Title of Invention

SKIN COSMETIC COMPOSITION

Abstract A skin cosmetic composition comprising: (i) from about 0.5 to about 20% wt.% of a dextran or maltodextrin; (ii) from 2 to about 12 wt.% of a weak carboxylic acid having pKa of above about 3; and (iii) a cosmetically acceptable vehicle; wherein the pH of said composition is in the range of about 3 to about 6.
Full Text FORM -2
THE PATENTS ACT, 1970
(39 OF 1970)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
(See Section 10; rule 13)
1. TITLE OF INVENTION
SKIN COSMETIC COMPOSITION
2. HINDUSTAN LEVER LIMITED, Hindustan Lever House, 165/166, Backbay Reclamation, Mumbai - 400 020, Maharashtra, India, a company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1913
The following specification particularly describes the nature of the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
Cosmetic compositions for human skin containing a dextran or maltodextrin and a weak carboxylic acid.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Cosmetic products which improve the appearance of skin are increasingly popular with consumers. Frequently, consumers seek to alleviate or delay the signs of aged or photoaged skin, such as fine lines and wrinkles, dry and sagging skin. Consumers also seek other benefits in addition to anti-aging.
Some ingredients used in topical products are potentially irritating, especially to people with "sensitive skin." Such irritation is commonly perceived as sting or burning.
As an example, hydroxy acids and several other weak carboxylic acids have been proven to deliver cosmetic benefits, such as improvement in the appearance of photodamaged or naturally aged skin, skin lightening, treatment of age spots, etc. Unfortunately, their use at high concentrations may occasionally be associated with skin irritation, e.g. skin redness and stinging sensation upon application. For aesthetic reasons, these actives are most often delivered as oil-in-water emulsions. Practically, the final composition pH should be higher than 3 in order to prevent deleterious effects to skin tissues and unacceptable levels of irritation. Water soluble weak acids when

delivered from an oil-in-water emulsion at acidic pH often induce high levels of sting. The sting occurs immediately after application, reaches a maximum intensity usually by 5-8 minutes after application and then begins to reduce in intensity.
The irritation can be ameliorated by lowering the amount of an active ingredient in the composition or by reducing the active's penetration through the skin. A serious drawback of both approaches is that the efficacy is impaired. The weak acid related irritation can be reduced by raising the composition's pH but this method yields reduced efficacy due to a decreased acid penetration through the skin. It is desirable to reduce or eliminate the irritation potential of weak acids while maintaining their efficacy.
The need exists, therefore, for a composition and method that prevents or reduces the skin irritation.
Coury et al. (US Patent 5,618,850) discloses cosmetic compositions containing polyhydroxy acids conjugated to the dextran polymer. EP 691126 (Beiersdorf) discloses cosmetic compositions with low stinging potential for treatment of sensitive skin. The compositions contain pigment to sequester AHA. A serious shortcoming of the Coury and Beirsdorf disclosures is that conjugation or sequestration significantly reduces delivery of the active and its efficacy. Most actives in current use have molecular weight less than 1000 Dalton. The penetration of actives through the skin decreases strongly with its molecular weight (Ref: Transdermal Delivery of Drugs; Volume III, P 7-8. Agis F.

Kydonieus and Bret Berner (ed) CRC Press, Inc Boca Raton, Fl , 1987) . Polymers have high (>>1000 Dalton) molecular weight. Conjugation of actives with the polymer Dextran will make it a high molecular weight molecule and hence will significantly lower penetration.
Sequestration of the weak acid will reduce the amount of acid that would be available for delivery.
Another approach to lower the sting is to formulate the acid with a strong alkali metal base. Yu et al. (U.S. patent 4,105,783) suggested the use of ammonium hydroxide or an organic base. Unfortunately, this method raises the pH of the composition and reduces the ability of the weak acid to penetrate the skin, thus lowering its efficacy (see Sah et al. in J. Cosmet. Sci. 49, 257-273, 1998).
A clear need exists for a cosmetic composition with a weak acid that reduces sting but does not reduce dermal delivery.
Publication from LAREX (March 23, 1998) discloses the use of a polysaccharide (arabinogalactan) to increase the exfoliation performance of a skin care lotion containing alpha hydroxy acid by 80% and to do so without increased irritation. The present invention, however, aims to decrease irritation, rather than merely not increasing it.' It has been found, as part of the present invention, that other polysaccharides, dextran and maltodextrin, decrease irritation associated with the use of weak carboxylic acids, whereas arabinogalactan does not have this effect. Additionally, it has been found that dextran, unlike

arabinogalactan, enhances the anti-aging efficacy of hydroxy acids.
SUMMARY OP THE INVENTION
According to the present invention there is provided a skin cosmetic composition comprising:
(i) from 0.5 to 20 % by weight of the composition of a
dextran or maltodextrin; (ii) from 0.01 to 20 % by weight of the composition of a
weak carboxylic acid having pKa of above about 2;
and (iii)a cosmetically acceptable vehicle.
The invention also includes cosmetic methods of stimulating collagen synthesis by fibroblasts and keratinocyte differentiation in the skin, by applying to the skin the inventive composition.
The invention also includes a cosmetic method of treating or delaying aged, chronoaged, photoaged, dry, lined or wrinkled skin, increasing stratum corneum firmness and flexibility, improving skin tone, and generally increasing the quality of skin by applying to the skin the inventive composition.
The invention further provides a method for reducing skin irritation caused by the topical application of a composition containing a weak carboxylic acid, the method comprising topically applying a dextran or maltodextrin in a cosmetically acceptable vehicle. Thus, according to this

inventive method, the dextran or maltodextrin may be co-present with a weak acid in the same composition, or it may be applied from a separate composition.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
All amounts are by weight of the oil-in-water emulsion, unless otherwise specified.
The term "skin" as used herein includes the skin on the face, neck, chest, back, arms, armpits, hands and scalp.
The terms "irritation," "sting," and "burn," "inflammation,", and "redness" as used herein are synonymous and are used interchangeably.
The molecular weight is expressed in Dalton (D) . The numerical terms followed by letters "KD" denote molecular weight of a compound, to be read as the numerical term x 1,000 e.g. 10KD means molecular weight of 10,000 D) .
Dextran
Both dextran and maltodextrin are glucose homopolymers.
Dextran is a beta-1,6-glucan with several glucose side chains, bound primarily to the main chain of the macromolecule through 1,3-linkages but, in part also by 1,4-and 1,2- linkages. On the average, 95% of the glucose residues are present in the main chain. It is produced by certain bacteria from a nutrient medium containing

saccharose. The molecular weight of dextrans generally
ranges from 5 KD to 2,000 KD, preferably from 5 KD to 1,000
KD, to maintain anti-iiritation efficacy, yet to minimize
increase in formulation viscosity.
Maltodextrin
Maltodextrins (C6H10O5)n • H2O (CAS Reg. No. 9050-36-6 are
non-sweet nutritive saccharide polymers that consist of D-glucose units linked primarily by alpha-1,4-bonds, having a DE (Dextrose Equivalence) less than 20. They are prepared as a white powder or concentrated solution by partial hydrolysis of corn starch with safe and suitable acids and/or enzymes. The suitable source of maltodextrin is Maltrin® from Grain Processing Corp. Matrin® contains maltodextrin and corn syrup solids.
The amount of dextran or maltodextrin in the inventive composition ranges from 0.5 to 20%, preferably from 1 to 15%, most preferably from 1 to 10% , by weight of the composition.
Weak Carboxylic Acid
A weak carboxylic acid suitable for use in the inventive compositions is an acid with dissociation constant, pKa, of above about 2. Preferably, the pKa is above about 3, most preferably in the range of from about 3 to about 5.

