Title of Invention

A PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AN ALPHA BASED CATALYST

Abstract The present invention relates to a process for the production of an alpha alumina based catalyst carrier which comprises: a) forming a mixture comprising alumina components, ceramic bond, an liquid medium and optionally, organic burnout materials, shaping aids and lubricants; b) shaping the mixture into carrier bodies; c) drying and firing the bodies at a temperature of from 1200 to 1500°C to form a porous carrier bodies; d) impregnating the porous carrier bodies with titania generator in a liquid medium; and then e) firing the impregnated bodies at a temperature sufficient to remove volatiles and generate titania.
Full Text This invention relates to a process for the production of an alpha alumina based catalyst carriers and specifically to catalyst carriers based on ceramic components such as alumina that may be used as supports for metal and metal oxide catalyst components of use in a variety of chemical reactions.
Background of the Invention
The use of ceramic based carriers and specifically alumina based catalyst carriers has previously been described in a number of patents including United States Patent Nos. 5,100,859; 5,055,442; 5,037,794; and 4,874,739. Such carriers have a wide variety of potential applications in the catalytic field and are especially useful where the alumina base is alpha alumina.
A catalyst support needs to possess, in combination, at least a minimum surface area on which the catalytic component may be deposited, high water absorption and crush strength. The problem is that usually an increase in one can mean a reduction in another property. Thus high crush strength may mean low porosity. Often the balance is achieved by trial and error making the catalyst carrier art even more unpredictable than other chemical process art.
Carriers based on alpha alumina have an excellent balance of crush
strength, abrasion resistance, porosity and catalytic performance that make them
ideal for a range of catalytic applications. It has been found that the physical
properties can be improved by incorporating a titania component into the
mixture fired to produce the carrier. While such titania modification has been
found to greatly improve the physical properties such as crush strength and
abrasion resistance, it has been found that it does tend to affect the densification
of the carrier

structure and this can lead to unacceptable properties. This problem increases with increasing concentration of added titania. There is therefore a substantial advantage in the provision of a process for the incorporation of the highly beneficial titania component without causing such densification.
Description of the Invention
The present invention provides an advance over the disclosure in Application Serial No. 08/118,487 in that it teaches the advantages of addition of the titania component by an impregnation of the fired porous carrier prior to deposition of a catalyst on the carrier.
More specifically the invention provides a process for the production of an alpha alumina based catalyst carrier which comprises:
a) forming a mixture comprising alumina components, ceramic bond, a liquid medium and optionally, organic burnout materials, shaping aids and lubricants,-
b) shaping the mixture into carrier bodies,-
c} drying and firing the bodies at a temperature of from 1200 to 1500°C to form a porous carrier bodies;
d) impregnating the porous carrier bodies with a titania generator in a liquid medium; and then
e) firing the impregnated bodies at a temperature sufficient to remove volatiles and generate titania. In the discussion that follows the invention will be
discussed in terms of added "titania" because, after the firing operation, it is assumed, for the purposes of this application, that the titanium remaining in the carrier will be in the form of an oxide.
Since titania is not soluble in water it must be carried into the pores of the fired porous carrier in solution or sol form. It should be understood, therefore.

Chac any suitable soluble salt of titanium can be used provided chat it decomposes to the oxide and leaves no residue or evolves no components Chat could interfere wich the activity or performance of Che caCalyst deposited on Che carrier. Thus citanyl oxalate, titanium (IV) bis (ammonium lactaco) dihydroxide, or similar organic salts are suitable. In addition citania sols or slurries of heat-decomposable titanium compounds are usable providing they are fluid enough to penetrate Che pores of the carrier. It is also possible to use a tiCanium alkoxide or oCher organomeCallic compound in a suitable liquid vehicle.
In the context of this specif icacion, Che Cerm "Cicania generaCor" is understood to embrace all such suitable salt solutions, slurries and sols that, under Che conditions under which the carrier is produced, form titania.
Generally, Che use of a ticanyl sale as the Cicania generator is preferred and Che oxalace or dihydroxy bis-lactace are the most preferred titanium salts because they are very soluble and because they decompose at relatively low cemperatures of from around 200°C-320°C. Upon decomposition, an amorphous titania phase is formed, which generally has Coo high a surface area for optimum results. ic is preferred to calcine the impregnated carrier at a CemperaCure at or above about 450°C-500°C at which Che anatase form is generated. Heating at higher cemperatures above abouc 773°C generaCes the rutile form. Neither of Chese consequences is disastrous, especially if a larger amount of titania towards Che upper end of the preferred range is used, but ic must be observed that prolonged exposure to higher temperatures can lead to the titania sintering and forming larger crystals. This, in general, is not desirable. It is, therefore, desirable Co

