Title of Invention	"A PROCESS AND SYSTEMS FOR THE EPOXIDATION OF ETHYLENE"
Abstract	A process for the epoxidation of an ethylene, which process comprises reacting a feed comprising the olefin, oxygen and a reaction modifier in the presence of a silver-based catalyst with the reaction modifier being present in a relative quantity Q which is the ratio of an effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier present in the feed to an effective molar quantity of hydrocarbons present in the feed, and which process comprises the steps cooperating at a first operating phase wherein the value of Q is Q1, and- subsequently operating at a second operating phase wherein the feed composition is different from the feed composition employed in the first operating phase, such that the value of Q is Q2, whereby the value of the quotient Q2/Q1 is in the range of from 0.5 to 1.5; a system suitable for performing the process; and a computer program product and a computer system suitable for use in connection with the process.

Title of Invention

"A PROCESS AND SYSTEMS FOR THE EPOXIDATION OF ETHYLENE"

Abstract

A process for the epoxidation of an ethylene, which process comprises reacting a feed comprising the olefin, oxygen and a reaction modifier in the presence of a silver-based catalyst with the reaction modifier being present in a relative quantity Q which is the ratio of an effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier present in the feed to an effective molar quantity of hydrocarbons present in the feed, and which process comprises the steps cooperating at a first operating phase wherein the value of Q is Q1, and- subsequently operating at a second operating phase wherein the feed composition is different from the feed composition employed in the first operating phase, such that the value of Q is Q2, whereby the value of the quotient Q2/Q1 is in the range of from 0.5 to 1.5; a system suitable for performing the process; and a computer program product and a computer system suitable for use in connection with the process.

Full Text	A PROCESS AND SYSTEMS FOR THE EPOXIDATION OF AN OLEFIN Field of the Invention The invention relates to a process for the epoxidation of an olefin, which process comprises reacting a feed comprising the olefin, oxygen and a reaction modifier in the presence of a highly selective silver-based catalyst The invention also relates to systems suitable for use in connection with the process. Background of the Invention The catalytic epoxidation of olefins using a silver-based catalyst has been known for a long time. Conventional silver-based catalysts have provided the olefin oxides notoriously in a low selectivity For example, when using conventional catalysts in the epoxidation of ethylene, the selectivity towards ethylene oxide, expressed as a fraction of the ethylene converted, does not reach values above the 6/7 or 85 7 mole-% limit. Therefore, this limit has long been considered to be the theoretically maximal selectivity of this reaction, based on the stoichiometry of the reaction equation (Equation Removed) of Kirk-Othmer' s Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed , Vol 9, 1980, p 445 Modern silver-based catalysts however are more selective towards olefin oxide production When using the modern catalysts in the epoxidation of ethylene the selectivity towards ethylene oxide can reach values above the 6/7 or 85 7 mole-% limit referred to Such highly selective catalysts, which may comprise as their active components silver, rhenium, at least one further element and optionally a rhenium co-promoter, are disclosed in EP-A-266015 and in several subsequent patent publications. Besides better catalysts, reaction modifiers have been found which may be added to the feed to improve the selectivity (cf. for example EP-A-352850). Such reaction modifiers suppress the undesirable oxidation of olefin or olefin oxide to carbon dioxide and water, relative to the desired formation of olefin oxide, by a so-far unexplained mechanism. Suitable reaction modifiers are for example organic halides. When applying a reaction modifier, the concentration of the reaction modifier in the feed may be chosen such that the selectivity is at the optimum value. The concentration at which the selectivity is at optimum may be found during the operation of the epoxidation process by a tnal-and-error procedure, viz by stepwise changing the reaction modifier supply rate and monitoring the effect on the selectivity. Such a procedure, however, would be cumbersome, and it would keep the process operating for some time at conditions which are less than the most economical. Moreover, the trial-and-error procedure would need to be redone when the feed composition has changed, in order to adjust the concentration of the reaction modifier to the new reaction conditions Summary of the Invention The present invention enables the operator of an epoxidation process to avoid unwanted variations in the selectivity when the feed composition changes by changing the concentration of the reaction modifier such that a relative quantity Q of the reaction modifier is maintained substantially, preferably completely, at a constant level Herein, the relative quantity Q is basically the ratio of the molar quantity of the reaction modifier in the feed to the molar quantity of hydrocarbons in the feed. In other words, the teaching of the present invention is