Title of Invention

A METHOD OF TRACKING A STATE OF A MOBILE ELECTRONIC DEVICE

Abstract

The invention relates to a method of tracking a state of a mobile electronic device and to a mobile electronic device including processing apparatus arranged to perform the method. A method of tracking a state of a mobile electronic device, the method comprising iteratively performing the steps of (i) representing the state of the mobile electronic device using a grid comprising a plurality of cells, each cell representing a region in state space defined by one or more state variables and having a probability value that the state of the mobile electronic device is within that region in state space, the grid being bounded to include only cells having a probability value above a predetermined threshold; (ii) obtaining measurement signalling indicating values of one or more state variables; (iii) updating the probability values of the grid based on the measurement signalling and rebounding the grid.

Full Text

A METHOD OF TRACKING A STATE OF A MOBILE ELECTRONIC DEVICE The invention relates to a method of tracking a state of a mobile electronic device and to a mobile electronic device including processing apparatus arranged to perform the method. Background of the Invention One of the challenges in personal positioning is to provide accurate position information in situations where there are only a few measurement sources available that might have large errors with unusual distributions, particularly indoors or in urban areas, requiring the effcient numerical solution of the nonlinear filtering equations resulting from the fusion of these different measurement sources. In these cases, it is advantageous that the maximum amount of information be extracted from every measurement. The behaviour of satellite-based systems such as GPS is unpredictable at best when used indoors in high-sensitivity mode. Local wireless networks, such as the , cellular network, .WLAN or Bluetooth offer some positioning capability but with inferior accuracy when compared to GPS. Other possible components of a mobile electronic device are the on-board sensors such as accelerometers, barometers or digital compasses. Combining the various measurement sources is difficult because of different error characteristics, unpredictable distortions, systematic errors in measurements, strong nonlinearity, complex time dependencies, and missing data. It is not simple to model all the cases in a general way, let alone solve the models accurately. Even with correct models, the commonly used Kalman filter and its nonlinear extensions can fail without warning. Summary of the Invention According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of tracking a state of a mobile electronic device, the method comprising iteratively performing the steps of (i) representing the state of the mobile electronic device using a grid comprising a plurality of cells, each cell representing a region in state space defined by one or more state variables and having a probability value that the state of the mobile electronic device is within that region in state space, the grid being bounded to include only cells having a probability value above a predetermined threshold; (ii) obtaining measurement signalling indicating values of one or more state variables; (iii) updating the probability values of the grid based on the measurement signalling and rebounding the grid. The state of the mobile electronic device may comprise the state variables including but not limited to position, velocity, acceleration, and clock error, whetheralone or in combination. The number of dimensions of the state space corresponds to the total number of dimensions of the state variables, with each cell including a number of dimensions equal to that of the state space. For example, the state space and the cells may be six-dimensional, to represent position in three dimensions and velocity in three dimensions. The invention provides means whereby all information is retained from measurement geometries that do not produce a unique position solution or that produce multiple solutions, and whereby the shape of the posterior distribution is retained without dropping any of its peaks. The invention is faster to run than a particle filter, is more general than location fingerprint methods, and propagates the complete position distribution, thus being able to represent undetermined or multiple-solution systems accurately. Preferably, the grid is a uniformly-spaced parallelepiped grid, in order to alleviate problems regarding the computation load of the method. Step (i) in respect of one or more iterations may comprise obtaining measurement signalling and forming the grid based on the measurement signalling. A position estimate may be derived from measurement signalling comprising any of, for example, a range, a range difference or a planar measurement. A range measurement may be obtained from cellular base stations, WLAN or Bluetooth transmitters, and/or acoustic sensors, and may be in the form of a time delay, round-trip or signal strength measurement, for example. Other types of measurement signalling indicating position include but are not limited to angle of arrival measurements, maximum-minimum range windows, base sector information, and on-board barometers and digital compasses. Velocity can be measured using deltarange and heading measurements. Acceleration can be measured using on-board accelerometers. It is to be understood that the details of the measurement signalling are not important to the invention, provided that the value(s) of the state variable(s) in question can be obtained or estimated using the measurement signalling, whether used alone or in conjunction with other measurement signalling. Step (i) in respect of one or more of a second and subsequent iterations may comprise using the updated