The concept of pKa
An acid is a species having a tendency to lose a proton, while a base is a species having a tendency to accept a proton. Hence for every acid, HA, there is a conjugate base A":

Thus, lactic acid-lactate ion is an example of a conjugate acid-base pair.
Acids so defined can only manifest their properties by reacting with bases. In aqueous solutions, acids react with water, the latter acting as a base

Quantitatively, the acid strength of HA, relative to the base strength of water is given by the equilibrium constant expression by the equation

where parentheses denote molar concentrations.
As almost all measurements are made in dilute aqueous solution, the concentration of water remains essentially
constant and its activity can be taken as unity. Letting H
represent the solvated proton, we have

Ka = [H+] [A- J / [HA] ,
where K» is the acidic dissociation (or ionization) constant. This equation can be written in the form
pKa =pH +log [HA]/[A-]
where pKa is the negative logarithm of Ka , and is equal to the pH at which the concentrations of HA and A are equal.
pKa for alpha hydroxy acids are generally between 2-4, for
monocarboxylic acids between 3-5, for alpha amino acids between 2-3; for salicylic acid it is 3.0.
The pKa of a weak water-soluble acid is obtained by
titrating it with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) . The intercept at the midpoint of the titration, ie. the point at which 0.5 molar equivalents of base have been added, is numerically equal to the pKa of the acid.
A procedure for' determining pKa for a known weak acid is as follows:
Materials
Sample of pure acid for which pKa is to be determined; CO2 -
free deionized distilled water (prepared by boiling deionized distilled water for 5 minutes); Commercial 0. 1N NaOH volumetric standard, certified to 0.1005-0.0995 N, eg.

Fisher Scientific SS276; 100-ml calibrated glass burette; 125-ml Erlenmeyer flask pH meter, eg. Corning Model 140 with standard combination electrode for pH; pH buffers, pH 4.00, 7.00, and 10.00, certified to ±0.01 pH unit at 25, eg. Fisher Scientific SB101, SB107, and SB115 magnetic stirrer
Method
Be sure all glassware and equipment is clean. Acid-wash if necessary. Prepare at least 50 ml of a 0.1 Normal solution of the acid for which the pKa is to be determined in CO2-
free distilled water. Avoid introducing CO2 to the solution
by avoiding excessive shaking. Cap the final solution until use.Calibrate the pH meter using three buffers, pH 7.00, 3.00, and 10.00, according to pH meter manufacturer's instructions. Rinse electrode with distilled water between samples. Fill burette with 0.1 N NaOH standard solution. Add 50.0 ml of 0.1 N acid solution to 125-ml Erlenmeyer. Add stir bar to Erlenmeyer.
Insert pH electrode into acid solution. Position and secure electrode so that it does not interfere with stir bar. Record initial pH. Begin gentle stirring such that pH reading is not affected. Position burette over flask to allow incremental addition of 0.1 N standard NaOH to 0.1 N acid solution. Verify initial pH and begin incremental addition of base. Record the volumes of base added and resulting pH readings. Aim to record pH changes of 0.2 to 0.3 units or volume increases of about 5ml, whichever comes first. Continue incremental additions until at least 60 ml

of base have been added and the steep change in pH levels off.
Plot the data with the volume of base as the x-axis and pH as the y-axis. Plot the points observed and draw a smooth line through them. Determine the volume of base added to obtain the equivalence point, i.e. the volume at which one normal- equivalent of base has been added and the acid has been completely neutralized: When the steep portion of the curve is vertical, the equivalence point volume corresponds to the volume of base at the vertical portion of the curve. If the steep portion of the curve is not vertical, the equivalence point can be obtained by locating the volumes of the base at the two end points that bracket the steep change in pH. The mean of the two volumes is the equivalence point.
To determine the pKa, first locate the midpoint of the titration by halving (i.e. 4-2) the volume of base at equivalence point. The midpoint of the titration is the point at which 0.5 normal-equivalents of base have been added, and the acid has been one-half (50%) neutralized. The pH corresponding to the midpoint of the titration is the
pKa of the acid. This is the pH at which 50% of the acid
has been neutralized, that is, and the molecule exists 50% in the non-ionized form and 50% as the anion.
Examples of suitable weak carboxylic acids include but are not limited to: alpha- or beta-hydroxyacids, dicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic acids, ascorbic acid, oxamic acid and

mixtures thereof. Preferred carboxylic acids, due to their anti-aging afficacy, are:
ACID pKa
giycolic 3.8
lactic 3.8
malic 3.'4
beta-hydroxybutyric 4.7
acetic 4.75
succinic 4.2
citric 3.1
ascorbic 4.1
salicylic 3.0
oxamic 2.4
and mixtures thereof.
The amount of weak acid in the inventive composition ranges from 0.01 to 20%, preferably from 1 to 15% and most preferably from 2 to 12%, by weight of the composition. At concentrations below 2% of the acid, there is minimal stinging and the anti-aging efficacy does not increase significantly above 12%.
It is to be understood that depending on the pH of the composition, the acid may be present as a salt, e.g. ammonium or potassium or sodium salt.
Although the inventive compositions may have any pH in the general range of 2.5 to 10, the inventive compositions are particularly useful when they are at an acidic pH, preferably 3-6 and most preferably at a pH of 3-5, because such

monohydric alkanol may range from 1 to 70%, preferably from 10 to 50%, optimally between IS and 40% by weight.
Emollient materials may also serve as cosmetically acceptable carriers. These may be in the form of silicone oils and synthetic esters. Amounts of the emollients may range anywhere from 0.1 to S0%, preferably between 1 and 20% by weight.
Silicone oils may be divided into the volatile and non-volatile variety. The term "volatile" as used herein refers to those materials which have a measurable vapor pressure at ambient temperature. Volatile silicone oils are preferably chosen from cyclic or linear polydimethylsiloxanes containing from 3 to 9, preferably from 4 to 5, silicon atoms. Linear volatile silicone materials generally have viscosities less than about 5 m pas (centistokes) at 25°C while cyclic materials typically have viscosities of less than about 10 mpas (centistokes). Nonvolatile silicone oils useful as an emollient material include polyalkyl siloxanes, polyalkylaryl siloxanes and polyether siloxane copolymers. The essentially non-volatile polyalkyl siloxanes useful herein include, for example, polydimethyl siloxanes wich

viscosities of from about 5 to about 25 million m pas (centistokes) at 25°C, Among the preferred non-volatile emollients useful in the present compositions are the polydimethyl siloxanes having viscosities from about 10 to about 400 m pas(centistokes)at 25°C.

monohydric alkanol may range from 1 to 70%, preferably from 10 to 50%, optimally between 15 and 40% by weight.
Emollient materials may also serve as cosmetically acceptable carriers. These may be in the form of silicone oils and synthetic esters. Amounts of the emollients may range anywhere from 0.1 to 50%, preferably between 1 and 20% by weight.
Silicone oils may be divided into the volatile and non-volatile variety. The term "volatile" as used herein refers to those materials which have a measurable vapor pressure at ambient temperature. Volatile silicone oils are preferably chosen from cyclic or linear polydimethylsiloxanes containing from 3 to 9, preferably from 4 to 5, silicon atoms. Linear volatile silicone materials generally have viscosities less than about 5 centistokes at 25°C while cyclic materials typically have viscosities of less than about 10 centistokes. Nonvolatile silicone oils useful as an emollient material include polyalkyl siloxanes, polyalkylaryl siloxanes and polyether siloxane copolymers. The essentially non-volatile polyalkyl siloxanes useful herein include, for example, polydimethyl siloxanes with viscosities of from about 5 to about 25 million centistokes at 25°C. Among the preferred non-volatile emollients useful in the present compositions are the polydimethyl siloxanes -having viscosities from about 10 to about 400 centistokes at 25°C.

