Title of Invention

A SYSTEM FOR PACKAGING OF SUBSTANCES AND METHOD OF PACKAGING

Abstract The invention relates to a system of selective packaging of items such as beverages including tea and coffee as well'as substances such as spices and the like which would provide for storage/transportation of said items in fresh condition free of atmospheric/external contamination and/or deterioration and will also be cost effective vis-a-vis conventional packaging presently in use and to a process for producing such system of packaging of said items.
Full Text FORM -2
THE PATENTS ACT, 1970 (39 of 1970)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
(See Section 10)

A SYSTEM FOR PACKAGING OF SUBSTAND

INPROVES METHOD OF PACKAGING
HINDUSTAN LEVER LIMITED, a company incorporated under the Indian Companies Act, 1913 and having its registered office at Hindustan Lever House, 165/166, Backbay Reclamation, Mumbai -400 020, Maharashtra, India
The following specification particularly describes the nature of the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed.
GRANTED


ORIGINAL
343/MUM/2001

16-4-2002

Field of the invention
The present invention relates to a system of packaging of items such as beverages including tea and coffee as well as substances such as spices and the like which would provide for storage/transportation of said items in fresh condition free of atmospheric/external contamination and/or deterioration and will also be cost effective vis-a-vis conventional packaging presently in use and to a process for producing such system of packaging of said items.
Background of the Invention
Certain categories of beverages such as tea and coffee, as well as vegetable substances such as spices are available in plenty only during a'part of the year, that is during their growing cycle. However, these ltems have a constant demand throughout the year. This led to the need for storing these substances by appropriate packaging techniques to ensure that the quality does not degrade during storage.
Over the years, packaging technology has growh' in importance to take care of the aforesaid aspects. This technology embraces a wide span of packaging materials, and methodologies for packing including different operational parameters and conditions.
The presently known packaging techniques for maintaining such beverage and vegetable substances in fresh condition are substantially expensive. Furthermore, such techniques are found to be not so effective in storing the beverage and vegetable substances as it is sometimes found that after a certain period of time degradation in quality of the stored items take place.
Usually such known techniques of packaging involved use of bilayered or multilayered films/packaging material.
WO 922474, discloses a packaging material consisting of an inner polybag and an outer paper casing. The bag had to be filled up with tea at the tea factories. An oxygen
scavenger substance made by the Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company Inc, was used.
>^ _ _ ■ * -
This packaging technique involving several gadgets was found to be both complex and also cost-extensive.

WO 0030947 disclosed yet another packaging system using a modified atmosphere obtained of solid carbon dioxide kept on trays used for storing the goods. As the carbon dioxide sublimed, it created the desired modified atmosphere.
According to yet another known packaging technique the beverage/vegetable substance is first packed in laminated foil, and followed by a secondary packaging obtained of corrugated fibre cardboard boxes. Nitrogen is next introduced into the pack through a valve, after vacuumisation. This process obviously is cost extensive involving use of expensive gadgets and materials.
Objects of the invention
The basic object of the present invention is to provide a selective system of packaging of articles such as beverage/ vegetable substance, which would on one hand meet.the desired packaging requirement'to maintain the articles packaged in fresh/good condition free of external contamination/deterioration even after substantial period and on the other hand will be cost effective and simple to obtain.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved selective system for packaging using a selective liner material and modified atmosphere for storage of beverages such as tea and coffee and vegetable substances such as spices which would provide for desired storage conditions even after extended storage/transpiration of the article in said packaging.
Another object of the present invention is directed to provide for improvement in selective packaging of articles stored/procured in bags such as teas from the garden which would provide for maintaining the material/tea in fresh conditions even after substantial period of time using simple and cost effective gadgets and material.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a cost effective method for
t>
obtaining the system of improved selective packaging for beverage/substances like spices which would be simple to carry out and favour packaging of material stored in bags/ sacks and the like.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a selective system of packaging and method which would enable storage of material such as tea, beverages even with

high moisture content (upto 9%) in fresh conditions free of atmospheric contamination/deterioration for a substantial period.
Summary of the invention
Thus according to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a system for packaging of substances in storage stable conditions in particular, beverages/spices/vegetable substances and the like comprising :