grid of step (iii) of a preceding iteration. The one or more iterations may comprise the step of (iv) predicting the probability values of the grid of the subsequent iteration based on the updated grid and a motion model for the mobile electronic device to obtain a predicted grid. Step (iv) may include rebounding the grid, and/or using the predicted grid in step (i) of the subsequent iteration. Rebounding the grid may comprise moving a boundary of the grid to exclude cells having a probability value below the predetermined threshold, and/or moving the boundary to include cells having a probability value above the predetermined threshold. In some cases, cells exist beyond the boundary but have a probability value of zero. If, following any process, the probability value of such cells increases, the boundary is moved so as to include any such cells having probability values above the predetermined threshold. In some cases, no cells exist beyond the boundary. Following any process which results in alteration of probability values, the invention may comprise the step of defining temporary cells beyond the boundary, calculating probability values for these cells, and moving the boundary to include any such cells having probability values above the predetermined threshold. Preferably, the motion model is linear, in order to alleviate problems regarding the computation load of the method. One or more iterations may comprise the step of (v) calculating an expected value and a variance for the state of the mobile electronic device based on the updated grid. According to i second aspect of the invention, there is provided a mobile electronic device including processing apparatus arranged to perform the method of the first aspect of the invention. The present invention also comprises a computer program arranged to perform the method and a system in which the mobile electronic device of the present invention operates. The invention encompasses one or more aspects and embodiments in various combinations whether or not specifically mentioned (or claimed) in that combination. Brief Description of the Drawings In order that the invention may more readily be understood, a description is now given, by way of example only, reference being made to the accompanying drawings, in which:- Figures 1 to 5 illustrate a simple example of the method of the invention being performed; Figure 6 shows apparatus according to the invention. Detailed Description of the Invention In the following description, like reference numerals refer to. like features regardless as to which embodiment the features belong. Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of part of a mobile electronic device according to tiie invention, the mobile electronic device including a processor 100 in communication with memory 102 and with a plurality of transceiver modules 104a-d. Memory 102 includes software code portions for performing the method of the invention, as will be described below. Transceiver modules 104a-d are capable of receiving measurement signalling respectively from the GPS system, cellular base stations, WLAN transmitters and Bluetooth transmitters. Transceiver modules 104a-d are referred to as such for convenience; in fact, some of the modules i04a-d may not have the capability to transmit, while others may be required to transmit in order to receive measurement signalling. The method of the invention will now be described, using the following nomenclature. Subscript k indexes the time instant k-k-l refers to inference made on time step k using data only up to time k-1 k\k refers to inference made on time step k using data up to time k x the state of the mobile electronic device i the vector index of a cell Gk(i) zth cell ck(i) centre of the zth cell Ek square matrix whose columns define the edges of a cell prior probability value of the ith cell posterior probability value of the zth cell probability density of state x if the previous state was z measurement likelihood function probability (based on motion model) of moving from fth cell to ith cell Step (i) In this step, the state xk of the mobile electronic device is represrated using a grid comprising a plurality of cells. Each cell represents a region in state space and has a probability value that the state xk of the mobile electronic device is within that region. For example, the state x^ may comprise the three-dimensional state variables position Tf^ and velocity Vj^, x^ = Each cell is then six-dimensional to represent six-dimensional regions of state space. However, for illustrate purposes, Figures 1 to 5 show a simple example in which the state xk comprises a two-dimensional position r^. Figure 1 shows a prior distribution 10 for the position of the mobile electronic device having 95%, 66% and 50% confidence regions. The prior distribution 10 may be derived from one of several sources: (i) a posterior distribution of a preceding iteration of the method; (ii) a predicted prior distribution obtained by altering the posterior distribution using a motion model to predict the movement of the mobile electronic device; and (iii) measurement-signalling obtained'via any of the transceiver modules 104a-d. In case several ot the above sources are available, a combination can be used. The prior distribution 10 is approximated using a prior grid 12 consisting of a number of two-dimensional cells 14 of uniform size and shape. Each cell 14 represents a region on the surface of the earth and has a prior probability value that the mobile electronic device is positioned within that region. It is to be understood that Figure 1 shows the prior distribution 10 as represented by the confidence regions on the grid 12 for illustrative purposes only. Although the prior distribution 10 is shown in Figure 1 to be continuous, it would exist in the memory 102 of the mobile electronic device only in an approximated