Title of Invention	A MULTISPEED MOTOR CONTROLLER
Abstract	ABSTRACT Three phase sinusoidal waveforms generated from a DC bus voltage using Space Vector PWM method, are used to obtain multi-speeds from a 3 Phase AC Induction motor. A novel algorithm generates the switching signals from a micro controller to drive the power devices of the Inverter Bridge, the output of which is applied to the motor. At different speeds, below the rated value, the output voltage V and the frequency f are maintained to keep V/f constant so that the motor torque is kept constant. At above the rated voltage of the motor, only the frequency is increased to obtain constant output from the motor at increased speeds.

Title of Invention

A MULTISPEED MOTOR CONTROLLER

Abstract

ABSTRACT Three phase sinusoidal waveforms generated from a DC bus voltage using Space Vector PWM method, are used to obtain multi-speeds from a 3 Phase AC Induction motor. A novel algorithm generates the switching signals from a micro controller to drive the power devices of the Inverter Bridge, the output of which is applied to the motor. At different speeds, below the rated value, the output voltage V and the frequency f are maintained to keep V/f constant so that the motor torque is kept constant. At above the rated voltage of the motor, only the frequency is increased to obtain constant output from the motor at increased speeds.

Full Text	This invention relates to a multi-speed motor controller for an AC motor or brushless DC motor and its application in high frequency tools, domestic appliances or industrial equipment. BACKGROUND It is well known that wherever possible, 3 phase, squirrel cage induction motors are preferred for driving the load. However, when the load requires variable speed, in early days, DC motors were invariably deployed. While being easily amenable to speed control by simple means, the DC motors, with the Commutator/Carbon Brush Gear are less reliable and prone to higher maintenance. Hence there has always been a concerted effort to find a simple solution for the speed control of the AC induction motor. However the complexity of the speed control of the AC motor has been the major drawback vis-à-vis the DC motor. In a DC motor the speed control is very simple in that it is achieved by simply varying the voltage applied to the armature. But in Induction motors, both the voltage and frequency have to be varied simultaneously. Also during the power conversion stage it is necessary to ensure that the output waveforms are as near to sinusoid as possible, to minimize harmonic effects and reduce losses, noise and vibration. It has often been the goal of the designer to come out with a simple and cost- effective design of the power electronics and the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) controller to achieve the variability of speed in the three-phase induction motor. In the recent past there has been increasing efforts to devise ways and means of the variable voltage-variable frequency method of speed control of Induction motors. This is mainly because the three phase Induction motor is perhaps the most rugged and reliable rotating machine that forms the workhorse of the industry. Its diecast cage rotor is virtually indestructible and the absence ' of commutator and brush gear makes these motors, the most widely used in the industry. Wherever possible and where a three-phase supply is available, the three-phase motor is preferred to the single-phase induction motor as well. The three-phase motor is also having the least weight and size for a given horsepower at a particular speed. The single-phase induction motor is generally less efficient than a three phase one and also has additional components like starting switch and capacitor. They bring down the reliability of the machine. To vary the speed of the induction motor, both the voltage and frequency need to be varied in tandem below the rated speed of the motor. For speeds above rated value, only the frequency is varied while the voltage is kept constant. The general practice is to rectify and filter the input AC supply to DC and invert the same to variable voltage and variable frequency AC. While doing this it is preferable to have the output current waveform as near sinusoidal as possible. This is because the induction motor operates best with sinusoidal magnetic flux. There have been many approaches to obtain such a sinusoidal variable voltage-variable frequency output from the inverter. Most of the earlier methods used analog circuitry with a lot of hardware to obtain the PWM wave generation. These circuits employ triangular carrier wave at a higher frequency and different sampling techniques to obtain the pulse width modulated output wave. Such analog circuits invariably have limitations in that they are complex and expensive. They are also prone to drift due to aging of the components and thermal run-away due to heating. Frequent factory and field adjustments of the circuiiry are required. Also the design gets frozen once the product is made and even a minor change in the design later would necessitate another round of prototyping and fabrication. Also such hardware intensive circuitry always had the associated reliability problems and high costs. Subsequently, in recent times there have been attempts to arrive at the solution to obtain the pulse width modulated, sinusoidal variable voltage-variable frequency output by means of employing microprocessor based controllers. Such an approach is engaging the attention of the contemporary designers as may be seen from US Patents 4636928, 4599550, 4656572, 5140248, 5495160, based on this approach. The earlier approach in this method is to digitally store the waveform of the voltage in the read only memory (ROM) of the microcontroller and read the same at appropriate intervals by means of interrupts. The program suitably handles the interrupts and the output of the processor to send tlie switching signals to the inverter. It was also suggested that the sine values during the entire 360^ of one cycle of the waveform are stored in the form of a look up table and the program read the same at the regular intervals and appropriately switches the Inverter Bridge. In both these approaches the memory requirement of the program is generally large, of the order of 4K or more bytes. This is mainly because of the memory requirement of the look-up table as well as the main code itself. Also once the code is larger, it becomes necessary to deploy faster processors with lower instruction cycle times to effect the control in real-time and such hardware add to the cost. In another case a mathematical approach was adopted to digitally generate the sinusoidal wave. In this a mathematical algorithm based on the Bresenham technique was used to synthesize a circle and two waves corresponding to the x and y co-ordinates are generated to follow the contour of this reference circle. These digital sine waves are then converted by means of a 2/3-phase converter and modulator to obtain the three phase, pulse width modulated signals. Here also equipment employs quite a bit of hardware in the form of Timers, Counters, Frequency units. Multiplexers and other logic units which makes the apparatus quite expensive to be deployed in price sensitive applications. There are several PWM techniques as described by J. Holz in his research . paper, "Pulse Width Modulation - A Survey". IEEE Transactions Industrial Electronics, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 410 - 420, 1992. The principle and the methodology involved are described in greater details in publications given below: R. M. Park; "Two - reaction Theory of Synchronous Machines, pt. i, Generalized method of analysis", AIEE Trans., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 716 - 730, July 1929. T. G. Habetler, "A Space Vector-based rectifier regulator for ac/dc/ac converters", IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 30 - 36, 1993. The object of the invention is to obviate the above drawbacks by varying the magnitude and frequency of the applied voltage, while keeping the output waveform of the inverter as close to sinusoidal as required by using a micro¬processor based controller, which is programmable to achieve the switching configuration as required by SVPWM or Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) technique. The second object of this invention is to keep the code length and the memory requirement of the microprocessor at a minimum level so that SVPWM or SPWM can be implemented at a low cost and the controller can be used in appliance motors, high frequency tools and industrial equipment. To achieve the said objectives this invention provides a multi-speed motor controller for AC motor or brushless DC motor comprising: a rectifier for rectifying the AC input to a DC, the said rectifier is connected to a PWM bridge inverter consisting of power transistors with corresponding gates, the output of the said PWM bridge inverter is connected to an AC motor or brushless DC motor, a controller unit connected to the said PWM bridge inverter having a software program of short code length for determining the timing sequences for generating the signals for switching ON and OFF the gates of the power transistors of the said PWM bridge inverter in order to produce Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave forms for controlling the speed of the said AC motor or brushless DC motor using space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique, an auxiliary' power supply means for the controlling unit and the gates drivers connected to the said DC input. The said AC motor is a single-phase motor or a three phase motor or a poly-phase motor. The said AC motor is an induction, reluctance or synchronous motor. The brushless DC (BLDC) motor is in two or three phases with two or three pairs of windings. The PWM bridge inverter (single phase inverter) consists of at least 4 power transistors with corresponding gates in case a single-phase motor is connected at its output. The software programme provides not more than four switching configurations of the said single phase inverter bridge to produce variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave form for controlling the speed of the said single phase motor using space vector width modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique. The PWM bridge inverter (three-phase inverter) consists of at least six power transistors with corresponding gates and the AC motor connected to the output of said PWM bridge inverter is a three-phase motor or brushless DC (BLDC) motor with three pairs of windings (three-phases). The said software programme provides not more than eight switching configurations of the said three phase inverter bridge to produce variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave form for controlling the speed of the said three phase motor or BLDC. motor with three pairs of winding using space vector width modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique. Two single phase PWM bridges totaling eight power transistors are provided for BLDC motor with two pairs of winding (two-phase motor), the output of each of these two bridges is connected to the two winding pairs such that the output of second winding is delayed by 90 irom the first one. The said software programme manipulates switching configurations of the said inverter bridge to produce variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave form for controlling the speed of the poly-phase motor using space vector width modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique. The controller unit is a micro-controller with the associated processor, ROM, RAM and the input / output (I/O) ports having said software program in ROM to produce timing signals sent through the output port to the said driver IC. The said power transistors in the PWM bridge inverter are of MOSFET (metal oxide semi-conductor field effect transistor) type or insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) type to make the gate driver circuitry simple. The said timing sequences are such that the idle period of the bridge is distributed in three stages, one in the beginning, one in the middle and the third at the end of the PWM cycle in a manner that produces a symmetric pattern with respect to the center of the switching period. The said software programme in the micro-controller is such that it obtains the maximum utilization of the said input DC voltage. The said software programme generates a symmetric pattern of timing signals thereby producing variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave forms with the least harmonic content. The short code length of the programme is from 100-1000 bytes. The short code length of the programme is preferably from 200-400 bytes. The said software program includes means to generate dead band in the 'itching signals to ensure that at no point of time any two power transistors in i same leg of PWM bridge inverter are conducting simultaneously. The said software program includes means to obtain the set speed of the AC motor or brushless DC motor from the operator console A driver to charge the gate capacitor is connected to the gate for turning the transistor 'ON'. The said driver is three-phase version gate driver IC to drive the three low sides and three high sides transistors of the PWM inverter. The said auxiliary power supply means generates the 5V, 15V DC required for powering the micro-controller and the driver respectively. The said software also includes soft-start means, if required The controller unit with the driver IC and the auxiliary power supply means is implemented in ASIC (AppHcation Specific Integrated Circuit) The said ASIC and the passive components of the multi-speed motor controller are integrated in a hybrid IC. The said ASIC has means to interface with an external memory chip, if required. The said multi-speed motor controller is provided with means to interface with domestic appliances and industrial equipment to control the speed variation to suit the individual need of the customer. The