at least one substrate to support the substance to be packaged, atleast one selective.
impermeable liner material selected from blDPE/PET, LDPE/PET/LDPE and LDPE/Nylon/LDPE adapted to be draped over the said substance on said substrate and sealed with respect to said substrate to provide for a sealed housing and atleast one nozzle means for controlled flushing of inert gas to provide substantially Nitrogen in said sealed housing.
In accordance with a preferred aspect the system for packaging the substance according to the invention comprises; said substrate adapted to support said substance stacked in bags/packs ; said liner draped over said bags/packs and sealed with respect to said substrate to provide said sealed housing; said nozzle means adapted for controlled flushing of a gas mixture comprising substantially of nitrogen in said enclosure.
Preferably, the above disclosed system of packaging further comprise means for monitoring the oxygen content in said sealed housing with said nozzle means adapted for controlled feeding of the gas mixture depending on the oxygen content in said sealed housing.
According to a preferred embodiment, in the system of the present invention said substrate is also provided with a liner of suitable material and dimension on.top of, it.
According to yet another preferred embodiment, in the system of the present invention said substrate comprises one or more pallets kept on a laminated sheet of suitable material.
Preferably the nozzle is made of the same material as that of the liner material.


The liner material is essentially chosen from LDPE/PET, LDPE/PET/LDPE and LDPE/Nylon/LDPE
According to another aspect of the invention, there is also provided a method for packaging of substances especially beverage/vegetable substances as described hereinbefore comprising :
a) providing the substrate ;
b) providing said substances to be packaged on said substrate ;
c) draping the selective liner material selected from LDPE/PET, LDPE/PET/LDPE and LDPE/Nylon/LDPE over the substance kept on the substrate ;
d) sealing completely the substance with said selected liner material with respect to said substrate to thereby provide said sealed housing ;
e) flushing atleast substantially nitrogen gas through a nozzle into said sealed housing.
Preferably, in the above process the flushing of the gas mixture is carried out whenever percentage of oxygen in said enclosure rises above 5%, percentage of oxygen being measured by means provided in said enclosure.
In accordance with another preferred aspect of the present invention, the method as described hereinbefore is carried out to achieve a moisture content in said packaged substance of upto 9%.
In accordance with a preferred aspect the system of packaging is carried out maintaining the following parameters:
Oxygen upto and including 12%, preferably 4%;
Ambient Relative Humidity (RH) in the range of 0 to 100, preferably 0 to 90;
Stack RH in the range of 0 to 90, preferably 0 to 82;
Ambient temperature in the range of 0 to 70°C, preferably 0 to 45°C; and
Stack temperature in the range of 0 to 70°C, preferably 0 to 45°C.
EXAMPLES
The details of the invention its objects and advantages are explained hereunder in greater detail in relation to the non-limiting exemplary illustrations provided hereunder:

EXAMPLE A
In accordance with the desired object of the present invention the same provides for determining the suitable packaging film/laminate that could be used in the system of the invention. For the purpose, various parameters as detailed hereunder of such packaging films were tested using conventional techniques.
I) Gas permeabilities for various plastic films, low density polyethylene (LDPE),
polyproylene (PP), poly vinyl chloride (PVC), LDPE/PET (PET is poly ethylene terephthalate) were determined using Dow cell apparatus as per the standard ASTM D1434-1982 (3). The results aV,e:illustrated in TABLE-1 here under:
Table 1 : Permeability characteristics of various packaging films, amol/m.s.Pa
(Dow-Cell Method)

Material of the film Film thickness M Permeability (amol/m.s.Pa) x 103


C02 o2 N2
LDPE 150 146 138 25
PP 50 113 34 4
PVC 200 11 15 6
LDPE/PET 37/12 16 9 2
The above data clearly demonstrated that LDPE/PET had low permeability and hence was most suitable.
EXAMPLE B
Based on the above results further tests were carried out to determine the compatibility of LDPE/PET and LDPE/Nylon/LDPE in gases for storage purposes. Following test protocols were followed :
1. Bags (made from the test material) of 14 x 24 cm are flushed and filled with the test gas of known composition (eg. Nitrogen 99%)
2. The gas concentration was measured inside the bag after 7 and 14 days.