Fatty acids having from 10 to 3D carbon atoms may also be included as cosmetically acceptable carriers for compositions of this invention. Illustrative of this category are pelargonic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, iaostearic, hydroxystearic, oleic, linoleic, ricinoleic, arachidic, behenic and erucic acida.
Humectants of the polyhydric alcohol type may also be employed as cosmetically acceptable carriers in compositions of this invention. The humectant aids in increasing the effectiveness of the emollient, reduces scaling, stimulates removal of built-up scale and improves skin feel. Typical polyhydric alcohols include glycerol, polyalkylene glycols and more preferably alJcylene polyols and their derivatives, including propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and derivatives thereof, sorbitol, hydroxypropyl sorbitol, hexylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, ethoxylated glycerol, propoxylated glycerol and mixtures thereof. For best results the humectant is preferably propylene glycol or sodium hyalaronate. The amount of humectant may range anywhere from 0.5 to 30%, preferably between 1 and 15% by weight of the composition.
Thickeners may also be utilized as part of Che cosmetically acceptable carrier of compositions according to the present invention. Typical thickeners include crosslinked acrylates (e.g. Carbopol982), hydrophobically-modified acrylates (e.g. Carbopol 1382) , cellulosic derivatives and natural gums. Among useful cellulosic derivatives are sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,

Fatty acids having from 10 to 30 carbon atoms may also be included as cosmetically acceptable carriers for compositions of this invention. Illustrative of this category are pelargonic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, isostearic, hydroxystearic, oleic, linoleic, ricinoleic, arachidic, behenic and erucic acids.
Humectants of the polyhydric alcohol type may also be employed as cosmetically acceptable carriers in compositions of this invention. The humectant aids in increasing the effectiveness of the emollient, reduces scaling, stimulates removal of built-up scale and improves skin feel. Typical polyhydric alcohols include glycerol, polyalkylene glycols and more preferably alkylene polyols and their derivatives, including propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and derivatives thereof, sorbitol, hydroxypropyl sorbitol, hexylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, ethoxylated glycerol, propoxylated glycerol and mixtures thereof. For best results the humectant is preferably propylene glycol or sodium hyaluronate. The amount of humectant may range anywhere from 0.5 to 30%, preferably between 1 and 15% by weight of the composition.
Thickeners may also be utilized as part of the cosmetically acceptable carrier of compositions according to the present' invention. Typical thickeners include crosslinked acrylates (e.g. Carbopol 982), hydrophobically-modified acrylates (e.g. Carbopol 1382), cellulosic derivatives and natural gums. Among useful cellulosic derivatives are sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,

hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and hydroxymethyl cellulose. Natural gums suitable for the present invention include guar, xanthan, sclerotium, carrageenan, pectin and combinations of these gums. Amounts of the thickener may range from 0.0001 to 5%, usually from 0.001 to 1%, optimally from 0.01 to 0.5% by weight.
Collectively, the water, solvents, silicones, esters, fatty acids, humectants and/or thickeners will constitute the cosmetically acceptable carrier in amounts from 1 to 99.9%, preferably from 80 to 99% by weight.
An oil or oily material may be present, together with an emulsifier to provide either a water-in-oil emulsion or an oil-in-water emulsion, depending largely on the average hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of the emulsifier employed.
Surfactants may also be present in cosmetic compositions of the present invention. Total concentration of the surfactant will range from 0.1 to 40%, preferably from 1 to 20%, optimally from 1 to 5% by weight of the composition. The surfactant may be selected from the group consisting of anionic, nonionic, cationic and amphoteric actives. Particularly preferred nonionic surfactants are those with a
C10-C20 fatty alcohol or acid hydrophobe condensed with from 2
to 100 moles of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide per mole of
hydrophobe; C2-C10 alkyl phenols condensed with from 2 to 20
moles of alkylene oxide; mono- and di- fatty acid esters of ethylene glycol; fatty acid monoglyceride; sorbitan, mono- and

di- C8-C20 fatty acids; block copolymers (ethylene
oxide/propylene oxide) ; and polyoxyethylene sorbitan as well as combinations thereof. Alkyl polyglycosides and saccharide fatty amides (e.g. methyl gluconamides) are also suitable nonionic surfactants.
Preferred anionic surfactants include soap, alkyl ether sulfate and sulfonates, alkyl sulfates and sulfonates, alkylbenzene sulfonates, alkyl and dialkyl sulfosuccinates,
C8-C20 acyl isethionates, acyl glutamates, C8-C20 alkyl ether
phosphates and combinations thereof.
Various types of additional active ingredients may be present in cosmetic compositions of the present invention. Actives are defined as skin benefit agents other than emollients and other than ingredients that merely improve the physical characteristics of the composition. Although not limited to this category, general examples include additional anti-sebum ingredients and sunscreens.
Sunscreens include those materials commonly employed to block ultraviolet light. Illustrative compounds are the derivatives of PABA, cinnamate and salicylate. For example, avobenzophenone (Parsol 1789®) octyl methoxycinnamate and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone (also known as oxybenzone) can be used. Octyl methoxycinnamate and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone are commercially available under the trademarks, Parsol MCX and Benzophenone-3, respectively. The exact amount of sunscreen employed in the compositions can vary depending

upon the degree of protection desired from the sun's UV radiation.
Preferably the cosmetic composition is protected against the growth of potentially harmful microorganisms. Preservatives are, therefore, desirable. Suitable preservatives include alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, hydantoin derivatives, propionate salts, and a variety of quaternary ammonium compounds. Particularly preferred preservatives of this invention are methyl paraben, propyl paraben, phenoxyethanol and benzyl alcohol. Preservatives will usually be employed in amounts ranging from about 0.1% to 2% by weight of the composition.
The composition according to the invention is intended primarily as a product for topical application to human skin, especially as an agent to improve the appearance of aged or photoaged skin.
In use, a quantity of the composition, for example from 1 to 100 ml, is applied to exposed areas of the skin, from a suitable container or applicator and, if necessary, it is then spread over and/or rubbed into the skin using the hand or fingers or a suitable device.
Product Form and Packaging:
The cosmetic skin composition of the invention can be in any form, e.g. formulated as a toner, gel, lotion, a fluid cream, or a cream. The composition can be packaged in a suitable container to suit its viscosity and intended use by the

consumer. For example/ a lotion or fluid cream can be packaged in a bottle or a roll-ball applicator or a propel1ant-driven aerosol device or a container fitted with a pump suitable for finger operation. When the composition is a cream, it can simply be stored in a non-deformable bottle or squeeze container, such as a tube, or a lidded jar. The invention accordingly also provides a closed container containing a cosmetically acceptable composition as herein defined.
The composition may also be included in capsules such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 5,063,057, incorporated by reference herein.
The following specific examples further illustrate the invention, but the invention is not limited thereto.
List of Suppliers
Active Ingredient Supplier
Dextran Sigma, Dextran Products Corp.
Maltodextrin Grain Processinf Corp.
Arabinogalactan Larex, Inc.
Glycolic acid DuPont
Lactic acid Purac America, Inc.
Succinic acid Sigma
Hydrocortisone Sigma
(water soluble)
EXAMPLE 1
This example measured sting caused by formulations containing glycolic acid.

Procedure for in-vivo sting test: This was a randomized, double blind study where each subject evaluated one test formulation and a control formulation or two test formulations on contralateral nasolabial folds. During the qualification phase, each subject evaluated an 8% glycolic acid test versus a vehicle control (0% glycolic). Subjects with established left/right balanced sensitivity to glycolic acid were qualified. A maximum of 20 qualified subjects (minimum of 15) were utilized in each subsequent test. One paired comparison was made on each testing day, with a minimum of 3 days between sting testing throughout the study. Subjects underwent a 15 second Ivory soap wash regime immediately prior to product testing for enhancing sting response. Any subjects experiencing any stinging/burning on the test sites immediately prior to product application did not have products applied. Study personnel then applied one test formulation and one control or test formulation simultaneously to the appropriate left/right test site, and gently but thoroughly rubbed in. Subjects compared the stinging potential of the two formulations, over a 7.5 minute period using a self-assessment questionnaire.
Sting/Burn Propensity: The degree of stinging/burning felt on the left and right inner cheek and crease of the nose was evaluated using the following scale at the times indicated in Tables below:
0 -no stinging / burning; 1 -very slight stinging / burning; 2 -slight stinging / burning; 3 - moderate stinging / burning; 4 -moderately high stinging / burning; 5 -high stinging / burning; 6 -extreme stinging / burning.

