Title of Invention

A BUILDING BLOCK OR PANEL

Abstract

A building block or panel having a shape of a parallelepiped comprising four edge faces and two opposed major faces, said edge faces being formed to be interlockingly engagable with the edge faces of similar building blocks, each edge face comprising one lateral zones which are located to one of the central longitudinal axis of the edge face and an other lateral zone located to the other side of the central longitudinal axis of the edge face, one zone of each edge face being formed with a recess and the other zone of each edge face being formed with a projection of a complementary configuration to the one zone, the recesses on opposed edge faces being of corresponding configuration wherein, each recess has a base which is substantially parallel to the edge face and a pair of opposed end faces which are of complementary profile, are parallel to each other and are each inclined with respect to the edge face.

Full Text

SPECIFICATION FRICTION MATERIAL TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to friction materials suitable for use in braking members, e.g., clutch facings and braking elements, incorporated in braking devices as for automobiles, aircrafts, railway vehicles and industrial apparatuses. BACKGROUND ART Friction materials as heretofore used to form braking members utilize asbestos dispersed in and integrated by organic or inorganic binders. However, such friction materials have suffered from insufficient friction and abrasion properties. Also, asbestos is a cancer-causing substance and presents an environmental hygienic problem. Under these circumstances, it has been strongly demanded to develop asbestos substitutes. In response to such demands, friction materials have been proposed which utilize potassium titanate fibers as base fibers or a friction control agent. The potassium titanate fiber is non-carcinogenic, unlike asbestos, shows good heat resistance and is effective in preventing a fading phenomenon and stabilizing friction properties against heat. However, the incorporation of potassium titanate fibers in friction materials has not yet presented a sufficient solution to "braking noise" developed in braking devices. Also, the potassium titanate fibers, because of their fibrous form, have a greater bulk and a lower degree of fluidity, leading to their tendency to deposit on a wall of a feed passage and block the passage during the manufacture of friction materials, which has been a problem. The present invention is directed toward solving the above-described problems and its object is to provide a friction material which exhibits excellent friction and abrasion properties and is highly productive. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The friction material of the present invention is characterized as containing, as a friction control agent, 3 - 50 % by weight of one or more substances selected from flat layered titanates represented by the general formula (1), AMTi, 04 (wherein A represents an alkaline metal other than lithium; M represents one or more elements selected from lithium, magnesium, zinc, nickel, copper, iron, aluminum, gallium and manganese; x is a number of 0.5 - 1.0; and y is a number of 0.25 - 1.0) and flat layered titanic acids represented by the general formula (2), Hx (M'y) zTi2_y04 *nH20 (wherein M' represents one or more elements selected from lithium/ magnesium, zinc, nickel, copper, iron, aluminum, gallium and manganese; x is a number of 0.5 - 1.0; y is a number of 0.25 - 1.0; z is a number of 0 or 1; and n is a number of 0 ^ n ^ 2). Specifically, A may be sodium, potassium, rubidium or cesium, for example. The substances for use as a friction control agent in the present invention, i.e., the flat layered titanates and titanic acids as respectively represented by the general formulas (1) and (2) have friction and abrasion properties better stabilized against temperature change, which make them particularly suitable for use as a friction control agent incorporated in friction materials. Due to their non-fibrous form, contrary to potassium titanate fibers, they are unlikely to block a feed passage during a manufacturing process. Also, due to the absence of respirable fibers, a working environment is unlikely to be adversely affected. The friction material of the present invention, because of its inclusion of a flat layered titanate and/or a titanic acid as a friction control agent, have the following functions and effects. (1) The friction and abrasion properties are stabilized because of the flat layered structure of the friction control agent. (2) The strength of friction materials is improved as a result of the higher aspect ratio of the friction control agent. (3) The preparation of a raw material mixture is facilitated by the increased fluidity of the friction control agent. (4) A working environment is kept in a clean condition because the production of respirable dusts is maintained at a very low degree of occurrence. (5) A friction coefficient is kept stable over a wide temperature range from low to high temperature because of the increased heat resistance. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a graph showing a relationship between a disc pad temperature of a disc pad under test and a wear rate. Figure 2 is a graph showing a relationship between a disc pad temperature of a disc pad under test and a friction coefficient. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Specific examples of flat layered titanates represented by the general formula (1) are K08Zn0 H08Zn0>4Ti16O4 -nH20 (n denotes a number of 0 ^ n ^ 2), H08Mg04Ti1>604 *nH20 (n denotes a number of 0 ^ n ^ 2) and H08Li0>27Ti1/73O4 -nH20 (n denotes a number of 0 ^ n ^ 2). The flat layered titanic acid represented by the general formula (2) can be obtained by subjecting the flat layered titanate represented by the general formula (1) to an acid treatment so that an alkaline metal ion located at a site of A is substituted with a hydrogen ion. Hydrochloric acid is most generally used in the acid treatment. However, the use of hydrochloric acid is not limiting. Other acids, such as mineral acids and organic acids, can also be used. For example, the flat layered titanate as specified by K08Mg0_4Ti16O4, if properly treated with an acid, yields the flat layered titanic acid as specified by H08Mg04Ti1 604 'nH20 (n denotes a number of 0 ^ n ^ 2). It is particularly preferred that these flat layered titanates and titanic acids have a length dimension of 10 -500 ]im and a breadth dimension (thickness) of 50 - 1,000 nm. Either or both of the flat layered titanate and titanic acid are incorporated in the friction material in the amount of 3 - 50 % by weight. Unless they are incorporated in the amount of at least 3 % by weight, an effect of improving friction and abrasion properties may not be developed. On the other hand, if the amount exceeds 50 % by weight, the effect of improving friction and abrasion properties may not be furthered, resulting in an economical disadvantage. While not intended to be limiting, the following procedure can be utilized to synthesize the flat layered titanates of the general formula (1) and titanic acids of the general formula (2) for use as a control agent in the present invention. Illustrating the synthesis of K0#8Mg0>4Ti1-6O4 (flat layered titanate of general formula (1) wherein A is potassium, M is manganese, x is 0.8 and y is 0.4), a crystalline powder consisting of K20, MgO and Ti02 mixed in a molar ratio of 0.5:0.5:1.5 and a flux powder consisting of K20 and Mo03 mixed in a molar ratio of 1.0:1.0 are blended in a molar percentage of 30:70. The blend was heated at a temperature of 1,100 - 1,200 °C and then cooled gradually to allow crystal growth. The resulting product was moistured with a hot water. The removal of flux from the product results in obtaining K08Mg04Ti1-6O4, one of the flat layered titanates according to the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the flat layered titanates of the general formula (1) with optional A, M, x and y can be obtained by suitably selecting the types of materials used and their molar blending ratios. Also, the flat layered titanate of the general formula (1), when treated with an acid to substitute its alkaline metal with hydrogen, yields the flat layered titanic acid of the general formula (2) . Specifically, the friction material of the present invention may comprise base fibers, a friction control agent and a binder, for example. More specifically, the friction material may comprise, by weight, 1-60 parts of base fibers, 20 - 80 parts of the flat layered titanate or/and titanic acid respectively represented by the general formulas (1) and (2), as the friction control agent, 10 - 40 parts of the binder and 0-60 parts of other additives, for example. Examples of base fibers include resin fibers such as aramid fibers, metal fibers such as steel fibers and brass fibers, carbon fibers, glass fibers, ceramic fibers, rock wool, wood pulps and the like* For the purpose of improving dispersibility and adherence to the binder, such base fibers may be surface treated with silane coupling agents such as amino, epoxy and vinyl silane coupling agents; titanate coupling agents; phosphate esters or the like. Other than at least one selected from the flat layered titanates of the general