3. Another set was placed at 38°C and 90 + 2% Relative Humidity (RH) (as given in ASTM E 96) in environment test chamber to check the effect of high humidity on permeability characteristics
The permeability results obtained using LDPE/Nylon/LDPE and LDPE/PET liners for oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide as controlled atmosphere gases were noted and the results are illustrated in the following Tables 2, 3 and 4.
Table 2: Oxygen retention (permeability) of chosen films by using the method of Example B

LDPE/Nylon/LDPE
(Film Thickness 105) LDPE/PET (Fjl.m Thickness 50n)
No of days Ambient
(30°C/65%
RH) Standard (38°C/90% RH) Ambient (30°C/65 % RH) Standard (38°C/90% RH)
02 concenl ration in % 02 concentration in %
0 84.6 84.6 84.6 84.6
14 83.2 82.9 83.9 84
Table 2 shows the oxygen retention data of LDPE/PET and LDPE/Nylon/LDPE by the Method of Example B. The results demonstrate that both the films are able to retain the gas very well. This is found to be selectively advantageous, as 02 will not permeate through the films from the atmosphere into the package.
Table 3 shows the results of nitrogen retention studies on LDPE/PET and LDPE/Nylon/LDPE by the Method of Example B. LDPE/PET was able to retain 97% of N2 at standard and ambient conditions. The performance of LDPE/PET was found to be better than that of LDPE/Nylon/LDPE (the latter was able to retain 92% at standard and ambient conditions). The method of Example B thus confirmed the results obtained by the Dow Cell Method, i.e. LDPE/PET and LDPE/Nylon/LDPE are superior and should be the preferred material for stack dressing. The percentage retention of N2 is altered very little due to change in temperature. This demonstrates the thermal stability of the films in case of temperature cycling.

Table 3 : Nitrogen retention (permeability) of chosen films by using the method of Example B

LDPE/Nylon/LDPE (Film Thickness 105n) LDPE/PET (Film Thickness 50)
No of days Ambient
(30°C/65%
RH) Standard (38°C/90% RH) Ambient (30°C/65 % RH) Standard (38°C/90% RH)
N2 concentration in % N2 concentration in %
0 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3
7 98.1 95.9 97.4 96.8
14 91.5 92.3 96.1 95.2
Table 4 shows the carbon dioxide retention data of plastic films by the Method of Example B. LDPE/Nylon/LDPE retains about 84% of C02 at ambient conditions. LDPE/PET has a slightly lower retention capacity for C02, since at the end of 14 days, it is able to retain about 74% in ambient conditions. Therefore, both LDPE/Nylon/DPE and LDPE/PET are inappropriate films for C02 retention.
Table 4 : Carbon Dioxide retention (permeability) of chosen films by using the method of Example B

LDPE/Nylon/LDPE (Film Thickness 105) L[ (Film T )PE/PET lickness 50p)
No of days Ambient
(30°C/65%
RH) Standard (38°C/90% RH) Ambient (30°C/65 % RH) Standard (38°C/90% RH)
C02 concentration in % C02 concentration in %
0 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3
14 84.6 1 74 40
Thus, the above study confirmed the advantage in selective choice of N2 as a gas in Controlled Atmosphere than C02 (as retention of C02 is very low) in the packaging system of the invention.

EXAMPLE C
Water Vapour Transmission rates of the various plastic films were further determined. For
the purpose bags of 10 cm by 10 cm size containing silica gel activated at 150°C were
used. Typical conditions were 38°C and 90% relative humidity. Weight gain by bag of
silica gel was measured periodically until the constant weight is reached. After steady
state condition the rate of weight gain directly gave the WVTR of the plastic film. The

results are reproduced hereunder in TABLE-5 :
Table 5 : Water Vapour Transmission Rate (WVTR) of various films

Plastic material Thickness WVTR Permeability
Micron g/day-m2 g.cm/pa.s.m2 x 109
PVC 200 4.43 8.56
LDPE 150 2.61 3.77
PP 50 5.51 2.66
PET+LDPE 50 4.12 1.99
HMHDPE* 50 4.50 2.17
LDPE/Nylon/LDPE 1 105 2.71 2.75
LDPE/Nylon/LDPE 2** 105 0.93 0.94
* HMHDPE: High molecular weight high density polyethylene "Amorphous nylon is used in this material.
The measured WVTRs of various films and calculated permeability values for water vapour illustrate that while the permeability values clearly demonstrate that LDPE/Nylon/LDPE 2 is the best polymer for water retention. LDPE/PET, LDPE/Nylon/LDPE 1 & 2, LDPE/PP show favourable WVTR and permeability characteristics.
Since LDPE, HMHDPE (and other suitable polyethylene grades), PP have the low moisture barrier, these can be used only to sandwich (single layer, double layer or more) the gas impermeable material. Various grades of polyethylene are preferred due to the heat sealability and LDPE is the best.

