Title of Invention	METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONFIGURATING WALLS WITH ONE OR MORE MACHINING AND/OR POLISHING TOOLS
Abstract	The invention relates to a method for configurating walls with one or more machining and / or polishing tools, the walls defining a cavity (66) of a continuous casting mould (7, 60), the method comprising the steps of: generating a rotational movement of atteast one tool (12, 50, 501, 72) about an axis (13, 78) which is arranged substantially obliquely to the longitudinal axis (4, 63) of an arm (6, 61, 71), the arm being introducible into the cavity (66) for supporting of the tool. Generating a relative movement between the tool (12,50, 501, 72) and the walls by means of a movement of the arm (6, 61, 71) on the cavity side, the movement of the arm (6, 61, 71) comprises a rotational movement about its axis (4, 63), the movement of the arm is controlled by a numerically controlled machine.

Title of Invention

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONFIGURATING WALLS WITH ONE OR MORE MACHINING AND/OR POLISHING TOOLS

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for configurating walls with one or more machining and / or polishing tools, the walls defining a cavity (66) of a continuous casting mould (7, 60), the method comprising the steps of: generating a rotational movement of atteast one tool (12, 50, 501, 72) about an axis (13, 78) which is arranged substantially obliquely to the longitudinal axis (4, 63) of an arm (6, 61, 71), the arm being introducible into the cavity (66) for supporting of the tool. Generating a relative movement between the tool (12,50, 501, 72) and the walls by means of a movement of the arm (6, 61, 71) on the cavity side, the movement of the arm (6, 61, 71) comprises a rotational movement about its axis (4, 63), the movement of the arm is controlled by a numerically controlled machine.