that the concentration of the reaction modifier needed to achieve a certain effect on the selectivity is proportional to the concentration of the hydrocarbons present in the feed and, as a consequence, this effect on the selectivity may be preserved when changing the feed composition by also changing the reaction modifier concentration proportionally or substantially proportionally with any change in the hydrocarbon concentration. This is independent of any change in the feed composition other than changes relating to the hydrocarbons and/or the reaction modifier. Thus, it is a benefit of the present invention that it allows the epoxidation process to be controlled significantly more simply and more smoothly than without the invention. It has also been found that in a quantitative sense there may be differences in the behavior of the various hydrocarbons which may be present in the reaction mixture, and it is therefore more preferred, when calculating Q, to replace the molar quantity of hydrocarbons by a -so-called-effective molar quantity of hydrocarbons. The effective molar quantity of hydrocarbons in the feed can be calculated from the feed composition, as set out hereinafter, such that it accounts for differences in the behavior between the various hydrocarbons present Further, it has been found that in a quantitative sense there may also be differences in the behavior of different reaction modifiers, while in practice a mixture of reaction modifiers is frequently present Therefore it may be preferred, when calculating Q, also to replace the molar quantity of the reaction modifier by a -so-called- effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier The effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier in the feed can be calculated from the feed composition, as set out hereinafter, such that it accounts for the differences in the behavior of different reaction modifiers. Not wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that, unlike other components of the feed, the hydrocarbons (for example, the olefin and saturated hydrocarbons, if present) have an ability to remove or strip reaction modifier from the catalyst. It is the teaching of this invention that, in order to maintain the effects of the reaction modifier, it is the concentration of the modifier's active species on the catalyst which needs to be maintained, as opposed to the concentration of the reaction modifier at places in the reaction mixture other than the catalyst surface. Differences in the ability of the various hydrocarbons in the removing/stripping process and differences in the effectiveness of the various reaction modifiers and their susceptibility to the removing/stripping process are thought to be accounted for by calculating and applying the effective molar quantities, as explained hereinbefore Accordingly, the present invention provides a process for the epoxidation of an olefin, which process comprises reacting a feed comprising the olefin, oxygen and a reaction modifier in the presence of a silver-based catalyst with the reaction modifier being present in a relative quantity Q which is the ratio of an effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier present in the feed to an effective molar quantity of hydrocarbons present in the feed, and which process comprises the steps of operating at a first operating phase wherein the value of Q is Q1, and subsequently operating at a second operating phase wherein the feed composition is different from the feed composition employed in the first operating phase, such that the value of Q is Ch, whereby the value of the quotient Q2/Q1 is in the range of from 0 5 to 1.5 MISSING AT THE TIME OF PUBLICATION In a particular embodiment, the second phase is operated at a hydrocarbon composition and a reaction modifier composition of the feed of which at least one is different from the hydrocarbon composition and the reaction modifier composition of the feed employed in the first operating phase. The invention also provides a system suitable for performing the process of this invention, which system comprises a reactor which holds a silver-based catalyst, means for feeding to the reactor a feed comprising the olefin, oxygen and a reaction modifier, and feed control means for controlling the feed and/or the feed~composition, comprising modifier control means for controlling the reaction modifier being present in the feed in a relative quantity Q which is the ratio of an effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier present in the feed to an effective molar quantity of hydrocarbons present in the feed, and which feed control means are configured such as to control the process steps of operating at a first operating phase wherein the value of Q is Q1, and subsequently operating at a second operating phase wherein the feed composition is different from the feed composition employed in the first operating phase, such that the value of Q is Q2, whereby the value of the quotient Q2/Q1 is in the range of from 0 5 to 1 5 The invention also provides a computer program product which comprises a computer readable medium and a computer readable program code, recorded on the computer readable medium, suitable for instructing a data processing system of a computer system to execute calculations for the process of this invention The invention also provides a computer system which comprises the computer