EXAMPLE D
The thus selected packaging film and the controlled atmosphere of Nitrogen gas identified by way of the present invention as-a selective combination for the system for packaging

under the present invention the same was used to store package tea and to confirm the characteristics of the tea thus stored ,vis-a-vis tea, Stored in conventional packaging.
For the purpose, twelve auctions purchased jute bags.containing orthodox (FBOP grade, 4 bags) and CTC (PD & BOP grades, 4 bags, each) teas were stored on a plastic pallet kept on a laminated nylon sheet (LDPE/nylon/LDPE, 110 microns). A similar plastic laminate was draped over the stacked bags, and heat-sealed to the bottom plastic sheet. As an alternative, tea bags may be stacked on pallets initially lined with LDPE - Nylon-LDPE of sufficient dimensions. Sealing was done such that at least one nozzle was created in the enclosure so obtained. The enclosure so obtained was flushed with nitrogen gas. Sensors were provided in the enclosure to measure the Relative Humidity and oxygen concentration in the gas phase. Flushing with nitrogen gas was carried out whenever the oxygen concentration rose above 5%. In practice, the concentration of oxygen in the gas space was maintained at 3-4%. One bag each of the three original reserve teas was kept on a nearby bench as control under ambient atmospheric conditions. A record of ambient Relative Humidity and temperature was also maintained. The characteristics of the tea thus packaged in accordance with the system of the invention vis-a-vis the control package tea was tested as detailed hereunder:
The moisture intake of the stored tea was determined after subjecting to control atmosphere storage vis-a-vis the moisture intake of tea under control packaging and the results are reproduced hereunder in Table 6
Bag-in-stack means that the bags of tea are placed inside a stack envelope having a modified atmosphere. Indirect contact means that the contact of the gas is not directly on to the tea but to tea stored in bags.
In Table 6, TD1 refers to modified atmosphere having 100% C02, 0% Nitrogen and
Table 6 : Moisture pick-up by tea in CA (Bag-in-stack : Indirect contact)
(Initial Moisture Content (MC): 7.10%)

Sr. No. Tea % Change in Moisture
After 45 days After 90 days
1. TC 27 25
2. TN 25 29
3. TD1 1.4 1.5
As evident from the above table the moisture pick up by tea in bag in stack there is a maximum increase of 2.3% MC over initial of 7.2'% at the end of 90 days of storage, thus indicating suitability of controlled atmosphere storage which was found to be superior than that of the moisture intake of the controlled tea.
Microbiological Analysis :
The results of microbiological analysis of samples at the end of the storage period were well within the limits.
Chemical Analysis:
Chemical analysis showed that there was a significant decrease in the aflavins (in the leaf) and Brightness (of the end cup) of samples stored in air (TC) for 90 days storage period. Samples stored in the modified atmosphere did not have a significant change in the measured parameters.
The tasters evaluation was carried out and it was found that samples stored in under nitrogen (TD3) indicated no~I5'ss in~Te^CharacteT^(aroTria7flavour/taste") compared to sample stored in air (TC) during storage.
The above results justified the favourable storage cbaracteristicsjof the cost effective system for packaging of the present invention and further studies were carried out to confirm such selective favourable characteristics of the system for packaging of the present invention as detailed hereunder.

EXAMPLE E
Under this exemplary illustration the scaled trials were carried out on a palletized stack for a storage period of 8 months maintained, under the system of the invention and comparative study carried out with control packs of the same tea sample not so
maintained as under the system of the invention. The samples of tea packed comprised

FBOP = Flowery Broken Orange Pekoe (Orthodox)
PD = Pekoe Dust (CTC)
BOP = Broken Orange Pekoe (CTC)
The chemical data and tasters data (QDA) is shown in Tables 8 and 9. The moisture pick up and the change of humidity in the stack are given in Tables 10 and 11.
Table 8 : Chemical data for tea stored in stack

% Theaflavins % Thearu bugins
O time 60 Days 120 Days 180 Days O time 60 Days 120 Days 180 Days