form by the probability values of the prior grid 12. The relative shading of the cells 14 in Figure 1 represents the probability value, i.e. a darker-shaded cell 14 indicates a higher probability value for the cell 14. The prior grid 12 includes a boundary 16 within which all cells 14 have a prior probability value above a predetermined threshold. Thus, the grid approximation of the prior distribution is truncated by the boundary 16 to represent a significant domain S, being a (simply connected) region in R , in which the prior probability values are non-negligible. In the example of Figure 1, the threshold is set such that 99% of the prior distribution is represented by the prior grid 12. However, it is to be understood that the level of the threshold is a matta: of design choice. A lower threshold would result in more cells 14 being included within the boundary 16, and therefore in a more accurate approximation, albeit at the expense of an increased computational load. In contrast, a higher: threshold would result in fewer cells 14 being included within the boundary, and therefore in a less accurate approximation with a reduced computational load. Only cells 14 within the boundary 16 are detmed m toe memory 102 me mooue electromc device. In a variant, the memory 102 defines cells beyond the boundary but with the prior probability value of these cells set to zero. In either case, the approximation by the prior grid 12 of the prior distribution 10 is truncated by the boundary 16 to facilitate computation. The number of cells 14 in the prior grid 12 is a matter of design choice, in order to find a balance between computation load and accuracy. One extreme choice is to generate a large number of small cells. In this case, the approximation is asymptotically accurate even if the probability values are suboptimal, as is the case in the known point-mass filter, which uses only a density value being equivalent to that in the centre of a cell 14 according to the invention. Another extreme choice is to use a small nxanber of large cells 14. It is lien advantageous that the prior probability values be computed as accurately as possible. Most of the structure of the prior distribution 10 is lost when approximated with large cells 14. Optimally, the cells 14 should not be much smaller than the finest features of the prior distribution 10. In this step, the time index ^ is set to /c = 1. Step (ii) In this step, measurement signalling is obtained via the transceiver modules 104a-d indicating values of one or more state variables. Figure 2 shows a measurement likelihood function 18 representing an estimated position of the mobile electronic device based on measurement signalling obtained via the transceiver modules 104a-d. As shown, the measurement likelihood function includes 95%, 66% and 50% confidence regions. Figure 3 shows the measurement likelihood function 18 being approximated using the prior grid 12 m a similar manner to the prior distribution 10. In Figure 3, the probability values, which again represent the probabilities that the mobile electronic device is positioned within the regions represented by respective cells 14, are based only on the measurement likelihood function 18. Although in Figure 3 the measurement likelihood function 18 is approximated using the same prior grid 12 as for the prior distribution 10, it is to be understood that the measurement likelihood function could be represented using a grid of different size, shape and/or orientation, but that this would require more computation. The measurement signalling may comprise any of, for example, a range, a range difference or a planar measurement in order to obtain a position estimate. Given the true position r, a range measurement to a station at position s can be written as /i(7-) = |k - rj|. The associated measurement error v need not be normal, and is represented by an empirically-determined distribution that matches the real situation. The biased range measurements obtained from the GPS system are treated as range differences. One of the stations is chosen as reference station and all the differences are formed with respect to it. If the reference station is s0 , the range difference measurranent is Finally, the planar measurement is, where M is a unit vector. During this step, all available measurements are stacked into a vector yk and the correspondiag measurement equations into a vector function hk (x). As an example, consider the case with nk range difference measurements, n,. range measurements, and nk planar measurements. Then the measurement vector If all the measurement errors have normal distributions, the measurement likelihood function 18 is L(x)xe ^ , where is the covariance matrix of the measurement errors v. Step (Hi) In tills step, tiie prior probability values of the prior grid 12 are updated based on the measurement signalling to produce a posterior grid 12', and the posterior grid 12' is rebounded. Figure 4 shows a posterior distribution 20 having been derived from the prior distribution 10 and the measurement likelihood function, 18. The posterior distribution 20 is represented by a posterior grid 12' having cells 14', each cell 14' having a posterior probability value to approximate the posterior distribution 20. The posterior probability values of the posterior grid 12' are found by.multiplying the prior probability value in each cell 14 with the total likelihood in the cell 14, found by integrating the likeUhood function over.the.cell 14: The posterior grid 12' is rebounded with new boundary 16' to include only cells 14' having a probability value above the predetermined threshold. If a cell 14 within previous boundary 16 has a posterior probability value below the predetermined threshold, the new boundary 16' is placed so as to exclude that cell 14." ' . Step(iv) In this optional step, a predicted grid 12" having