Taq polymerase and cloned into the plasmid vector pCR2.1-TOPO using the TOPO TA cloning kit according to manufacturer's 25 instructions. Approximately 20 ng of purified fragment was combined with 1 μl pCR2.1-TOPO vector in a total volume of 5 μl. Reactions were incubated at room temperature (20°C) for 5 min. 2 μ1 of the reactions was transformed into TOP10F' competent cells using 30 heat-shock transformation and plated on 2x YT/ampicillin plates supplemented with 10 mM IPTG and 2% (w/v) X-cal for blue-white screening. White colonies after overnight growth were picked from the WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/0503I plates, grown in 5 ml of LB medium supplemented with 100 mg/1 ampicillin and plasmid DNA prepared using the Qiaprep Spin Miniprep kit. The presence of an insert of the expected size was confirmed by restriction 5 digestion with EcoRI. The plasmid insert of several positive clones was sequenced and the sequences compared using the ClustalW alignment program. Analysis of enovin gene expression by 10 RT-PCR analysis. Oligonucleotide primers PNHsp3 and PNHapl (see table 1) were used for the specific PCR amplification of a 502 bp fragment from enovin. PCR amplifications 15 were performed on human multiple tissue cDNA (MTCTM) panels normalised to the mRNA expression levels of six different housekeeping genes. PCR reactions with enovin specific primers were performed in a total volume of 50 μl, containing 5 μl of cDNA, lx GC cDNA 20 PCR reaction buffer, 0.2 mM dNTP, 1 M GC-MELT TM, 4 00 nM of primers PNHsp3 and PNHapl and 1 μl of Advantage KlenTaq polymerase mix. samples were heated to 95°C for 30 s and cycling was done for 30 s at 95°C and 30 s at 68°C for 35 cycles. Samples were analysed on a 25 1.2 % (w/v) agarose gel in lx TAE buffer (40 mM Tris-acetate, 1 mM EDTA (sodium salt), pH 8.3) and images of the ethidium bromide stained gels were obtained using an Eagle Eye II Video system (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA, USA). 30 Similarity searching of the daily update of the EMBL/GenBank database with the human neurturin and persephin protein sequences yielded a genomic DNA PCT/E)P99A)5031 sequence coding for a putative novel protein similar to the neurotrophic factors GDNF, NTN and PSP which has been called enovin (EVN). Additional database homology searching using the genomic DNA sequence 5 surrounding the region coding for enovin yielded several expressed sequence tag (EST) clones derived from different human tissues (prostate epithelium [accession no. AA533512 (ID1322952)], lung carcinoma [accession no. AA931637] and parathyroid tumor 10 [accession no. AA844072]). These clones contain DNA sequence outside of the region of homology with GDNF, PSP or NTN, but confirmed that enovin mRNA is expressed in normal and tumor tissues. Initial PCR amplification using primers (PNHsp3 15 and PNHapl) based on the genomic sequence yielded a fragment of = 500 bp from fetus, fetal brain, prostate, frontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum cDNA and from genomic DNA, but not from lung cDNA. Cloning and sequence analysis of these fragments yielded a DNA 20 sequence of 474 bp that translated into a predicted protein sequence of 139 amino acid residues including seven conserved cysteine residues characteristic of all the members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of proteins (Kingsley, 1994) (Figure 25 1). The sequence also contained a RXXR motif for cleavage of the prodomain (RAAR, amino acid position 23 to 26) (Barr, 1991). A similar cleavage site is present in the GDNF, NTN and PSP protein sequences, at a comparable position in the prodomain sequence. 30 Assuming cleavage of the enovin prodomain occurs at this site in vivo, the mature EVN protein sequence contains 113 amino acid residues (residue 27 to 139 in figure 1) and has a calculated molecular mass of 11965 WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 Da and an isoelectric point of 11.8. There is one potential N-glycosylation site present in the mature sequence (NST at amino acid position 121-123) . Moreover, several regions conserved between the mature 5 forms of the known neurotrophic factors GDNP, NTN and PSP were also present in enovin (Figure 2). Table 2 summarizes the results of the comparison of the mature protein sequences of the GDNF family members by the BESTFIT program. Percentage identity and percentage 10 similarity are shown. The GDNF, NTN, PSP and EVN mature sequences used in this comparison started at the first amino acid residue following the RXXR cleavage site. 15 Table 2: Pairwise comparison of mature human GDNF family members using the BESTFIT program. Comparison % identity % similarity EVN vs GDNF 38.8 47.2 20 EVN vs NTN 51 56.1 EVN vs PSP 53.3 57.8 GDNF vs NTN 44.8 57.3 GDNF vs PSP 44.3 50 NTN vs PSP 50 54.4 25 From these comparisons it is apparent that the * mature enovin protein is more closely related to persephin and to neurturin than to GDNF. Amplification, cloning and sequence analysis of a 30 larger fragment of the enovin DNA sequence from frontal cortex cDNA using primers based on the genomic EMBL/GenBank sequence (ace. no. AC005038) yielded a WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/0S031 sequence of 819 bp (Figure 3). This sequence contains a putative ATG start codon at nucleotide positions 30-32 and yields an open reading frame (reading frame A in figure 3) that extends up to a stop codon at 5 nucleotide positions 285-287. The translated protein sequence of this region does not show similarity to any known protein in the databases. Translation of the cDNA sequence in the second reading frame (reading frame B in figure 3) yields a predicted protein 10 sequence of 159 amino acid residues. This sequence contains the RXXR cleavage site (position B43 to B46; nucleotide position 460-471) and the sequence corresponding to the mature enovin sequence (position B47 to B159; nucleotide position 472-810). The open 15 reading frame including the RXXR cleavage site and the mature enovin coding sequence extends from nucleotide position 334 (preceded-by an in-frame stop codon) to a stop codon at position 811-813, but does not contain an ATG codon for a starting methionine residue. In 20 analogy with persephin (Milbrandt et al., 1998) we hypothesize that an unspliced intron is present in the majority of the mRNA transcripts from the EVN gene. GDNF and NTN also have an intron in their respective prodomain coding regions (Matsushita et al., 1997, 25 Heuckeroth et al., 1997). To evaluate the existence of different mRNA transcripts for Enovin, RT-PCR experiments were performed using primers situated at the 5' end of the Enovin coding sequence just 5' of a possible upstream 30 ATG start codon (primer PNHsp5 [5'-GCA AGC TGC CTC AAC AGG AGG G-3'] and nested primer PNHsp6 [5'-GGT GGG GGA ACA GCT CAA CAA TGG-3'] and at the 3' end (primer PNHapl and nested primer PNHap2 [see Table 1]. PCT/EP99/05031 Experiments were performed on human multiple tissue cDNA panels (Clontech MTC panels I and II), on a fetal heart cDNA library (Clontech) and on cDNA derived from human cerebellum, hippocampus or frontal cortex 5 (Masure et al., 1998). Primary PCR reactions were performed with primers PNHsp5 and PNHapl under GC-rich conditions (Advantage GC-PCR kit, Clontech) for 30 cycles (95°C - 30s, 60°C - 30s, 72oC - 1 min) as described. Nested PCR reactions were performed on 1 10 μ1 of the primary PCR product using primers PNHsp6 and PNHap2 under the same conditions for 30 cycles. Resulting PCR products were analysed on a 1.5% agarose gel and ranged in size from + 350 bp to + 800 bp. Several bands were purified from the gel and the PCR 15 fragments sequenced directly. Some purified PCR products were also cloned in vector pCR2.1-TOPO (TOPO-TA cloning kit, Invitrogen) and then sequenced. Sequence analysis confirmed the existence of different mRNA molecules containing Enovin sequence. The 20 obtained fragment sequences were compared with the genomic Enovin sequence. This allowed us to identify several possible 5' and 3' splice sites in the genomic sequence (Figure 21). All these splice sites corresponded to the consensus sequences for donor and 25 acceptor splice sites (Senapathy, P., Shapiro, M.B. & Harris, N.L. (1990)) splice junctions, branch point sites, and exons: sequence statistics, identification, and applications to genome project. Methods Enzymol. 