Determination of Statistical Significance: At each evaluation time point after baseline, the parametric paired t-test (two-tailed) was performed, to compare the extent of attribute chancre from baseline between each treatment comprising a paired comparison test, with subject acting as a block in these analyses. ' (Ref. Statistical Methods, Snedecor and Cochran, Iowa State University Press, 7th Edition, 1980, pp. 84-86]). The test can be implemented using the SAS software procedure MEANS with the T and PRT options specified.
Forced choice for stitiging/burning: At each evaluation point (0,2.5/5.0 and 7.5 min), the response to the forced choice assessment "Which side of the face has more stinging?" was analysed as follows: the number of subjects choosing treatment A was compared to the number of subjects choosing treatment B using a parametric paired t-test (2-tailed) . Statistical significance was determined at p £ 0.1. Results from several paired comparisons using this assessment method are shown (see later) in Tables IB, 2B, 3B and 4B.

An oil-in-water emulsion cream (Base Formula A) was prepared:

FULL CHEMICAL NAME OR CTFA NAME % ACTIVE LEVEL IN FORMULATION TRADE NAME AND % ACTIVE AS RECEIVED
water, DI 46.54
Disodium EDTA 0.05 Seguesterene Na2
Magnesium aluminum silicate 0.6 Veegum Ultra
methyl paraben 0.15 Methyl Paraben
Simethicone 0.01 DC Antifoam Emulsion
Butylene glycol 1,3 3.0 Butylene Glycol 1,3
Hydroxyethylcellulose 0.5 Natrosol 250HHR
Glycerine, USP 2.0 Glycerine USP
Xanthan gum 0.2 Keltrol 1000
Triethanolamine 1.2 Triethanolamine 99%
Stearic acid 3.0 Pristerene 4911
propyl paraben NF 0.1 Propylparaben NF
Glyceryl hydrostearate 1.5 Naturechem GMHS
Stearyl alcohol 1.5 Lanette 18DEO
Isostearyl palmitate 6.0 Protachem ISP
C12-15 alcohols octanoate 3.0 Hetester FAO
dimethicone 1.0 Silicone Fluid 200(50cts)
cholesterol NF 0.5 Cholesterol NF
sorbitan stearate 1.0 Sorbitan Stearate
butylated hydroxytoluene 0.05 Embanox BHT
tocopheryl acetate 0.1 Vitamine E Acetate
PEG-100 stearate 2.0 MYRJ 59
sodium stearoyl lactylate 0.5 Pationic SSL
water, DI q.s. to 99.80
*Unless otherwise noted, active levels were approximately 100%.

The sting/burn of Base Formula A with or without 8% glycolic acid was tested using the in-vivo sting test. The results that were obtained are summarized in Tables 1A and IB:
Table 1A
Sting/Burn Propensity

Mean Degree of Stinging/Burning (0-6 Scale) Base
Formula A (pH 7.2) Base Formula A +8% Glycolic Acid (pH 3.8)
Immediately after application 0.05 1.05 *
2.5 minutes after Application 0.25 1.85 *
5.0 minutes after Application 0.25 2.00 *
7.5 minutes after Application 0.35 2.15 *
* p Table 1B
Forced Choice for Stinging/Burning: Which side is worse?
Results 7.5 minutes after application

Base Formula A (pH 7.2) Base +8% Glycolic Acid (pH 3.8)
Number of Subjects Indicating more Discomfort (sting/burn) • 0 20
* p The sting/burn propensity of glycolic at 8% and 4% level were compared. The results that were obtained are summarized in Table 1C.

Table 1C
Sting/Burn Propensity

Mean Degree of Stinging/Burning (0-6 Scale) Base Formula A+4% Glycolic Acid (pH 3.8) Base Formula A+8% Glycolic Acid (pH 3.8)
Immediately after application 0.45 1.35 ..*
2.5 minutes after Application 0.60 1.75 *
5.0 minutes after Application 0.60 1.95 *
7.5 minutes after Application 0.55 1.65 *
* p It can be seen from the results in Tables 1A-1C that 8% glycolic acid at pH 3.8 is significantly more stinging than either the base formulation or 4% glycolic acid. Although, sting can be reduced by increasing pH or lowering the active level, such changes in composition significantly affect dermal delivery and, consequently, the efficacy of the active.
EXAMPLE 2
This example measured the effect of Dextran 10KD on glycolic acid sting at pH 3.8 in Base Formula A. The in-vivo sting test and Base Formula A are described in Example 1.
Base Formula A was prepared without the glycolic acid, base, and dextran. The dextran was solubilized in a separate beaker containing glycolic acid + base (ammonium hydroxide) and a small level of water from the formulation (no more than 5% is needed)-- thus, the original Base Formula A was originally made with 5% less water. The glycolic acid/dextran solution was then post added to the Base Formula A during the cool down stage (usually at a

temperature of about 45oC). The results that were obtained are summarized in Tables 2A, 2B and 2C.
Table 2A
Sting/Burn propensity

Mean Degree of Stinging/Burning (0-6 Scale) Base Formula A + 8% Glycolic .+5% Dextran 10KD (pH 3.8) Base Formula A +8% Glycolic (pH 3.8)
Immediately after application 0.73 1.32 *
2.5 minutes after Application 0.53 1.11 *
5.0 minutes after Application 0.26 0.68 *
7.5 minutes after Application 0.26 0.52
* p Table 2B
Forced Choice for Stinging/Burning; Which side is worse?
Results 2.5 minutes after application

Base Formula A + 8% Glycolic +5% Dextran 10KD (pH 3.8) Base Formula A + 8% Glycolic (pH 3.8)
Number of Subjects Indicating more Discomfort (sting/burn) 5 14*
* p
Table 2C
Sting/Burn propensity

Mean Degree of Stinging/Burning (0-6 Scale) Base Formula A + 8% Glycolic +5% Dextran 10KD (pH 3.8) Base Formula A + 4% Glycolic Acid (pH 3.8)
Immediately after application 0.28 0.11
2.5 minutes after Application 1.11 0.89
5.0 minutes after Application 1.08 0.83
7.5 minutes after Application 0.94 0.72
It can be seen from the results in Tables 2A and 2B that Dextran significantlly reduced the stinging/burning propensity of Base Formula A containing 8% glycolic acid. In Table 2C, the difference in the sting response of the two formulations was not statistically significant, leading to the conclusion that Dextran reduced the sting of 8% glycolic acid formulation to that of 4% glycolic acid formulation.
EXAMPLE 3
This example tested the effect of Dextran 10KD on succinic acid sting at pH 3.8 in Base Formula A. The test procedure and Base Formula A are described in Example 1. The test formulations were prepared as described in Example 2, except that succinic acid was used in place of glycolic acid. The results that were obtained are summarized in Tables 3A and 3B.

Table 3A
sting/Burn propensity
Mean Degree of Base Formula A + 8% I Base Formula A + Stinging/Burning Succinic +5% Dextran 8% Succinic (pH
(Q-6 Scale) 10K (pH 3.8) 3.8)
Immediately after 0.17 0.33 *
application
2.5 minutes after 0.27 0.83 *
Application
5.0 minutes after 0.55 o.55
Application
7.5 minutes after 0.61 0.61
Application
* p Table 3B
Forced Choice for Stinging/Burning;
Which aide is worse?
Results 2.5 minutes after application

Base Formula A + 8* Succinic +5% Dextran 10KD (pH 3.8) Base Formula A + 8% Succinic (pH 3.8)
Number of Subjects Indicating more Discomfort (sting/burn) 5 14*
* p It can be seen from the results in Tables 3A and 3B that Dextran significantlly reduced the stinging/burning 25 minutes after application propensity of Base Formula A containining 8% succinic acid.