calcine the impregnated carrier at a temperature from about 450°C to 700°C, and more preferably from 500°C to 60Q°C and for a time of from 15 minutes to 120 minutes and preferably from about 3 0 minutes to SO minutes.
It is often found advantageous to add the titania generator in an amount that represents from about 0.05% to about 10%, and more preferably from about 0.1% to about 2.0% of the weight of the fired carrier, (calculated as Ti02) . Generally, little selectivity advantage is seen as a result of incorporating more than about 0.5% of titania. Impregnation is preferably done by immersing the carrier particles in a titania generator which is then decomposed to titania when the carrier particles are fired.
The firing of the impregnated carrier is carried out under conditions adapted to generate titania. In the presence of alumina, the firing can result in the formation of aluminum titanate and this is in general less preferred than titania.
Certain forms of alumina and bond material may also contain titania as impurities or components. The contribution of such forms of titania are not included in the amounts specified above.
The carrier is heated at a temperature that is high enough to sinter the alumina particles and produce a structure with physical properties adequate to withstand the environment in which it is expected to operate. In practice temperatures of 1200°C-1500°C and particularly 1300°C-1500°C are used to perform this sintering, (lower temperatures usually require longer times to achieve the same degree of sintering as higher temperatures). This may be done before or after the impregnation or, if desired, at the time the catalyst components are placed on the carrier. Sintering before impregnation is generally the most preferred option.

The preferred catalyst carrier of the invention may comprise a number of alpha alumina components chosen to contribute to the desired physical properties, including porosity, pore volume, crush strength and the like. Often a combination of two different alpha aluminas is preferred, one component having larger particles mixed with a second component having smaller particles, in weight ratios of from 10:90 to 90:10. The objective of this is to end up with a surface area, (in this document a reference to "surface area" is understood to mean the BET surface area measured using nitrogen or krypton as the adsorbed gas) , in the finished product of from 0.4 m-^/g to 5 m^/g. The surface area in the finished carrier is somewhat less than for the free alumina particles. Thus a convenient mixture may comprise for example, two types of alpha alumina particles, the first having a surface area of about 1 m^/g and the second having a surface area of 3 m-^/g to 5 m"^/g.
Part of the alpha alumina may be formed in situ from a precursor which is preferably boehmite. Good results are also obtained if the precursor comprises a mixture of boehraite with an aluminum trihydrate such as gibbsite or bayerite. Where such a mixture is used it is often preferred to use a weight ratio of the monohydrate, (boehmite), to trihydrate of from 1:10 to 1:3 and more preferably from 1:8 to 1:4. It is often preferred that, when a sol is formed from the precursor by addition of -water, a submicrometer particle sized seed material is also added. This has the effect of reducing the temperature at which the transition to alpha alumina occurs and reduces the crystal size of the alpha alumina produced upon transformation. The seed used can be any material that is effective to produce nucleation sites in the precursor so as to reduce the transition temperature

at which a transition alumina converts to alpha alumina. Seeds that accomplish this goal generally have the same crystal lattice type as alpha alumina itself and lattice dimensions that do not differ by too much from those of alpha alumina. Clearly the most convenient seed is alpha alumina itself and submicrometer sized particles of alpha alumina are the preferred seed. It is, however, possible to use other seeds such as alpha ferric oxide and chromium oxide.
Alpha alumina formed from the preferred seeded precursor when the extruded mixture is fired generally has a much finer crystal size than the alpha alumina particles with which the seeded precursor is mixed unless, during firing, it is maintained at a high temperature for a prolonged period. As produced, the seeded sol-gel material has a submicrometer crystal structure, but if it is held at temperatures over 1400°C for extended periods, crystal growth begins and the size differentiation may become less apparent.
The carrier of Che invention preferably has a porosity of at least 50% and more desirably from about 60% to about 75%. The porosity is related to the surface area which is preferably from 0.4 to 5 square meters/gram, and more preferably from 0.6 to 1.2 square meters/gram. The porosity may be obtained by addition of organic burnout material such as ground walnut shells or solid particles of a combustible hydrocarbon. Porosity may also be obtained without the use of burnout material by choice of particle sizes of the ceramic components sintered together to form the carrier.
It is usually preferred to add a ceramic bond material to the mixture from which the carrier is to be made to give added strength to the fired carrier. Conventional ceramic bond materials can be used and after ^^