cells 14" is obtained based on the posterior grid 12' of the current iteration and a motion model for the mobile electronic device. The predicted grid 12" forms the prior grid 12 of the subsequent iteration. Figure 5 shows the predicted prior distribution 10' following application of the motion model, the motion model being any suitable model such as a constant-velocity-normally-distributed-acceleration model or a singer model. The predicted prior distribution 10' will form the prior distribution 10 of the subsequent iteration of the method. The predicted prior probability value of a cell 14" is found by summing all probabilities values m the current iteration weighted by the probabilities of transition to tiiat cell 14", according to the following equations. The predicted prior distribution 10' is normalized after all probability values have been computed. (12) where shorthand for the modified process noise probability density function; Specifically, if wk ~ iV(0, Q), then The integral then is just multinomial probability in a hyper-box and can be computed numerically. If Wk is non-Gaussian, the transition probabilities r,. (i - j) can be computed using the cumulative distribution. Following the application of the motion model, the boundary 16' is moved to become boundary 16" which includes all cells 14" both within and beyond the previous boundary 16' having a predicted probability value above the predetermined threshold. In the case where cells 14" existed beyond the previous boundary 16' and had prior and posterior probabiUty values of zero, the new boundary 16" is placed to include any of these cells 14" which have a predicted probability value above the predetermined threshold. In the variant wherein no cells existed beyond the previous boundary 16', new cells 14" are added having a size, shape and orientation corresponding to that of existing cells 14', and the new boundary 16" is placed so as to include the new cells 14". It is to be understood that the size, shape and/or orientation of the new cells 14" need not coincide with those of the existing predicted grid 12". It can readily be determined whether such non-existent cells would have a probability value above the predetermined threshold by defining a number of temporary cells 14" beyond the previous boundary 16' and calculating predicted probability values for the temporary cells 14". Such temporary cells 14" are continually defined and their probability values calculated until a point is reached where a shell of temporary cells 14" having probability values below the threshold is careated. The new boundary 16" is then placed so as to include all temporary cells 14" having probabihty values above the threshold. Step (v) In this step, an expected value and a variance for the state of the mobile electronic device are calculated based on the predicted grid 12", according to the following equations. Finally, the time index k is increased and the method repeated from Step (i). It will be understood that the present invention uses a grid-mass approach to perform the method of tracking a state of a mobile electronic device. CLAIMS (for national phase) 1. A method of tracking a state of a mobile electronic device, the method comprising iteratively performing the steps of (i) representing the state of the mobile electronic device using a grid comprising a plurality of cells, each cell representing a region in state space defined by one or more state variables and having a probability value that the state of the mobile electronic device is within that region in state space, the grid being bounded to include only cells having a probability value above a predetermined threshold; (ii) obtaining measurement signalling indicating values of one or more state variables; (iii) updating the probability values of the grid and rebounding the grid, the updating comprising multiplying the probability values with an integration of a measurement lil 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the grid is a uniformly-spaced parallelepiped grid. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein step (i) in respect of one or more iterations comprises obtaining measurement signalling and forming the grid based on the measurement signalling. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein step (i) in respect of one or more of a second and subsequent iterations comprises using the updated grid of step (iii) of a preceding iteration. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the one or more iterations comprise the step of (iv) predicting the probability values of the grid of the subsequent iteration based on the updated grid and a motion model for the mobile electronic device to obtain a predicted grid. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein step (iv) comprises rebounding the grid. 7. The method of claim 5 comprising using the predicted grid in step (i) of the subsequent iteration. 8. The method of claim 5 wherein the motion model is linear. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein one or more iterations comprise the step of (v) calculating an expected value and a variance for the state of the mobile electronic device based on the updated grid. 10. A mobile electronic device comprising processing apparatus arranged to:(i) represent the state of the mobile electronic device using a grid comprising a plurality of cells, each cell representing a region in state space defined by one or more state variables and having a probability value that the state of the mobile electronic device is within that region in state space, the grid being bounded to include only cells having a probability value above a predetermined threshold; (ii) obtain measurement signalling indicating values of one or more state variables; (iii) update the probability values of the grid and rebounding the grid, the updating comprising multiplying