program product of this invention and a data processing system configured to receive instructions read from the computer program product The invention also provides, in more general terms, a process for the epoxidation of an olefin, which process comprises reacting a feed comprising the olefin, oxygen and a reaction modifier in the presence of a silver-based catalyst, which process comprises the steps of. operating at a first operating phase, and subsequently operating at a second operating phase wherein the feed composition is different from the feed composition employed in the first operating phase, such that the concentration of active species of the reaction modifier on the catalyst is substantially unchanged Detailed Description of the Invention Although the present epoxidation process may be carried out in many ways, it is preferred to carry it out as a gas phase process, 1 e a process in which the feed is contacted in the gas phase with the catalyst which is present as a solid material, typically in a packed bed Generally the process is carried out as a continuous process Frequently, in commercial scale operation, the process of the invention may involve a quantity of catalyst which is at least 10 kg, for example at least 20 kg, frequently in the range of from 102 to 107 kg, more frequently in the range of from 103 to 106 kg The olefin for use in the present epoxidation process may be any olefin, such as an aromatic olefin, for example styrene, or a di-olefm, whether conjugated or not, for example 1,9-decadiene or 1,3-butadiene. Typically, the olefin is a monoolefin, for example 2-butene or isobutene. Preferably, the olefin is a mono-a-olefin, for example 1-butene or propylene The most preferred olefin is ethylene The olefin concentration in the feed is not material to this invention and may be selected within a wide range. Typically, the olefin concentration in the feed will be at most 80 mole-%, relative to the total feed Preferably, it will be in the range of from 0 5 to 70 mole-%, in particular from 1 to 60 mole-%, on the same basis As used herein, the feed is considered to be the composition which is contacted with the catalyst The present epoxidation process may be air-based or oxygen-based, see Kirk-Othmer's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed., Vol 9, 1980, p 445-447 In the air-based process air or air enriched with oxygen is employed as the source of the oxidizing agent while in the_oxygen-based processes high-purity (>95 mole-%) oxygen is employed as the source of the oxidizing agent Presently most epoxidation plants are oxygen-based and this is a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The oxygen concentration in the feed is not material to this invention and may be selected within a wide range. However, in practice, oxygen is generally applied at a concentration which avoids the flammable regime. Typically, the concentration of oxygen applied will be within the range of from 1 to 15 mole-%, more typically from 2 to 12 mole-% of the total feed. In order to remain outside the flammable regime, the concentration of oxygen in the feed may be lowered as the concentration of the olefin is increased The actual safe operating ranges depend, along with the feed composition, also on the reaction conditions such as the reaction temperature and the pressure. The reaction modifier is present in the feed for increasing the selectivity, suppressing the undesirable oxidation of olefin or olefin oxide to carbon dioxide and water, relative to the desired formation of olefin oxide Many organic compounds, especially organic halides and organic nitrogen compounds, may be employed as the reaction modifier. Nitrogen oxides, hydrazine, hydroxylamme or ammonia may be employed as well It is frequently considered that under the operating conditions of olefin epoxidation the nitrogen containing reaction modifiers are precursors of nitrates or nitrites, i.e they are so-called nitrate- or nitrite-forming compounds (cf e.g EP-A-3642, US-A-4822900). Organic halides are the preferred reaction modifiers, in particular organic bromides, and more in particular organic chlorides. Preferred organic halides are chlorohydrocarbons or bromohydrocarbons More preferably they are selected from the group of methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, ethylene dichloride, ethylene dibromide, vinyl chloride or a mixture thereof Most preferred reaction modifiers are ethyl chloride and ethylene dichloride. Suitable nitrogen oxides are of the general formula N0X wherein x, which denotes the ratio of the number of oxygen atoms to the number of nitrogen atoms, is in the range of from 1 to 2. These nitrogen oxides include for example NO, N203 and N204. Suitable organic nitrogen compounds are nitro compounds, nitroso compounds, amines, nitrates and nitrites, for example nitromethane, 1-nitropropane or 2-nitropropane In preferred embodiments, nitrate- or nitrite-forming compounds, e g nitrogen oxides and/or organic nitrogen compounds, are used together with an organic halide, in particular an organic chloride Although the reaction modifier may be supplied as a single compound, upon contact with the catalyst a variety of compounds may be formed which function as reaction modifier, and which may be present in the feed if a recycle is applied For example, when applying ethyl chloride in an ethylene oxide process, the feed may in practice