firing these typically comprise components, (expressed as the oxides), such as silica, alumina, alkaline earth metal oxides, alkali metal oxides, iron oxide and titanium oxide, with the first two being the dominant components. It is found that bond materials containing significant amounts of alkali metals, that is up to about 5% and more preferably from 2% to 4% are particularly suitable. Particularly suitable bond materials include calcium silicate and magnesium silicate either added as such or formed in situ.
Description of Preferred Embodiments
The invention is further described with reference to the following examples which are for the purposes of illustration only and are not intended to imply any necessary limitation on the essential scope of the invention. Example 1
This example details the preparation of the carriers made using the formulations described in the following examples. The ceramic components are mixed with a burn¬out material, {walnut shell flour), and boric acid for about a minute. Water and an alpha alumina seed component are added, the water being in an amount that is necessary to make the mixture extrudable. Generally, this is-about 30% by weight. The mixture is mixed for about 4.5 minutes and then about 5% by weight based on the weight of the ceramic components, of vaseline is added as an extrusion aid. The mixture is then mixed for a further 3.5 minutes before being extruded in the form of hollow cylinders and dried to remove essentially all bound water. These were then fired in a tunnel kiln with a maximum temperature of about 1460°C"1490°C for about 5 hours.


Imprecfnation of Carrier
The fired catalyst was divided into two and one portion was then impregnated with a titania-generating material in an amount sufficient to give a final titanium content in the dried and finished carrier in the desired

amount. The other portion was given no titania treatment at all.
The impregnation was carried out by weighing out a suitable source of titanium in an amount necessary to give the desired level in the final carrier. In Example 1, this was in the form of a water-soluble titanium salt, (titanium (IV) bis (ammonium lactate) dihydroxide) commercially available as "TYZOR LA".
The total volume of solution used was in each case equivalent to the total pore volume of the carrier.
The carrier is impregnated by slow addition to the carrier in pellet form with agitation. When addition is complete, the impregnated carrier is allowed to stand for 30 minutes and then dried overnight at 120""C. It was then calcined 500°C for six hours except where otherwise specified. Catalyst Preparation
The carriers described above were used to prepare an ethylene oxide catalyst. The preparation method was generally as described in United States Patent Ho. 5,380,697. Each of the carrier samples described above was given an identical treatment. The Process
The following describes the standard microreactor catalyst test conditions and procedures used to test catalysts for the production of ethylene oxide from ethylene and oxygen.
Three to five grams of crushed catalyst (14-20 mesh) are loaded into a 0.21 inch inside diameter stainless steel U-shaped tube. The U tube is immersed in a molten metal bath (heat medium) and the ends are connected to a gas flow system. The weight of catalyst used and the inlet gas flow rate are adjusted to achieve a gas hourly

space velocity of 6800 ml of gas per ml of catalyst per hour. The inlet gas pressure is 325 psig (2241 kN/m^) .
The gas mixture passed through the catalyst bed (in once-through operation) during the entire test run (including startup) consists of 25% ethylene, 7.0% oxygen, 7% carbon dioxide, 61% nitrogen, and 2.5 to 10 ppmv ethyl chloride as a moderator.
The reactor (heat medium) temperature is taken up 180°C over a half hour period and then up to 190°C and the 200°C in successive half hour periods. Thereafter, it was ramped up at 10 °C per hour for the next two hours followed by a further half hour to reach the operating temperature of 225°C. The temperature is then adjusted so as to achieve a constant ethylene oxide level in the product stream of 1.5% (T-j^ 5) .
The moderator level is maintained at 10 ppmv for 6.5 hours and thereafter at 2. Due Co slight differences in feed gas composition, gas flow rates, and the calibration of analytical instruments used to determine the feed and product gas compositions, the measured selectivity and activity of a given catalyst may vary slightly from one test run to the next.
To allow meaningful comparison of the performance of catalysts tested at different times, the catalysts described in this illustrative embodiment were tested simultaneously, (i.e. in parallel)- The results showed: with titania the S^ ^ and T^^ ^ values were 83.3% and 227°C. Without the titania treatment the corresponding values were 82.5% and 235°C. This indicates that impregnation is a very effective way of securing the advantages of incorporating titania into the carrier.


The fired catalyst was divided into two and one portion was then treated with an aqueous titanyl oxalate solution in the manner described above in an amount sufficient to give a final titanium content in the dried md finished carrier of 500 ppm. The other portion was jiven no titania treatment at all.