FBOP (Orthoc ox) FBOP (Orthoc ox)
Ref 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.77 Ref 10.02 10.48 10.58 10.85
Control 0.74 0.65 0.61 Control 10.1 11.56 11.29
Stack 0.75 0.74 0.71 Stack 10.21 10.45 10.89

PD (CTI C) PD (CT C)
Ref 1.22 1.2 1.2 1.17 Ref 14.36 14.4 14.6 14.62
Control 1.18 1.08 0.87 Control 14.6 15.52 15.70
Stack 1.21 1.17 1.11 Stack 14.39 14.65 15.10

BOP (CTC) BOP (CTC)
Ref 1.27 1.25 1.3 1.15 Ref 12.4 12.48 12.5 12.70
Control 1.21 1.1 0.88 Control 12.15 13.17 13.41
Stack 1.23 1.2 1.06 Stack 12.01 12.56 12.78




Table 11 : Stack & Ambient Relative Humidity and Moisture Retention in the CA tea
during storage


As illustrated in the above Tables, in particular for chemical parameter evaluation such as % theaflavins and % brightness for tea exposed to Controlled Atmosphere (CA). there was no significant influence of CA on quality of tea samples exposed to the chosen gas under the system of the invention. Importantly, the samples of BOP, PD and FBOP taken from stack better retained tea character (aroma/flavour/taste) and freshness (aroma/flavour) compared to control till the end of the six month storage period. This is confirmed by the chemical data as well as the tasters evaluation.
The moisture pick up on storage in the samples' packed in accordance with the invention was less as compared to the control as is further revealed by the results noted in Tables 10 and 11 above.
Thus as would be evident from the above disclosure the system for packaging of the present invention while utilizing low cost film/packaging material would provide for storage of substances such as beverages and spices mentioned herein for a substantial period free of atmospheric /external contamination/deterioration. Importantly the system of the invention avoids the need for oxygen scavengers, additional trays for storage, aluminium foil and nylon based liners all of which are expensive and lead to cost extensive packaging. Also the invention provides for a system for packaging involving a selective combination of liner and controlled atmosphere to achieve a cost effective storage stable packaging of articles such as beverages including tea, coffee and also other substances such as spices and the like.

WE CLAIM : 1) A system for packaging of substances in storage stable conditions in particular,
beverages/spices/vegetable substances and the like comprising : atleast one substrate to support the substance to be packaged, atleast one selective impermeable liner material selected from LDPE/PET, LDPE/PET/LDPE and LDPE/Nylon/LDPE adapted to be draped over the said substance on said substrate and sealed with respect to said substrate'to provide for a sealed housing and atleast one nozzle means for controlled flushing of inert gas to provide substantially Nitrogen said sealed housing.
2) A system for packaging as claimed in claim 1 comprising : said substrate adapted to support said substance stacked in bags/packs ; said liner draped over said bags/packs and sealed with respect to said substrate to provide said sealed housing; said nozzle means adapted for controlled flushing of nitrogen in said housing.
3) A system as claimed in claims 1 or 2 comprising means for monitoring the oxygen content in said sealed housing with said nozzle means adapted for controlled feeding of the nitrogen gas depending on the oxygen content in said sealed housing.
4) A system as claimed in anyone of claims 1 to 3 wherein said substrate is also provided with a liner of suitable material and dimension on top of it.
5) A system as claimed in anyone of claims 1 to 4 wherein said substrate comprises one or more pallets kept on a laminated sheet of suitable material.
6) A system as claimed in anyone of claims 1 to 5wherein the nozzle is made of the same material as that of the liner material.
7) A system as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein said liner is heat sealed with respect to said substrate.
8) A system as claimed in any of the preceding claims comprising more than one nozzle means.


9) A system as claimed in anyone of claims 3 to 8, wherein said means for measuring concentration of oxygen comprises sensors.
10) A system as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein oxygen content in said sealed housing is maintained upto-12% preferbaly 4%.
11) A system as claimed in any of the preceding claims wh'erein for packaging beverage tea or coffee the moisture content in said sealed housing is maintained upto 9%.
12) A method for packaging of substances such as beverages, spices, vegetables as a system as claimed in anyone of claims 1 to 11 comprising :

a) providing the substrate ;
b) providing said substances to be packaged on said substrate ;
c) draping the selective liner material selected from LDPE/PET, LDPE/PET/LDPE and LDPE/Nylon/LDPE over the substance kept on the substrate ;
d) sealing completely the substance with said selected liner material with respect to said substrate to thereby provide said sealed housing ;
e) flushing atleast substantially nitrogen gas through a nozzle into said sealed



housing.