domestic appliances and the industrial equipment are washing machine, refrigerator, room air-conditioner, textile ring frame, fans, blowers, compressor and machine tools. The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the multi-speed motor controller for an ■ AC motor or a brushless DC motor. Fig. 2a shows PWM bridge inverter consisting of 4 transistors with corresponding gates for a single phase induction motor. Fig. 2b shows PWM bridge inverter consisting of 6 transistors with corresponding gates for a three-phase induction motor. Fig. 3 shows the voltage wave form of one phase for a half cycle of the time period. The amplitude of the wave is constant and the on-time of the pulses is continuously varying as per the requirement of SVPWM Fig. 4 shows the average voltages for different PWM cycle periods, over a complete cycle of the waveform. The staircase type build-up of the waveform approximating the sinusoid pattem is also evident therein. Fig. 5a illustrates the four possible switching combinations of the four power transistors. Fig. 5b illustrates the eight possible switching combinations of the six power transistors, three-phase inverter bridge. The ON or OFF state of the bottom side power device of the bridge is considered to denote the state of the bridge. The eight possible combinations are Vo - V?. Vo and V7 represent the bridge in OFF or non-conducting condition in that either all the three bottom or the top power devices are in OFF State, hi all the other six states Vi - Ve, the bridge is in ON State. One or two of the topside devices and two or one of the other bottom side devices are in ON State. Fig. 6 shows the Space Vectors corresponding to the above-mentioned configurations and they are represented by the six space vectors, Vj - V6. The null vectors Vo and V7 positioned at the origin represent the other two combinations, where the bridge is in non-conducting state. Fig. 7 explains the manner in which the required stator reference voltage Vref is resolved into two of the space vectors, Vi and V2. Fig. 8 illustrates the inverter-switching pattem for the above-mentioned • case, involving space vectors V] and V2. Fig. 9 gives the general flowchart of the program and the logic involved therein, to generate the gating signals from the micro-controller as per the Space Vector PWM algorithm. The interface with the operator console and the interrupt handling routine is also explained therein. Fig. 9A shows the microcontroller unit, auxiliary power supply and the driver IC implemented in ASIC. Fig. 10 shows the step by step incrementing of the frequency and speed and the shifting of the maximum torque position with soft-start mechanism. Fig, II shows the variation of the current with speed as the motor is accelerated in the soft-start mode, the inrush current is limited to Imax during the entire acceleration period. Figs. 12, 13 & 14 show the application of the invention in washing machines, refrigerators and air-conditioners. The Multi speed motor controller may be connected to the motor of the washing machine, refrigerator or air-conditioner with the help of gearbox if required and thus add versatility to the equipment that is being controlled. Being software based, the system-can be easily customized to suit the individual needs of the customer. The time to market is greatly reduced because of this feature and this is a major advantage in the hands of appliance and equipment manufacturers. Referring to the drawings in FIG. 1 the general layout of the motor controller is described. The input AC supply is rectified and filtered through (1) to a DC. The input can be single or three-phase, single-phase being more common for appliance motors. The PWM bridge inverter (2) consists of either 4 power transistors for single phase motor (fig. 2a) or six power transistors for three-phase motor (fig 2b). The said power transistors can be MOSFETs (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) or IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor). With the present technology in the field of power semiconductors, it is easy to achieve the output rating of the bridge of the order of about 20 HP. using discrete devices. Both MOSFET and IGBT are preferred because the gate .of the device is insulated from the other terminals of the transistor and hence it is easier to design the gate driver circuitry. In Fig. 2b the Inverter Bridge (2) is explained in greater detail. Ql - Q6 are the six transistors and Gl - G6 are the corresponding gates. When a high signal (1) is given to the gate, the transistor is turned ON and a low (0) at the gate turns the transistor OFF. The micro-controller (5) generates the switching logic that governs these signals. It is to be ensured that no two complementary pairs of transistors; Q1/Q2, Q3/Q4 or Q5/Q6 are turned ON simultaneously at any time, lest the DC Bus is shorted. For turning the transistors ON, the high signal should have sufficient strength to charge the gate capacitor. For this, there are special Gate Driver ICs available. In fact a three-phase version of one such IC (4) is used in the present invention. The IC is able to drive the three low side and the three high side transistors, inherently providing for the offset voltage that is required for driving the high side transistors. The three output voltages at R, Y and B are connected to the three windings of the motor M as shown in fig. 1. The controller shown in fig. 1 is a micro-controller (5) with the associated processor, ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory) and the Input/Output (I/O) ports. The unique software reside in the ROM and the processor executes the instructions as per the logic to achieve the SVPWM triggering signals that are sent through the Output port to the driver IC (4). The microcontroller also read the operator console/keypad periodically and check for the set-speed. In the case of open loop control the output voltage and frequency is adjusted according to the values demanded by the set-speed. In the close-loop version the controller checks the speed sensor in addition and change the gate signals according to the changes observed in the value of the output speed. The logic of the SVPWM as well as a description of the program is given subsequently. The other item in FIG. 1 is the auxiliary power supply(6) that supplies the 5 V and 15 V DC that is required for powering the micro-controller IC and the clriver IC respectively. This power supply keeps the dual output voltages fairly constant for a wide range of input supply fluctuations. The principle of the Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) is explained briefly here. The stator voltage of the motor can be expressed vectorially in tenns of the three phase voltages of the inverter as Vs = Vr + Y Vy + y^ Vb where y = exp (j * 27i /3) The three phase voltages of the inverter are separated in time by 120^' from each other and can be expressed as: Vr = Vn, sin TJJt Vv=V„,sin(mt-120) Vb = Vni sin (TiJt+120) where V^ is the amplitude of the fundamental component. hi fig. 5a, four basic switching combinations of the inverter for a single phase motor are shown. In FIG. 5b, the eight basic switching combinations of the inverter for three-phase motor are shown. When all the three topside or all tlie bottom side transistors are in OFF condition, the bridge does not conduct and the resultant stator voltage vector Vs is zero in these two states. In all the other six combinations, one or two of the topside transistors Ql, Q3 and/or Q5 conducts. As per the basic requirement of the bridge, the corresponding bottom side transistors must be in OFF state. The resultant stator voltage V^ corresponding to these six combinations can be given by the following equation as, Vn = 2/3 * Vd exp lj(n-\)n I 3] where n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and Vd is the DC Bus voltage. As explained earlier Vo and Vy are null vectors, i.e., their value is zero. These six vectors are shown in Fig. 6 as Vi to V^,. They fonn the spokes of the hexagon that is formed by the six sectors, I to VI. The stator voltage vector V^ , rotates in a cycHc pattern through these six sectors. Its value is variable from zero at the origin to the maximum represented by the radii of V i to Vc. Depending upon the sector in which the stator reference voltage vector is located, the same can be written in terms of the adjacent two vectors of the hexagon. This is explained in FIG. 7. Assuming Vs is located in sector 1, it is made up of Vi and Vi and expressed in terms of them as Vs = ViT,/Ts + V2T2/Ts. When T2 is zero, Vs is entirely made up of V\| and when Ti is zero the same is made up entirely of V2 Tj and T2 are the periods for which the Inverter Bridge is conduction in the corresponding configurations, i.e., 100 and 110. Ts is the PWM switching period and since T] and T2 are the two conducting periods of the bridge, the period To = Ts - (T1+T2) represents the period for which the bridge is in non-conducting state. Thus the PWM period Ts is made up of the bridge conducting in configuration 100 (Vi) for a time Ti and in configuration 110 (V2) for a time T2 and the configuration 000 (V7) or 111 (VQ) for a period TQ. The above switching combinations for synthesising the stator reference voltage vector Vs in sector I is shown in FIG. 8. Here the period To for which the bridge is idle is distributed in three stages, one in the beginning, one in the middle and the third at the end of the ?WM cycle. The bridge is in state 000 (V7) for a period To/4 where all the three transistors Ql. Q3 and Q5 in the topside are in ON state and the corresponding bottom side transistors Q2 Q4 and Q6 are in OFF state. At the end of period To/4, QI is turned OFF and Q2 is turned ON. This switching configuration is maintained for a period Ti/2. At the end of this period, the transistor Q3 is mmed OFF and Q4 is mmed ON. This new configuration is kept up for a period of T2/2. At the end of this period, the transistor Q5 is turned ON and Q6 is switched OFF. Now the bridge is again non-conducting and the configuration will correspond to the null vector 111 (Vo). This state is maintained for a period To/2. For the rest of the PWM period the situation repeats in the reverse. At the end of the period To/2, the transistor Q5 is turned OFF and Q6 is turned ON. This state is for a time period T2/2. At the end of this period 03 is turned OFF and Q4 is turned ON for a further period Ti/2. After this Q\ is turned OFF and Q2 is turned ON. This corresponds to the non-conducting stage of the bridge and continues for a period To/4. The switching signals for the three legs of the bridge is shown in FIG. 8 and it can be seen that the pattern is symmetric with respect to the centre of the switching period Tj. This is known as the symmetric PWM switching method and this is known to produce least harmonics in the output wavefonns. The switching sequence described above is one PWM period and at the end of this, the next period corresponding to another position of the stator reference voltage Vg occurs. As long as Vs is in sector I, the adjacent space vectors Vi and V2 are taken and the period Tj and T2 are the dwelling periods. Ti and T2 can be calculated from the Park transformation explained in the reference cited above. The time periods T], T2 and To are given by the following equations: Ti = Ts/2 * a * sin (60 - 0) / sin 60 T2 = Ts/2 * a * sin 0 / sin 60 To = Ts-(T,+T2) 0 is the phase angle of the stator reference voltage Vs and a is the modulation index, 'a' is the ratio of the required magnitude of the voltage Vs to the maximum possible value of the same, i.e., \|Vi\|. This is how the magnitude of the output voltage is controlled with respect to the frequency to obtain the required V/f As the stator reference voltage vector Vs is rotated in time, by increasing 0, the time periods Tj, T2 and To are continuously changing. At some point of ' time the vector enters sector 11. Here the base vectors are taken as V2 and V?. corresponding to the switching configurations 110 and 010 respectively. The stator voltage vector V, is now made up of Vj and V^ and T,, T2 and To are calculated as before. Thus the sequence progresses through sectors III. IV. V and VI as 0 increase from 60 to 360". For each of these sectors the corresponding adjacent pairs of the hexagon are taken for decomposition of the vector Vs into the two required vectors. The rotation from 0 to 360" will correspond to one cycle of the output wavefonn. The incremental value of 0 will determine the resolution of the sine wave. The finer it is, smoother will be the sinewave. The PWM pulses of one phase are shown in FIG. 3. For illustration it is taken that a half cycle is made up of nine pulses or PWM periods. Thus 0 has a value 20 . It is^seen that while the magnitude of the pulse is constant, the width of the pulse increases progressively in the first half and then reduces similarly in the second half of the time period shown. Pulses 6 to 10 are seen to have increasing widths and in pulses 10 to 14, tlie width progressively decreases. The average value of the voltage over the PWM period thus increases steadily in the period 0 to 90° and then decreases in a similar fashion from 90 to 180°. This is shown in FIG. 4 for the complete cycle as a staircase like wave. As the number of steps increases, the staircase width reduces and the wave becomes smooth and closer to a sinusoid. The number of steps or the resolution of the waveform is entirely decided by the design of the motor and the requirement of the application. The fineness of the sinewave dictates the incremental value of 0. The SVPWM method also results in the maximum utilization of the DC bus voltage, when compared to other types of PWM techniques. The rotation of the space vector in the time frame is thus repeating and the rate at which the vector Vg is rotating will decide the frequency of the output wave. Thus the frequency of the wave is decided by the speed of rotation of the stator voltage vector and its magnitude by the modulation index. The magnitude of the voltage is indirectly fixed by the time periods T1 and T2 for