the probability values with an integration of a measurement likelihood function over a cell. 11. A computer program for use in tracking a state of a mobile electronic device, the computer program comprising computer code arranged to iteratively perform the steps of (i) representing the state of the mobile electronic device using a grid comprising a plurality of cells, each cell representing a region in state space defined by one or more state variables and having a probability value that the state of the mobile electronic device is within that region in state space, the grid being bounded to include only cells having a probability value above a predetermined threshold; (ii) obtaining measurement signalling indicating values of one or more state variables; (iii) updating the probability values of the grid and rebounding the grid, the updating comprising multiplying the probability values with an integration of a measurement likelihood function over a cell. 12. A system comprising: a mobile electronic device comprises processing apparatus arranged to:(i) represent the state of the mobile electronic device using a grid comprising a plurality of cells, each cell representing a region in state space defined by one or more state variables and having a probability value that the state of the mobile electronic device is within that region in state space, the grid being bounded to include only cells having a probability value above a predetermined threshold, (ii) obtain measurement signalling indicating values of one or more state variables, (iii) update the probability values of the grid and rebounding the grid, the updating comprising multiplying the probability values with an integration of a measurement likelihood function over a cell; and an apparatus for providing measurement signalling to the mobile electronic device. Apparatus comprising: means to represent the state of a mobile electronic device using a grid comprising a plurality of cells, each cell representing a region in state space defined by one or more state variables and having a probability value that the state of the mobile electronic device is within that region in state space, the grid being bounded to include only cells having a probability value above a predetermined threshold; means to obtain measurement signalling indicating values of one or more state variables; and means to update the probability values of the grid and rebounding the grid, the updating comprising multiplying the probability values with an integration of a measurement likelihood function over a cell. 14. Apparatus configured to: (i) represent the state of a mobile electronic device using a grid comprising a plurality of cells, each cell representing a region in state space defined by one or more state variables and having a probability value that the state of the mobile electronic device is within that region in state space, the grid being bounded to include only cells having a probability value above a predetermined threshold; (ii) obtain measurement signalling indicating values of one or more state variables; (iii) update the probability values of the grid and rebounding the grid, the updating comprising multiplying the probability values with an integration of a measurement likelihood function over a cell. 15. An apparatus of claim 11, wherein the apparatus is configured to represent the state of a mobile electronic device using grid which is a uniformly-spaced parallelepiped grid. 16. An apparatus of claim 11, wherein the apparatus is configured to represent the state of a mobile electronic device using one or more iterations, the iterations comprising obtaining measurement signalling and forming the grid based on the measurement signalling. 17. An apparatus of claim 11, wherein the apparatus is configured to represent the state of a mobile electronic device using one or more iterations, and wherein one or more of a second and subsequent iteration comprises using the updated grid provided by a preceding iteration. 18. An apparatus of claim 17, wherein the apparatus is configured to represent the state of a mobile electronic device using one or more iterations, said iterations comprise the step of predicting the probability values of the grid of the subsequent iteration based on the updated grid and a motion model for the mobile electronic device to obtain a predicted grid. 19. An apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the apparatus is configured to predict the probability values fo the grid of the subsequent iteration by rebounding the grid. 20. An apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the apparatus is configured to use the predicted grid in representing the state of a mobile electronic device step in the subsequent iteration. 21. An apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the apparatus is configured to use a linear motion model to represent the state of a mobile electronic device. 22. An apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the apparatus is configured to, in one or more iterations, calculate an expected value and a variance for the state of the mobile electronic device based on the updated grid. 23. Apparatus comprising means to: represent the state of a mobile electronic device using a grid comprising a plurality of cells, each cell representing a region in state space defined by one or more state variables and having a probability value that the state of the mobile electronic device is within that region in state space, the grid being bounded to include only cells having a probability value above a predetermined threshold; obtain measurement signalling indicating values of one or more state variables; and update the probability values of the grid and rebounding the grid, the updating comprising multiplying the probability values with an integration of a measurement likelihood function over a cell.