formula (1) and the flat layered titanic acids of the general formula (2), the friction control agent for use in the friction material of the present invention may further contain other type of auxiliary friction control agent within the range that does not impair the desired effect of this invention. Examples of such auxiliary friction control agents include vulcanized or unvulcanized natural and synthetic rubber powders; cashew resin powder; organic powders such as resin dust and rubber dust; inorganic powders such as carbon black, graphite powder, molybdenum disulfide, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, clay, mica, talc, diatomite, antigorite, sepiolite, montmorillonite, zeolite, sodium trititanate, sodium pentatitanate, potassium hexatitanate, potassium octatitanate; metal powders such as of copper, aluminum, zinc and iron; oxide powders such as alumina, silica, chromium oxide, titanium oxide and iron oxide. Examples of binders include organic binders and inorganic binders. Examples of organic binders include thermosetting resins such as phenol, formaldehyde, melamine, epoxy, acrylic, aromatic polyester and urea resins; elastomers such as natural, nitorile, butadiene, styrene-butadiene, chloroprene, polyisoprene, acrylic, high styrene rubbers and styrene-propylene-diene copolymer; thermoplastic resins such as polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether, polyimide, polyether ether ketone and thermoplastic crystalline polyester resins. Examples of inorganic binders include alumina sol, silica sol, silicone resins and the like. Besides the above-described components, the friction mat-.prial of this invention may further contain a rust preventive, wetting agent, abrasive and the like, when needed. The method used to manufacture the friction material of this invention is not particularly specified. Those methods conventionally known in the friction material art can be suitably employed. Illustrating one method for manufacturing the friction material of this invention, base fibers are dispersed in a binder. A control agent and other additives, if necessary, are added to the dispersion to prepare a friction material composition which is subsequently poured in a mold where it is heat compressed into an integral form. Illustrating another method for manufacturing the friction material of this invention, a binder is melt kneaded in a twin-screw extruder into which base fibers, a friction control agent and other additives, if needed, are introduced from a side hopper. The melt mixture is extruded and then machined to a desired size. Illustrating still another method for manufacturing the friction material of this invention, a friction material composition is dispersed in water, caught on a net and then dewatered to provide a sheet web which is subsequently heat pressed into an integral form. The resulting friction material is properly cut and/or abrasive machined to a desired shape. The present invention will be now described in more detail with reference to Example, Comparative Example and Experimental Example. EXAMPLE . A mixture containing 20 parts by weight of flat layered titanate (length of 50 - 60 ]im, breadth (thickness) of 0,3 pm and aspect ratio of about 180 - 200) represented by the formula K0>8Mg0-4Ti1>6O4# 10 parts by weight of aramid fibers (manufactured by Toray Co., Ltd. and named in trade as "Kevlar Pulp", average fiber lenght of 3 mm), 20 parts by weight of binder (phenol resin) and 50 parts by weight of barium sulfate was preformed under a pressure of 300 kgf/cm at ordinary temperature for 1 minute, integrated in mold (under a pressure of 150 kgf/cm at 170 C for 5 minutes) and then subjected to a heat treatment (maintained at 180 °C for 3 hours)• After removal from the mold, the resulting form was abrasive finished to obtain a test disc pad A (JIS D 4411 test piece). COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE For comparative purposes, the procedure of Example was followed, with the exception that 30 parts by weight of a combination of the flat layered titanate and aramid fibers was replaced by 30 parts by weight of the below-specified test material B, C, D or E, to prepare test disc pads B - E. Test material B: potassium pentatitanate fibers (cross- section size: 5-10 pm, aspect ratio of 5) Test material C: asbestos fibers (6 Class) Test material D: coarse-size potassium pentatitanate fibers (cross-section size of 20 - 50 pm, length of 100 -300 pm) Test material E: fine needle-like potassium octatitanate fibers (cross-section size of 0,2 - 0.5 pm, length of 5 - 15 pm) FRICTION TEST Each of the test disc pads A - E was subjected to a constant speed friction/abrasion test (disc friction surface: FC25 gray cast iron, pressure: 10 kgf/cm , friction speed: 7 m/sec) according to JIS D 4411 "Automotive brake lining", to measure its wear rates (cm3/Kgm) and friction coefficients (p) . The measurement results are shown in Figures 1 and 2, As can be clearly seen from the results, the friction material (test disc pad A) of the present invention exhibits the superior abrasion resistance over a range from low to high temperatures compared to the test disc pad C of Comparative Example which utilizes asbestos fibers. Its friction coefficients have been also found to be relatively stable against temperature change. While exhibiting high friction coefficients and good stability against temperature change, the test disc pad E [Comparative Example) utilizing fine needle-like potassium :itanate fibers shows a rapid increase in abrasion rate with :emperature elevation. The test disc pad D (Comparative Example) using coarse-size potassium pentatitanate fibers exhibits stable abrasion characteristics as similar to the friction material of the present invention, but its friction coefficient shows the inferior thermal stability compared to that of the friction material of the present invention. The flat layered titanate represented by the formula Ko.sM9o.4Tii.6°4 as used in the Example was treated with an acid to prepare a flat layered titanic acid represented by the formula H0iSMg0i4Ti16O4 *nH20. The procedure of Example was followed, except that 20 parts by weight of the above-prepared titanic acid was used as a friction control agent, to make a test disc pad which was subsequently subjected to a friction test in the same manner as in the above-described Experimental Example. The results have demonstrated that this disc pad, like the test disc pad A, shows good abrasion characteristics over a range from low to high temperatures and good thermal stability of its friction coefficient. UTILITY IN INDUSTRY The friction material of the present invention shows good and stable friction coefficient and abrasion resistance over a wide temperautre range from low to high temperatures. Accordingly, its use for braking members, e.g., clutch facings, brake linings and disc pads, incorporated in braking devices as of automobiles, aircrafts, railway vehicles and industrial apparatuses not only improves and stabilizes their braking functions but also extends their service lives. CLAIMS 1. A friction material characterized as containing, as a friction control agent, 3 - 50 % by weight of one or more substances selected from flat layered titanates represented by the general formula (1), AxMyTi2_y04 (wherein A represents an alkaline metal other than lithium; M represents one or more elements selected from lithium, magnesium, zinc, nickel, copper, iron, aluminum, gallium and manganese; x is a number of 0.5 - 1.0; and y is a number of 0.25 - 1.0) and flat layered titanic acids represented by the general formula (2), Hx (M'y) zTi2_y04 'nH20 (wherein M' represents one or more elements selected from lithium, magnesium, zinc, nickel, copper, iron, aluminum, gallium and manganese; x is a number of 0.5 - 1.0; y is a number of 0.25 - 1.0; z is a number of 0 or 1; and n is a number of 0 S n ^ 2), 2. The friction material as recited in claim 1, characterized as containing, as the friction control agent, the flat layered titanate of the general formula (1) wherein A is potassium and M is zinc or magnesium. 3. The friction material as recited in claim 1, characterized as containing, as the friction control agent, the flat layered titanic acid of the general formula (2) wherein M' is zinc or magnesium. 4. The friction material as recited in claim 1, characterized as containing, as the friction control agent, the flat layered titanate of the general formula (1) wherein A is potassium and M is lithium. 5. The friction material as recited in claim 1 wherein the flat layered titanate or titanic acid has a length of 10 - 500 pm and a bredth (thickness) of 50 - 1,000 nm. 6.A friction material substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawing,

Documents:

in-pct-2002-490-che description (complete) granted.pdf

in-pct-2002-490-che-abstract.pdf

in-pct-2002-490-che-claims duplicate.pdf

in-pct-2002-490-che-claims original.pdf

in-pct-2002-490-che-correspondance others.pdf

in-pct-2002-490-che-correspondance po.pdf

in-pct-2002-490-che-description complete duplicate.pdf

in-pct-2002-490-che-description complete original.pdf

in-pct-2002-490-che-drawings.pdf

in-pct-2002-490-che-form 1.pdf

in-pct-2002-490-che-form 19.pdf

in-pct-2002-490-che-form 26.pdf

in-pct-2002-490-che-form 3.pdf

in-pct-2002-490-che-form 5.pdf

in-pct-2002-490-che-pct.pdf