which the bridge is switched ON at different instances. The V/f control that is required for the speed control of the AC motor is obtained this way. It is seen that while switching the bridge from one configuration to another, the On/OFF states of the two transistors in one vertical leg of the bridge, viz., Q1/Q2, Q3/Q4 or Q5/Q6 undergo a change. For example in FIG. 8, when at the end of To/4 when the configuration changes from 000 (V?) to 100 (Vi), transistor Ql changes from ON to OFF state and simultaneously the transistor Q2 changes from OFF to ON state. Wliile switching OFF, a transistor takes some defmite time to turn OFF. This time tq is determined by the tum-off time of the transistor. In the example cited, it is imperative that Q2 is not turned ON before Ql is completely turned OFF. Thus a small time delay is required before switching OFF Ql before switching ON Q2. This time period in which both Q1 and Q2 are not conducting is known as the "dead band" and this dead-band is to be incorporated in the software for switching to ensure that at no point of time Ql and Q2 (or Q3 & Q4 or Q5 & Q6) are not conducting simultaneously. In the present invention this dead-band is incorporated in the algorithm itself by means of software and hence the reliability of the inverter bridge is very high. In FIG. 9 the flow-chart of the program for the Space Vector PWM is described. The timers and interrupt registers of the micro-controller are cleared first. First it is checked if the Motor On control is activated - otherwise the controller sets the bridge in the non-conducting state, which is also the default mode. If the switch is in ON position, the set speed value is read from the operator console or keypad. The frequency corresponding to the set speed and the corresponding voltage are computed. Depending on the switching frequency • of the bridge, the PWM period, Ts is also calculated. Calculated. This will change the rate at which Vs rotate and the modulation index, thereby changmg the values of To, T, and T2 as well. The program occupies only about 200 - 400 bytes of ROM in the processor, depending on the smoothness of the sinewave required. This means that this is a very efficient code and can easily be implemented on any low-end micro-controller at a very low cost. There are also no large tables that are to be stored as the S VPWM is implemented in real-time. The remaining part of the ROM can be utilised to interface the controller with the machine that is being driven to control the timing and sequence of the same, along with the necessary input/output interfaces. As most of the present-day appliances are increasingly using micro-controllers, the present invention can easily enhance the capability of the same by providing the machine with variable speed capability at practically no extra cost. But the versatility and product features of the machine are greatly improved, offering the designer with a powerful but low cost tool in the form a variable speed motor. He is unfettered by the earlier limitations of the controllability of the AC motor and has the freedom of choice to use the same in die place of a more expensive, larger and costlier DC motor. Thus the motor will run at the appropriate value corresponding to the set speed. The smoothness of the sinewave is easily achieved by decreasing the incremental value of 9. The dead-band pattern for each of the transition points of the symmetric SVPWM switching pattern is constant and the time of the dead-band is loaded via the program. For a different set of transistors with varying tq it is very easy to vary the dead-band. Similar exercise is carried out with PWM bridge inverter (single phase inverter) having four power transistors with four switching configurations, as shown in figures 2a and 5a to provide a multi-speed for a single phase motor. For a single phase motor there are two space vectors and four basic switching • combinations. The software programme in the microcontroller calculates the dwelling times for each of these configurations and the corresponding dead band programme is also inserted in the appropriate place like in the case of three-phase circuit. A brushless DC (BLDC) motor is similar to poly-phase induction motor in construction except that in the brushless DC motor, the rotor is a permanent magnet in stead of die-cast aluminium. Generally, the BLDC motor come in 2 or 3 phases with 3 or 3 pairs of windings and the switching is done in a similar manner as two or three phase motor, while the three phase version is similar to the one, which has been described above, in the two phase motor there are two single phase bridges totaling eight power transistors. The output of each of these bridges is connected to the two winding pairs. The output of the said winding is delayed by 90- from the first one. When the voltages are applied in a cyclical fashion to the windings as described above, a rotating magnetic field is setup and the permanent magnet rotor follows this field and revolves continuously. hi figures 10 and 11, the soft-start features are shown. Figure 10 shows the torque Vs. speed curves for the 5 steps, while figure 11 illustrates the variation of current with speed for the same steps. The inverter and hence the motor is started in step 1 at a low frequency and its corresponding voltage. The starting torque is very high and the starting current is well within the allowed value of Imax- As the motor accelerates and the speed reaches the value to step 2, the current value also decreases. At this point both the voltage and the frequency are increased. The maximum or pull out torque point is shifted to the right. The motor shows an increase in accelerating tofque and the speed further picks up. The current also increases but is kept within Imax- Similar exercise is can-ied out at steps 3, 4 and 5. The curve relating to step 5 is the torque Vs. speed characteristics of the motor at the rated voltage and frequency and a motor follows this curve from the beginning of step 5 and reaches its rated speed. The application of the above invention is illustrated by way of examples in figures 12-14 in respect of washing machines, refrigerators and air- conditioners. The Multi speed motor controller may be connected to the motor of the washing machine, refrigerator or air-conditioner with the help of gearbox if required and thus add versatility to the equipment that is being controlled. While the examples are typical applications of the technology, the same can be applied to other appliances and equipment where the induction motor is to be operated at various desired speed. The above invention is also used in industrial equipment such as Textile Ring Frames, Portable Tools, Industrial Fans, Blowers & compressors and other machine tools. We Claim: Multi-speed motor controller for AC motor or brushless DC motor comprising: a rectifier for rectifying the AC input to a DC, the said rectifier is connected to a PWM bridge inverter consisting of power transistors with corresponding gates, the output of the said PWM bridge inverter is connected to an AC motor or brushless DC motor, a controller unit connected to the said PWM bridge inverter having a software program of short code length for determining the timing sequences for generating the signals for switching ON and OFF the gates of the power transistors of the said PWM bridge inverter in order to produce Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave forms for controlling the speed of the said AC motor or brushless DC motor using space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique, an auxiliary power supply means for the controlling unit and the gates drivers connected to the said DC input. 2. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein-the said AC motor is a single-phase motor or a three phase motor or a poly-phase motor. 3. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said AC motor is an induction, reluctance or synchronous motor. 4. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein brushless DC (BLDC) motor is in two or three phases with two or three pairs of winding. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the PWM bridge inverter consists of at least 4 power transistors with corresponding gates in case a single-phase motor is connected at its output. D. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claims 1 & 5 wherein said software programme provides not more than four switching configurations of the said inverter bridge to produce variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave form for controlling the speed of the said single phase motor using space vector width modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique. 7. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claims 1 & 2 wherein the PWM bridge inverter (three-phase inverter) consists of at least six power transistors with corresponding gates and the AC motor connected to the output of said PWM bridge inverter is a three-phase motor or brushless DC (BLDC) motor with three pairs of windings (three-phases). 8. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claims 1, 2 & 7 wherein the said software programme provides not more than eight switching configurations of the said inverter bridge to produce variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave form for controlling the speed of the said three phase motor or BLDC motor with three pairs of w inding using space vector width modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique. 9. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claims 2 & 5 wherein two single phase PWM bridges totaling eight power transistors are provided for BLDC motor with two pairs of winding (two-phase motor), the output of each of these two bridges is connected to the two winding pairs such that the output of second winding is delayed by 90° from the first one. 10. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claims 1, 3 & 7 wherein the said software programme manipulates switching configurations of the said inverter bridge to produce variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave form for controlling the speed of the poly-phase motor using space vector width modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique. 11. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the controller unit is a micro-controller with the associated processor, ROM, RAM and the input / output (I/O) ports having said software program in ROM to produce timing signals sent through the output port to the said driver IC. 12. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claims 1, 4 & 7 wherein the said power transistors in the PWM bridge inverter are of MOSFET (metal oxide semi-conductor field effect transistor) type or insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) type. 13. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said timing sequences are such that the idle period of the bridge is distributed in three stages, one in the beginning, one in the middle and the third at the end of the PWM cycle in a manner that produces a symmetric pattem with respect to the center of the switching period. 14. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said software programme in the micro-controller is such that it obtains the maximum utilization of the said input DC voltage. 15. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said software programme generates a symmetric pattem of timing signals thereby producing variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave forms with the least harmonic content. 16. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the short code length of the programme is from 100-1000 bytes. 17. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 16 wherein the short code length of the programme is preferably from 200-400 bytes. 18. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said software program includes means to generate dead band in the switching signals to ensure that at no point of time any two power transistors in the same leg of PWM bridge inverter are conducting simultaneously. 19. Muhi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said software program includes means to obtain the set speed of the AC motor or bmshless DC motor from the operator console 20. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein a driver to charge the gate capacitor is connected to the gate for turning the transistor 'ON'. 21. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said driver is three-phase version gate driver IC to drive the three low sides and three high sides transistors of the PWM inverter. 22. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said auxihary power supply means generates the 5V, 15V DC required for powering the micro-controller and the driver respectively. 23. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said software also includes soft-start means, if required 24. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the controller unit with the driver IC and the auxiliary power supply means is implemented in ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) 25. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said ASIC and the passive components of the multi-speed motor controller are integrated in a hybrid IC. 26. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claims 24 & 25 wherein the said ASIC has connecting means to interface with an extemal memory chip, if required. 27. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said multi-speed motor controller is provided with connecting means to interface with domestic appliances and industrial equipment to control the speed variation to suit the individual need of the customer. 28. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 27 wherein the domestic appliances and the industrial equipment are washing machine, refrigerator, room air-conditioner, textile ring frame, fans, blowers, compressor and machine tools. 29. Multi-speed motor controller for AC motor or brushless DC motor substantially as herein described with reference to the and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