EXAMPLE 4
This example tested the effect of dextran on glycolic acid sting in a lotion. The test is described in Example 1. The oil-in-water lotion (Base Formula B) was prepared having the following formula:

FULL CHEMICAL NAME OR CTFA NAME % ACTIVE LEVEL IN FORMULATION TRADE NAME AND % ACTIVE AS RECEIVED
Magnesium Aluminum Silicate 0.550 Veegum Ultra
l, 3 Butylene glycol 2.4 butyleneglycol
Disodium EDTA 0.05 Clewat-N
Xanthan Gum 0.15 Keltrol
Decaglyceryl monolaurate 2.0 Nikkol Decaglyn 1-L
Glycerin 8.0 Maruko RG
Triethanolamine 2.0 TEA (99%)
Methyl Paraben 0.195 methyl paraben
Propyl paraben 0.05 propyl paraben
Sodium Isostearoyl Lactylate 0.1 Pationic ISL
Sodium carboxymethylcellulose 0.15 Cellulose gum 9H4XF
Ethyl Oleate 0.6 Nofable EO-90
Sgualane 2.0 Nikkol Squalane
Glyceryl Tri (2-Ethylhexanoate) 3.6 Panaceat 800B
Liquid Petrolatum 5.8 Carnation Min Oil
Stearic Acid 0.3 Pristerene 4911
Cetostearyl Alcohol 0.5 Conol 30RC
Butyl paraben 0.05 Butyl paraben
Hydrogenated Soybean phospholipid 0.075 Basis LP-20H (20-30%)
Cholesterol 0.05 cholesterol
dl-alpha tocopherol linoleate/oleate 0.05 Vitamin E linoleate mixture

Dibutylhydroxy toluene 0.05 BHT
Glycolic acid 2.80 Glypure 70 (70%)
Glycolic acid/Ammonium hydroxide solution 5.08 GA Mixture NL (82.6%)
4-tertbutyl-4-methoxydibenzoylmethane 0.1 Parsol 1789
Ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate 0.1 Parsol MCX
Di- (2-octyldodecyl) -N-lauroyl-L-glutamate 0.2 Amiter LG-OD
3-methyl-1,3-butanediol 1.6 Isopreneglycol
Polyacrylamide/C13-14 Isoparrafin/Laureth 7 1.0 Sepigel 305
Glucose cetostearate / cetostearyl alcohol 0.5 Montanov 68
Ammonium Hydroxide to pH 3.8 0-2.0 Ammonium hydroxide
Fragrance 0.098 fleur J412225 QUT
Deionized Water To 100% (59.8%) Deionized water
*Unless otherwise noted, active levels are approximately 100%.
The emulsion concentrate was made using all ingredients except glycolic/base/dextran and without all the water. In a separate beaker glycolic + base + dextran + about 5% of the total water was combined and mixed until the dextran solubilizes completely. This mixture was then post added to the emulsion. The pH was then adjusted to the correct pH using base, and then the remainder of the water was added to qs. 100%"
The results that were obtained are summarized in Tables 4A and 4B

Table 4A
Sting/Burn propensity

Mean Degree of Stinging/ Burning (0-6 Scale) Base Lotion B + 8% Glycolic +5% Dextran 10KD (pH 3.8) Base Lotion B + 8% Glycolic (pH 3.8)
Immediately after application 0.22 0.22
2.5 minutes after Application 0.61 1.05
5.0 minutes after Application 0.83 0.83
7.5 minutes after Application 0.93 0.93
Table 4B
Forced Choice for Stinging/Burning; Which side is worse?
Results 2.5 minutes after application

Base Lotion B + 8% Glycolic + 5% Dextran 10KD (pH 3.8) Base Lotion B + 8% Glycolic '(pH 3.8)
Number of Subjects Indicating more Discomfort (sting/burn) 6 10
It can be seen from the results in Tables 4A and 4B that Dextran reduced the stinging/burning propensity of Base Formula B containing 8% glycolic acid.
EXAMPLE 5
Additional dextran molecules were tested for their ability to reduce sting. The test procedure and Formula A are described in Example 1. Base Formula C was as follows:

FULL CHEMICAL NAME OR CTFA NAME % ACTIVE LEVEL IN FORMULATION
Magnesium Aluminum Silicate 0.3
Disodium EDTA 0.05
Methyl hydroxybenzoate 0.15
1,3- Butyleneglycol 3.0
Xanthan Gum 0.2
Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.25
Glycerin Concentrated 2.0
Triethano1amine 1.2
Sodium Isostearoyl lactate 0.5
Glyceryl monostearate 1.5
Sorbitan Monostearate 1.0
Polyethyleneglycol monostearate (150 EO) 1.09
Polyethyleneglycol monostearate (40 EO) 0.910
Stearyl Alcohol 1.5
Stearic Acid 2.0
Isostearyl Palmitate 6.0
Isocetyl Octanoate 3.0
Methyl Polysiloxane 1.0
Cholesterol 0.5
Dibutylhydroxytoluene 0.05
Propyl Parahydroxybenzoate 0.1
dl-Tocopheryl Acetate 0.1
Glycolic acid 5.7
Potassium Hydroxide 1.1
Fragrance 0.09
DI Water 66.710

The results that were obtained are summarized in Tables 5A, 5B, and 5C.
Table 5A
Sting/Burn propensity

Mean Degree of Stinging/ Burning (0-6 Scale) Base Formula C + 4% Glycolic + 5% Dextran 40KD (pH 3.8) Base Formula C +4% Glycolic (pH 3.8)
Immediately after application 0.27 0.16
2.5 minutes after Application 0.77 2.05 *
5.0 minutes after Application 1.11 1.94*
7.5 minutes after Application 0.77 1.66*
* p Table 5B-
Sting/Burn propensity ; Dextran 10K and Dextran 464K

Mean Degree of Stinging/Burning (0-6 Scale) Base Formula A + 8% Glycolic + 5% Dextran 464KD (pH 3.8) Base Formula A +8% Glycolic +5% Dextran 10KD(pH 3.8)
Immediately after application 0.7 0.6
2.5 minutes after Application 1.05 1.1
5.0 minutes after Application 0.8 0.85
7.5 minutes after Application 0.75 0.85

Table 5C
Sting/Burn propensity; Dextran 10KD and Dextran 40KD

Mean Degree of Stinging/Burning (0-6 Scale) Base Formula A + 8% Glycolic +5% Dextran 40KD (pH 3.8) Base Formula A + 8% Glycolic +5% Dextran 10KD (pH 3.8)
Immediately after application 0.68 0.74
2.5 minutes after Application 1.0 1.05
5.0 minutes after Application 0.95 0.74
7.5 minutes after Application 0.79 0.58
It can be seen from the results in Tables 5A, 5B and 5C that dextrans of varying molecular weights reduce sting equally well.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 6
This example tested various compounds for their ability to reduce sting. The test procedure and Base Formula A are described in Example 1. The results that were obtained are summarized in Tables 6A and SB.