183,252-278). The different Enovin splice variants 30 identified and their presence in different human tissues are summarized in Figure 22. Only two of the 5 sequenced transcripts yield functional Enovin protein upon translation from the ATG start codon. WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 These two transcripts code for proteins of 228 or 220 amino acids, respectively with predicted signal peptides of 47 and 39 amino acid residues. The predicted protein sequences of these two variants are 5 shown in Figure 23 (long variant) and Figure 24 (short variant). The long variant can be deduced from the DNA sequence of Figure 21 by splicing out the first intron at locations 5'-l and 3'-l and the second intron at 5'-2 and 3'-3. Upon translation of the open reading 10 frame, the predicted protein sequence of Figure 23 is obtained. The shorter variant can be deduced from the DNA sequence of Figure 21 by splicing out the first intron at locations 5'-l and 3'-2 and the second intron at 5'-2 and 3'-3. Upon translation of the open 15 reading frame, the predicted protein sequence of Figure 24 is obtained. The longest transcript seems to be the most abundant in most tissues as judged by the band intensity in Figure 22B. The shorter transcripts 20 result in frame shifts yielding a translated protein missing the mature Enovin amino acid sequence homologous with GDNF, NTN and PSP. The two smallest transcripts even miss part of the mature coding sequence, including two of the seven highly conserved 25 cysteine residues. Figure 22B shows the distribution of the main splice variants in different human tissues. Functional Enovin mRNA is expressed in almost all tissues tested, including brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, skeletal muscle, colon, 30 small intestine, peripheral blood leukocytes, spleen, thymus, prostate, testis, ovary, placenta and fetal heart. In some human tissues (e.g. cerebellum, hippocampus), only non-functional transcripts could be WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 amplified by PCR. To our knowledge, the occurrence of non-functional mRNA transcripts to such an extent has not been described before. The biological significance of this finding remains to be studied. 5 Although the expression of NTN and PSP in different tissues has not been fully characterized, their expression levels seem much lower and the expression more restricted to certain tissues (Kotzbauer et al., 1996, Milbrandt et al., 1998). 10 Recombinant expression of Enovin in E. coli Construction of an Enovin expression plasmid A 414 bp PCR fragment was amplified from human 15 genomic DNA with primers PNHsp4 and PNHap2 (Table 1) and cloned in vector pCR2.1-TOPO using TA-cloning (Invitrogen). The sequence of the insert was confirmed by sequence analysis. One clone containing an insert with the Enovin consensus sequence (clone 36) was used 20 for subsequent construction of an expression plasmid. Two primers were designed containing appropriate restriction sites at their 5' ends. Forward primer PNHexp-spl (5'- GCG GAT CCG GCT GGG GGC CCG GGC A -3') contained a BamHI restriction site (underlined) and 25 reverse primer PNHexp-apl (5'- GCC TCG AGT CAG CCC AGG CAG CCG CAG G -3') contained a Xhol restriction site (also underlined). Using these primers, the 343 bp fragment coding for mature Enovin (position 81 to 422 in Figure 1) was amplified from clone 36. The PCR 30 reaction was performed in a total volume of 50 μl, containing Ix GC cDNA PCR reaction buffer, 0.2 mM dNTP, 1 M GC-MELTTM(, 200 nM of primers PNHexp-spl and WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 PNHexp-apl, 1 μ1 of Advantage KlenTaq polymerase mix and 10 ng of plasmid DNA from clone 36. Samples were heated to 94°C for 5 min and cycling was done for 45 s at 94°C, 1 min at 58°C and 30 s at 72°C for 25 cycles, 5 with a final step of 7 min at 72°C. The resulting 50 Ail product was purified using the Qiaquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen) and the DNA eluted in 30 μ1. 25 μl of this purified product was then digested in a 30 Μ1 reaction with 10 U of BamHI and 10 U of Xhol in 10 lx buffer B (Boehringer Mannheim) for 1 h at 37°C. After electrophoresis in a 1% (w/v) agarose gel in lx - TAE buffer (40 mM Tris-acetate, 1 mM EDTA (sodium salt), pH 8.3), the expected 353 bp band was excised from the gel and purified using the Qiaquick gel 15 extraction kit. The resulting fragment was ligated in the vector pRSET B (Invitrogen) linearised with BamHI and Xhol. The insert of the resulting plasmid construct (hEVNmat/pRSETB) was confirmed by complete sequence analysis. The resulting construct codes for a 20 14 6 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 15704 Da including an NH2-terminal 6x His-tag fused in frame to the mature Enovin coding sequence. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the resulting protein is thus 25 MRGSHHHHHHGMASMTGGOOMGRDLYDDDDKDPAGGPGS (mature Enovin sequence in bold, 6x His tag underlined). Expression of Enovin in BL21(DE3) E. coli cells 30 Recombinant production of Enovin protein was performed essentially as described for Neurturin by Creedon et al. (1997), with modifications. For the WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 production of recombinant Enovin protein, the plasmid hEVNmat/pRSETB was transformed in E. coli strain BL21(DE3) (Novagen) and grown in 2xYT/ampicillin-medium (16 g/1 of tryptone, 10 g/1 of 5 yeast extract, 5 g/1 of NaCl and 100 rag/1 of ampicillin) at 30°C (225 rpm) or 37°C (300 rpm) to an OD600 of approximately 0.5 prior to addition of IPTG to a final concentration of 0.2 mM to induce expression. Cell pellets were harvested by 10 centrifugation following a 3 h induction period, washed with phosphate-buffered saline, centrifuged and stored frozen. For purification and refolding, cell pellets were resuspended in sonication buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 300 mM NaCl, 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 15 protease inhibitors (Complete™ protease inhibitor cocktail tablets (Boehringer Mannheim, 1 tablet per 50 ml buffer) and 1 mg lysozyme per 500 mg cell pellet). Cells were disrupted by sonication and inclusion bodies harvested by centrifugation. Inclusion bodies 20 were dissolved and incubated in buffer A (8 M urea, 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 200 mM NaCl, 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol) for 30 min at 37°C prior to adding to Ni-NTA resin (nickel nitrilotriacetic acid, Qiagen). After 40 min shaking at 37°C, samples were 25 washed once with buffer A and loaded onto a 5 ml Ni-NTA column. The column was washed successively with 10 column volumes of buffer A, 10 column volumes of buffer A at pH 7.2 and 10 column volumes of buffer A at pH 7.2 + 10 mM imidazole. The Enovin was eluted 30 from the column in 4 column volumes of buffer A at pH 7.2 + 200 mM imidazole. Enovin refolding was performed by stepwise overnight dialysis at 4°C in renaturation buffer (0.1M WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 sodium phosphate, 0.15M NaCl, μM cysteine, 0.02% Tween-20, 10% glycerol, 0.01M Tris-HCl, pH 8.3) containing decreasing amounts of urea at each step (6M to 4M to 3M to 2M to 1M to 0.5M to 0M urea). The 5 purified protein was aliquotted, stored at -20°C and further used for functional assays. Chromosomal localization of the Enovin gene. 10 A 3.3 kb fragment of the Enovin gene was amplified from cerebellum cDNA using primers EVN(7)-spl (5'- TTC GCG TGT'CTA CAA ACT CAA CTC CC -3') and PNHapl (5'- GCA GGA AGA GCC ACC GGT AAG G -3') designed on the sequence of EMBL accession number 15 AC005038. The PCR reaction was performed in a total volume of 50 μ1, containing lx Expand Long Template PCR reaction buffer (Boehringer Mannheim), 0.5 mM dNTP, 1 M GC-MELT( (Clontech Laboratories), 400 nM of primers EVN(7)-spl and PNHapl and 1 μl of cerebellum 20 cDNA. After an initial 2 min at 94°C, 0.75 μ1 of Expand Long Template polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim) was added and cycling was done for 10 s at 94°C, 30 s at 58°C and 3 min at 68°C for 10 cycles. Then, 20 additional cycles were performed increasing the 25 extension time at 68°C with 20 s every cycle. A final 7 min at 68°C were also included. The resulting 3.3 Jcb fragment was purified after electrophoresis in a 0.8% agarose/TAE gel and cloned in vector pCR2.1-TOPO using TA-cloning (Invitrogen). Complete sequence analysis of 30 the 3.3 kb insert of one clone confirmed that the obtained cDNA sequence corresponded to the genomic sequence in the EMBL database (accession number AC005038) . No introns were spliced out in the cDNA WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031obtained from cerebellum cDNA. Chromosomal mapping studies were carried out using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis essentially as described (Heng et al., 1992, 5 Heng & Tsui, 1993). Human lymphocytes were cultured at 37°C for 68-72 h before treatment with 0.18 mg/ml 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to synchronize the cell cycles in the cell population. The synchronized cells were washed and recultured at 37°C for 6 h. Cells were 10 harvested and slides were prepared using standard procedures including hypotonic treatment, fixation and air-drying. The 3.3 kb probe for Enovin was biotinylated and used for FISH detection. Slides were baked at 55°C for 1 h, treated with RNase and 15 denatured in 70% formamide in 2x NaCl/Cit (20x NaCl/Cit being 3 M NaCl, 0.3 M disodium citrate, pH 7.0) for 2 min at 70°C followed by dehydration with ethanol. The probe was denatured prior to loading on the denatured chromosomal slides. After overnight 20 hybridization, slides were washed and FISH signals and the 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole banding pattern were recorded separately on photographic film, and the assignment of the FISH mapping data with chromosomal bands was achieved by superimposition of FISH signals 25 with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole banded chromosomes (Heng & Tsui, 1993) . Under the conditions used, the hybridization efficiency was approximately 72% for this probe (among 100 checked mitotic figures, 72 of them showed signals on one pair of the chromosomes). 