Full Text

This invention relates to a multi-speed motor controller for an AC motor or brushless DC motor and its application in high frequency tools, domestic appliances or industrial equipment. BACKGROUND
It is well known that wherever possible, 3 phase, squirrel cage induction motors are preferred for driving the load. However, when the load requires variable speed, in early days, DC motors were invariably deployed. While being easily amenable to speed control by simple means, the DC motors, with the Commutator/Carbon Brush Gear are less reliable and prone to higher maintenance. Hence there has always been a concerted effort to find a simple solution for the speed control of the AC induction motor.
However the complexity of the speed control of the AC motor has been the major drawback vis-à-vis the DC motor. In a DC motor the speed control is very simple in that it is achieved by simply varying the voltage applied to the armature. But in Induction motors, both the voltage and frequency have to be varied simultaneously. Also during the power conversion stage it is necessary to ensure that the output waveforms are as near to sinusoid as possible, to minimize harmonic effects and reduce losses, noise and vibration. It has often been the goal of the designer to come out with a simple and cost- effective design of the power electronics and the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) controller to achieve the variability of speed in the three-phase induction motor.
In the recent past there has been increasing efforts to devise ways and means of the variable voltage-variable frequency method of speed control of Induction motors. This is mainly because the three phase Induction motor is perhaps the most rugged and reliable rotating machine that forms the workhorse of the industry. Its diecast cage rotor is virtually indestructible and the absence ' of commutator and brush gear makes these motors, the most widely used in the industry. Wherever possible and where a three-phase supply is available, the