Table 6A Hydrocortisone

Mean Degree of Stinging/Burning (0-6 Scale) Base Formula A + 8% Glycolic + 0.1% Hydrocortisone (pH 3.8) Base Formula A +8% Glycolic (pH 3.8)
Immediately after application 0.94 0.76
2.5 minutes after Application 0.68 0.58
5.0 minutes after Application 0.36 0.36
7.5 minutes after Application 0.21 0,21
Table 6B Arabinogalactan

Mean Degree of Stinging/Burning (0-6 Scale) Base + 8% Glycolic + 5%
Arabinogalactan (pH 3.8) Base +8% Glycolic Acid (pH 3.8)
Immediately after application 0.89 0.47
2 .5 minutes after Application 1.0 0.78
5 .0 minutes after Application 0.89 0.63
7.5 minutes after Application 0.63 0.52
The results in Tables 6A and 6B demonstrate that neither hydrocortisone nor arabinogalactan reduced the sting. In fact, addtion of 5% arabinogalactan (Table 6B) slightly enhanced the sting of the anti-aging cream.

EXAMPLE 7
This example tested the effect of dextran on delivery of various active molecules to the skin layers.
Procedure: Dermal delivery of actives was measured by the In-vitro percutaneous absorption (PCA) test. The tests were carried out using dermatomed pig skin and Bronaugh flow-through cells. 3-4 week old female dorsal pig skin, rinsed with water only was obtained from Buckshire Farms. The skins were stored at -70°C until use. They were thawed at room temperature, shaved gently with a Norelco electric shaver, sliced to 510 µm thickness using a Padgett Dermatome, punched into 18-mm discs with a cork borer, and mounted in Bronaugh diffusion cells over 37oC, pH 7.1 Hank's balanced salts buffer flowing at S ml/min. After 30 min equilibration, transepidermal water loss was determined using a ServoMed EPl
evaporimeter. Skin discs allowing water losses of >5 g/m
per hr were replaced. The skin discs were dosed with 2 µL of product containing the nonlabelled active plus an insignificant weight of the active radiolabelled with 3H or 14C at about 30 microCurie/gram product. The dose was delivered via a displaced volume pipet and spread on the 9-mm diameter exposed skin surface with either a latex finger cot stretched over a cotton tip applicator. Contact times were 6 hours, with receptor fluid being sampled at either 1- or 2-hour intervals in scintillation vials. At the end point, the skin surface was rinsed with triplicate -1-ml aliquots of water, the skin discs were removed from the apparatus, and blotted with 1/3 of tissue paper (Kim Wipe) . The upper surface was tape-stripped 9 times, with Scotch transparent

tape to obtain the stratum corneum, and the epidermis was separated from the dermis with a scalpel. Analysis by liquid scintillation spectrometry included all samples necessary to account for complete balance and recovery of the radiolabelled material, including product retained on the applicator during delivery, the water-rinsed and excess removed on the tissue, tape" stripped stratum corneum, epidermis, dermis (counted after NCS digestion), receptor fluid, the empty Bronaugh cells, filter papers, and rinse pipets. Theoretical applied dose was determined by subtracting the material retained on the applicator from the mean measured radioactivity of a minimum of six weighed 2-uL aliquots of the radiolabelled test product. Data were reported as percent-of-dose in tissue fractions. A p -value of Dextran effect on delivery was tested for Base Formula A with either glycolic or succinic acid.
The results that were obtained are summarized in Tables 7A and 7B.
Table 7A

Skin Tissue Base Formula A+8% glycolic acid; pH=3.8 Base Formula A+8% glycolic acid+5% Dextran 10KD; pH=3.8
Stratum Corneum 4.6 6.6
Epidermis+Dermis 3.8 4.4
Receptor Fluid 7.5 5.6
Total 15.9 16.6

Table 7B

Skin Tissue Base Formula A +8% succinic acid; pH=3.8 Base Formula A+8% succinic acid+5% Dextran 10KD; pH=3.8
Stratum Corneum 2.4 2.4
Epidermis+Dermis 3.4 3.2
Receptor Fluid 0.8 0.3
Total 6.6 5.9
It can be seen from the results in Tables 7A and 7B that Dextran did not adversely affect the delivery of either glycolic acid or succinic acid to different skin tissue layers. In fact, the presence of Dextran led to a directional increase in delivery of glycolic acid (Table 7A) .
Thus, the results of Examples 1-5 demonstrate that dextran reduced the sting caused by weak acids. Other known anti-irritants, such as hydrocortisone, as well as another polysaccharide, arabinogalactan, did not reduce the sting caused by weak carboxylic acids (Comprative Example 6) . Unlike numerous prior art approaches, the addition of dextran did not adversely affect the delivery of actives to skin layers (Example 7) . Examples 8-10 investigate an additional benefit of combining dextran with an acid active: dextran's ability to enhance the anti-aging efficacy of acid actives.

EXAMPLE 8
This Example investigated the effect of dextran on the
ability of hydroxy acids to synthesize collagen in skin
f ibroblasts.
Collagen is a predominant skin protein. It is synthesized by fibroblasts in the dermis. The synthesis of collagen decreases with aging or photodamage. Collagen I is first made as a precursor molecule called Pro-collagen I. Increased production of procollagen 1 is a marker of an increased collagen level in response to a test compound application.
Method: Neonatal human dermal fibroblasts were purchased from Clonetics Corp., San Diego, CA. All materials for cell culture were purchased from Life Technologies, NY. Cells ( between passages 5-10) were seeded at a density of approximately 10,000/well in the inner 48 wells of a 96-well plate in DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium), high-glucose, supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 10% fetal bovine serum, and antibiotic and antimycotic solutions. Cells were then grown to confluence for 2 days. At confluence, the medium was removed and cells were washed with serum-free DMEM, and each well dosed with 200µl of a solution of a test compound in serum-free DMEM. Each dosing was replicated in the total of six wells. Test compounds were used at concentrations indicated in Table 8 below. Control did not contain a test compound. After 24 hours, the solutions were removed and the cells were redosed with 100µl of the same solutions. After 24 hours, all solutions

were removed, aprotinin was added at a concentration of 0.5% and the solutions stored until analysis at 4°C.
For the analysis of procollagen I in the solutions, they were diluted in DMEM (approximately 20µl sample in 200µl DMEM). BioRad slot blot apparatus (BioRad Labs, CA) was set up as per manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, nitrocellulose membrane and 3 sheets of filter paper were wetted in TRIS buffered saline (TBS, pH 7.3.) and assembled in the apparatus with the filter paper on bottom and membrane on top. 100ml TBS was added per well and vacuum filtered. 100 µl of the sample solution was loaded per well and gravity filtered. Procollagen from the test solution was bound to the membrane at this point in the procedure. Membrane was removed from the apparatus and placed in blocking solution (5% milk powder in D-PBS) for 1 hour at RT or overnight at 4C on a rotary shaker. The membrane was then incubated for 1.5 hrs at RT or overnight at 4oC with 1.5 mL Rat Anti-Human Procollagen Amino-Terminal Ab (Chemicon MAB1912) in TBS with 0.1% BSA (ratio of antibody to buffer/BSA was 1:100) in a sealed bag with shaking. The membrane was then removed; washed 3 times for 5 minutes in TBS/0.1% Tween. The membrane was then incubated for 1hr at RT or 0/N at 4oC in 2 mL of Biotinylated Anti-Rat Peroxidase-Conjugated Ab (Vector Labs) ) in TBS with 0.1% BSA (ratio of antibody to buffer/BSA was 1:1000) in a sealed bag with shaking. The membrane was washed 3 times for 5 minutes in TBS/0.l%Tween. 3 mL PBS was incubated with 30µl each of solutions A(avidin) and B biotinylated Horseradish peroxidase) from Vectastain Elite Kit (Vector Labs) for 30 The membrane was placed in the resulting solution

for 30 minutes in a sealed bag with shaking. The membrane was then removed and washed twice for 5 minutes in TBS/ 0.1%Tween. The membrane was then stained using the following solution: 12.5 mg 3-amino 9-ethyl carbazole (Sigma), 3.125 mL N,N- dimethylformamide (Sigma), 21.5 mL
0.2M Acetate buffer, pH 5.2 and 12.5 µl H2O2 - The membrane
was stained until red/brown color developed and the reaction stopped with 2 washes for 10 minutes in tap water. A transparency of the blot was prepared using a color copier. The color copy was scanned using a laser densitometer (Ultroscan XL from Pharmacia KLB). Percent increase was calculated as a ratio of optical density of cells treated with a test compound over control X 100.
The results that were obtained are summarized in Table's. Table 8