30 Since the 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole banding was used to identify the specific chromosome, the assignment between the signal from the probe and the short arm of chromosome 1 was obtained. The detailed PCT/EP99/05031 position was further determined based upon the summary from 10 photographs (Figure 4A). There was no additional locus picked by FISH detection under the conditions used, therefore, we conclude that Enovin is 5 located at human chromosome 1, region p31.3-p32. An example of the mapping results is presented in Figure 4B. From the gene map data at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, 10 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genemap), it can be deduced that the genomic clone containing the Enovin sequence (EMBL accession number AC005038) is located on chromosome 1, between markers D1S2843 and D1S417. This corresponds to chromosome 1, region p31.1 to 15 p32.3, confirming the data obtained by FISH analysis. Tissue distribution of Enovin as determined by Northern blot and dot blot analysis. 20 Northern blots containing 2 μg of poly (A)-rich RNA derived from different human tissues (Clontech Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA; MTN™ blot, MTN™ blot II and Fetal MTN™ blot II) were hybridised according to the manufacturer's instructions with a 25 (α-32P-dCTP random-priming labelled (HighPrime kit, Boehringer Mannheim) 897 bp Enovin fragment. This fragment was obtained by PCR amplification with primers PNHspl and PNHapl on frontal cortex cDNA and subsequent cloning in vector pCR2.1-T0P0. The fragment 30 contains 897 bp of Enovin sequence up to the stop codon and includes the complete coding sequence for the mature Enovin protein. WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/0503I Enovin mRNA was detected as a main transcript of approximately 4.5 kb (Fig. 5A-C) . Enovin mRNA was expressed in a range of tissues, most prominently in heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas and prostate. Some 5 smaller-sized transcripts are present in e.g. placenta (4 kb, 2.4 kb and 1,6 kb) and prostate (4 kb and 1.6 kb) . In fetal tissue, a prominent 2.4 kb transcript is present in liver and to a lesser extent lung. Other transcripts are also present in fetal kidney, liver, 10 lung and brain. In addition an RNA master blot (Clontech Laboratories) containing poly (A) rich RNA from different human tissues and developmental stages was also hybridized with the 897 bp Enovin probe. The 15 poly (A) rich RNA samples used for making this blot have been normalized to the mRNA expression levels of eight different housekeeping genes by the manufacturer. Enovin mRNA was expressed ubiquitously, but highest mRNA levels were apparent in prostate, 20 pituitary gland, trachea, placenta, fetal lung, pancreas and kidney (Figure 5D+E). Construction of GFRα-IgG-Fc fusions vectors 25 cDNA regions of GFRcc-1, GFRα-2 and GFRα-3 (coding for amino acids 27 to 427, 20 to 431 and 28 to 371, respectively) excluding the sequences coding for the signal peptide and for the COOH-terminal hydrophobic region involved in GPI-anchoring were cloned in-frame 30 in the expression vector Signal pIg plus (R&D Systems Europe Ltd). The resulting proteins expressed from these constructs contain a 17 amino acid NH2-terminal CD33 signal peptide, the GFRa protein region and a 243 WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 amino acid COOH-terminal human IgG1-Fc fusion domain. CHO cells were transfected with GFRα fusion constructs and stably transfected cells were selected using 500 μg G418. Permanent clones were selected using anti Fc 5 antibody. For purification of GFRa fusion proteins, cells were grown in serum-free medium and medium was collected after every 3 days. Medium was centrifuged and applied to a protein A column (Protein A Sepharose, Pharmacia Biotech). Bound protein was 10 eluted with 0.1 M Na citrate, pH 3.0 and collected into 1 M Tris buffer, pH 8.4. Protein concentration was estimated by absorbance at 280 nm using an extinction coefficient of 1.5. These purified soluble GFRα-1 to -3 Fc fusion proteins were used for 15 subsequent binding studies. Surface plasmon resonance analysis Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments were 20 performed at 25°C using a BIAcore 3000 instrument. Analyses were performed with enovin and NGF as immobilised ligands. The carboxylated matrix of a Fl sensor chip was first activated with a 1:1 mixture of 400 mM N-ethyl-N-(dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide 25 and 100 mM N-hydroxy-succinimide for 10 min. Than, recombinant enovin and NGF were applied onto the activated surface in 10 mM acetate buffer, pH 4.5 at a flow rate of 5 μl/min. Unoccupied reactive groups were inactivated with 1 M ethanolamine hydrochloride. For 30 binding experiments, soluble GFRαl-3-Fc were superfused at concentrations of 10-100 nM in KEPES buffered saline (150 mM NaCl, 3.5 mM EDTA, 0.05 % P-20, 10 mM HEFES, pH 7.4) at a flow rate of 10 WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 μl/min. The association was monitored for 3 min and dissociation for 1 min, followed by regeneration with 5 mM NaOH. Dissociation was initiated by superfusion with HEPES buffered saline. A BIAcore evaluation 5 software, 3.0 was used to calculate the association rate (ka, dissociation rate (kd) and the equilibrium dissociation constants (KD, calculated as kd/ka) . Results 10 SPR was used to measure binding of soluble GFRαl-3 to immobilised enovin. Specific binding to enovin could be detected with the soluble GFRα3 only. GFRαl and GFRα2 did not bind to the immobilised 15 enovin. The observed binding of GFRor3 was specific as there was no binding to NGF. In the separate control experiment specific binding of TrkA-Fc (NGF receptor) to the immobilised NGF was detected without binding to immobilised enovin. 20 From the binding curves obtained using three different concentrations of GFRα, the following constants in Table 3 were derived. These results demonstrate that GFRα3 binds specifically to enovin. 25 Table 3 Ka(l/Ms) Kd(l/s) KD(M) GFRa3 1.65 105 5.08 10-4 3.1 10-9 Since GDNF, NTN and PSP all promote the 30 maintenance and survival of different types of neuronal cells, it is anticipated that enovin has similar biological effects on nerve cells and, WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 possibly, on other cell types too. Therefore, it is envisaged that the enovin protein may be useful in the treatment of neural disorders in general, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, peripheral 5 neuropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, acute brain injury, nervous system tumors, multiple sclerosis, peripheral nerve trauma or injury and exposure to neurotoxins. Enovin could also be useful in various aspects of 10 neuroprotection. Considering its effect on survival of different neuronal cell populations and on the observed neurite extensions in our model of SHSY5Y cells, we propose that this compound could have neuroprotective and neuroregenerative applications. 15 This is based upon the following observations. Taxol induces neuronal apoptosis in NGF-differentiated PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells (Nuydens et al, submitted). Therefore, taxol induced cytotoxicity has features of neuronal apoptosis, as monitored by DNA 20 fragmentation, Annexin V labelling and bcl-2 protection. As an extension, therefore, it can be deduced that taxol induces apoptosis in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Enovin is now shown to be able to reduce this cell death and therefore may reverse 25 neuronal apoptosis in general. The compound may therefore be helpful in the following neurodegenerative conditions in which apoptosis has been observed, stroke (Hakim 1998), Parkinson's disease (Marsden et al 1998), Alzheimer's 30 disease (Nagy et al 1998), Huntington's disease (Wellington et al. 1997), Neurotrauma (Smirnova et al. 1998), Peripheral neuropathies, (Srir.ivisan et al. 1998) . WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 As an example for the last clinical indication, we have shown that this neurotrophic factor actually protects differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells against taxol-induced cell toxicity. 