three-phase motor is preferred to the single-phase induction motor as well. The three-phase motor is also having the least weight and size for a given horsepower at a particular speed. The single-phase induction motor is generally less efficient than a three phase one and also has additional components like starting switch and capacitor. They bring down the reliability of the machine.
To vary the speed of the induction motor, both the voltage and frequency need to be varied in tandem below the rated speed of the motor. For speeds above rated value, only the frequency is varied while the voltage is kept constant. The general practice is to rectify and filter the input AC supply to DC and invert the same to variable voltage and variable frequency AC. While doing this it is preferable to have the output current waveform as near sinusoidal as possible. This is because the induction motor operates best with sinusoidal magnetic flux.
There have been many approaches to obtain such a sinusoidal variable voltage-variable frequency output from the inverter. Most of the earlier methods used analog circuitry with a lot of hardware to obtain the PWM wave generation. These circuits employ triangular carrier wave at a higher frequency and different sampling techniques to obtain the pulse width modulated output wave. Such analog circuits invariably have limitations in that they are complex and expensive. They are also prone to drift due to aging of the components and thermal run-away due to heating. Frequent factory and field adjustments of the circuiiry are required. Also the design gets frozen once the product is made and even a minor change in the design later would necessitate another round of prototyping and fabrication. Also such hardware intensive circuitry always had the associated reliability problems and high costs.
Subsequently, in recent times there have been attempts to arrive at the solution to obtain the pulse width modulated, sinusoidal variable voltage-variable frequency output by means of employing microprocessor based controllers. Such an approach is engaging the attention of the contemporary

designers as may be seen from US Patents 4636928, 4599550, 4656572, 5140248, 5495160, based on this approach.
The earlier approach in this method is to digitally store the waveform of the voltage in the read only memory (ROM) of the microcontroller and read the same at appropriate intervals by means of interrupts. The program suitably handles the interrupts and the output of the processor to send tlie switching signals to the inverter.
It was also suggested that the sine values during the entire 360^ of one cycle of the waveform are stored in the form of a look up table and the program read the same at the regular intervals and appropriately switches the Inverter Bridge. In both these approaches the memory requirement of the program is generally large, of the order of 4K or more bytes. This is mainly because of the memory requirement of the look-up table as well as the main code itself. Also once the code is larger, it becomes necessary to deploy faster processors with lower instruction cycle times to effect the control in real-time and such hardware add to the cost.
In another case a mathematical approach was adopted to digitally generate the sinusoidal wave. In this a mathematical algorithm based on the Bresenham technique was used to synthesize a circle and two waves corresponding to the x and y co-ordinates are generated to follow the contour of this reference circle. These digital sine waves are then converted by means of a 2/3-phase converter and modulator to obtain the three phase, pulse width modulated signals. Here also equipment employs quite a bit of hardware in the form of Timers, Counters, Frequency units. Multiplexers and other logic units which makes the apparatus quite expensive to be deployed in price sensitive applications.
There are several PWM techniques as described by J. Holz in his research . paper, "Pulse Width Modulation - A Survey". IEEE Transactions Industrial Electronics, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 410 - 420, 1992. The principle and the

methodology involved are described in greater details in publications given below:
R. M. Park; "Two - reaction Theory of Synchronous Machines, pt. i, Generalized method of analysis", AIEE Trans., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 716 - 730, July 1929.
T. G. Habetler, "A Space Vector-based rectifier regulator for ac/dc/ac converters", IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 30 - 36, 1993.
The object of the invention is to obviate the above drawbacks by varying the magnitude and frequency of the applied voltage, while keeping the output waveform of the inverter as close to sinusoidal as required by using a micro¬processor based controller, which is programmable to achieve the switching configuration as required by SVPWM or Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) technique.
The second object of this invention is to keep the code length and the memory requirement of the microprocessor at a minimum level so that SVPWM or SPWM can be implemented at a low cost and the controller can be used in appliance motors, high frequency tools and industrial equipment.
To achieve the said objectives this invention provides a multi-speed motor controller for AC motor or brushless DC motor comprising: a rectifier for rectifying the AC input to a DC, the said rectifier is connected to a PWM bridge inverter consisting of power transistors with corresponding gates, the output of the said PWM bridge inverter is connected to an AC motor or brushless DC motor,
a controller unit connected to the said PWM bridge inverter having a software program of short code length for determining the timing sequences for generating the signals for switching ON and OFF the gates of the power transistors of the said PWM bridge inverter in order to produce Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave forms for controlling the speed of the said

AC motor or brushless DC motor using space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique,
an auxiliary' power supply means for the controlling unit and the gates drivers connected to the said DC input. The said AC motor is a single-phase motor or a three phase motor or a poly-phase motor. The said AC motor is an induction, reluctance or synchronous motor.
The brushless DC (BLDC) motor is in two or three phases with two or three pairs of windings.
The PWM bridge inverter (single phase inverter) consists of at least 4 power transistors with corresponding gates in case a single-phase motor is connected at its output.
The software programme provides not more than four switching configurations of the said single phase inverter bridge to produce variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave form for controlling the speed of the said single phase motor using space vector width modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique.
The PWM bridge inverter (three-phase inverter) consists of at least six power transistors with corresponding gates and the AC motor connected to the output of said PWM bridge inverter is a three-phase motor or brushless DC (BLDC) motor with three pairs of windings (three-phases).
The said software programme provides not more than eight switching configurations of the said three phase inverter bridge to produce variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave form for controlling the speed of the said three phase motor or BLDC. motor with three pairs of winding using space vector width modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique.

Two single phase PWM bridges totaling eight power transistors are provided for BLDC motor with two pairs of winding (two-phase motor), the output of each of these two bridges is connected to the two winding pairs such that the output of second winding is delayed by 90 irom the first one.
The said software programme manipulates switching configurations of the said inverter bridge to produce variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave form for controlling the speed of the poly-phase motor using space vector width modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique.
The controller unit is a micro-controller with the associated processor, ROM, RAM and the input / output (I/O) ports having said software program in ROM to produce timing signals sent through the output port to the said driver IC.
The said power transistors in the PWM bridge inverter are of MOSFET (metal oxide semi-conductor field effect transistor) type or insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) type to make the gate driver circuitry simple.
The said timing sequences are such that the idle period of the bridge is distributed in three stages, one in the beginning, one in the middle and the third at the end of the PWM cycle in a manner that produces a symmetric pattern with respect to the center of the switching period.
The said software programme in the micro-controller is such that it obtains the maximum utilization of the said input DC voltage.
The said software programme generates a symmetric pattern of timing signals thereby producing variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave forms with the least harmonic content.
The short code length of the programme is from 100-1000 bytes.
The short code length of the programme is preferably from 200-400 bytes.