13) A method as claimed in claim 12 wherein the flushing of said gas is carried out whenever percentage of oxygen in said enclosure rises above 5%, percentage of oxygen being measured by means provided in said housing.
14) A method as claimed in anyone of claims 12 or 13 wherein the same is carried out to
achieve a moisture content in said packaged substance of upto 9%.

15) A method as claimed in anyone of claims 12 to 14 wherein packaging is carried out
maintaining the following parameters :
Oxygen upto 12%, preferably 4% ;
Ambient RH in the range of 0 to 100, preferably 0 to 90 ;
Stack RH in the range of 0 to 90, preferably 0 to 82 ;
Ambient temperature in the range of 0 to 70°C, preferably 0 to 45°C; and
Stack temperature in the range of 0 to 70°C to 0 to 45°C.

16) A method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein said beverage packed
is tea or coffee.
*■
17) A method as claimed in preceding claims wherein said vegetable substance
packaged constitute spices.

• 18) A method as claimed in preceding claim, wherein said substrate used comprises one or more pallets kept on laminated sheet of..suitable material.
19) A method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein said sealing of said liner with respect to said substrate is carried out by heat-seal means.
20) A method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein concentration of oxygen in said enclosure is maintained between 2% and 12%preferably between 2% and 4%.
21) A system for storing substances such as beverage/spices/vegetable substances, and a method for obtaining the same substantially as herein described and illustrated with reference to the accompanying examples.
Dated this 16th day of April 2002
Hindustan Lever Limited
(S. Venkatramani) Patents Manager

Documents:

343-mum-2001-abstract(16-4-2002).doc

343-mum-2001-abstract(16-4-2002).pdf

343-mum-2001-claim granted(16-4-2002).pdf

343-mum-2001-claim(granted)-(16-4-2002).doc

343-mum-2001-correspondence(ipo)-(8-11-2004).pdf

343-mum-2001-correspondence1(14-9-2005).pdf

343-mum-2001-correspondence2(16-4-2001).pdf

343-mum-2001-form 1(16-4-2001).pdf

343-mum-2001-form 19(23-3-2003).pdf

343-mum-2001-form 2 granted(16-4-2002).pdf

343-mum-2001-form 2(granted)-(16-4-2002).doc

343-mum-2001-form 3(16-4-2002).pdf

343-mum-2001-form 5(16-4-2002).pdf

343-mum-2001-power of attorniy(28-9-1998).pdf


Patent Number 197764
Indian Patent Application Number 343/MUM/2001
PG Journal Number 41/2007
Publication Date 12-Oct-2007
Grant Date 17-Jan-2006
Date of Filing 16-Apr-2001
Name of Patentee HINDUSTAN LEVER LIMITED
Applicant Address HINDUSTAN LEVER HOUSE, 165/166, BACKBAY RECLAMATION, MUMBAI-400 020, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA.
Inventors:
# Inventor's Name Inventor's Address
1 VIRKAR PRAKASH DATTATRAYA FLOT NO. P-36, GOLDEN ENCLAVE, AIRPORT ROAD, VIMPANPURA P.O., BANGALORE-560017, KARNATAKA, INDIA.
2 MOHAN SURI KRISHNA FLAT NO.3, 89 WINDSOR VILLA, 2ND MAIN, OFF 100 FEET ROAD, DEFENCE COLONY, INDIRANAGAR, BANGALORE-560 038, KARNATAKA, INDIA.
3 SHAH NARENDRA GOVINDDAS CENTRE FOR TECHNOLOGY ALTEMATIVES FOR RURAL AREAS(CTARA), INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, POWAI, MUMBAI-400 076, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA.
4 VENKATESH KAREENHALLI VISHWANATH CENTRE FOR TECHNOLOGY ALTEMATIVES FOR RURAL AREAS(CTARA), INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, POWAI, MUMBAI-400 076, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA.
PCT International Classification Number N/A
PCT International Application Number N/A
PCT International Filing date
PCT Conventions:
# PCT Application Number Date of Convention Priority Country
1 NA