Title of Invention

"PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GRAIN-ORIENTED ELECTRICAL STEEL SHEETS"

Abstract

Process for the production of grain-oriented electrical steel sheets, comprising the following steps in sequence :- (a) casting silicon steel of composition, such as herein described into slabs in a continuous casting method , followed by (b) producing a strip by hot-rolling the slabs and coiling the strips, (c) cold-rolling the hot-rolled strips, (d) annealing the strips continuously for primary recrystallisation of the same, (e) nitriding the strips, and (f) annealing the strips for secondary recrystallisation, under conditions, such as herein described, characterised in that (i) the manganese content of the strip is maintained in the range of 400-1500 ppm; (ii) the weight ratio between manganese content and sulphur content of the strip is maintained in the range of 2 - 30, the sulphur content of the strip being not allowed to be higher than 300 ppm; (iii) the slabs are heated at the temperature range of 1100-1300°C; and (iv) the slabs are hot-rolled into the strips at initial temperature between 1000°C and 1150°C and at final temperature between 900°C, and 1000°C, and the strips are coiled at temperature between 550°C and 720°C to produce thereby thin precipitates in the hot-rolled strips with an effective inhibition (Iz) according to the empirical formula : Iz = 1.91 Fv/r where Fv is the volume fraction of the thin precipitates and r is the mean radius of the said precipitates.