5 Methodology of Viability measurements Cell viability was determined by adding 100 μl of a 1 mg/ml 2,3-bis [2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulphophenyl]- 10 2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT, Sigma) solution in DMEM (37°C) supplemented with 0.02 mM phenazine methosulfate (PMS, Sigma) to each well. The plates were then incubated at 37°C for 2.5 hours. The optical densities were read (Molecular devices) at 450 nm, 15 using 650 ran as a reference. The XTT assay is based on the conversion of the tetrazolium salt XTT into a red colored formazan product. This reaction is performed by mitochondrial enzymes. 20 Methodology of neuronal differentiation 1. Differentiation in human neuroblastoma SHSY5Y cells SHSY5Y cells are differentiated for 5 days with 25 25 nM staurosporine. Effect of Enovin is measured 72 hrs after start of the experiment, (reference Jalava et al. "Protein Kinase inhibitor staurosporine induces a mature neuronal phenotype in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells through an a,b,z PKC independent 30 pathway" Journ cell Physiol 155, 301-312 (1993)). 2. Measurement of neurite extension. Morphological changes of neurones were PCT/EP99/05031 automatically quantified as follows. Briefly, at the appropriate times, glutaraldehyde was added directly to the medium and left for 30 minutes at room temperature. This ensured that the morphology of the 5 cells at that time point reflected the real situation. The cells were observed through transmitted light mode in an Axiovert microscope (Zeiss Oberkochen, Germany), equipped with a Marzhauser scanning stage driven by'an Indy workstation (Silicon Graphics, Mountain View, 10 USA). Images were captured using a MX5 video camera (HCS) . About 3000 cells were evaluated in 64 aligned images, forming a 8x8 square matrix of images. The exact alignment of the images ensured that neurites could be followed from one image field into the next. 15 Automatic detection of the neurite extensions, labeled by polyclonal tau antibody was performed using an unbiased detector of curvilinear structures (Steger 1998). The analysis software automatically calculated total cell body area, number of cell bodies and total 20 neurite length. To investigate the effect of enovin on different cell types, two assays were performed, a DNA synthesis assay and a chemotaxis assay. 25 DNA synthesis assay 26 Cells including human dermal fibroblasts (39SK), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), human smooth muscle cells (HSMC), human chondrocytes, and 30 rat osteoblasts were maintained in DMEM containing 10% FBS (39-SK, HSMC, rat osteoblasts) or defined media (chondrocytes and HUVEC) at 37 °C with 5% CO2 and 95% air. For the DNA synthesis assay, cells were seeded WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 in a 96-well tissue culture plate at a density of 5,000 cells/well in DMEM containing 10% FBS and incubated for 24 h. The culture medium then was replaced with DMEM containing various concentrations 5 of Enovin and 0.1% BSA (for 39-SK, osteoblasts, HSMC, chondrocytes) or DMEM containing various concentrations of Enovin and 0.5% FBS (for HUVEC) and cells were incubated for 24 h. Subsequently, the culture medium was replaced with 100 μl of DMEM 10 containing 5% FBS and 0.1 μCi of [3H] -thymidine. Following 2 h of pulse labelling, cells were fixed with methanol/acetic acid (3:1, vol/vol) for 1 h at room temperature. The fixed cells were washed twice with 80% methanol. The cells were solubilized in 15 0.05% trypsin (100 μl/well) for 30 min and then in 0.5% SDS (100 μl/well) for an additional 30 min. Aliquotes of cell lysates (180 μ1) were combined with 2 ml of scintillation cocktail and the radioactivity of cell lysates was measured using a liquid 20 scintillation counter (Wallac 1409). Chemotaxis Assay Cells were maintained as described in "DWA 25 Synthesis Assay". The chemotactic activity of Enovin was analyzed using a 12-well modified Boyden Chamber (McQuillan, D.J., Handley, C.J., Campbell, M.A., Bolis, S., Milway, V.E., Herington, A.C., (1986), "Stimulation of Proteoglycan biosynthesis by serum and 30 insulin-like growth factor-I in cultured bovine articular cartilage", Biochem. J. 240:423-430). Cells were trypsinized using 0.05% trypsin and 0.5 mM EDTA WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/0S031 and resuspended in DMEM. To the bottom wells of a Boyden chamber, aliquots of 150 Μ1 of media containing various concentrations of Enovin were added. A polycarbonate membrane (8 μm) coated with 0.1 mg/ml of 5 type 1 collagen was placed on the top of the bottom wells, followed by assembling the top wells. To the top wells, aliquots of 100 μl of cells (70,000 cells/ml) were added. Following a 6-h incubation period, the apparatus was disassembled. Cells 10 remaining on the top of the membrane were removed. The membrane was fixed with 10% formaldehyde for 15 min, followed by staining with Gill's strength hemotoxylin. Cells were counted under microscopy (250 x magnification), and the average of cell counts from 15 five areas of each well was used. Each experiment was repeated at least four times. The results were expressed as the fold of control (DMEM containing 0.1% BSA) . As illustrated by the results in Figure 8 to 18, 20 enovin has no effect on proliferation in each of the cell types used, or on the migration of HUVEC cells (Figure 14) as described above. There was an effect of enovin on SH-SY-5Y neuroblastoma cells. This demonstrated enovins selective effect on neuronal 25 cells. Both GDNF and NTN have been shown to signal via a signalling complex composed of a ligand-binding subunit, either GFRa-l.or GFRα-2, and a signalling subunit, the cRET protein tyrosine kinase. Enovin is 30 expected to exert its biological effects via a similar signalling complex composed of a GFRα binding partner (either GFRα-1, GFRa-2, the recently characterised orphan receptor GFRa-3 or other as yet uncnaracterized WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 members of the GFRα family) in combination with cRET or another signalling partner. Indeed, our binding data show that enovin can bind specifically to GFRα-3. In humans, germ line mutations in GDNF or cRET 5 can lead to several disease phenotypes including multiple endocrine neoplasia and Familial Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) (Romeo et al., 1994, Edery et al., 1994, Angrist et al., 1996). Both diseases are associated with gut dismotility, with Hirschsprung 10 disease being the most common cause of congenital bowel obstruction in infants. Interestingly, GDNF and cRET knockout mice exhibit remarkably similar pathologies with renal agenesis and intestinal aganglionosis (Sanchez et al., 1996; Moore et al., 15 1996; Pichel et al., 1996). Enovin could be involved in similar disorders of the gut or the kidneys or, since it is ubiquitously expressed, could be important in the development of other peripheral organs in the body. 20 The interaction of ligands with their receptors is generally achieved by the interaction of specific bonds from particular residues in both proteins. Fragments of a protein can serve as agonists activating the receptor to elicit its growth promoting 25 and survival sustaining effects on cells. Parts of enovin or synthetic peptides based on the enovin protein sequence can therefore be useful as agonists or antagonists to regulate its receptor GFRα3. Using peptide synthesis or recombinant techniques, hybrid 30 growth factors composed of parts of GDNF, NTN or PSP or any other neurotrophic or growth factor with parts of enovin can be produced to yield a novel synthetic growth factor with new properties. WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 Two pilot trials were conducted to test whether enovin is able to change the taxol-induced sensory deficits in rats after subplantar injections in rats. In a first experiment, it was tested whether a single 5 treatment with enovin could reverse the taxol-induced sensory deficit, whereas in a second trial it was tested whether enovin could prevent the development of the taxol-induced deficits. 10 Reversal over time of taxol-induced sensory dysfunction. Procedure Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 300 - 340 15 gram, were used. The animals were housed individually with food and water ad lib. Before the start of the experiment, the animals were placed in standard observation cages and after a habituation period of 15 min, the pin prick reflex was evaluated. To do so, the 20 plantar surface of the right paw of the animal was stimulated with a needle and the reactivity to this pin-prick was scored as either present (score = 1) or absent (score = 0). Within one session, the procedure was repeated three times with a time interval of 1 min 25 between 2 consecutive stimulus presentations; as such the pin prick test consisted of 3 measures of reactivity to a pin prick. Only rats having normal reactions on the 3 pin pricks were included in the experiment. 