Title of Invention

COMPLETE CONVERSION OF CARBON MONOXIDE TO CARBON DIOXIDE OVER THE CATALYST AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.

Abstract The nano-sized 10 % weight PdO supported on MnO2 support (10 wt% PdO/MnO2) catalyst was prepared by wet impregnation method and tested for CO oxidation reaction. The XRD pattern authenticates the formation of MnO2 phase, broad and diffuse lines indicate that this catalyst is poorly crystalline. 10 wt% PdO/MnO2 catalyst showed complete oxidation of CO to CO2 at room temperature. Under the influence of excess oxygen this catalyst is stable and showed good CO oxidation activity. From time on stream studies it is clear that the catalyst is stable initially upto few hours giving complete conversion, but with time the activity decreases. The activity can be regained by heating the catalyst in oxygen at 70-80 °C.
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THE PATENT ACT 1970
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PROVISIONAL/COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
( See section 10 and rule 13 )
1. TITLE OF THE INVENTION:
Complete Conversion of Carbon Monoxide to Carbondioxide over the
Catalyst at room temperature.

2. APPLICANT(S)
(a) Name: Salker Arun V. kunkalekar Rohan k.
(b) Nationality: Indian
(c) Address:Department of Chemistry, Goa Univensitry Goa - 403206.
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Title of invention
Complete conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide over the catalyst at room temperature.
Field of invention
The invention relates to the chemical science.
Background of invention with regards to the drawback associated with known art
Carbon monoxide (CO), also called as carbonous oxide, is an odorless, tasteless, colorless, nonirritating toxic gas with a melting point at -205 °C and a boiling point of -191.5 °C [1]. The atmospheric concentration of CO is generally below 0.001 percent, but it may be higher in urban areas or in enclosed environments. It is highly toxic to humans and animals in higher concentrations. Carbon monoxide is produced from the partial oxidation of carbon-containing compounds; it forms when there is not enough oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), such as when operating a stove or an internal combustion engine in an enclosed space. In the presence of oxygen, carbon monoxide burns with a blue flame, producing carbon dioxide. The most common sources of CO are gas stoves, furnaces, automobiles and house fires, CO poisoning has also resulted from breathing the exhaust from electrical generators and gasoline-powered high pressure washers, worn or poorly adjusted and maintained combustion devices (e.g., boilers, furnaces) can be significant sources. CO combines with hemoglobin with an affinity 210-280 times greater than oxygen to produce carboxyhemoglobin, which is ineffective for delivering oxygen to bodily tissues and important organs. Exposures to carbon monoxide may cause significant damage to the heart and central nervous system. Carbon monoxide may have severe adverse effects on the fetus of a pregnant woman.

Manganese oxide (MnOx), as a multifunctional material, has been investigated due to its interesting properties and a wide variety of potential applications in waste removal, catalysis, rechargeable batteries, magnetic materials, and so forth [1-5]. Among all manganese oxides, MnO2 is most important due to its unique properties and has wide applications in different fields. It is generally accepted that phase structure can significantly influence the catalytic activity of MnO2 [6], since the basic building block of MnO2 is MnO6 octahedra, these octahera connected in different ways by sharing their edges and corners into variety of different structural arrangements [6,7]. MnO2 is found to be effective for catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide, its activity can be enhanced by combining with some transition metals and noble metals [8-10] giving complete conversion of CO at lower temperature. CO oxidation reaction has been reported by our group over different catalysts [9-14]
Object of Invention
The object is to prepare the catalyst which gives complete conversion of CO to CO2 at room temperature,
Statement of invention
10 % weight PdO supported on Mn02 support (10 wt% PdO/Mn02) showed complete conversion of CO at room temperature.
Summary of invention
Nano-sized palladium oxide supported manganese dioxide catalysts have been prepared by wet impregnation method. Prepared catalyst was tested for CO oxidation reaction. The complete conversion of CO was achieved at room temperature.
A brief description of the accompanying figures

FIG. 1 XRD pattern of 10 wt% Pd0/MnO2.
FIG. 2 TEM image of 10 wt% PdO/MnO2 catalyst.
FIG. 3 TG-DTA pattern of 10 wt% PdO/MnO2 catalyst.
FIG. 4 Time on stream study of 10 wt% PdO/MnO2 catalyst for CO oxidation at room temperature. Conditions: 5% CO, 5% O2 in nitrogen at a rate of 5000 ml h"'.
Detailed description of the invention
Experimental
Preparation of Catalysts
10 wt% PdO/MnO2 catalyst was prepared by an impregnation method. The pure MnO2 powder which was prepared by co-precipitation method and calcined at 400 °C for 10 h was mixed with an aqueous solution of Pd salt under vigorous stirring. Sodium hydroxide (10%) solution was added drop by drop with stirring to precipitate metal hydroxide. The suspension was then filtered and dried in air. The obtained sample was homogenized well in mortar and dried at 200 °C for 5 h.
Catalysts characterization
The phase composition of the calcined samples was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using RIGAKU Ultima IV diffractometer using Cu Ka radiation (X = 1.5418 A°) with 2θ scanning range 15-80°. Phase identification was made using the standard XRD reference database. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) images were recorded on a PHILIPS CM 200 electron microscope operating with an accelerating voltage of 200 KV and providing a resolution of 2.4 A0. The BET surfaces area was measured by nitrogen adsorption at liquid