Documents:

4740-chenp-2008 form 3 20-09-2010.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 FORM-3 02-05-2012.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 AMENDED PAGES OF SPECIFICATION 20-09-2013.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 AMENDED PAGES OF SPECIFICATION 16-09-2013.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 AMENDED CLAIMS 16-09-2013.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 AMENDED CLAIMS 20-09-2013.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 CORRESPONDENCE OTHERS 02-05-2012.pdf

4740-chenp-2008 correspondence others 08-04-2011.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 CORRESPONDENCE OTHERS. 10-07-2013.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 EXAMINATION REPORT REPLY RECEIVED 20-09-2013.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 FORM-1 16-09-2013.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 FORM-1 20-09-2013.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 FORM-13 08-09-2008.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 FORM-13 16-09-2013.pdf

4740-chenp-2008 form-3 08-04-2011.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 FORM-3 16-09-2013.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 OTHER PATENT DOCUMENT 16-09-2013.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 POWER OF ATTORNEY 16-09-2013.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 POWER OF ATTORNEY 20-09-2013.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 AMENDED CLAIMS 12-12-2014.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 CORRESPONDENCE OTHERS 23-04-2013.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 CORRESPONDENCE OTHERS 10-07-2013.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 CORRESPONDENCE OTHERS 14-05-2012.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 CORRESPONDENCE OTHERS 25-06-2014.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 EXAMINATION REPORT REPLY RECEIVED 16-09-2013.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 EXAMINATION REPORT REPLY RECIEVED 12-12-2014.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 FORM-3 23-04-2013.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 FORM-3 10-07-2013.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 FORM-3 14-05-2012.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 FORM-3 25-06-2014.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 OTHER PATENT DOCUMENT 10-07-2013.pdf

4740-chenp-2008 abstract.pdf

4740-chenp-2008 claims.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 CORRESPONDENCE OTHERS 07-11-2012.pdf

4740-chenp-2008 correspondence others.pdf

4740-chenp-2008 description (complete).pdf

4740-chenp-2008 drawings.pdf

4740-chenp-2008 form-1.pdf

4740-chenp-2008 form-13.pdf

4740-chenp-2008 form-18.pdf

4740-CHENP-2008 FORM-3 07-11-2012.pdf

4740-chenp-2008 form-3.pdf

4740-chenp-2008 form-5.pdf

4740-chenp-2008 pct search report.pdf

4740-chenp-2008 pct.pdf