To allow meaningful comparison of the perfoirmance the catalysts described in this illustrative embodiment were tested simultaneously, (i.e. in parallel). The results showed: with Titania the S-,_ ^ and T^^^ values were 82.5% and 232°C. Without the titania treatment the corresponding values were SI.7% and 235°C. Example 3
In this example, the effect of the firing conditions used to generate the titania in the carrier on the selectivity of the resultant catalyst, is evaluated. In each case the carrier was produced in the same way and the catalyst deposited thereon was the same. The selectivity evaluation was carried out in the manner described in example 1. The carrier was produced in either Smm or 8mm diameter particles and the amount of titanium added amounted to 0.05% by weight in each case.
The results are set forth in Table 1 below.

As will be clear from Che above data, the firing should preferably be at a temperature of about 3 00°C or higher for a time that is at least 15 minutes and up to about 360 minutes or more, with higher temperatures allowing shorter times.

Example 4
The following example traces the effect of firing conditions on the selectivity in the manner described in example 1 except that the selectivity was assessed with the conditions adjusted such that the conversion to ethylene oxide was maintained at 40% and the feed composition was as follows:
Oxygen 8.5 vol%
Ethylene 3 0.0 vol%
carbon Dioxide ....5.0 vol%
Nitrogen 54.0 vol%
Ethyl Chloride....2.5 ppmv and a flow rate of 3300 GHSV at a pressure of 210 psig 1448 kN/m^) was maintained.
The figures quoted are therefore the S^Q and T^Q values. The impiregnation was performed using the titanyl oxalate salt.


The titania content can be obtained from the titanium content figures quoted above by multiplying by 1.67.
The above data suggest that firing at too high a temperature can be detrimental and longer times of firing, at temperatures above about 500°C, does not improve selectivity.


WE CLAIM:
1. A process for the production of an alpha alumina based catalyst carrier which comprises: a) forming a mixture comprising at least one of an alpha and an alph precursor, ceramic bond, an liquid medium, b) shaping the mixture into carrier bodies; c) drying and firing the bodies at a temperature of from 1200 to 1500°C to form a porous carrier bodies; d) impregnating the porous carrier bodies with titania generator in a liquid medium; and then e) firing the impregnated bodies at a temperature of 300°C, which is sufficient to remove volatiles and generate titania.
2. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which the dried iired carrier body is impregnated using a titania generator selected from the group consisting of a titania sol and an aqueous solution of a titanium compound containing ligands that combust to volatile products.
3. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which at least 80% by weight of the ceramic components is provided by alpha alumina.
4. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which the titania generator is added by impregnation in a volume amount equal to the pre volume of the carrier to provide from 0.05 to 10% by weight of the weight of the finished carrier.
5. The process as claimed in claim 1, in which the impregnated carrier is calcined a temperature between 400 and 700°C.

6. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein a ceramic bond material comprising silica, alumina and an alkali metal is added to the extrudable mixture in an amount that is from 1 to 30% of the weight of the alumina components, expressed as alpha alumina, in the mixture.

Documents:

1079-mas-97 abstract-duplicate.pdf

1079-mas-97 abstract.pdf

1079-mas-97 claims-duplicate.pdf

1079-mas-97 claims.pdf

1079-mas-97 correspondence-others.pdf

1079-mas-97 correspondence-po.pdf

1079-mas-97 description (complete)-duplicate.pdf

1079-mas-97 description (complete).pdf

1079-mas-97 form-13.pdf

1079-mas-97 form-19.pdf

1079-mas-97 form-2.pdf

1079-mas-97 form-26.pdf

1079-mas-97 form-3.pdf

1079-mas-97 form-4.pdf

1079-mas-97 form-6.pdf

1079-mas-97 others.pdf

1079-mas-97 petition.pdf


Patent Number 202055
Indian Patent Application Number 1079/MAS/1997
PG Journal Number 05/2007
Publication Date 02-Feb-2007
Grant Date 12-Sep-2006
Date of Filing 21-May-1997
Name of Patentee M/S. NORTON CHEMICAL PROCESS PRODUCTS COPORATION
Applicant Address 3855 FISHCREEK ROAD, STOW, OHIO 44224,
Inventors:
# Inventor's Name Inventor's Address
1 THOMAS SZYMANSKI 2705 BLUE HERON DRIVE, HUDSON, OHIO 44236,
2 JOHN LOCKEMEYER 3403 STONEY MIST DRIVE, SUGARLAND, TEXAS 77479
PCT International Classification Number B 0 1J 21/06
PCT International Application Number N/A
PCT International Filing date
PCT Conventions:
# PCT Application Number Date of Convention Priority Country
1 08/659, 475 1996-06-06 U.S.A.