The said software program includes means to generate dead band in the 'itching signals to ensure that at no point of time any two power transistors in i same leg of PWM bridge inverter are conducting simultaneously.
The said software program includes means to obtain the set speed of the AC motor or brushless DC motor from the operator console
A driver to charge the gate capacitor is connected to the gate for turning the transistor 'ON'.
The said driver is three-phase version gate driver IC to drive the three low sides and three high sides transistors of the PWM inverter.
The said auxiliary power supply means generates the 5V, 15V DC required for powering the micro-controller and the driver respectively.
The said software also includes soft-start means, if required
The controller unit with the driver IC and the auxiliary power supply means is implemented in ASIC (AppHcation Specific Integrated Circuit)
The said ASIC and the passive components of the multi-speed motor controller are integrated in a hybrid IC.
The said ASIC has means to interface with an external memory chip, if required.
The said multi-speed motor controller is provided with means to interface with domestic appliances and industrial equipment to control the speed variation to suit the individual need of the customer.
The domestic appliances and the industrial equipment are washing machine, refrigerator, room air-conditioner, textile ring frame, fans, blowers, compressor and machine tools.
The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the multi-speed motor controller for an ■ AC motor or a brushless DC motor.

Fig. 2a shows PWM bridge inverter consisting of 4 transistors with corresponding gates for a single phase induction motor.
Fig. 2b shows PWM bridge inverter consisting of 6 transistors with corresponding gates for a three-phase induction motor.
Fig. 3 shows the voltage wave form of one phase for a half cycle of the time period. The amplitude of the wave is constant and the on-time of the pulses is continuously varying as per the requirement of SVPWM
Fig. 4 shows the average voltages for different PWM cycle periods, over a complete cycle of the waveform. The staircase type build-up of the waveform approximating the sinusoid pattem is also evident therein.
Fig. 5a illustrates the four possible switching combinations of the four power transistors.
Fig. 5b illustrates the eight possible switching combinations of the six power transistors, three-phase inverter bridge. The ON or OFF state of the bottom side power device of the bridge is considered to denote the state of the bridge. The eight possible combinations are Vo - V?. Vo and V7 represent the bridge in OFF or non-conducting condition in that either all the three bottom or the top power devices are in OFF State, hi all the other six states Vi - Ve, the bridge is in ON State. One or two of the topside devices and two or one of the other bottom side devices are in ON State.
Fig. 6 shows the Space Vectors corresponding to the above-mentioned configurations and they are represented by the six space vectors, Vj - V6. The null vectors Vo and V7 positioned at the origin represent the other two combinations, where the bridge is in non-conducting state.
Fig. 7 explains the manner in which the required stator reference voltage Vref is resolved into two of the space vectors, Vi and V2.
Fig. 8 illustrates the inverter-switching pattem for the above-mentioned • case, involving space vectors V] and V2.

Fig. 9 gives the general flowchart of the program and the logic involved therein, to generate the gating signals from the micro-controller as per the Space Vector PWM algorithm. The interface with the operator console and the interrupt handling routine is also explained therein.
Fig. 9A shows the microcontroller unit, auxiliary power supply and the driver IC implemented in ASIC.
Fig. 10 shows the step by step incrementing of the frequency and speed and the shifting of the maximum torque position with soft-start mechanism.
Fig, II shows the variation of the current with speed as the motor is accelerated in the soft-start mode, the inrush current is limited to Imax during the entire acceleration period.
Figs. 12, 13 & 14 show the application of the invention in washing machines, refrigerators and air-conditioners. The Multi speed motor controller may be connected to the motor of the washing machine, refrigerator or air-conditioner with the help of gearbox if required and thus add versatility to the equipment that is being controlled. Being software based, the system-can be easily customized to suit the individual needs of the customer. The time to market is greatly reduced because of this feature and this is a major advantage in the hands of appliance and equipment manufacturers.
Referring to the drawings in FIG. 1 the general layout of the motor controller is described. The input AC supply is rectified and filtered through (1) to a DC. The input can be single or three-phase, single-phase being more common for appliance motors. The PWM bridge inverter (2) consists of either 4 power transistors for single phase motor (fig. 2a) or six power transistors for three-phase motor (fig 2b). The said power transistors can be MOSFETs (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) or IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor). With the present technology in the field of power semiconductors, it is easy to achieve the output rating of the bridge of the order of about 20 HP. using discrete devices. Both MOSFET and IGBT are preferred because the gate

.of the device is insulated from the other terminals of the transistor and hence it is easier to design the gate driver circuitry.
In Fig. 2b the Inverter Bridge (2) is explained in greater detail. Ql - Q6 are the six transistors and Gl - G6 are the corresponding gates. When a high signal (1) is given to the gate, the transistor is turned ON and a low (0) at the gate turns the transistor OFF. The micro-controller (5) generates the switching logic that governs these signals. It is to be ensured that no two complementary pairs of transistors; Q1/Q2, Q3/Q4 or Q5/Q6 are turned ON simultaneously at any time, lest the DC Bus is shorted. For turning the transistors ON, the high signal should have sufficient strength to charge the gate capacitor. For this, there are special Gate Driver ICs available. In fact a three-phase version of one such IC (4) is used in the present invention. The IC is able to drive the three low side and the three high side transistors, inherently providing for the offset voltage that is required for driving the high side transistors. The three output voltages at R, Y and B are connected to the three windings of the motor M as shown in fig. 1.
The controller shown in fig. 1 is a micro-controller (5) with the associated processor, ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory) and the Input/Output (I/O) ports. The unique software reside in the ROM and the processor executes the instructions as per the logic to achieve the SVPWM triggering signals that are sent through the Output port to the driver IC (4). The microcontroller also read the operator console/keypad periodically and check for the set-speed. In the case of open loop control the output voltage and frequency is adjusted according to the values demanded by the set-speed. In the close-loop version the controller checks the speed sensor in addition and change the gate signals according to the changes observed in the value of the output speed. The logic of the SVPWM as well as a description of the program is given subsequently.
The other item in FIG. 1 is the auxiliary power supply(6) that supplies the 5 V and 15 V DC that is required for powering the micro-controller IC and the

clriver IC respectively. This power supply keeps the dual output voltages fairly constant for a wide range of input supply fluctuations.
The principle of the Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) is explained briefly here. The stator voltage of the motor can be expressed vectorially in tenns of the three phase voltages of the inverter as
Vs = Vr + Y Vy + y^ Vb where y = exp (j * 27i /3)
The three phase voltages of the inverter are separated in time by 120^' from each other and can be expressed as:
Vr = Vn, sin TJJt
Vv=V„,sin(mt-120)
Vb = Vni sin (TiJt+120) where V^ is the amplitude of the fundamental
component.
hi fig. 5a, four basic switching combinations of the inverter for a single phase motor are shown. In FIG. 5b, the eight basic switching combinations of the inverter for three-phase motor are shown. When all the three topside or all tlie bottom side transistors are in OFF condition, the bridge does not conduct and the resultant stator voltage vector Vs is zero in these two states. In all the other six combinations, one or two of the topside transistors Ql, Q3 and/or Q5 conducts. As per the basic requirement of the bridge, the corresponding bottom side transistors must be in OFF state. The resultant stator voltage V^ corresponding to these six combinations can be given by the following equation as,
Vn = 2/3 * Vd exp lj*(n-\)*n I 3] where n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and Vd is the
DC Bus voltage.
As explained earlier Vo and Vy are null vectors, i.e., their value is zero. These six vectors are shown in Fig. 6 as Vi to V^,. They fonn the spokes of the hexagon that is formed by the six sectors, I to VI. The stator voltage vector V^