Treatment Collagen (% of control)
0.001% Dextran 10 KD 120*
0.1% Dextran 10 KD + 2 mM Glycolic acid 120*
0.01% Dextran 10KD + 2 mM Glycolic acid 120*
0.001% Dextran 10KD + 2 mM Glycolic acid 120*
0.001% Arabinogalactan 50-70KD 110
0.1% Arabinogalactan 50-70KD + 2 mM Glycolic acid 110
0.01% Arabinogalactan 50-70KD + 2 mM Glycolic acid 110
0.001% Arabinogalactan 50-70KD +2 mM Glycolic acid 110
* p
The results in Table 8 demonstrate that the combination of dextran and glycolic acid provided a significant increase in procollagen I levels whereas the combination of arabinogalactan and glycolic acid did not.
EXAMPLE 9
This example investigated the ability of dextran to induce keratinocyte differentiation potential of lactic acid.
Keratinocytes, the major cell type in the epidermis, undergo a program of differentiation leading to formation of corneocytes which form the stratum corneum and provide a protective barrier against water loss and entry of harmful substances and pathogens. A prominent feature of keratinocyte differentiation is the formation of a highly insoluble, cross-linked envelope (CE) immediately beneath the keratinocyte plasma membrane. The production of keratinocyte CE is catalyzed by the enzyme transglutaminase-K (Tgase K) which cross-links certain precursor proteins in the cell. Retinoic acid, an agent that is highly effective for improving the appearance of photoaged skin (Weiss etal JAMA, 259:527,1988), has been reported to increase Transglutaminase - K (also referred to as Tgase 1) in skin. Therefore, agents that increase Tgase-K activity have the potential of providing benefits to the skin.
Method: Normal Human keratinocytes were seeded in 96-well plates at 4000 cells/well and grown in Keratinocyte Growth Medium (KGM) obtained from Clonetics Corp. Cells were treated with test compounds at various concentrations for

48 hours with an intermittent change of medium after 24 hrs. 6 replicate wells were used for each test. At the end of the incubation period, two parameters were measured on the cells - I. DNA and II. Transglutaminase protein.
I. DNA was measured using a method described by Rago et al
Anal. Biochem 191:31-34,1990. Medium was aspirated from the
plates, cells were washed 3 times with Phosphate Buffered
Saline (PBS). Cells were frozen and thawed 2 times for
5-10 min each. 100µl of Hoescht Dye (purchased from
Calbiochem) solution (lµg/ml in PBS) was added to each well,
plate was covered with foil and let to sit at room temp for
10 min. Readings were then taken on Millipore Fluorescence
Miicroplate Reader (ex/em 360/450 nm) . Amount of DNA per
well (a) was calculated using standards.
II. Dye was removed and the cells were again rinsed 3 times
with PBS to prepare for the Transglutaminase (Tgase) assay.
200µl of 5% Carnation Non-fat milk powder in PBS (blocking
solution) was added to each well and left for 1 hr at room
temp. This solution was then aspirated, and l00µl of human
α Tgase 1 monoclonal antibody (Biomedical Technologies)
diluted 1/2000 in l%milk in PBS was added to each well.
Plates were incubated for 2hrs at 37°C. The solutions were
then removed and wells washed 4 times with l%milk/0.05%Tween
in PBS. Anti- mouse Fab' conjugated with Horse Radish
peroxidase was diluted 1:4000 in l%milk/0.05%tween/PBS and
100 µl of this solution was added to each well and incubated
for 2 hours at 37°C. The solutions were then aspirated, then
washed 3 times with l%milk/o.05%Tween in PBS. Substrate

Solution was prepared by dissolving 2 mg O-Phenyl enedi amine (Sigma) in 5 mls of citrate buffer and adding 1.65 µl of 30% H2O2. 100 µl of this substrate solution was added to each well and incubated in the dark for 5 min. The reaction was stopped by adding 50ul of 4N H2SO4. Absorbance was measured
at 4 90nm (b) . Keratinocyte differentiation was expressed as transglutaminase absorbance (b) / µg DNA (a) .
The results that were obtained in two separate experiments are summarized in Tables 9A and 9B.
Table 9 A

*p
Treatment Percent of Untreated Control
2 mM Lactate + 0.1 % Dextran 10 KD 115.3 +/- 9.9*
2 mM Lactate + 0.01 % Dextran 10 KD 104.3 +/- 7.0
2 mM Lactate +0.1% Arabinogalactan 50-70KD 99.8 +/- 11.2
2 mM Lactate + 0.01 % Arabinogalactan 50-70KD 106.2 +/- 8.5
2 mM Lactate +0.1% Dextran 464 KD 119.2 +/- 8.0*
2 mM Lactate + 0.01 % Dextran 464 KD 126.2 +/- 10.4*

Treatment Percent of Untreated Control
0.1 % Dextran 10 KD 114.1 +/- 5.5*
0.01 % Dextran 10 KD 104.6 +/- 5.6

The results in Tables 9A and 9B demonstrate that a combination of lactic acid and dextrans (either 10KD or 464KD) significantly increased keratinocyte differentiation whereas the combination with arabinogalactan did not.
EXAMPLE 10
This example investigated the effect of Dextran on the skin anti-aging efficacy of glycolic acid.
Procedure: The study was a 12-week bilateral comparison use test of two formulations.
Subjects were required to come to the laboratory for a prescreen visit to determine if they had a moderate degree of photodamaged skin on both forearms.
Qualified subjects were required to make 6 additional visits over a 12 week period of time. At Baseline (week 0), week 4, 8 and 12, visual evaluation was conducted. Product assignment was randomized and balanced for left/right usage across the subject pool. Subjects were instructed to use the appropriate product to the left/right arms at home and applied approximately 1 gram twice daily for 12 weeks. A minimum of 15 qualified subjects per paired comparison completed the study. Clinical (visual) assessments were conducted for photodamaged (crepe-like/crinkled) skin using the following 10 point scale:

0 = none 1-3 = mild 4-6 = moderate 7-9 = severe
The following paired comparisons were made:
Paired comparison I: base formulation A versus base formulation B + 8% glycolic acid.
Paired comparison II: base formulation A + 8% glycolic versus base formulation A + 8% glycolic + 5% Dextran 10KD.
The Wilcoxon signed rank test, Pratt-Lehmann version, was used to statistically assess the magnitude of average change from baseline attributable to treatment with subject acting as a block in this analysis. In addition, to compare the extent of change from baseline between the two treatments within a cell, the nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Pratt-Lehmann version, was also used.
The results that were obtained are summarized in Tables 10A and 10B.

Table 10A
Average Improvement in Photodamaged Skin (8% Glycolic
versus base)

Week 8% glycolic base
0 0 0
4 -0.19 -0.22
8 -0.66* -0.53
12 -1.0 -0.84
*: 8% glycolic significantly provided significantly greater improvement over base (p Table 10B
Average Improvement in Photodamaged Skin (8% Glycolic. versus
8% glycolic + 5% Dextran 10KD)

Week 8% glycolic 8% glycolic + 5% Dextran 10KD
0 0 0
4 -0.25 -0.25
8 -0.59 -0.75*
12 -1.0 -1.0
* 8% glycolic + 5% Dextran provided significantly greater improvement over 8% glycolic (p= 0.059).
EXAMPLE 11
This example measured the effect of maltodextrin (Maltrin® 180 on glycolic acid sting at pH 3.8 in Base Formula A. The in vivo sting test and Base Formula A are described in Example 1.