nitrogen temperature using a SMART SORB-91 surface area analy2er. The samples were regenerated at 200 °C for 2 h prior to the adsorption experiments. Thermal analysis were carried out on a NETZCH STA 409 PC TG/DTA instrument in air at a heating rate of 10 K min-1 and heated from ambient to 1100 °C.
Catalytic performance
The catalytic tests for CO oxidation by O2 were performed at atmospheric pressure in a continuous flow, fixed bed glass reactor. The catalyst powder of 0.9 g was supported between glass wool plugs in a glass reactor which was placed in an electric furnace. The reaction temperature was measured by inserting a thermo-couple in the middle of the catalyst bed. The catalytic activity was determined using a feed gas composition of 5% CO and 5% O2 in nitrogen. All these three gases were first mixed in a mixing bulb. The individual gas flow rates were controlled using flow meters and precision needle valves, previously calibrated for each specific gas. Prior to the CO oxidation reaction the catalyst was activated by passing O2 at 100 °C for 30 min and then the catalyst was cooled to room temperature. The mixture of gases was then allowed to pass over the catalyst at a rate of 5000 ml h-1. The feed gases and the products were analyzed employing an online Gas Chromatograph with molecular sieve 13X and Porapak Q columns, H2 was used as a carrier gas. The CO was prepared in the laboratory by standard procedure and further purified by passing through alkali and molecular sieve traps. O2, N2 and H2 gases were used from pure commercial cylinders.
Influence of excess oxygen on activity of catalyst was carried out by increasing O2 partial pressure in the feed gas compositions. The stability of the catalyst for CO oxidation reaction was verified by performing time on stream experiments continuously for longer period, by maintaining catalyst at constant temperature.

Results and discussion
Characteristic properties
The X-ray diffraction was used to confirm the phase formation. Fig. 1 shows the XRD patterns for 10 wt% PdO/MnO2 catalyst. The diffraction features are characteristic of nanocrystalline MnO2, index to tetragonal phase which agrees well with ICDD card 44-0141. The intensities and widths of the diffraction peaks were greatly lowered and widened signifying the poor crystallinity of this catalyst. No distinct PdO reflections are visible in the XRD pattern indicating that Pd is well disperse over MnO2 also the intensity of peaks is poor. From the TEM images (Fig. 2) of 10 wt% PdO/MnO2 it is evident that the particles are nano-sized with particle size less than 10 nm. The particles are spherical in shape and agglomerated in appearance. The specific BET surface area has been determined using nitrogen physisorption. Catalyst shows surface area 65 m g". The surface is found to be quite good, higher surface area corresponds to higher catalytic activity. The thermal analysis (TG/DTA) plot shows two major weight losses with corresponding endothermic peaks in DTA curve. The first weight loss in temperature range of 620-690 °C is due to loss of oxygen and conversion of MnO2 to Mn2O3 phase [15]. The second weight loss at 890-1010 °C corresponds to decomposition of Mn2O3 phase to Mn3O4 [15] with loss of oxygen.
Catalytic activity
From the catalytic activity test it is observed that 10 wt% PdO/MnO2 catalyst showed complete -conversion of CO at room temperature. Performance of the catalyst for CO oxidation under the influence of excess oxygen in feed gas composition was also studied. Even in presence of excess oxygen the catalyst showed complete CO conversion at room temperature indicating that this catalyst is stable in excess oxygen.