30 On the 3 consecutive days in the morning, the animals received daily a subplantar injection of 50 μl of taxol (3 mg/ml paclitaxel dissolved in creinophor WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 and dehydrated alcohol plus water) in the right hind paw. During the next morning, the pin prick reflex was re-evaluated and animals not showing any reactivity to the 3 stimulus presentations were selected. These 5 animals were randomly divided in subgroups (n = 10 / group) receiving a subplantar injection in the right hind paw of 75 μ1 of either vehicle, saline or 23 or 130 μg/ml enovin. Because no differences were observed between the results of the vehicle and saline treated 10 animals, both groups were joined (control group).At days 1, 4, 5 and 7 after the last treatment, the pin prick test was performed both in the morning (between 8 and 9 a m) and the evening ( between 3.30 and 4.30 p m) . On day 8, a last pin prick test was taken during 15 the morning. For each animal, the cumulative score of reactivity to the pin prick was measured over time. Because in total 9 pin prick tests (each consisting of 3 pin prick presentations) were performed after the last drug treatment, the maximal score to be reached 20 over the total time period of the experiment is 27. Results Repeated subplantar injections of taxol over 3 consecutive days results in an acute inflammatory 25 reaction with a lack of responding to a pin prick stimulation in the majority of animals. A subplantar injection of saline or vehicle did not affect the taxol-induced deficit. At the first measurement, only 4 out of 20 controls showed at least 1 reaction to the 30 three pin pricks and the mean (+ SEM) pin prick score of the controls at the first measurement was 0.25 [± 0.12); this in contrast to the starting of the experiment where the mean score was 3.0 (±0.0) PCT/EP99/05031 because all animals responded to the pin prick. Even after 8 days of measurement, the reactivity in the controls was still impaired with 11 out of 20 rats responding at least once and with a mean pin prick 5 score of 0.75 (+ 0.18). Within this control group, none of the rats displayed a normal reactivity to all 3 stimuli. The cumulative pin prick score of the controls over time is presented in Figure 19. Because the animals were tested 9 times over an 8 days period, 10 the maximal score to be reached with 3 pin pricks at each test is 27. As seen on the graph, a subplantar injection of saline or vehicle was unable to reverse the taxol-induced deficit over the time period tested. The mean total cumulative score of the controls at the 15 end of the experiment was 5.10 (+0.87); being 18.9 % of the maximal score to be reached. A single subplantar injection of 75 μ1 of 23 μg/ml enovin, resulted after the first measurement in 4 out of 10 rats responding at least once, with a mean 20 pin prick score of 0.70 (± 0.33). At day 8, all 10 animals responded at least once to the pin prick, and a normal reactivity was present in 5 out of 10 rats. The average pin prick score of this group at day 8 was 2.20 (+ 0.29) .As compared to the controls, the average 25 cumulative score at the end of the 8 days of measurement was significantly increased (Mann -Whitney U-test, two-tailed, p 30 Also with an subplantar injection of 130 μg/ml enovin there was improved efficacy against the controls. At the first measurement after 130 jug/ml enovin, 6 out of 10 rats reponded at least once with a WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 mean pin prick score of 1.10 (+ 0.35). At day 8, all 10 animals responded to at least one pin prick with a mean score of 2.60 (± 0.22). A normal reactivity to the 3 pin pricks was present in 8 out of 10 rats. The 5 average cumulative total pin prick score at the end of the experiment in this group was 17.20 (±1.94). This is 63.7 % of the total possible score and significantly improved as compared to the control group (p Prevention over time of taxol-induced sensory dysfunction. Procedure 15 Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 300 - 340 gram, were used. The animals were housed individually with food and water ad lib. Before the start of the experiment, the animals were placed in standard observation cages and after a habituation period of 15 20 min, the pin prick reflex was evaluated. To do so, the plantar surface of the right paw of the animal was stimulated with a needle and the reactivity to this pin-prick was scored as either present (score = 1) or absent (score = 0) . Within one session, the procedure 25 was repeated three times with a time interval of 1 min between 2 consecutive stimulus presentations; as such the pin prick test consisted of 3 measures of reactivity to a pin prick. Only rats having normal reactions on the 3 pin pricks were included in the 30 experiment (pin prick score = 3). After this control measurement, the animals were randomly divided in subgroups (n = 10 / group) receiving an subplantar WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 injection in the right hind paw of 75 μl of either vehicle, saline or 23 or 130 μg/ml enovin. Because no differences were observed between the results of the vehicle and saline treated animals, both groups were b joined. (control group) • During the 3 consecutive days, the animals received daily a subplantar injection of 50 μ1 of taxol (3 mg/ml paclitaxel dissolved in cremophor and dehydrated alcohol plus water) in the right hind paw. At days 1, 4,5 and 7 after taxol, the 10 pin prick test was performed both in the morning (between 8 and 9am) and the evening ( between 3.30 and 4.30 p m). On day 8, a last pin prick test was done during the morning. For each animal, the cumulative score of reactivity to the pin prick was 15 measured over time. Because in total 9 pin prick tests (each consisting of 3 pin prick presentations) were performed after the taxol treatment, the maximal cumulative score to be reached over the total time period of the experiment is 27. 20 Results A subplantar injection of saline or vehicle before taxol did not prevent the taxol-induced deficit in the pin prick test. At the first testing after 25 taxol, 8 out of 20 rats responded at least once to the pin prick, with a mean pin prick score of 0.60 (± 0.18). At day 8, the taxol-induced deficit was still present, with only 8 out of 20 animals responding and having a mean score of 0.8 (+ 0.25).Within two 30 animals, a normalised pin prick reflex was present. Over time, the cumulative pin prick score was also reduced, resulting in a mean value of 6.55 (+. 1.08), which is 24.3 % of the maximal score (Figure 20). WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 Pretreatment with 23 μg/ml enovin reduced the taxol-induced deficits on the pin prick. At day 1, 8 out of 10 animals responded at least once, and the average pin prick score was 1.70(+ 0.4 0). At day 8, 5 all animals were responding with a mean score of 2.50 (± 0.27). Here 7 animals revealed a normal reactivity on all pin prick exposures. With regard to the cumulative responding over time (Figure 20), the mean total score was significantly improved (p 10 the control level to 18.40 (+ 1.73); this is 68.1 % of the maximal value. Comparable results were obtained after a pretreatment with 130 μg/ml enovin. Here, 6 out of 10 animals responded during the first testing with a mean 15 pin prick score of 1.70 (+ 0.31). At day 8, all animals were reacting at least once to a pin prick stimulation with a mean score of 2.40 (+ 0.22) and all 3 reactions were normal in half of the animals. With regard to the cumulative score, the mean score 20 obtained at day 8 is 17.70 (+ 1-92), representing 65.5 % of the total score. The present series of experiments indicate that a single subplantar injection of enovin is able to reduce the taxol-induced sensory deficits as measured 25 by a pin prick test. Activity is seen when the drug was applied both before and after taxol. Enovin is a possible candidate for pain syndromes with mainly a peripheral and central neurogenic component, rheumatic/inflammatory diseases as well as 30 conductance disturbances, and can play a modulatory role in sensory processes after transdermal, topical, local, central (such as epidural, intrathecal, and the like) and systemic application. WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 Further it is worthwhile to use enovin as a diagnostic tool to screen for physiophatological changes in the area's mentioned above. 