Full Text	The invention relates to a method for the working of cavity walls of continuous casting moulds according to the preamble of claim 1 and an apparatus according to the preamble of claim 9. For the production of continuous casting moulds, in particular for the production of the geometry of the mould cavity in the case of tubular billet, bloom and profiie formats, various production methods such as cold forming onto a mandrel or machining etc. are known. The known production methods by means of cold or explosive forming onto a mandrel are expensive, because for each strand cross-section or each conicity shape a mandrel has to be manufactured, which particularly in the case of explosive forming has a short service life. A production by means of machining has its limitations, on the other hand, because the shapes of the mould cavities have become more and more complicated on continuous casting grounds. An additional difficulty is also caused with tubular moulds, however, by the small ratio of the clear width to the length of the mould cavity, because the design of the working apparatus is thereby severely limited. In addition to moulds with a straight mould cavity and with a casting cone uniform on all sides for a square or circular billet cross-section, moulds with curved mould cavities for bow type continuous casting machines are mostly used today, which places an additional limitation on the dimensioning of the working apparatus. In addition, use is made, in order to improve the strand quality and to increase the casting rate, of moulds with casting conicities varying in the longitudinal direction of WO 01/49432 PC7/EP00/12706 2 the mould, for example with parabolic shape of the casting conicity. A further substantial improvement in the casting rate has been achieved by means of convex moulds according to convex technology, which is known from EP 0 498 296. In such moulds the mould walls are provided on a part of the mould length with convex bulges which in the case of rectangular mould cavities taper into a flat wall, and in the case of circular mould cavities into a circular strand cross-section. In addition, mould cavities are known which exhibit smaller casting conicities in the corner areas than between the corner areas. Such mould cavities are incapable of being produced with known machining machine tools both because of the complex geometry on the one hand and because of poor accessibility in the tubular mould body on the other, and also because of the unfavourable ratio between mould length and clear mould cross-section. A representative example of a machining machine tool suitable for the working of cavity walls is known for example from DE 1 577 330. DE 1 577 330 discloses a grinding machine for the working of the inner surfaces of steel work's moulds, i.e. moulds for ingotting. The grinding machine incorporates a supporting arm whose longitudinal axis defines a middle position in a horizontal direction. The supporting arm is supported at one end on a trolley transportable in the direction of the middle position in such a way that the supporting arm is swivellable about a vertical axis and a horizontal axis aligned normal to the longitudinal axis of the supporting arm, and bears at its other end a grinding disc whose axis of rotation is arranged in horizontal direction oblique to the longitudinal axis of the supporting arm. Such an arrangement of the grinding disc permits the working of level inner surfaces, such as are conventional with steel work's moulds. Randomly bent inner surfaces, such as are conventional with continuous casting moulds, and corner WO 01/49432 PCT/EP00/12706 3 areas between bent inner surfaces may not be worked with the required accuracy with such an arrangement of the grinding disc. The invention is based on the object of creating a method and an apparatus which are suitable for the inner working of mould tubes for billet, bloom and profile strands. In particular, mould cavities are to be producible with degrees of conicity varying along the mould, with parabolic conicity, with convex side walls, which taper onto a flat wall surface, or with special corner configurations with degrees of conicity of between 0 and 1%/m by machining and polishing work operations with a numerically controlled machine. In addition, a' high mould cavity accuracy and surface quality are to be achieved and a cost-effective production method created on the basis of a controlled fabrication process which ensures automatic operation and a high machining rate with optimum chip removal. Said object is achieved according to the invention by the sum of the features of claim 1 and of claim 9. The method according to the invention and the apparatus according to the invention make it possible for the first time, by means of a machining machine, to produce mould cavities for billet, bloom and profile strands with a conicity varying along the mould, with parabolic conicity or with convexly bulging side walls with a numerically controlled machine. In addition, it is possible to achieve by means of the method and the apparatus a high mould cavity accuracy and surface quality. Further advantages are a high degree of automation .and a high machining,rate with optimum chip removal out of the mould cavity. The sum of said advantages leads overall to a cost-effective production method for new moulds or to a cost-effective re- WO 01/49432 PCT/EP00/12706 4 working method for used moulds and ones re-coated on the cavity side after use. With Fig. 8, which represents: "Examples of mould cavities" and is explained at the end of the text, it is intended to demonstrate the multiplicity of ways in which the configurations of mould cavities have developed and will also develop further in future. In addition to the cross-sections shown, tube moulds for beam profiles such as "Dogbone" are also to be described as difficult to work. Moulds may be clamped with their longitudinal axis substantially vertically onto a machine tool table and be worked with a vertical tool supporting arm. According to an embodiment it is advantageous if the mould is clamped onto a table with its longitudinal axis horizontally and the tool supporting arm is introduced into the mould cavity substantially horizontally. With such an arrangement the machine advantageously transports the arm with the aid of movement devices in a plane and the table along an axis normal to said plane. The depth of penetration required for the tool supporting arm in the longitudinal direction of the tube may be reduced and in so doing the accuracy and surface quality of the worked surfaces be improved if, according to an embodiment, the table is after the working of about half the mould length, swivelled through 180° about an axis which runs obliquely to the clamping plane of the table. By means of said additional process step the arm may be designed for a working- depth of the mould cavity of 400 to 600 mm, i.e. for roughly half a mould length. The relative movement between the tool and the mould cavity walls and the rotational movement of the arm about its longitudinal axis may be applied in many different WO 01/49432 PCT/EP00/12706 5 combinations for the machining. According to a further embodiment it is possible in the case of square and circular mould cross-sections for all mould cavity shapes to be worked according to Fig. 8 if by means of the numerical control in a first step the arm is brought by a rotational movement about its own longitudinal axis into a working position at the mould cavity periphery and clamped and thereafter in a second step with the rotating tool a portion of the mould cavity surface is worked in a simultaneous movement in one, two or three spatial directions. Said sequence of steps may be continued until the whole of the mould cavity exhibits the desired geometry. The service life of a mould tube may be prolonged quite substantially by repeated coating with a material and a subsequent machining and the mould costs per tonne of cast steel thereby be reduced. In order to improve the freedom of movement of the arm and the tool within the mould cavity, the arm is according to a further embodiment provided with a square cross-section with corner roundings and the tool is fixed at the end of the arm to a special- tool holding disc so as to be exchangeable- In order to be able to dimension the cross-section of the arm as generously as possible for a particular mould cavity cross-section, in order on the one hand to increase the bending moment and on the other to prevent vibrations, it is additionally proposed to arrange the axis for the rotational movement of the tool at a distance from the longitudinal centre line of the arm. The distance of the axis of rotation of the tool is advantageously chosen as 10 - 25% of the diameter of a circle inscribable within the arm