, rotates in a cycHc pattern through these six sectors. Its value is variable from zero at the origin to the maximum represented by the radii of V i to Vc.
Depending upon the sector in which the stator reference voltage vector is located, the same can be written in terms of the adjacent two vectors of the hexagon. This is explained in FIG. 7. Assuming Vs is located in sector 1, it is made up of Vi and Vi and expressed in terms of them as
Vs = Vi*T,/Ts + V2*T2/Ts.
When T2 is zero, Vs is entirely made up of V| and when Ti is zero the same is made up entirely of V2 Tj and T2 are the periods for which the Inverter Bridge is conduction in the corresponding configurations, i.e., 100 and 110. Ts is the PWM switching period and since T] and T2 are the two conducting periods of the bridge, the period To = Ts - (T1+T2) represents the period for which the bridge is in non-conducting state. Thus the PWM period Ts is made up of the bridge conducting in configuration 100 (Vi) for a time Ti and in configuration 110 (V2) for a time T2 and the configuration 000 (V7) or 111 (VQ) for a period TQ.
The above switching combinations for synthesising the stator reference voltage vector Vs in sector I is shown in FIG. 8. Here the period To for which the bridge is idle is distributed in three stages, one in the beginning, one in the middle and the third at the end of the ?WM cycle. The bridge is in state 000 (V7) for a period To/4 where all the three transistors Ql. Q3 and Q5 in the topside are in ON state and the corresponding bottom side transistors Q2 Q4 and Q6 are in OFF state. At the end of period To/4, QI is turned OFF and Q2 is turned ON. This switching configuration is maintained for a period Ti/2. At the end of this period, the transistor Q3 is mmed OFF and Q4 is mmed ON. This new configuration is kept up for a period of T2/2. At the end of this period, the transistor Q5 is turned ON and Q6 is switched OFF. Now the bridge is again non-conducting and the configuration will correspond to the null vector 111 (Vo). This state is maintained for a period To/2.

For the rest of the PWM period the situation repeats in the reverse. At the end of the period To/2, the transistor Q5 is turned OFF and Q6 is turned ON. This state is for a time period T2/2. At the end of this period 03 is turned OFF and Q4 is turned ON for a further period Ti/2. After this Q\ is turned OFF and Q2 is turned ON. This corresponds to the non-conducting stage of the bridge and continues for a period To/4.
The switching signals for the three legs of the bridge is shown in FIG. 8 and it can be seen that the pattern is symmetric with respect to the centre of the switching period Tj. This is known as the symmetric PWM switching method and this is known to produce least harmonics in the output wavefonns.
The switching sequence described above is one PWM period and at the end of this, the next period corresponding to another position of the stator reference voltage Vg occurs. As long as Vs is in sector I, the adjacent space vectors Vi and V2 are taken and the period Tj and T2 are the dwelling periods. Ti and T2 can be calculated from the Park transformation explained in the reference cited above. The time periods T], T2 and To are given by the following equations:
Ti = Ts/2 * a * sin (60 - 0) / sin 60
T2 = Ts/2 * a * sin 0 / sin 60
To = Ts-(T,+T2)
0 is the phase angle of the stator reference voltage Vs and a is the modulation index, 'a' is the ratio of the required magnitude of the voltage Vs to the maximum possible value of the same, i.e., |Vi|. This is how the magnitude of the output voltage is controlled with respect to the frequency to obtain the required V/f
As the stator reference voltage vector Vs is rotated in time, by increasing 0, the time periods Tj, T2 and To are continuously changing. At some point of ' time the vector enters sector 11. Here the base vectors are taken as V2 and V?.

corresponding to the switching configurations 110 and 010 respectively. The stator voltage vector V, is now made up of Vj and V^ and T,, T2 and To are calculated as before. Thus the sequence progresses through sectors III. IV. V and VI as 0 increase from 60 to 360". For each of these sectors the corresponding adjacent pairs of the hexagon are taken for decomposition of the vector Vs into the two required vectors. The rotation from 0 to 360" will correspond to one cycle of the output wavefonn. The incremental value of 0 will determine the resolution of the sine wave. The finer it is, smoother will be the sinewave.
The PWM pulses of one phase are shown in FIG. 3. For illustration it is taken that a half cycle is made up of nine pulses or PWM periods. Thus 0 has a value 20 . It is^seen that while the magnitude of the pulse is constant, the width of the pulse increases progressively in the first half and then reduces similarly in the second half of the time period shown. Pulses 6 to 10 are seen to have increasing widths and in pulses 10 to 14, tlie width progressively decreases.
The average value of the voltage over the PWM period thus increases steadily in the period 0 to 90° and then decreases in a similar fashion from 90 to 180°. This is shown in FIG. 4 for the complete cycle as a staircase like wave. As the number of steps increases, the staircase width reduces and the wave becomes smooth and closer to a sinusoid. The number of steps or the resolution of the waveform is entirely decided by the design of the motor and the requirement of the application. The fineness of the sinewave dictates the incremental value of 0. The SVPWM method also results in the maximum utilization of the DC bus voltage, when compared to other types of PWM techniques.
The rotation of the space vector in the time frame is thus repeating and the rate at which the vector Vg is rotating will decide the frequency of the output wave. Thus the frequency of the wave is decided by the speed of rotation of the

stator voltage vector and its magnitude by the modulation index. The magnitude of the voltage is indirectly fixed by the time periods T1 and T2 for which the bridge is switched ON at different instances. The V/f control that is required for the speed control of the AC motor is obtained this way.
It is seen that while switching the bridge from one configuration to another, the On/OFF states of the two transistors in one vertical leg of the bridge, viz., Q1/Q2, Q3/Q4 or Q5/Q6 undergo a change. For example in FIG. 8, when at the end of To/4 when the configuration changes from 000 (V?) to 100 (Vi), transistor Ql changes from ON to OFF state and simultaneously the transistor Q2 changes from OFF to ON state. Wliile switching OFF, a transistor takes some defmite time to turn OFF. This time tq is determined by the tum-off time of the transistor. In the example cited, it is imperative that Q2 is not turned ON before Ql is completely turned OFF. Thus a small time delay is required before switching OFF Ql before switching ON Q2. This time period in which both Q1 and Q2 are not conducting is known as the "dead band" and this dead-band is to be incorporated in the software for switching to ensure that at no point of time Ql and Q2 (or Q3 & Q4 or Q5 & Q6) are not conducting simultaneously. In the present invention this dead-band is incorporated in the algorithm itself by means of software and hence the reliability of the inverter bridge is very high.
In FIG. 9 the flow-chart of the program for the Space Vector PWM is described. The timers and interrupt registers of the micro-controller are cleared first. First it is checked if the Motor On control is activated - otherwise the controller sets the bridge in the non-conducting state, which is also the default mode. If the switch is in ON position, the set speed value is read from the operator console or keypad. The frequency corresponding to the set speed and the corresponding voltage are computed. Depending on the switching frequency • of the bridge, the PWM period, Ts is also calculated.

Calculated. This will change the rate at which Vs rotate and the modulation index, thereby changmg the values of To, T, and T2 as well.
The program occupies only about 200 - 400 bytes of ROM in the processor, depending on the smoothness of the sinewave required. This means that this is a very efficient code and can easily be implemented on any low-end micro-controller at a very low cost. There are also no large tables that are to be stored as the S VPWM is implemented in real-time. The remaining part of the ROM can be utilised to interface the controller with the machine that is being driven to control the timing and sequence of the same, along with the necessary input/output interfaces. As most of the present-day appliances are increasingly using micro-controllers, the present invention can easily enhance the capability of the same by providing the machine with variable speed capability at practically no extra cost. But the versatility and product features of the machine are greatly improved, offering the designer with a powerful but low cost tool in the form a variable speed motor. He is unfettered by the earlier limitations of the controllability of the AC motor and has the freedom of choice to use the same in die place of a more expensive, larger and costlier DC motor.
Thus the motor will run at the appropriate value corresponding to the set speed. The smoothness of the sinewave is easily achieved by decreasing the incremental value of 9. The dead-band pattern for each of the transition points of the symmetric SVPWM switching pattern is constant and the time of the dead-band is loaded via the program. For a different set of transistors with varying tq it is very easy to vary the dead-band.
Similar exercise is carried out with PWM bridge inverter (single phase inverter) having four power transistors with four switching configurations, as shown in figures 2a and 5a to provide a multi-speed for a single phase motor. For a single phase motor there are two space vectors and four basic switching • combinations. The software programme in the microcontroller calculates the dwelling times for each of these configurations and the corresponding dead