5 Comparison of Enovin mRWA expression in normal versus diseased tissues The expression of Enovin mRNA was quantitatively analysed using the ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detection 10 System (TaqMan; Perkin Elmer) using proprietary technology developed and carried out at Pnrmagene Laboratories Ltd, Royston, United Kingdom. The system uses a fluorogenic probe to generate sequence specific fluorescent signals during PCR. The probe is an 15 oligonucleotide with fluorescent reporter and quencher dyes attached, it is positioned between the forward and reverse PCR primers. While intact/ the intensity of reporter fluorescence is suppressed by the quencher. Should the probe form part of a replication 20 complex, the fluorescent reporter is cleaved from the quencher by a 5' to V exonuclease activity inherent in Taq polymerase. The increase in fluorescent reporter signal within a reaction is a direct measure of the accumulation of PCR product. The starting copy 25 number of an mRNA target sequence (Cn) is established by determining the fractional PCR cycle number (Ct) at which a PCR product is first detected - the point at which the fluorescence signal passes above a threshold baseline. Quantification of the amount of target mRNA 30 in each sample is established through comparison of experimental Ct values with a standard curve. WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 RNA preparation and quality control Total RNA was isolated from whole and sub-dissected tissue, using Tri-Zol reagent (Life 5 Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) according to the suppliers' protocol. Quality control procedures for all RNA samples included an assessment of integrity (intact 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA) and determination of the presence of high abundance (actin) and low 10 abundance (transferrin receptor) transcripts. Primer/probe design A pair of primers and a TaqMan probe were designed to amplify a specific sequence from Enovin 15 Primer 1: 5' ACGGTTCTCCAGGTGCTGT 3' Primer 3: 5' TGCTGCCGACCCACG 3' Probe 5: 5' CTACGAAGCGGTCTCCTTCATGGACG 3' 20 In addition a pair of primers and a TaqMan probe were designed which span an intron and amplify a portion of the human GAPDH gene Primer 2: 25 5' CAGAGTTAAAAGCAGCCCTGGT 3' Primer 4: 5' GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTCAAC 3' Probe 6: 5' TTTGGTCCGTATTGGGCGCCT 3' 30 Probe 5 is labelled with the fluor FAM while probe 6 is labelled with the fluor VIC. WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 DNase treatment of total RNA For each tissue tested 2.2μg of total RNA was digested with 2 units of RNase free DNase (Gibco BRL) for 15 minutes at room temperature in a 20μl volume of 5 lx DNase buffer (Gibco BRL). The reaction was stopped by addition of 2μ1 of 25mM EDTA solution. The samples were then incubated at 65°C for 10 minutes to inactivate the enzyme. First strand cDNA synthesis 10 For each tissue tested lOOng of total RNA was used as template for first strand cDNA synthesis. The RNA in a volume of 4ml and in the presence of 50nM primers 1 and 2 , lxPCR buffer II (Perkin Elmer) and 5mM MgCl2 was heated to 72°C for 5 minutes and cooled 15 slowly to 55°C. After addition of all other reagents, the 6ml reaction was incubated at 48°C for 30 minutes followed by an enzyme inactivation step of S0°C for 5 minutes. The final reaction conditions were as follows: lxPCR buffer II, 5mM MgCl2, ImM dATP, dTTP, 20 dGTP, dCTP, 12.5 units MuLV reverse transcriptase (Gibco BRL) . PCR amplification of first strand cDNA products The cDNA derived from lOOng total RNA for each 25 sample was subjected to PCR amplification in a single reaction to identify both target and GAPDH transcripts. The final primer/probe concentrations for target were 300nM primer 1, 300nM primer 3 and 200nM probe 5, those for GAPDH were 20nM primer 2, 20nM 30 primer 4 and lOOnM probe 6. The final concentration of other reagents in the reaction were 4.5% glycerol, 1 x TaqMan buffer A (Perkin Elmer), 6.25mM MgCl2, 430M WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 dATP, dUTP, dGTP, dCTP, 2.5 units AmpliTaq Gold. The PCR amplification was carried out in the ABI 7700 sequence detection system, an initial enzyme activation step of 94°C for 12 min was followed by 45 5 cycles of 94°C 15 sees, 60°C 1 min (minimum ramp time). Diseases and tissues tested Enovin mRNA expression was compared in tissues 10 derived from disease patients and normal control individuals (Figures 25 and 26). The table below shows the diseases and corresponding tissues that have been investigated. For each condition, three diseased and three control samples were analysed. 15 25 Statistical analysis For each group of 3 tissues, the mean and standard deviation were calculated on the Ct values (which are normally distributed) and were then 30 converted into Cn values according to the formula Cn = 10ucc-40.oo71/-3.623, Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the Ct values also to compare the mean Enovin mRNA expression levels in normal versus WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 diseased tissues. Figures 25 and 26 show the mean Enovin mRNA copy numbers (± SD; n=3) in diseased versus control tissues. Statistical analysis showed a significant 5 increase in the Enovin expression level in the periventricular white matter of patients with multiple sclerosis (p = 0.013). The internal GAPDH control showed no significant difference (p = 0.79). Although the Enovin expression level in the periventricular 10 white matter is quite low in normal tissue (270 copies per 100 ng total RNA on average versus 200000 copies of GAPDH), the level is three times higher (825) in patients with multiple sclerosis. Only one other diseased tissue showed a 15 significant difference versus normal control: in breast ductal adenocarcinoma, the Enovin mRNA expression level is 6 times higher (6000 versus 1000 ; p = 0.007), but the GAPDH control value is also significantly increased (165000 versus 44000 ; p = 20 0.03), probably representing a general increase in mRNA levels. In conclusion, we have found Enovin mRNA levels to be upregulated in the periventricular white matter of patients with multiple sclerosis. 25 WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 Use of phospho-specific antibody cell-based ELISA for screening of enovin mimetic on GFRα3/cRET receptor complex. Method can also be used for identification of 5 agonist or antagonist of other neurotrophin receptors, such as GFRαl, GFRα2, GFRα4, TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. Assay . Using this assay we can identify agonist or 10 antagonist compounds of neurotrophic growth factors by measuring the activation of key signalling kinases activated in the neurotrophic pathway or by measuring the activation of cRET receptor kinase. The activation is measured by detecting the amount of phosphorylated 15 kinase or receptor kinase using phospho-specific antibodies. We will use NIH 3T3 cells expressing transiently or permanently TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, GFRal/cRET, GFRa2/cRET, GFRa3/cRET or GFRa4/cRET. The activation of p42/p44 MAP kinase, PKB kinase, 20 c-jun, CREB, JNK/SAPK kinase and other kinases is detected using commercialy available phospho-specific antibodies. In addition, cRET activation can be deleted using phospho-specific cRET antibody. 25 The protocol used was as follows: -Plate NIH 3T3 cells in 96-wells in 10% calf serum, cells have to be 80% confluent before stimulation. -Next day, replace medium with serum-free medium 30 and starve ceils for 18-24 h. -After starvation stimulate cells with compounds and neurotrophic factors as positive control (10 ng/ml WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 for neurotrophic factors) -Fix cells with 4% formaldehyde in PBS at 4°c for 20 min. -Wash cells 3x with 200 μl PBS/0.1% Triton for 5 5 min. -Quench the cells with 100 μl 0.6% H202 in PBS/0.1% Triton for 20 min. -Wash cells 3x with 200 μl PBS/0.1% Triton for 5 min. 10 -Block the cells with 100 μl 10% foetal calf serum in PBS/0.1% Triton for 60 min. -Incubate the cells with phosphospecific antibody in 50 μl 5% BSA//PBS/0.1% Triton, over night at 4°C. Antibody dilution should be experimentally determined, 15 suggested range 1:100-1:250. -Wash cells 3x with 200 μ1 PBS/0.1% Triton for 5 min. -Incubate with secondary antibody HRP linked, dilution 1:100 in 50 μl 5% BSA/PBS/0.1% Triton, for 1 20 h at room temperature. -Wash cells 3x with 200 μ1 PBS/0.1% Triton for 5 min. -Dissolve 1 tablet of OPD (Sigma) in 25 ml buffer (3.65 g citric acid-H20 and 5.9 g Na2HP04-2H20 in 0.51 25 H20, pH 5.6) and add 12.5 μ1 H202. Add 50 μ1 to each well and incubate for 15 min on shaker (200 rpm), covered with aluminium foil. -Stop the reaction with 25 μ1 H2S04. -Measure OD490_650 on the ELISA reader. WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 Mesencephalic dopaminergic neuronal culture Neuronal culture 5 Neuronal cultures were prepared from the ventral mesencephalon of foetal rat by enzymatic and mechanical dispersion. The tissue was collected, washed in ice-cold Ca2+ - and Mg2* -free phosphate buffered saline containing 0.6 % glucose (PBSG) and 10 incubated for 30 min with PBSG containing 0.1 % trypsin at 37°C. The cell suspension was plated at a density of 2.5 10s cells/cm2 onto 96 well NUNC tissue culture plates. In advance, culture plates were coated with poly-L-ornithine and CDM containing 10 % foetal 15 calf serum. The cultures were maintained in chemically