cross-section. A further advantageous optimization is obtained if the ratio of the WO 01/49432 PCT/EP00/12706 6 rotational diameter of the tool to the rotational diameter of the arm lies in the range between 1 : 0.7 and 1 : 0.9. In order to achieve a high polishing rate with large-area polishing tools, according to a further embodiment another arm with two axes of rotation arranged substantially obliquely to the longitudinal axis of the arm may be used for two disc-shaped polishing tools. In order to transfer the drive for the machining and/or polishing tools from the machine tool table up to the axis of rotation of the tool, it is proposed, according to an embodiment, that an axial drive shaft with tooth gears be provided in the arm, in order to obtain, a-torsion-proof force transmission. A belt drive for the tools is conceivable as an alternative. Embodiments of the invention and further advantages of the latter are explained in detail below by means of figures, where Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 shows a side view of the apparatus according to the invention, an overhead view of the apparatus according to Fig. 1, a side view of an arm with a machining tool, a view according to arrow IV in Fig. 3, a view onto an arm with two polishing tools, a view into a mould cavity with introduced arm with a machining tool, a view onto a further example of an arm, and examples of the geometry of the peripheries of the cavities of typical continuous casting moulds. WO 01/49432 PCT/EP00/12706 7 Figs 1 ..and 2 show a machine with an apparatus for the inner working of tubes by means of machining and/or polishing tools, in particular for an inner working in mould cavities of continuous casting moulds. A milling or a grinding tool is possible, for example, as a machining tool. The machine consists of a machine tool table 1, which is supported on guides 2 and may be moved in a z-axis by means of a drive. On the machine tool table 1 is arranged a machine head 3, which is raisable arid lowerable in a y-axis. The machine head 3 is in addition provided with a device for generating a rotational movement about a horizontal axis 4, as indicated by arrow A. There is couplable to the machine head 3 an arm 6, which is equipped with machining or polishing tools. The arm 6 is, together with the machine head 3, rotatable or swivellable about its longitudinal axis 4, which is,arranged horizontally in this example. The arm 6 is easily exchangeable, in order that a tool change between a machining and a polishing tool may be carried out with short shut-off times. A^machining or polishing tool ,12 fixed to the arm 6 is rotatable about an axis 13. To this end the arm 6 is provided with an axially arranged drive shaft 27 and with a toothed gearing 28 (Fig. 3). A tubular work-piece, in particular a mould tube 7, is clamped horizontally on a table 8. The table 8 is supported with its stand 9 on guides 10 and is moveable in an x-axis. In addition, the table 8 is swivellable about a vertical axis 11 and may execute a rotational movement B through any angle. The machine is constructed in such a way that by means of a numerical control system the arm 6 may be moved in the (y-and z-axes and simultaneously the table 8 be moved in the x-axis. Likewise simultaneously, the arm 6 may be swivelled about the axis 4 and the tool 12 rotate about an axis 13. WO 01/49432 PCT/EP00/12706 8 In Figs 3 and 4 the arm 6 is provided with a machining tool 12. The cross-section of the arm 6 is substantially square with corner roundings. The tool 12' is fixed so as to be exchangeable at the end of the arm 6 to a tool supporting disc 15. The axis 13 for the rotational movement of the tool 12 is arranged at a distance 30 from the longitudinal centre line 4 of the arm 6. The distance 30 is of the order of magnitude of 10 - 25% of the diameter 31 of a circle inscribable within the arm cross-section. The rotational diameter 33 of the tool 12 is advantageously chosen as slightly greater than the rotational diameter 34 of the arm 6. A value of between 1 : 0.7 and 1 : 0.9 is aimed at as the ratio of the rotational diameter 33 of the tool 12 to the rotational diameter 34 of the arm 6. The length of the arm 6 may be so measured that it is designed for a working length of roughly half a mould length, i.e. for 400 - 600 mm. In Fig. 5 an arm 6 is equipped with two polishing tools 50, 50'. Said two tools 50, 50' rotate about axes 51, 51', which are arranged obliquely to the longitudinal axis 4 of the arm 6. Various polishing tools known in. the prior art may be used for the polishing. The working of a new tubular body or of an already used mould re-coated wholly or partly in the mould cavity may be carried out as follows. The tube is clamped onto the table 8 and the arm 6 introduced into the mould cavity. A first half of the length of the mould cavity is worked by numerically controlled combinations of the movements in the x-, y- and z-axes and of the rotation of the machining tool. The rotation of the arm 6 about its longitudinal axis 4 may take place during the working or during an interruption of the working. When the working in the first half of the mould length has been completed, the arm is moved out of the mould cavity and the mould 7 is swivelled, WO 01/49432 PCT/EP00/12706 9 under identical clamping together with the table, through 180° about .the vertical table axis 11. The arm 6 is then introduced into the mould cavity once again and the second half of the length of the mould cavity is worked. Prior to a subsequent polishing operation the arm 6 with the machining tool is exchanged for an arm with one or two polishing tools. The polishing also takes place under identical clamping by the mould tube being swivelled one or more times through 180°. The working may be.controlled by the numerical control system and/or an adjustment of the tool in such a way that the tool exerts a pre-determined contact pressure on the mould wall. In Fig. 6 is shown a tube 60 with an introduced arm 61 in working position. A mould cavity 66 has the configuration of a convex mould. By a rotation 62 of the arm 61 about its longitudinal axis 63 a miller 64 has been brought into a working position 65 in the cavity 66 and may now perform the working under numerical control. It may be gathered from this figure that mould cavities are workable with a multitude of complex cavity configurations, such as are represented in Fig. 8 with examples of circular and rectangular cross-sections. In Fig. 7 an arm 71 is equipped with a milling tool 72 and a drive motor 73 for the milling tool 72. Between the drive shaft 74 and the miller shaft 75 is provided a drive belt 76 or an equivalent drive element. The motor 73 is in said solution flanged directly onto the arm 71 and thus permits an arm construction which is both simple and slim. Said belt drive is operable at a low temperature level and permits a rapid and precise working. Instead of a horizontal clamping of a mould tube on the table 8, a vertical tube clamping, for example, is also possible. The movements assigned to the tool and to the WO 01/49432 PCT/EP00/12706 10 table in the x-, y- and z-axes may also be selected differently compared with the example described. In a further embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention it is provided that the axis on which one of the tools is rotatably supported is arranged on the arm in such a way that the alignment of the axis relative to the arm may be changed. For example, the axis could be supported in such a way that it is swivellable in a plane normal to that of the arm. Such a development of the apparatus according to the invention offers additional degrees of freedom, in order to suitably adjust the alignment of the tool relative to a surface to be worked. For the inner working of mould tubes with mould cavity curved in longitudinal direction it may be advantageous to furnish the arm 6 in its longitudinal direction with a curvature which is adapted to the geometry of the mould cavity. For the fine working of corner areas in the case of moulds with a cornered mould cavity, it is advantageous, by means of rotations of the table 8 about the axis 11, to optimize the alignment of the tool provided for the working relative to the spatial arrangement of the respective corner area. Such an optimization leads to improved results during the working of mould cavity walls with a large conicity in the corner areas and/or in the case of moulds with a mould cavity curved in longitudinal direction and cornered cross-section. Fig. 8 shows in a Table 7 examples of the geometry of the peripheries of the cavities of typical continuous casting moulds. The examples are arranged in the columns of the table according to the shape of the cross-section of the respective mould: (i) circular cross-sections and (ii) square or rectangular