band programme is also inserted in the appropriate place like in the case of three-phase circuit.
A brushless DC (BLDC) motor is similar to poly-phase induction motor in construction except that in the brushless DC motor, the rotor is a permanent magnet in stead of die-cast aluminium. Generally, the BLDC motor come in 2 or 3 phases with 3 or 3 pairs of windings and the switching is done in a similar manner as two or three phase motor, while the three phase version is similar to the one, which has been described above, in the two phase motor there are two single phase bridges totaling eight power transistors. The output of each of these bridges is connected to the two winding pairs. The output of the said winding is delayed by 90- from the first one. When the voltages are applied in a cyclical fashion to the windings as described above, a rotating magnetic field is setup and the permanent magnet rotor follows this field and revolves continuously.
hi figures 10 and 11, the soft-start features are shown. Figure 10 shows the torque Vs. speed curves for the 5 steps, while figure 11 illustrates the variation of current with speed for the same steps. The inverter and hence the motor is started in step 1 at a low frequency and its corresponding voltage. The starting torque is very high and the starting current is well within the allowed value of Imax- As the motor accelerates and the speed reaches the value to step 2, the current value also decreases. At this point both the voltage and the frequency are increased. The maximum or pull out torque point is shifted to the right. The motor shows an increase in accelerating tofque and the speed further picks up. The current also increases but is kept within Imax- Similar exercise is can-ied out at steps 3, 4 and 5. The curve relating to step 5 is the torque Vs. speed characteristics of the motor at the rated voltage and frequency and a motor follows this curve from the beginning of step 5 and reaches its rated speed.
The application of the above invention is illustrated by way of examples in figures 12-14 in respect of washing machines, refrigerators and air-

conditioners. The Multi speed motor controller may be connected to the motor of the washing machine, refrigerator or air-conditioner with the help of gearbox if required and thus add versatility to the equipment that is being controlled. While the examples are typical applications of the technology, the same can be applied to other appliances and equipment where the induction motor is to be operated at various desired speed.
The above invention is also used in industrial equipment such as Textile Ring Frames, Portable Tools, Industrial Fans, Blowers & compressors and other machine tools.

We Claim:
Multi-speed motor controller for AC motor or brushless DC motor comprising:
a rectifier for rectifying the AC input to a DC, the said rectifier is connected to a PWM bridge inverter consisting of power transistors with corresponding gates, the output of the said PWM bridge inverter is connected to an AC motor or brushless DC motor,
a controller unit connected to the said PWM bridge inverter having
a software program of short code length for determining the timing
sequences for generating the signals for switching ON and OFF the
gates of the power transistors of the said PWM bridge inverter in
order to produce Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF)
sinusoidal voltage wave forms for controlling the speed of the said
AC motor or brushless DC motor using space vector pulse width
modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse width modulation
(SPWM) technique,
an auxiliary power supply means for the controlling unit and the
gates drivers connected to the said DC input.
2. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein-the said AC motor is a single-phase motor or a three phase motor or a poly-phase motor.
3. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said AC motor is an induction, reluctance or synchronous motor.
4. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein brushless DC (BLDC) motor is in two or three phases with two or three pairs of winding.

Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the PWM bridge inverter consists of at least 4 power transistors with corresponding gates in case a single-phase motor is connected at its output. D. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claims 1 & 5 wherein said software programme provides not more than four switching configurations of the said inverter bridge to produce variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave form for controlling the speed of the said single phase motor using space vector width modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique.
7. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claims 1 & 2 wherein the PWM bridge inverter (three-phase inverter) consists of at least six power transistors with corresponding gates and the AC motor connected to the output of said PWM bridge inverter is a three-phase motor or brushless DC (BLDC) motor with three pairs of windings (three-phases).
8. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claims 1, 2 & 7 wherein the said software programme provides not more than eight switching configurations of the said inverter bridge to produce variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave form for controlling the speed of the said three phase motor or BLDC motor with three pairs of w inding using space vector width modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique.
9. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claims 2 & 5 wherein two single phase PWM bridges totaling eight power transistors are provided for BLDC motor with two pairs of winding (two-phase motor), the output of each of these two bridges is connected to the two winding pairs such that the output of second winding is delayed by 90° from the first one.

10. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claims 1, 3 & 7 wherein the said software programme manipulates switching configurations of the said inverter bridge to produce variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave form for controlling the speed of the poly-phase motor using space vector width modulation (SVPWM) or sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique.
11. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the controller unit is a micro-controller with the associated processor, ROM, RAM and the input / output (I/O) ports having said software program in ROM to produce timing signals sent through the output port to the said driver IC.
12. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claims 1, 4 & 7 wherein the said power transistors in the PWM bridge inverter are of MOSFET (metal oxide semi-conductor field effect transistor) type or insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) type.
13. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said timing sequences are such that the idle period of the bridge is distributed in three stages, one in the beginning, one in the middle and the third at the end of the PWM cycle in a manner that produces a symmetric pattem with respect to the center of the switching period.
14. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said software programme in the micro-controller is such that it obtains the maximum utilization of the said input DC voltage.
15. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said software programme generates a symmetric pattem of timing signals thereby producing variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) sinusoidal voltage wave forms with the least harmonic content.
16. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the short code length of the programme is from 100-1000 bytes.

17. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 16 wherein the short code length of the programme is preferably from 200-400 bytes.
18. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said software program includes means to generate dead band in the switching signals to ensure that at no point of time any two power transistors in the same leg of PWM bridge inverter are conducting simultaneously.

19. Muhi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said software program includes means to obtain the set speed of the AC motor or bmshless DC motor from the operator console
20. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein a driver to charge the gate capacitor is connected to the gate for turning the transistor 'ON'.
21. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said driver is three-phase version gate driver IC to drive the three low sides and three high sides transistors of the PWM inverter.
22. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said auxihary power supply means generates the 5V, 15V DC required for powering the micro-controller and the driver respectively.
23. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said software also includes soft-start means, if required
24. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the controller unit with the driver IC and the auxiliary power supply means is implemented in ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit)
25. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said ASIC and the passive components of the multi-speed motor controller are integrated in a hybrid IC.
26. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claims 24 & 25 wherein the said ASIC has connecting means to interface with an extemal memory chip, if required.

27. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said
multi-speed motor controller is provided with connecting means to
interface with domestic appliances and industrial equipment to control the
speed variation to suit the individual need of the customer.
28. Multi-speed motor controller as claimed in claim 27 wherein the domestic
appliances and the industrial equipment are washing machine,
refrigerator, room air-conditioner, textile ring frame, fans, blowers,
compressor and machine tools.
29. Multi-speed motor controller for AC motor or brushless DC motor
substantially as herein described with reference to the and as illustrated in
the accompanying drawings.

Documents:

0867-mas-1999 abstract-duplicate.pdf

0867-mas-1999 abstract.pdf

0867-mas-1999 claims-duplicate.pdf

0867-mas-1999 claims.pdf

0867-mas-1999 correspondence-others.pdf

0867-mas-1999 correspondence-po.pdf

0867-mas-1999 description(complete)-duplicate.pdf

0867-mas-1999 description(complete).pdf

0867-mas-1999 drawings-duplicate.pdf

0867-mas-1999 drawings.pdf

0867-mas-1999 form-1.pdf

0867-mas-1999 form-13.pdf

0867-mas-1999 form-19.pdf

0867-mas-1999 form-26.pdf

0867-mas-1999 form-3.pdf

0867-mas-1999 form-6.pdf

0867-mas-1999 others.pdf

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Patent Number

197983

Indian Patent Application Number

867/MAS/1999

PG Journal Number

08/2007

Publication Date

23-Feb-2007

Grant Date

01-Feb-2006

Date of Filing

01-Sep-1999

Name of Patentee

M/S. DALMIA ELECTRODYN TECHNOLOGIES PRIVATE LIMITED

Applicant Address

120, SIDCO INDUSTRIAL EATATE AMBATTUR, CHENNAI 600 098,

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	RAMARATHNAM, DR. RAMACHANDRAN	926 TVS AVENUE, ANNANAGAR, WEST EXTENSION, CHENNAI - 600101.

PCT International Classification Number

H02P5/40

PCT International Application Number

N/A

PCT International Filing date

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1			NA