defined medium (CDM), composed of a 1:1 mixture of Dulbecco's Modified Eagles medium and F12 Nutrient supplemented with glucose (0.6 %), glutamine (2 mM), sodium bicarbonate (3 mM), HEPES (5 mM), insulin (25 20 ug/ml), human transferrin (100 ug/ml), putrescine (60 ug/ml), sodium selenite (30 nM), streptomycin (100 ug/ml) and penicillin (100 IU/ml). Treatment with neurotrophic factors 25 Neurotrophins were dissolved in 0.5 % bovine serum albumin as a stock. Neurotrophins were added 3 h after initial plating and after 5 days in culture. The same amount of 0.5 % bovine serum albumin was added to 30 the control wells. WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 High-affinity dopamine uptake Dopamine uptake was measured after 10 days. For the uptake, cells were washed twice with pre-warmed 5 PBS supplemented with glucose (5 mM) , ascorbic acid (100 mM) and pargyline (100 mM) and pre-incubated for 10 min with the same solution. The pre-incubation solution was replaced with the same solution containing 50 nM [3H]DA and incubation continued for 10 15 min at 37°C. Uptake was stopped by 3 rapid washes with ice-cold PBS. The accumulated [3H]dopamine was released by incubating with acidified ethanol for 30 min at room temperature. Radioactivity was determined after addition of 4 ml of scintillation liquid 15 (Packard ultima gold MV) using Packard scintillation counter. Non-specific uptake was determined by adding 20 uM cocaine. 20 Table 4. Effect of enovin on [3H]dopamine uptake Treatment Percent [3H]dopamine control uptake n control 100 5 enovin 300 ng/ml 111 4 25 enovin 1000 ng/ml 127 5 enovin 2000 ng/ml 152 5 enovin 4000 ng/ml 161 1 enovin 10000 ng/ml 165 2 30 Cells were grown for 10 days in the presence or absence of enovin. Untreated controls were set as 100 WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 %. Results are obtained in 1-5 independent experiments. WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 References Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W. & Lipman, D.J. (1990) Basic local alignment search tool, 5 J. Mol. Biol. 215, 403-410. Angrist, M., Bolk, S.,.Halushka, M., Lapchak, P.A. & Chakravarti, A. (1996) Germline mutations in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and RET 10 in a Hirschsprung disease patient. Nature Genetics 14, 341-344. Baloh, R.H., Tansey, M.G., Golden, J.P., Creedon, D.J., Heuckeroth, R.O., Keck, C.L., Zimonjic, D.B., 15 Popescu, N.C., Johnson, E.M. & Milbrandt, J. 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Chem. 273,3502-3508. 30 Yan, Q., Matheson, C. & Lopez, O.T. (1995) In vivo neurotrophic effects of GDNF on neonatal and adult facial motor neurons. Nature 373,341-344. WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 List of abbreviations BLAST basic local alignment search tool bp base pairs cDNA complementary DNA CNS central nervous system EST expressed sequence tag EVN enovin GDNF glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor GFRα GDNF family receptor α GPI glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol MTC multiple tissue cDNA NTN neurturin PCR polymerase chain reaction PNS peripheral nervous system PSP persephin RT-PCR reverse transcription PCR TGF-β transforming growth factor β FISH fluorescent in situ hybridisation MTN multiple tissue northern NGF nerve growth factor SPR surface plasmon resonance WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 Claims 5 1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a human neurotrophic growth factor designated enovin and having the amino acid sequence illustrated in Figure 1, or encoding a functional equivalent, derivative or bioprecursor of said growth factor. 10 2. A nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1 which is a DNA molecule. 3. A nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1 or 2 which is a cDNA molecule. 15 4. A nucleic acid molecule according to any of claims 1 to 3 having the nucleic acid sequence frcn positions 81 to 419 of the sequence illustrated in Figure 1. 20 5. An isolated nucleic acid molecule according 25 to any of claims 1 to 5 having a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to the sequence of any of the splice variants designated from position 5'-l to 3'-l or 3'-2 or from 5'-l or 5'-2 to 3'-2 or 3'-3 of the sequence illustrated in Figure 21. 30 6. A nucleic acid molecule according to any of claims 1 to 5 having the nucleic acid sequence illustrated in Figure 1 or 21 or a sequence capable of binding thereto under conditions of high stringency. 7. An antisense molecule capable of hybridising to the nucleic acid molecule defined in any of claims WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 1 to 6 under high stringency conditions. 8. An isolated human neurotrophic growth factor encoded by a nucleic acid molecule as defined in anv 5 of claims 1 to 6. 9. A growth factor according to claim 8 comprising the amino acid sequence from position 27 to 139 of the amino acid sequence illustrated in Figure 10 1, or a functional equivalent, derivative or bioprecursor of said growth factor. 10. A growth factor according to claim 8 or 9 comprising the amino acid sequence illustrated in 15 Figure 1 or a functional equivalent, derivative or bioprecursor of said growth factor. 11. A growth factor according to claim 8 comprising the amino acid sequences illustrated in 20 Figure 23 or 24. 12. An expression vector comprising a DNA molecule according to any of claims 2 to 6. 25 13. An expression vector comprising an antisense molecule according to claim 7. 14. An expression vector according to claim 12 or 13 comprising a further nucleic acid sequence encoding 30 a reporter molecule. 15. A host cell transformed or transfected with the vector according to any of claims 12 to 14. WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/0503I 16. A host cell according to claim 15 which cell is a eukaryotic or bacterial cell. 17. A transgenic cell, tissue or organism 5 comprising a transgene capable of expressing human neurotrophic factor enovin according to any of claim 8 to 11. 18. A transgenic cell, tissue or organism 10 according to claim 17, wherein said transgene comprises a vector according to any of claims 12 to 14. 19. A neurotrophic growth factor or a functional 15 equivalent, derivative or bioprecursor thereof, expressed by a cell according to any of claims 15 to 18. 20. A neurotrophic growth factor or a functional 20 equivalent, derivative or bioprecursor thereof, expressed by a transgenic cell, tissue or organism according to claim 17 or 18. 21. Use of a nucleic acid molecule according to 25 any of claims 1 to 6 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing neural disorders in a subject. 22. Use according to claim 21 wherein said neural 30 disorder is selected from any of the group consisting of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, neuronal disorders associated with expanded polyglutamine sequences such as Huntingdons disease, peripheral WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 neuropathy, acute brain injury, nervous system tumours, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, peripheral nerve trauma, injury exposure to neurotoxins, multiple endocrine neoplasia, familial 5 Hirschsprung disease, Prion associated diseases, Creutzfeld - Jacob disease, stroke, pain syndromes with a substantially peripheral or central neurogenic component, rheumatic/inflammatory diseases as well as conductance disturbances. 10 23. Use of a neurotrophic growth factor according to any of claims 8 to 11 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing neural disorders. 15 24. Use according to claim 22 wherein said neural disorder is selected from any of the group consisting of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, neuronal disorders associated with expanded polyglutamine 20 sequences, such as, Huntingdon's disease; peripheral neuropathy, acute brain injury, nervous system tumours, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, peripheral nerve trauma or injury or exposure to neurotoxins, multiple endocrine neoplasia 25 familial Hirschsprung disease, Prion associated diseases, Creutzfeld - Jacob disease, stroke, pain syndromes with a substantially peripheral or central neurogenic component, rheumatic/ inflammatory diseases as well as conductance disturbances. 30 25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleic acid molecule according to any of claims 1 to 6 together with a pharmaceuticallly acceptable carrier, PCT/EP99/0503J diluent or excipient therefor. 26. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a growth factor according to any of claims 8 to 11, 5 together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient therefor. 27. Use of an antisense molecule according to claim 7 in the manufacture of a medicament for 10 treating or preventing neural disorders mediated by overexpression or overactivity of enovin. 