cross-sections. In the rows of the table the examples are arranged according to the nature of WO 01/49432 PCT/EP00/12706 11 the cone, which defines the tapering of the respective cavity (i.e. the shrinking of the cross-sectional area of the cavity) in the longitudinal direction of the mould on a path from the casting side of the mould to the mould outlet. The shape of the respective cone determines how and to what extent the periphery of the cavity is adapted to the shape of a strand which passes through the cavity in the direction of the mould outlet and in so doing is subjected by virtue of a thermally induced shrinkage to a change in shape, measured by the shape of a cross-sectional area of the strand. In the case of the linear cone, of the cone according to convex technology and of the parabolic cone there is shown in the respective field of the table: (a) on the left an overhead view of the peripheries of the cavity, viewed in longitudinal direction of the cavity from the casting side in the direction of the mould outlet, and b) on the right a longitudinal section through the peripheries of the cavity. The cone according to convex technology is characterised by the fact that the conicity of the cone is not only variable in the longitudinal direction of the cavity (as with a parabolic cone), but also varies along the peripheral line of a cross-section, particularly as the periphery of the cavity of a mould according to convex technology exhibits convex bulges in a longitudinal section on the casting side. Moulds with a cone according to convex technology are known from EP 0 498 296. The example described in the table as "cone with special corner configuration" relates to a mould known from EP 0 498 296 with a cone according to convex technology, in which the cavity exhibits a positive conicity in the middle of the lateral surfaces, in contrast to a negative conicity in the corner areas. 12 We Ctaim 1. Method for configurating walls with one or more machining and / or polishing toois, the waiis defining a cavity (66) of a continuous casting mould (7,60), the method comprising the steps of: generating a rotational movement of atleast one tool (12, 50, 50', 72) about an axis (13, 78) which is arranged substantially obliquely to the longitudinal axis (4,63) of an arm (6, 61, 71), the arm being introductble into the cavity (66) for supporting of the tool; generating a relative movement between the tool (12, 50, 501,72) and the walls by means of a movement of the arm (6, 61, 71) on the cavity side, characterized in that the movement of the arm (6, 61,71) comprises a rotational movement about its axis (4, 63), and in that the movement of the arm is controlled by a numerically controlled machine. 2. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the continuous casting mould (7) is clamped to a table (8), its longitudinal axis being disposed along a clamping plane, and wherein the arm (6, 61, 71) is introduced into the cavity (66) substantially parallel to the clamping plane. 3. Method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the arm (6, 61, 71) and the table (8) are moved simultaneously. 13 4. Method as claimed in one of claims 2 or 3, wherein the table (8), after configurating one of the walls along a partial length of the mould (7, 60), preferably half the mould length, is swivelled through 180° about an axis (11) which is arranged normal to the clamping plane. 5. Method as claimed in one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the arm (6,61, 71) is first brought into a working position by a rotational movement about its longitudinal axis (4, 63) and clamped, and wherein a portion of one of the walls is thereafter worked with the tool (12,72). 6. Method as claimed in one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the walls, prior to commencing a configuration, are coated atleast partially with a coating material. 7. Method as claimed in one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the walls are in a first step machined by means of one or more machining tools (12), wherein the arm bearing the machine tools (12) is exchanged for an arm (6) bearing one or more polishing tools (50, 50() in a second step, and wherein the wails are smoothened in a third step. 8. Method as claimed in one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the relative movement between the tool (50) and the walls (60) is controlled atleast partially by adjustment of the tool (50) in such a way that the tool (50) exerts a predetermined contact pressure against one of the walls. 9. Apparatus for configurating walls with one or more machining and / or polishing tools, the walls defining a cavity (66) of a continuous casting 14 mould (7, 60), the apparatus comprising a table (8) for clamping the mould (6, 60) in a clamping plane; an arm (6, 61, 71) to which one or more of tie tools (12, 50; 501, 72) are rotatably. fixed: means for generating a rotational movement of each of the tools (12, 50; 50 , 72) respectively about an axis (13, 78, 51, 511) arranged substantially obliquely to the longitudinal axis (4, 63) of the arm (6r 61, 71), and a means for moving the arm (6, 61, 71) in such a way that the tools,(12, 50, 50l, 72) are introduced into the cavity (66) and a relative movement between the tools and the walls generated, characterized in that the means for moving the arm (6,61, 71) comprises a device for generating a rotational movement of the arm about its longitudinal axis (4, 63) and is numerically controlled. 10.Apparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein the mould is disposed in longitudinal direction horizontally on the table (8), and wherein the arm (6) is arranged horizontally on the machine tool table (1). 11.Apparatus as claimed in claim 9 or claim 10, wherein means.are provided for generating simultaneous movements of the table (8) and the arm (6, 61,71). 12.Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 11, wherein means is provided for swivelling the table (8) about an axis (11) obliquely to the clamping plane of the table (8), preferably about a vertical axis (11). 13.Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 12, wherein the arm (6, 61, 71) possesses a substantially square cross - section with corner roundings, and wherein the tool (12) is fixed at one end of the arm (6, 61, 71) to a tool supporting disc (15) so as to be exchangeable. 15 14. Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 13, wherein the- axis (13) for the rotational movement of the tool (12) is arranged" at a distance (30) from the longitudinal centre line (4) of the arm (6, 61, 71}. 15.Apparatus as claimed in claim 14, wherein the distance (30) of the axis (13) of the tool is between 10 to 25% of the diameter (31) of a circle inscribable within the cross - section of the arm (6,61,71). 16.Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 15, wherein the arm (6, 61, 71) is designed for a working depth of the cavity of roughly half a mould length, preferably between 400 to 600 mm. 17. Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 16, wherein the ratio of the rotational diameter (33) of the tool (12) to the rotational diameter (34) of the arm (6,61,71) lies between 1 : 0.7 and 1 ; 0.9. 18. Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 17, wherein two disc - shaped polishing tools (50, 50') are provided. 19.Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 18, wherein the means for generating the rotational movement of the tools (12, 50, 501, 72) comprises a drive shaft (27) arranged axially in the arm (6) and toothed gears (28). 20.Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 18, wherein the means for generating the rotational movement of the tools (12, 50, 501, 72) comprises a be it drive (76). 16 21. Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 2Q, wherein the arm (6, 61, 71) is bent in the longitudinal direction. 22. Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 21, wherein the alignment of the axis (13,78} is changeable relative to the arm (6,61,71). The invention relates to a method for configurating walls with one or more machining and / or polishing tools, the walls defining a cavity (66) of a continuous casting mould (7, 60), the method comprising the steps of: generating a rotational movement of atteast one tool (12, 50, 501, 72) about an axis (13, 78) which is arranged substantially obliquely to the longitudinal axis (4, 63) of an arm (6, 61, 71), the arm being introducible into the cavity (66) for supporting of the tool. Generating a relative movement between the tool (12,50, 501, 72) and the walls by means of a movement of the arm (6, 61, 71) on the cavity side, the movement of the arm (6, 61, 71) comprises a rotational movement about its axis (4, 63), the movement of the arm is controlled by a numerically controlled machine.