Full Text

- 1A- Field of the invention. The present invention refers to a process for the production of grain-oriented electrical steel sheets and, more precisely, refers to a process by which, through control of manganese, sulphur, aluminium and carbon content, type and quantities of precipitated second phases are determined since the hot-rolled strip, to obtain optimum grain size during the decarburization annealing and some degree of inhibition, thus allowing to carry out a subsequent continuous high-temperature heat treatment in which aluminium as nitride is directly precipitated by diffusing nitrogen along the strip thickness, in order to obtain the second phases ratio necessary to control the grain orientation of the final product. State of the art. Grain-oriented silicon steels for magnetic uses are normally classified into two groups, essentially differentiated by the induction value induced by a magnetic field of 800 As/m and know as "B800" the conventional grain-oriented group, where B800 is lower than 1890 mT, and the high-permeability grain-oriented group, where B800 is higher than 1900 ml. Further subdivisions are depending on the so-called "core-losses", expressed as W/kg Conventional grain-oriented steels, used since the 1930's, and grain-super-oriented steel, having a higher permeability and industrially used since the second half of the 1960's, are essentially - 2 - used to realise cores for electric transformers, the advantages of the super-oriented steel rising from its higher permeability (which allows reductions of core sizes) and from its lower core losses, which are energy-saving. The permeability of the sheets depends on the orientation of the body-centred cubic lattice iron crystals (or grains): one of the grain edges must be parallel to the rolling direction. By using some precipitates (inhibitors, also called "second phases") of suitable sizes and distribution, which reduce grain boundary mobility, during the final static annealing a selective growth of the sole grains having the wanted orientation is obtained; the higher the dissolution temperature of said precipitates into the steel, the higher the ability of limiting the grain growth for higher cold rolling rates, the higher the grain orientation and the better the magnetic characteristics of the final product. Manganese sulphide and/or selenide are the predominant inhibitors in a grain-oriented steel and the process normally provides for a two-step cold-rolling, while precipitates including nitrogen linked to aluminium (referred to as "aluminium nitride" for simplicity purposes) are the predominant inhibitors in a grain-super-oriented steel and the cold-rolling process is normally a one-step one. Nevertheless, when a grain-oriented sheet or a grain-super-oriented sheet is produced, during the solidification of steel and the cooling of the solidified body, second phases allowing the above mentioned improving effect are precipitated in coarse form, useless for the wanted purposes; said second phases must be therefore dissolved, reprecipitated in the right form and maintained into said form - 3 - until the grain having wanted sizes and orientation is obtained at the end of a complicated and expensive transformation process including a cold-rolling at the desired final thickness, a decarburization annealing and a final annealing. It is evident that the production problems, linked essentially to the difficulties of obtaining high yields and constant quality, are mainly due to the precautions to be taken during the whole transformation process of the steel for maintaining the second phases (and, in particular, the aluminium nitride) in the wanted form and distribution. In order to relieve said problems, technics have been developed where, for getting a free growing of the grain during the decarburization step, no sulphides are used as inhibitors and an alloy with a high Mn/S ratio is provided, avoiding therefore thin precipitates in the hot-rolled strip. The aluminium nitride suitable to control the grain growing is obtained by nitriding the strip, preferably after cold-rolling, as it is disclosed, for example, by U.S. patent n. 4.225-366 and by European patent n. 0.339-474. According to the last mentioned patent the aluminium nitride, coarsely precipitated during the slow steel solidification, is maintained into said state by using low slab-heating temperatures (lower than 1280 °C, preferably lower than 1250 °C) before the hot-rolling. Nitrogen is introduced after the decarburization annealing, which reacts immediately to produce (essentially near the strip surface) silicon or manganese/silicon nitrides having comparatively low solution temperature, which are dissolved during the final annealing in box-annealing furnaces; the nitrogen so - 4 - released diffuses into the sheet, reacts with the aluminium and precipitates again on the whole strip thickness in a thin and homogeneous form as mixed aluminium and silicon nitrides; said process involves that the material stays at 700-800 °C for at least four hours. The above patent states that nitrogen must be introduced at a temperature near the decarburization one {about 85O °C) and in any case no higher than 900 °C to avoid an uncontrolled grain growth due to the absence of suitable inhibitors. In fact, the optimum nitriding temperature should be of about 750 °C, while 850 °C is the upper limit to avoid said uncontrolled growth. Prima facie the above process has some advantages: relatively low slab-heating temperatures before hot-rolling, decarburization and nitriding, and the fact that no increase in production costs is due to the necessity to maintain the strip at 700-850 °C for at least four hours in the box-annealing furnace (to obtain the mix of aluminium and silicon nitrides required to control the grain growth), as the heating in the box-annealing furnaces in any case requires similar times. However, together with the above mentioned advantages the above process has some disadvantages as: (i) the selected composition and the low slab-heating temperature involve that the sheet includes practically no precipitates inhibiting the grain growth: all the heating steps of the strip, and in particular those belonging to the decarburization and to the nitriding steps, must be taken at comparatively low and critically controlled temperatures, in that at the above conditions grain boundaries are very mobile involving the risk of an uncontrolled grain growth; (ii) the