The time on stream were carried out for longer period at room temperature to evaluate the stability of catalyst. Initially the catalyst is stable giving complete conversion upto 3 h {Fig. 4). Around 90% CO conversion was observed after 6 h. Then further with increase in reaction time the activity goes on decreasing.
Although the activity of this catalyst towards CO oxidation reaction decreases with time on stream but could be easily recovered by heating the catalyst at 70-80 °C in oxygen flow.
References
[1] S. Royer, D. Duprez, Chem. Cat. Chem. 3 (2011) 24-65.
[2] R. Kumar, S. Sithambaram, S.L. Suib, J. Catal. 262 (2009) 304-313.
[3] J. Cao, Y. Zhu, L. Shi, L. Zhu, K. Bao, S. Liu, Y. Qian, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. (2010) 1172-1176.
[4] X.Y. Xue, L.L. Xing, Y.G. Wang, T.H. Wang, Solid State Sci. 11 (2009) 2106-2110.
[5] X. M. Liu, S. Y. Fu, C. J. Huang, Powder Technol. 154 (2005) 120-124.
[6] S. Liang, F. Teng, G. Bulgan, R. Zong, Y. Zhu, J. Phys. Chem. C 112 (2008) 5307-5315.
[7] S.L. Brock, N. Duan, Z.R. Tian, O. Giraldo, H. Zhou, S.L. Suib, Chem. Mater. 10 (1998)2619-2628.
[8] R. Xu, X. Wang, D. Wang, K. Zhou, Y. Li, J. Catal. 237 (2006) 426-430
[9] A.V. Salker, R.K. Kunkalekar, Catal. Commun. 10 (2009) 1776-1780.
[10] R.K. Kunkalekar, A.V. Salker, Catal. Commun. 12 (2010) 193-196.

[11] A.V. Salker, D.K. Chakraborty, H.V. Keer, Indian J. Chem. A 28 (1989) 458-464.
[12] A.V. Salker, S. M. Gurav, J. Mater. Sci. 35 (2000) 4713-4719.
[13] A.V. Salker, S.J. Naik, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 89 (2009) 246-254.
[14] R.G. Shetkar, A.V. Salker, Mater. Chem. Phys. 108 (1989) 435-489.
[15] Y. Ren, Q. Liu, J. Wang, H. Wang, D. Xue, Mater. Lett. 63 (2009) 661-663.

We claim,
1. The supported catalyst was prepared which is suitable for CO oxidation reaction and gives complete conversion of CO at room temperature.
2. The catalyst in claim 1 consists of manganese dioxide (MnO2) as support.
3. The catalyst in claim 1 consists of palladium oxide (PdO) which is dispersed on MnO2 support.
4. The catalyst of claim 1 which is prepared by wet impregnation method and having the composition 10 % weight PdO supported on MnO2 support (10 wt% PdO/MnO2).
5. The 10 wt% PdO/MnO2 catalyst gives complete conversion of CO to CO2 at room temperature.
6. The 10 wt% PdO/MnO2 catalyst is highly active for CO oxidation reaction giving complete conversion at room temperature even in presence of excess oxygen in the feed gas composition.

Documents:

1663-MUM-2011-Abstract-020115.pdf

1663-mum-2011-abstract.doc

1663-mum-2011-abstract.pdf

1663-MUM-2011-CLAIMS(AMENDED)-(21-3-2014).pdf

1663-MUM-2011-CLAIMS(MARKED COPY)-(21-3-2014).pdf

1663-MUM-2011-Claims-020115.pdf

1663-mum-2011-claims.doc

1663-mum-2011-claims.pdf

1663-MUM-2011-CORRESPONDENCE(1-4-2013).pdf

1663-MUM-2011-CORRESPONDENCE(23-5-2012).pdf

1663-MUM-2011-CORRESPONDENCE(30-10-2013).pdf

1663-MUM-2011-CORRESPONDENCE(7-10-2011).pdf

1663-mum-2011-correspondence.pdf

1663-mum-2011-description(complete).pdf

1663-mum-2011-drawing.pdf

1663-mum-2011-form 1.pdf

1663-MUM-2011-FORM 18.pdf

1663-MUM-2011-Form 2(Title Page)-020115.pdf

1663-mum-2011-form 2(title page).pdf

1663-mum-2011-form 2.doc

1663-mum-2011-form 2.pdf

1663-mum-2011-form 3.pdf

1663-mum-2011-form 5.pdf

1663-MUM-2011-FORM 9.pdf

1663-MUM-2011-OTHERS-020115.pdf

1663-MUM-2011-REPLY TO EXAMINATION REPORT(21-3-2014).pdf

abstract1.jpg


Patent Number 265758
Indian Patent Application Number 1663/MUM/2011
PG Journal Number 12/2015
Publication Date 20-Mar-2015
Grant Date 13-Mar-2015
Date of Filing 07-Jun-2011
Name of Patentee SALKER ARUN V.
Applicant Address DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY GOA UNIVERSITY GOA - 403206
Inventors:
# Inventor's Name Inventor's Address
1 SALKER ARUN V. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY GOA UNIVERSITY GOA - 403206
2 KUNKALEKAR ROHAN K. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY GOA UNIVERSITY GOA - 403206
PCT International Classification Number C01B31/20
PCT International Application Number N/A
PCT International Filing date
PCT Conventions:
# PCT Application Number Date of Convention Priority Country
1 NA