Full Text

The invention relates to a method for the working of cavity walls of continuous casting moulds according to the preamble of claim 1 and an apparatus according to the preamble of claim 9.
For the production of continuous casting moulds, in particular for the production of the geometry of the mould cavity in the case of tubular billet, bloom and profiie formats, various production methods such as cold forming onto a mandrel or machining etc. are known.
The known production methods by means of cold or explosive forming onto a mandrel are expensive, because for each strand cross-section or each conicity shape a mandrel has to be manufactured, which particularly in the case of explosive forming has a short service life. A production by means of machining has its limitations, on the other hand, because the shapes of the mould cavities have become more and more complicated on continuous casting grounds. An additional difficulty is also caused with tubular moulds, however, by the small ratio of the clear width to the length of the mould cavity, because the design of the working apparatus is thereby severely limited. In addition to moulds with a straight mould cavity and with a casting cone uniform on all sides for a square or circular billet cross-section, moulds with curved mould cavities for bow type continuous casting machines are mostly used today, which places an additional limitation on the dimensioning of the working apparatus.
In addition, use is made, in order to improve the strand quality and to increase the casting rate, of moulds with casting conicities varying in the longitudinal direction of

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the mould, for example with parabolic shape of the casting conicity. A further substantial improvement in the casting rate has been achieved by means of convex moulds according to convex technology, which is known from EP 0 498 296. In such moulds the mould walls are provided on a part of the mould length with convex bulges which in the case of rectangular mould cavities taper into a flat wall, and in the case of circular mould cavities into a circular strand cross-section. In addition, mould cavities are known which exhibit smaller casting conicities in the corner areas than between the corner areas. Such mould cavities are incapable of being produced with known machining machine tools both because of the complex geometry on the one hand and because of poor accessibility in the tubular mould body on the other, and also because of the unfavourable ratio between mould length and clear mould cross-section.
A representative example of a machining machine tool suitable for the working of cavity walls is known for example from DE 1 577 330. DE 1 577 330 discloses a grinding machine for the working of the inner surfaces of steel work's moulds, i.e. moulds for ingotting. The grinding machine incorporates a supporting arm whose longitudinal axis defines a middle position in a horizontal direction. The supporting arm is supported at one end on a trolley transportable in the direction of the middle position in such a way that the supporting arm is swivellable about a vertical axis and a horizontal axis aligned normal to the longitudinal axis of the supporting arm, and bears at its other end a grinding disc whose axis of rotation is arranged in horizontal direction oblique to the longitudinal axis of the supporting arm. Such an arrangement of the grinding disc permits the working of level inner surfaces, such as are conventional with steel work's moulds. Randomly bent inner surfaces, such as are conventional with continuous casting moulds, and corner

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areas between bent inner surfaces may not be worked with the required accuracy with such an arrangement of the grinding disc.
The invention is based on the object of creating a method and an apparatus which are suitable for the inner working of mould tubes for billet, bloom and profile strands. In particular, mould cavities are to be producible with degrees of conicity varying along the mould, with parabolic conicity, with convex side walls, which taper onto a flat wall surface, or with special corner configurations with degrees of conicity of between 0 and 1%/m by machining and polishing work operations with a numerically controlled machine. In addition, a' high mould cavity accuracy and surface quality are to be achieved and a cost-effective production method created on the basis of a controlled fabrication process which ensures automatic operation and a high machining rate with optimum chip removal.
Said object is achieved according to the invention by the sum of the features of claim 1 and of claim 9.
The method according to the invention and the apparatus according to the invention make it possible for the first time, by means of a machining machine, to produce mould cavities for billet, bloom and profile strands with a conicity varying along the mould, with parabolic conicity or with convexly bulging side walls with a numerically controlled machine. In addition, it is possible to achieve by means of the method and the apparatus a high mould cavity accuracy and surface quality. Further advantages are a high degree of automation .and a high machining,rate with optimum chip removal out of the mould cavity. The sum of said advantages leads overall to a cost-effective production method for new moulds or to a cost-effective re-

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working method for used moulds and ones re-coated on the cavity side after use.
With Fig. 8, which represents: "Examples of mould cavities" and is explained at the end of the text, it is intended to demonstrate the multiplicity of ways in which the configurations of mould cavities have developed and will also develop further in future. In addition to the cross-sections shown, tube moulds for beam profiles such as "Dogbone" are also to be described as difficult to work.
Moulds may be clamped with their longitudinal axis substantially vertically onto a machine tool table and be worked with a vertical tool supporting arm. According to an embodiment it is advantageous if the mould is clamped onto a table with its longitudinal axis horizontally and the tool supporting arm is introduced into the mould cavity substantially horizontally. With such an arrangement the machine advantageously transports the arm with the aid of movement devices in a plane and the table along an axis normal to said plane.
The depth of penetration required for the tool supporting arm in the longitudinal direction of the tube may be reduced and in so doing the accuracy and surface quality of the worked surfaces be improved if, according to an embodiment, the table is after the working of about half the mould length, swivelled through 180° about an axis which runs obliquely to the clamping plane of the table. By means of said additional process step the arm may be designed for a working- depth of the mould cavity of 400 to 600 mm, i.e. for roughly half a mould length.
The relative movement between the tool and the mould cavity walls and the rotational movement of the arm about its longitudinal axis may be applied in many different