nitrogen introduced is stopped near the strip surfaces as silicon and manganese/silicon - 5 - nitrides, which must be dissolved to allow the nitrogen diffusion towards the core of the sheet and its reaction for creating the wanted aluminium nitride: as a consequence, no improvement speeding up the heating time (for example by using another type of continuous furnace instead of box-annealing ones) can be introduced during the final annealing. The Applicant, knowing the above difficulties, has developed an improved process which is new and involves a considerable inventive step over the prior art, from which it is distinguished with regard to both the theoretical bases and the process characteristics. Applicant process is disclosed by Applicant's Indian patent Applications n. 1375/Cal/97,1573/Cal/97,2083/Cal/97, Said patent Applications clearly set forth that the whole process, and in particular the control of the heating temperatures, can be made less critical if some precipitation of inhibitors suitable to control the grain growth is allowed since the hot-rolling step, thus allowing a best control of the grain sizes during the primary recrystallisation (during the decarburization annealing) and then a deep nitriding of the sheet to directly create aluminium nitride. Description of the invention Object of the present invention is to overcome the disadvantages of the production processes already known and to further improve the technology disclosed by the above mentioned Italian patent Applications by disclosing a process for creating and for controlling, since the hot-rolling step, a system of various inhibitors suitable to make less critical most of the production steps (with particular - 6 - reference to the careful control of the heating temperature) to obtain optimum grain sizes during the primary recrystallisation and a deep penetration of the nitrogen into the strip to directly form aluminium nitride. According to the present invention, through a suitable combination of contents of manganese and of sulphur it is possible to make easier (according to the innovative technology disclosed by the above mentioned Applicant's Italian patent Applications) the production of silicon steel sheets both of grain-oriented type and of grain super-oriented type. In particular, according to the invention, by shifting the content of manganese, though within the limits already known in the 400-1500 ppm range, and by controlling the ratio between the per-cent contents of manganese and of sulphur between 2 and 30 for sulphur contents not higher than 300 ppm, it is possible to obtain since the hot-rolled strip thin precipitates, and in particular precipitates including nitrogen linked to aluminium and a mix of nitrides of manganese and of other elements, like copper, apt to give to the sheet an effective inhibition (Iz) suitable to control the grain growth speed and included between about 400 and about 1300 cm-1 . The effective inhibition is calculated through the empirical formula: Iz = 1.91 Fv/r where Fv is the volume fraction of useful precipitates and r is the mean radius of said precipitates. The inhibition levels so generated are such as to allow, together with the assumed process parameters, a continuous and controlled grain growth before the secondary recrystallisation. - 7 - Preferably, the manganese content is controlled in the 500-1000 ppm range. In addition, the ratio between the weight per-cent contents of manganese and of sulphur is preferably maintained between 2 and 10. The steel can include some impurities, in particular chromium, nickel and molybdenum, whose total weight per-cent content should be preferably lower than 0.35 % Still according to the invention, the continuously cast slabs are heated between 1100 °C and 1300 °C, preferably between 1150 °C and 1250 °C, and hot-rolled with an initial rolling temperature of between 1000 °C and 1150 °C, a final rolling temperature of between 900 °C and 1000 °C and a coiling temperature of between 550 °C and 720 °c. Then, the strip is cold-rolled at the desired final thickness and undergoes a primary recrystallisation annealing at 850--900 °C and a nitriding, normally at 900-1050 °C. The reduced content of free manganese in solid solution, characterising the composition of the present invention, allows nitrogen, added to the strip by high-temperature nitriding, to diffuse towards the strip core and to precipitate directly the aluminium included into the matrix. In addition, the precipitate's analysis made after the nitriding step shows that the nitrogen added to the strip precipitates as aluminium nitrides on existing, homogeneously distributed thin sulphides, which act therefore as activators and regulators of the added inhibition. The strip, coated with MgO-based annealing separators and coiled, is box-annealed by heating it up to 1210 °C under a nitrogen/hydrogen - 8 - atmosphere and keeping it for at least 10 hours at said temperature under an hydrogen atmosphere. The present invention will be now disclosed through some embodiments. EXAMPLE # I A steel including Si 3.15 % by weight, C 230 ppm, Mn 650 ppm, S 140 ppm, Als 320 ppm, N 82 ppm, Cu 1000 ppm, Sn 530 ppm, Cr 200 ppm, Mo 100 ppm, Ni 400 ppm, Ti 20 ppm, P 100 ppm has been continuously cast and the slabs have been heated up to 1150 °C and hot-rolled to a thickness of 2.2 mm with an initial rolling temperature of 1055 °C and a final rolling temperature of 915 °C to have an effective inhibition of about 700 cm-1 . The strips have been then cold-rolled up to thicknesses of 0.22, 0.26 and 0.29 mm. The cold-rolled strips have been continuously annealed at 880 °C for about 120 seconds under a nitrogen/hydrogen atmosphere with a dew-point of 68 °C and immediately after they have been continuously annealed at 960°C for about 15 seconds under a nitrogen/hydrogen atmosphere with a dew-point of 10 °C, adding ammonia at the furnace input to increase of 20-50 ppm the nitrogen content of the strips. The annealed strips, coated with MgO-based annealing separators and coiled, have been box-annealed according to the following cycle: fast heating up to 700 °C, 15 hours pause at said temperature, heating at 40 °C/h up to 1200 °C, 10 hours pause at said temperature, free cooling. Magnetic characteristics of said strips are: - 9 - TABLE # 1 thickness (mm) B800 (mT) P17 (W/kg) 0.29 1935 0.94 0.26 1930 0.92 0.22 1940 O.85 EXAMPLE # 2 Castings having the following compositions have been manufactured: TABLE # 2 Casting Si C Mn S Cu Alg N Ti % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm A 3-2 280 1700 200 1500 260 80 20 B 3-2 200 1000 350 1500 290 70 10 C 3.1 580 750 190 2300 310 80 10 D 3.2 300 600 230 1000 300 90 10 E 2.9 450 1000 100 2000 280 70 20 F 3.0 320 1000 120 1200 190 90 20 G 3-2 50 800 70 1000 300 80 20 Slabs have been heated up to 1150 °C, bloomed down to a 40 mm thickness and then hot-rolled to a thickness of 2.2-2.3 mm. The hot-rolled strips have been cold-rolled to a thickness of 0.30 mm, decarburized at 870 °C and then nitrided at 930 °C for 30 seconds under a nitrogen/hydrogen atmosphere with a dew-point of 10 °C, adding 8 % by weight of ammonia at the furnace input. The nitrided strips have been coated with MgO-based annealing separators and box-annealed according to the following cycle: fast heating up to 700 °C, 10 hours pause at said temperature, heating at 40 °C/h up to 1210 °C under a - 10 - nitrogen/hydrogen atmosphere, 15 hours pause at said temperature under a hydrogen atmosphere and cooling. Magnetic characteristics of said strips are shown by Table # 3- TABLE # 3 Casting A B C D E F G B800 (mT) 1714 1637 1935 1930 1940 1841 1830 P17 (W/kg) 1.79 2.08 0.95 0.95 0.92 1.25 1.34 P15 (W/kg) 1.17 1-33 0.71 0.70 0.67 0.85 0.92 EXAMPLE # 3 From a casting including iron, Si 3-3 % by weight, C 350 ppm, Als 290 ppm, N 70 ppm, Mn 65O ppm, S 180 ppm, Cu 1400 ppm and minor impurities, slabs have been produced: some slabs have been treated at 1320 °C (RA) and the rest at 1190 °C (RB) before being hot-rolled to a thickness of 2.2 mm. The strips have been annealed at 900 "C and cooled by water and vapour from 780 °C. By analysing the mean content of inhibition into the matrix of hot-rolled annealed strips, for strips RA a value of about 1400 cm have been found, while for strips RB a value of about 800 cm-1 have been found. Then, the hot-rolled strips have been cold-rolled to a thickness of 0.27 mm, annealed for primary recristallization at 85O °C and nitrided at 970 °C. The nitrided cold-rolled strips have been box-annealed for secondary recrystallisation according to the following cycle: heating at 40 °C/h from 700 °C to 1200 °C under a - 11 - nitrogen/hydrogen atmosphere, 20 hours pause at 1200 °C under a hydrogen atmosphere and cooling. Magnetic characteristics of said strips are shown by Table # 4. TABLE # 4 SHEET M800(mean) P17(mean) 1(RB) 1920 0.97 2(RB) 1930 0.95 3(RB) 1930 0.96 4(RA) 1820 1.34 5(RA) 1770 1.45 6(RA) 1790 1.38 Furthermore, losses of strips realised from low-temperature annealed slabs are very constant, while those realised from high-temperature annealed slabs are very unsteady and oscillate cyclically between 1.00 and 1.84 W/kg. - 12 - We Claim :- 1. Process for the production of grain-oriented electrical steel sheets, comprising the following steps in sequence :- (a) casting silicon steel of composition, such as herein described into slabs in a continuous casting method , followed by (b) producing a strip by hot-rolling the slabs and coiling the strips, (c) cold-rolling the hot-rolled strips, (d) annealing the strips continuously for primary recrystallisation of the same, (e) nitriding the strips, and (f) annealing the strips for secondary recrystallisation, under conditions, such as herein described; characterised in that (i) the managanese content of the strip is maintained in the range of 400-1500 ppm; (ii) the weight ratio between manganese content and sulphur content of the strip is maintained in the range of 2 - 30, the sulphur content of the strip being not allowed to be higher than 300 ppm; (iii) the slabs are heated at the temperature range of 1100-1300°C; and (iv) the slabs are hot-rolled into the strips at initial temperature between 1000°C and 1150°C and at final temperature between 900°C. and 1000°C, and the strips are coiled at temperature between 550°C and 720°C to produce thereby thin precipitates in the hot-rolled strips with an effective inhibition (Iz) according to the empirical formula : Iz = 1.91 Pv/r where Fv is the volume fraction of the thin precipitates and r is the mean radius of the said precipitates. - 13 - 2. Prooess as claimed in claim 1, wherein the manganese content of the strips produced is maintained between 500 and 1000 ppm. 3. Process as claimed in claims 1 and 2, wherein the weight ratio between manganese content and sulphur content is maintained in the range 2 and 10. 4. Process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the total impurity content (in particular chromium, nickel and molybdenum content) of the strips is lower than 0.35% by weight. 5. Process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the slabs are heated in the temperature range of 1150 -1250°C. Process for the production of grain-oriented electrical steel sheets, comprising the following steps in sequence :- (a) casting silicon steel of composition, such as herein described into slabs in a continuous casting method , followed by (b) producing a strip by hot-rolling the slabs and coiling the strips, (c) cold-rolling the hot-rolled strips, (d) annealing the strips continuously for primary recrystallisation of the same, (e) nitriding the strips, and (f) annealing the strips for secondary recrystallisation, under conditions, such as herein described, characterised in that (i) the manganese content of the strip is maintained in the range of 400-1500 ppm; (ii) the weight ratio between manganese content and sulphur content of the strip is maintained in the range of 2 - 30, the sulphur content of the strip being not allowed to be higher than 300 ppm; (iii) the slabs are heated at the temperature range of 1100-1300°C; and (iv) the slabs are hot-rolled into the strips at initial temperature between 1000°C and 1150°C and at final temperature between 900°C, and 1000°C, and the strips are coiled at temperature between 550°C and 720°C to produce thereby thin precipitates in the hot-rolled strips with an effective inhibition (Iz) according to the empirical formula : Iz = 1.91 Fv/r where Fv is the volume fraction of the thin precipitates and r is the mean radius of the said precipitates.

Documents:

02087-cal-1997-abstract.pdf

02087-cal-1997-claims.pdf

02087-cal-1997-correspondence.pdf

02087-cal-1997-description(complete).pdf

02087-cal-1997-form-1.pdf

02087-cal-1997-form-2.pdf

02087-cal-1997-form-3.pdf

02087-cal-1997-form-5.pdf

02087-cal-1997-p.a.pdf

02087-cal-1997-priority document others.pdf

02087-cal-1997-priority document.pdf