Table 11A
Sting/Burn Propensity

Mean Degree of Stinging/Burning (0-6 Scale) Base Formula A + 8% Glycolic + 5% Maltrin 180 (pH 3.8) Base Formula A + 8% Glycolic (pH 3.8)
Immediately after application 0.69 1.00
2.5 minutes after application 1.06 1.44
5.0 minutes after application 0.69 1.31 *
7.5 minutes after application 0.44 1.13 *
* p Table 11B
Forced Choice for Stinging/Burning; Which side is worse?
Results immediately, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 minutes after
application

Base Formula A + 8% Glycolic + 5% Maltrin 180 (pH 3.8)
[number of subjects indicating more sting/burn] Base Formula A + 8% Glycolic (pH 3.8)
[number of subjects indicating more sting/burn]
Immediately after application 5 11
2.5 minutes after application 4 12 *
5.0 minutes after application 3 13 *
7.5 minutes after application 2 14 *
p
Table 11C
Sting/Burn Propensity

Mean Degree of Stinging/Burning (0-6 Scale) Base Formula A + 8% Glycolic + 5% Maltrin 180 (pH 3.8) Base Formula A + 4% Glycolic (pH 3.8)
Immediately after application 0.69 0.63
2.5 minutes after application 0.75 0.94
5.0 minutes after application 0.44 0.75
7.5 minutes after application | 0.25
1 0.81 *
p It can be seen from the results in Tables 11A and 118 that maltodextrin significantly reduced the stinging/burning propensity of Base Formula A containing 8% glycolic acid. The results in Table 11C show that the formulation containing maltodextrin was less stinging than Base Formula A.
EXAMPLE 12
Example 12 illustrates topical compositions according to the present invention. The compositions can be processed in conventional manner. They are suitable for cosmetic use. In particular the compositions are suitable for application to aged and/or UV-damaged skin to improve the appearance and the feel thereof as well as for application to healthy skin to prevent or retard deterioration thereof.
A typical oil-in-water emulsion within the scope of the invention is as follows:

Chemical Name wt.%
Dextran 10KD 4
glycolic acid 7
propylene glycol 1
glycerin 1
hydroxyethylcellulose 0.5
magnesium aluminum silicate 0.5
imidazolidinyl urea 0.5
tetrasodium EDTA 0.05
petrolatum 2
isopropyl palmitate 5
dimethicone 0.5
cholesterol 0.5
cetyl alcohol 0.5
isostearic acid 3
peg-40 stearate 1
peg-100 stearate 1
sorbitan stearate 1
ammonium hydroxide to pH 4.0
water DI qs to 100%
Another typical oil-in-water emulsion within the scope of the invention is as follows:

Chemical Name wt.%
maltodextrin 5
glycolic acid 10
propylene glycol 1
hydroxyethylcellulose 0.5
magnesium aluminum silicate 0.5
imidazolidinyl urea 0.2
petrolatum 2
isopropyl palmitate 5
dimethicone 0.5
cholesterol 0.5
stearic acid 3
isostearic acid 1.5
glycerol stearate 1.5
peg-40 stearate 1
peg-100 stearate 1
sorbitan stearate 1
cetyl alcohol 0.5
ammonium hydroxide to pH 3.8
water DI qs to 100%
A typical water-in-oil dispersion within the scope of the invention is as follows:
Chemical Name wt.%
isostearyl neopentanoate 20
peg-8 caprylic/capric glycerides 6
cetyl octanoate 17
polyglyceryl-6 dioleate 15
cyclomethicone 20
glyceryl isostearate 0. 5
isostearic acid 0. ,5
ceramide III 0. 1
ppg-s-cetheth-20 3
L-lactic acid/potassium lactate 6
hydroxycaprylic acid 0. 1
water DI 1. 3
Dextran 100KD 10
The following oil-in-water emulsion within the scope of the invention is prepared:

Chemical Name wt.%
xanthan gum 0.2
disodium EDT 0 .1
sodium PCA 0.5
diazodinyl urea 0.3
titanium dioxide 1
stearic acid 3
cyclomethicone 0.3
cetyl alcohol 0.5
glyceryl stearate 0.5
peg-100 stearate 0.5
steareth-2 0.2
lecithin 0.5
tocopherol 0.2
octyl methoxycinnamate 6
dextran 10K 6
glycolic acid 3
malic acid 2
lactic acid 2
triethanolamine to pH 3.8
water DI qs to 100%
It should be understood that the specific forms of the invention herein illustrated and described are intended to be representative only. Changes, including but not limited to those suggested in this specification, may be made in the illustrated embodiments without departing from the clear teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, reference should be made to the following appended claims in determining the full scope of the invention.

We claim:
1. A skin cosmetic composition comprising:
(i) from about 0.5 to about 20% wt.% of a dextran or maltodextrin;
(ii) from 2 to about 12 wt.% of a weak carboxylic acid having pKa of above
about 3; and (iii) a cosmetically acceptable vehicle; wherein the pH of said composition is
in the range of about 3 to about 6.
2. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the composition is an oil-in-water
emulsion.
Dated this 12th day of September 2001

Dr. Sanchita Ganguli Of S. MAJUMDAR & CO. Applicants' Agent

Documents:

in-pct-2001-01100-mum-assingment(16-9-2004).pdf

in-pct-2001-01100-mum-cancelled pages(20-2-2004).pdf

in-pct-2001-01100-mum-claims(granted)-(20-2-2004).doc

in-pct-2001-01100-mum-claims(granted)-(20-2-2004).pdf

in-pct-2001-01100-mum-correspondence(ipo)-(5-1-2004).pdf

in-pct-2001-01100-mum-correspondence1(12-9-2001).pdf

in-pct-2001-01100-mum-correspondence2(30-10-2006).pdf

in-pct-2001-01100-mum-form 19(23-6-2003).pdf

in-pct-2001-01100-mum-form 1a(16-9-2004).pdf

in-pct-2001-01100-mum-form 2(granted)-(20-2-2004).doc

in-pct-2001-01100-mum-form 2(granted)-(20-2-2004).pdf

in-pct-2001-01100-mum-form 3(12-9-2001).pdf

in-pct-2001-01100-mum-form 5(12-9-2001).pdf

in-pct-2001-01100-mum-form-pct-ipea-409(12-9-2001).pdf

in-pct-2001-01100-mum-form-pct-isa-210(12-9-2001).pdf

in-pct-2001-01100-mum-petition under rule 138(18-10-2004).pdf

in-pct-2001-01100-mum-power of attorney(20-2-2004).pdf


Patent Number 204155
Indian Patent Application Number IN/PCT/2001/01100/MUM
PG Journal Number 23/2007
Publication Date 08-Jun-2007
Grant Date 08-Jan-2007
Date of Filing 12-Sep-2001
Name of Patentee HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LIMITED
Applicant Address HINDUSTAN LEVER HOUSE, 165/166 BACKBAY RECLAMATION, MUMBAI - 400 020, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA.
Inventors:
# Inventor's Name Inventor's Address
1 MUKHERJEE,SURAJIT UNILEVER RESEARCH US INC., 45 RIVER ROAD, EDGEWATER, NEW JERSEY 07020, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2 RICK, DONALD 90 HIGHWOOD DRIVE, DUMONT, NEW JERSEY 07628, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
3 HABIF, STEPHAN SAMUEL C/O POND'S DE MEXICO S.A. CALLE 21-E NO. 1, CIVAC JIUETEPEC MOR, CUERNAVACA 62500, MEXICO
4 WEINKAUF, RONNI LYNN C/O UNILEVER RESEARCH US INC., 45 RIVER ROAD, EDGEWATER, NEW JERSEY 07020, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
PCT International Classification Number A61K7/00
PCT International Application Number PCT/EP00/01180
PCT International Filing date 2000-02-14
PCT Conventions:
# PCT Application Number Date of Convention Priority Country
1 60/124,959 1999-03-18 U.S.A.