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combinations for the machining. According to a further embodiment it is possible in the case of square and circular mould cross-sections for all mould cavity shapes to be worked according to Fig. 8 if by means of the numerical control in a first step the arm is brought by a rotational movement about its own longitudinal axis into a working position at the mould cavity periphery and clamped and thereafter in a second step with the rotating tool a portion of the mould cavity surface is worked in a simultaneous movement in one, two or three spatial directions. Said sequence of steps may be continued until the whole of the mould cavity exhibits the desired geometry.
The service life of a mould tube may be prolonged quite substantially by repeated coating with a material and a subsequent machining and the mould costs per tonne of cast steel thereby be reduced.
In order to improve the freedom of movement of the arm and the tool within the mould cavity, the arm is according to a further embodiment provided with a square cross-section with corner roundings and the tool is fixed at the end of the arm to a special- tool holding disc so as to be exchangeable- In order to be able to dimension the cross-section of the arm as generously as possible for a particular mould cavity cross-section, in order on the one hand to increase the bending moment and on the other to prevent vibrations, it is additionally proposed to arrange the axis for the rotational movement of the tool at a distance from the longitudinal centre line of the arm. The distance of the axis of rotation of the tool is advantageously chosen as 10 - 25% of the diameter of a circle inscribable within the arm cross-section. A further advantageous optimization is obtained if the ratio of the

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rotational diameter of the tool to the rotational diameter of the arm lies in the range between 1 : 0.7 and 1 : 0.9.
In order to achieve a high polishing rate with large-area polishing tools, according to a further embodiment another arm with two axes of rotation arranged substantially obliquely to the longitudinal axis of the arm may be used for two disc-shaped polishing tools.
In order to transfer the drive for the machining and/or polishing tools from the machine tool table up to the axis of rotation of the tool, it is proposed, according to an embodiment, that an axial drive shaft with tooth gears be provided in the arm, in order to obtain, a-torsion-proof force transmission. A belt drive for the tools is conceivable as an alternative.
Embodiments of the invention and further advantages of the latter are explained in detail below by means of figures, where

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

shows a side view of the apparatus according to
the invention,
an overhead view of the apparatus according to
Fig. 1,
a side view of an arm with a machining tool,
a view according to arrow IV in Fig. 3,
a view onto an arm with two polishing tools,
a view into a mould cavity with introduced arm
with a machining tool,
a view onto a further example of an arm, and
examples of the geometry of the peripheries of
the cavities of typical continuous casting
moulds.

WO 01/49432 PCT/EP00/12706
7
Figs 1 ..and 2 show a machine with an apparatus for the inner working of tubes by means of machining and/or polishing tools, in particular for an inner working in mould cavities of continuous casting moulds. A milling or a grinding tool is possible, for example, as a machining tool. The machine consists of a machine tool table 1, which is supported on guides 2 and may be moved in a z-axis by means of a drive. On the machine tool table 1 is arranged a machine head 3, which is raisable arid lowerable in a y-axis. The machine head 3 is in addition provided with a device for generating a rotational movement about a horizontal axis 4, as indicated by arrow A. There is couplable to the machine head 3 an arm 6, which is equipped with machining or polishing tools. The arm 6 is, together with the machine head 3, rotatable or swivellable about its longitudinal axis 4, which is,arranged horizontally in this example. The arm 6 is easily exchangeable, in order that a tool change between a machining and a polishing tool may be carried out with short shut-off times. A^machining or polishing tool ,12 fixed to the arm 6 is rotatable about an axis 13. To this end the arm 6 is provided with an axially arranged drive shaft 27 and with a toothed gearing 28 (Fig. 3).
A tubular work-piece, in particular a mould tube 7, is clamped horizontally on a table 8. The table 8 is supported with its stand 9 on guides 10 and is moveable in an x-axis. In addition, the table 8 is swivellable about a vertical axis 11 and may execute a rotational movement B through any angle.
The machine is constructed in such a way that by means of a numerical control system the arm 6 may be moved in the (y-and z-axes and simultaneously the table 8 be moved in the x-axis. Likewise simultaneously, the arm 6 may be swivelled about the axis 4 and the tool 12 rotate about an axis 13.

WO 01/49432 PCT/EP00/12706
8
In Figs 3 and 4 the arm 6 is provided with a machining tool 12. The cross-section of the arm 6 is substantially square with corner roundings. The tool 12' is fixed so as to be exchangeable at the end of the arm 6 to a tool supporting disc 15. The axis 13 for the rotational movement of the tool 12 is arranged at a distance 30 from the longitudinal centre line 4 of the arm 6. The distance 30 is of the order of magnitude of 10 - 25% of the diameter 31 of a circle inscribable within the arm cross-section. The rotational diameter 33 of the tool 12 is advantageously chosen as slightly greater than the rotational diameter 34 of the arm 6. A value of between 1 : 0.7 and 1 : 0.9 is aimed at as the ratio of the rotational diameter 33 of the tool 12 to the rotational diameter 34 of the arm 6. The length of the arm 6 may be so measured that it is designed for a working length of roughly half a mould length, i.e. for 400 - 600 mm.
In Fig. 5 an arm 6 is equipped with two polishing tools 50, 50'. Said two tools 50, 50' rotate about axes 51, 51', which are arranged obliquely to the longitudinal axis 4 of the arm 6. Various polishing tools known in. the prior art may be used for the polishing.
The working of a new tubular body or of an already used mould re-coated wholly or partly in the mould cavity may be carried out as follows. The tube is clamped onto the table 8 and the arm 6 introduced into the mould cavity. A first half of the length of the mould cavity is worked by numerically controlled combinations of the movements in the x-, y- and z-axes and of the rotation of the machining tool. The rotation of the arm 6 about its longitudinal axis 4 may take place during the working or during an interruption of the working. When the working in the first half of the mould length has been completed, the arm is moved out of the mould cavity and the mould 7 is swivelled,