28. Use according to claim 27 which neural disorder is selected from the group of any of 15 Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, neuronal disorders associated with expanded polyglutamine sequences, such as, Huntingdon's disease, peripheral neuropathy, acute brain injury, nervous system tumours, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral 20 sclerosis, peripheral nerve trauma or injury exposure to neurotoxins, multiple endocrine neoplasia and familial Hirschsprung disease, Prion associated diseases, Creutzfeld - Jacob disease, stroke, pain syndromes with a substantially peripheral or central 25 neurogenic component, rheumatic/inflammatory diseases as well as conductance disturbances. 29. An antibody capable of binding to a growth factor according to any of claims 8 to 11 or an 30 epitope thereof. 30. A method of detecting for the presence of a growth factor in a sample which method comprises WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 reacting an antibody according to claim 29 with said sample and detecting for any binding of said antibody with said growth factor. 5 31. A method according to claim 30 wherein said antibody is conjugated to a reporter molecule. 32. A kit or device for detecting for the presence of a neurotrophic growth factor in a sample 10 comprising an antibody according to claim 29 and means for reacting said antibody and said sample. 33. A method of identifying an agonist or antagonist of a human neurotrophic growth factor, said 15 method comprising contacting a cell tissue or organism expressing a receptor of said growth factor with a candidate compound in the presence of said growth factor and comparing the levels of RET activation in said cell, tissue or organism with a control which has 20 not been contacted with said candidate compound. 34. A method of identifying agonists or antagonists of a neurotrophic growth factor said method comprising contacting a cell tissue or organism 25 expressing an appropriate receptor of said growth factor and cRET with a candidate compound in the presence of said growth factor, measuring the level of activation of a signalling kinase in the signal transduction pathway of which said appropriate 30 receptor is a component following addition of an antibody specific for said signal kinase conjugated to a reporter molecule compared to a cell tissue or organism which has not been contacted with said WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 compound. 35. A method according to claim 33 or 34 wherein said neurotrophic growth factor is enovin. 5 36. A method according to any of claims 33 to 35 wherein said cell tissue or organism is NIH 3T3 cells. 37. A method according to any of claims 34 to 36 0 wherein said receptor is any of GFRal, GFRa2, GFRa3 or GFRa4. 38. A method according to any of claims 34 to 37 wherein said antibody is specific for any of p42/p44 5 MAP kinase, PKB kinase, c-jun, CREB, JNK/SAPIC kinase. 39. A compound identified as an agonist or an antagonist according to the methods of any of claims 33 to 38. 0 40. Use of any of a compound identified as an antagonist according to claim 39 a nucleic acid molecule according to any of claims 1 to 7 or a neurotrophic growth factor according to any of claims 5 8 to 11 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a disorder mediated by expression or activity of a human neurotrophic growth factor. 0 41. Use of any of a compound identified as an agonist according to claim 39 a nucleic acid molecule according to any of claims 1 to 7 or a growth factor according to any of claims 8 to 11 in the manufacture WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 of a medicament for treating or preventing a disorder mediated by inactivation of human neurotrophic growth factor. 5 42. Use of any of a compound identified as an agonist according to claim 39, a nucleic acid molecule according to any of claims 1 to 7, or a growth factor according to any of claims 8 to 11 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating gastrointestinal 10 conditions mediated by hampered or impaired gastrointestinal transit, 43. Use according to claim 42 wherein said disorder or condition comprises any of 15 gastrooesophageal reflux, dyspepsia, gastroparesis, post operative ileus and intestinal pseudo¬obstruction, decreased peristalsis of the small or large intestine and/or delayed gastric emptying, constipation, intestinal atony, post-operative 20 intestinal atony, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), drug induced delayed transit, emesis and cytotoxic drug and radiation induced emesis. 44. Use of any of a compound identified as an 25 antagonist according to claim 39, a nucleic acid molecule according to any of claims 1 to 7, or a growth factor according to any of claims 8 to 11 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating gastrointestinal disorders or conditions mediated by 30 increased peristaltic intestinal movement. 45. Use according to claim 44 wherein said disorders comprise any of diarrheoa, including WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/05031 secretory diarrheoa, bacterial induced diarrhoea, choleic diarrheora, travellers diarrheoa, and psychogenic diarrhoea, Crohns diase, spastic colon, irritable bowel syndrome . (IBS) diarrheapredominant 5 irritable bowel syndrome, bowel hypersensitivity and the reduction of pain associated with gastrointestinal hypersensitivity. 46. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a 10 compound according to claim 39 together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient therefor. 47. A method for making a pharmaceutical 15 formulation for the treatment of diseases associated with a human neurotrophic growth factor, said method comprising, selecting a candidate compound identified as an agonist or antagonist according to the method of claim 33 or 34, manufacturing bulk quantities of said 20 compound and formulating the compound manufactured in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 48. A method according to claim 47 wherein said growth factor is enovin. 25 49. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody according to claim 29 together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient therefor. 30 50. An isolated human neurotrophic growth factor comprising a polypeptide which has at least 85% sequence identity with the amino acid sequences WO 00/04050 PCT/EP99/0503I illustrated in Figure 1, 21, 23 or 24. 51. Plasmid EVNmat/pRSETB deposited under LMBP Accession No. LMBP 3931. 5 52. Use of a compound according to claim 39 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating any of the group consisting of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, neuronal disorders associated 10 with expanded polyglutamine sequences such as Huntingdons disease, peripheral neuropathy, acute brain injury, nervous system tumours, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, peripheral nerve trauma, injury exposure to neurotoxins, multiple 15 endocrine neoplasia, familial Hirschsprung disease, Prion associated diseases, Creutzfeld - Jacob disease, stroke, pain syndromes with a substantially peripheral or central neurogenic component, rheumatic/inflammatory diseases as well as conductance 20 disturbances.

Documents:

abstract1.jpg

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-cancelled pages(16-04-2007).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-claims(granted)-(16-04-2007).doc

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-claims(granted)-(16-04-2007).pdf

IN-PCT-2001-00117-MUM-CORRESPONDENCE(04-06-2008).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-correspondence(16-04-2007).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-correspondence(ipo)-(03-10-2007).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-drawing(16-04-2007).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-form 1(01-02-2001).pdf

IN-PCT-2001-00117-MUM-FORM 1(04-06-2008).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-form 1(16-04-2007).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-form 13(04-06-2008).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-form 18(03-01-2006).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-form 2(granted)-(16-04-2007).doc

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-form 2(granted)-(16-04-2007).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-form 3(01-02-2001).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-form 3(03-11-2007).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-form 5(01-02-2001).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-form-pct-ipea-409(16-04-2007).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-form-pct-isa-210(16-04-2007).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-petition under rule 137(16-04-2007).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-petition under rule 138(16-04-2007).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-power of authority(08-12-2000).pdf

in-pct-2001-00117-mum-power of authority(16-04-2007).pdf