WO 01/49432 PCT/EP00/12706
9
under identical clamping together with the table, through 180° about .the vertical table axis 11. The arm 6 is then introduced into the mould cavity once again and the second half of the length of the mould cavity is worked. Prior to a subsequent polishing operation the arm 6 with the machining tool is exchanged for an arm with one or two polishing tools. The polishing also takes place under identical clamping by the mould tube being swivelled one or more times through 180°. The working may be.controlled by the numerical control system and/or an adjustment of the tool in such a way that the tool exerts a pre-determined contact pressure on the mould wall.
In Fig. 6 is shown a tube 60 with an introduced arm 61 in working position. A mould cavity 66 has the configuration of a convex mould. By a rotation 62 of the arm 61 about its longitudinal axis 63 a miller 64 has been brought into a working position 65 in the cavity 66 and may now perform the working under numerical control. It may be gathered from this figure that mould cavities are workable with a multitude of complex cavity configurations, such as are represented in Fig. 8 with examples of circular and rectangular cross-sections.
In Fig. 7 an arm 71 is equipped with a milling tool 72 and a drive motor 73 for the milling tool 72. Between the drive shaft 74 and the miller shaft 75 is provided a drive belt 76 or an equivalent drive element. The motor 73 is in said solution flanged directly onto the arm 71 and thus permits an arm construction which is both simple and slim. Said belt drive is operable at a low temperature level and permits a rapid and precise working.
Instead of a horizontal clamping of a mould tube on the table 8, a vertical tube clamping, for example, is also possible. The movements assigned to the tool and to the

WO 01/49432 PCT/EP00/12706
10
table in the x-, y- and z-axes may also be selected differently compared with the example described.
In a further embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention it is provided that the axis on which one of the tools is rotatably supported is arranged on the arm in such a way that the alignment of the axis relative to the arm may be changed. For example, the axis could be supported in such a way that it is swivellable in a plane normal to that of the arm. Such a development of the apparatus according to the invention offers additional degrees of freedom, in order to suitably adjust the alignment of the tool relative to a surface to be worked.
For the inner working of mould tubes with mould cavity curved in longitudinal direction it may be advantageous to furnish the arm 6 in its longitudinal direction with a curvature which is adapted to the geometry of the mould cavity. For the fine working of corner areas in the case of moulds with a cornered mould cavity, it is advantageous, by means of rotations of the table 8 about the axis 11, to optimize the alignment of the tool provided for the working relative to the spatial arrangement of the respective corner area. Such an optimization leads to improved results during the working of mould cavity walls with a large conicity in the corner areas and/or in the case of moulds with a mould cavity curved in longitudinal direction and cornered cross-section.
Fig. 8 shows in a Table 7 examples of the geometry of the peripheries of the cavities of typical continuous casting moulds. The examples are arranged in the columns of the table according to the shape of the cross-section of the respective mould: (i) circular cross-sections and (ii) square or rectangular cross-sections. In the rows of the table the examples are arranged according to the nature of

WO 01/49432 PCT/EP00/12706
11
the cone, which defines the tapering of the respective cavity (i.e. the shrinking of the cross-sectional area of the cavity) in the longitudinal direction of the mould on a path from the casting side of the mould to the mould outlet. The shape of the respective cone determines how and to what extent the periphery of the cavity is adapted to the shape of a strand which passes through the cavity in the direction of the mould outlet and in so doing is subjected by virtue of a thermally induced shrinkage to a change in shape, measured by the shape of a cross-sectional area of the strand. In the case of the linear cone, of the cone according to convex technology and of the parabolic cone there is shown in the respective field of the table: (a) on the left an overhead view of the peripheries of the cavity, viewed in longitudinal direction of the cavity from the casting side in the direction of the mould outlet, and b) on the right a longitudinal section through the peripheries of the cavity. The cone according to convex technology is characterised by the fact that the conicity of the cone is not only variable in the longitudinal direction of the cavity (as with a parabolic cone), but also varies along the peripheral line of a cross-section, particularly as the periphery of the cavity of a mould according to convex technology exhibits convex bulges in a longitudinal section on the casting side. Moulds with a cone according to convex technology are known from EP 0 498 296. The example described in the table as "cone with special corner configuration" relates to a mould known from EP 0 498 296 with a cone according to convex technology, in which the cavity exhibits a positive conicity in the middle of the lateral surfaces, in contrast to a negative conicity in the corner areas.

12
We Ctaim
1. Method for configurating walls with one or more machining and / or
polishing toois, the waiis defining a cavity (66) of a continuous casting
mould (7,60), the method comprising the steps of:
generating a rotational movement of atleast one tool (12, 50, 50', 72) about an axis (13, 78) which is arranged substantially obliquely to the longitudinal axis (4,63) of an arm (6, 61, 71), the arm being introductble into the cavity (66) for supporting of the tool;
generating a relative movement between the tool (12, 50, 501,72) and the walls by means of a movement of the arm (6, 61, 71) on the cavity side, characterized in that the movement of the arm (6, 61,71) comprises a rotational movement about its axis (4, 63), and in that the movement of the arm is controlled by a numerically controlled machine.
2. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the continuous casting mould (7) is
clamped to a table (8), its longitudinal axis being disposed along a
clamping plane, and wherein the arm (6, 61, 71) is introduced into the
cavity (66) substantially parallel to the clamping plane.
3. Method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the arm (6, 61, 71) and the table
(8) are moved simultaneously.

13
4. Method as claimed in one of claims 2 or 3, wherein the table (8), after
configurating one of the walls along a partial length of the mould (7, 60),
preferably half the mould length, is swivelled through 180° about an axis
(11) which is arranged normal to the clamping plane.
5. Method as claimed in one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the arm (6,61, 71) is
first brought into a working position by a rotational movement about its
longitudinal axis (4, 63) and clamped, and wherein a portion of one of the
walls is thereafter worked with the tool (12,72).
6. Method as claimed in one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the walls, prior to
commencing a configuration, are coated atleast partially with a coating
material.
7. Method as claimed in one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the walls are in a first
step machined by means of one or more machining tools (12), wherein
the arm bearing the machine tools (12) is exchanged for an arm (6)
bearing one or more polishing tools (50, 50() in a second step, and
wherein the wails are smoothened in a third step.
8. Method as claimed in one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the relative movement
between the tool (50) and the walls (60) is controlled atleast partially by
adjustment of the tool (50) in such a way that the tool (50) exerts a
predetermined contact pressure against one of the walls.
9. Apparatus for configurating walls with one or more machining and / or
polishing tools, the walls defining a cavity (66) of a continuous casting

14
mould (7, 60), the apparatus comprising a table (8) for clamping the mould (6, 60) in a clamping plane; an arm (6, 61, 71) to which one or more of tie tools (12, 50; 501, 72) are rotatably. fixed: means for generating a rotational movement of each of the tools (12, 50; 50 , 72) respectively about an axis (13, 78, 51, 511) arranged substantially obliquely to the longitudinal axis (4, 63) of the arm (6r 61, 71), and a means for moving the arm (6, 61, 71) in such a way that the tools,(12, 50, 50l, 72) are introduced into the cavity (66) and a relative movement between the tools and the walls generated, characterized in that the means for moving the arm (6,61, 71) comprises a device for generating a rotational movement of the arm about its longitudinal axis (4, 63) and is numerically controlled.
10.Apparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein the mould is disposed in longitudinal direction horizontally on the table (8), and wherein the arm (6) is arranged horizontally on the machine tool table (1).
11.Apparatus as claimed in claim 9 or claim 10, wherein means.are provided for generating simultaneous movements of the table (8) and the arm (6, 61,71).
12.Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 11, wherein means is provided for swivelling the table (8) about an axis (11) obliquely to the clamping plane of the table (8), preferably about a vertical axis (11).
13.Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 12, wherein the arm (6, 61, 71) possesses a substantially square cross - section with corner roundings, and wherein the tool (12) is fixed at one end of the arm (6, 61, 71) to a tool supporting disc (15) so as to be exchangeable.

15
14. Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 13, wherein the- axis (13) for the rotational movement of the tool (12) is arranged" at a distance (30) from the longitudinal centre line (4) of the arm (6, 61, 71}.
15.Apparatus as claimed in claim 14, wherein the distance (30) of the axis (13) of the tool is between 10 to 25% of the diameter (31) of a circle inscribable within the cross - section of the arm (6,61,71).
16.Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 15, wherein the arm (6, 61, 71) is designed for a working depth of the cavity of roughly half a mould length, preferably between 400 to 600 mm.
17. Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 16, wherein the ratio of the
rotational diameter (33) of the tool (12) to the rotational diameter (34) of
the arm (6,61,71) lies between 1 : 0.7 and 1 ; 0.9.
18. Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 17, wherein two disc - shaped
polishing tools (50, 50') are provided.
19.Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 18, wherein the means for generating the rotational movement of the tools (12, 50, 501, 72) comprises a drive shaft (27) arranged axially in the arm (6) and toothed gears (28).
20.Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 18, wherein the means for generating the rotational movement of the tools (12, 50, 501, 72) comprises a be it drive (76).

16
21. Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 2Q, wherein the arm (6, 61,
71) is bent in the longitudinal direction.
22. Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 9 to 21, wherein the alignment of
the axis (13,78} is changeable relative to the arm (6,61,71).
The invention relates to a method for configurating walls with one or more machining and / or polishing tools, the walls defining a cavity (66) of a continuous casting mould (7, 60), the method comprising the steps of: generating a rotational movement of atteast one tool (12, 50, 501, 72) about an axis (13, 78) which is arranged substantially obliquely to the longitudinal axis (4, 63) of an arm (6, 61, 71), the arm being introducible into the cavity (66) for supporting of the tool. Generating a relative movement between the tool (12,50, 501, 72) and the walls by means of a movement of the arm (6, 61, 71) on the cavity side, the movement of the arm (6, 61, 71) comprises a rotational movement about its axis (4, 63), the movement of the arm is controlled by a numerically controlled machine.

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Patent Number

201391

Indian Patent Application Number

IN/PCT/2002/00892/KOL

PG Journal Number

08/2007

Publication Date

23-Feb-2007

Grant Date

23-Feb-2007

Date of Filing

03-Jul-2002

Name of Patentee

CONCAST STANDARD AG

Applicant Address

TODISTRASSE 7, CH-8027, ZURICH

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	REUSSER, CHRISTIAN	BUHLWEG 3A, CH-5210, WINDISCH

PCT International Classification Number

B22D 11/04;B24B 5/40

PCT International Application Number

PCT/EP00/12706

PCT International Filing date

2000-12-14

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1	1999 2394/99	1999-12-29	Switzerland