comprise ethyl chloride, vinyl chloride, ethylene dichloride and methyl chloride The reaction modifiers are generally effective when used in low concentration in the feed, for example up to 0.1 mole-%, relative to the total feed, for example from 0.01x10-4 to 0.01 mole-% In particular when the olefin is ethylene, it is preferred that the reaction modifier is present in the feed at a concentration of from 0.05x10-4 to 50x10-4 mole-%, in particular from 0 2x10"" to 30x10-4 mole-%, relative to the total feed. In addition to the olefin, oxygen and the reaction modifier, the feed may contain one or more optional components, such as carbon dioxide, water, inert gases and saturated hydrocarbons Carbon dioxide and water are byproducts of the epoxidation process. Carbon dioxide generally has an adverse effect on the catalyst activity. Typically, a concentration of carbon dioxide in the feed in excess of 25 mole-%, preferably in excess of 10 mole-%, relative to the total feed, is avoided A concentration of carbon dioxide as low as 1 mole-% or lower, relative to the total feed, may be employed. Water may be introduced in the feed as a result of the recovery of olefin oxide and carbon dioxide from the reaction product. Water generally has an adverse effect on the catalyst activity Typically, a concentration of water in the feed in excess of 3 mole-%, preferably in excess of 1 mole-%, relative to the total feed, is avoided A concentration of water as low as 0.2 mole-% or lower, relative to the total feed, may be employed Inert gas, for example nitrogen or argon, or a mixture thereof, may be present in the feed in a concentration of from 0 5 to 95 mole-% In an air based process inert gas may be present in the feed in a concentration of from 30 to 90 mole-%, typically from 40 to 80 mole-% In an oxygen based process inert gas may be present in the feed in a concentration of from 0.5 to 30 mole-%, typically from 1 to 15 mole-% Suitable saturated hydrocarbons are propane and cyclopropane, and in particular methane and ethane If saturated hydrocarbons are present, they may be present in a quantity of up to 80 mole-%, relative to the total feed, in particular up to 75 mole-% Frequently they are present in a quantity of at least 30 mole-%, more frequently at least 40 mole-% Saturated hydrocarbons may be added to the feed in order to increase the oxygen flammability limit The relative quantity Q of the reaction modifier is the ratio of the effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier present in the feed to the effective molar quantity of hydrocarbons present in the feed, both molar quantities being expressed in the same units, for example as mole-%, based on the total feed. When the reaction modifier is a halogen compound, for the purpose of calculating the effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier and the value of Q, the number of active species is deemed to be the number of halogen atoms, and when the reaction modifier is a nitrate-or nitrite-forming compound, the number of active species is deemed to be the number of nitrogen atoms This implies, for example, that 1 mole of ethylene dichloride provides 2 moles of active species, i.e all of the chlorine atoms present provide an active species On the other hand, it has also been found that reaction modifiers which are methyl compounds, such as methyl chloride and methyl bromide, are less responsive and therefore from 2 to 5 moles, in particular from 2 5 to 3 5 moles, suitably 3 moles of the methyl compounds may be deemed to provide 1 mole of the active species This number may be determined and verified by routine experimentation, and -without wishing to be bound by theory- it is believed that this number is higher as the methyl compound in question has a lesser ability to split off the heteroatom in question (for example the halogen or nitrogen atom). Thus, for example, when the feed comprises 2x10-4 mole-% of ethyl chloride, 3xl0-4 mole-% of vinyl chloride, lx10-4 mole-% of ethylene dichloride and 1 5xl0-4 mole-% of methyl chloride, the effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier may be calculated to amount to 2xl0-4 x 1 + 3x10-4 x 1 + 1x10-4 x 2 + 1.5x10-4 x V3 = 7.5X10-4 mole-%. Summarizing, the effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier present in the feed may be calculated by multiplying the molar quantity of each of the reaction modifiers present in the feed with a factor, and adding up the resulting multiplication products, wherein each factor represents the number of active heteroatoms, in particular halogen atoms and/or nitrogen atoms, present per molecule of the reaction modifier in question, on the understanding that the factor for a reaction modifier which is a methyl compound may be in the range of from 1/5 to l/2, more typically from V3 5 to V2 5r suitably V3 The hydrocarbons present in the feed comprise the olefin and any saturated hydrocarbon present As indicated herein-before, it is thought that the hydrocarbons present in the feed have the ability to remove/strip reaction modifier from the catalyst surface and the extent to which they have this ability may differ for the various hydrocarbons In order to account for these differences (relative to ethylene), the molar quantity of each of the hydrocarbons present is multiplied with a factor, before the molar quantities are added up to calculate the effective molar quantity of the hydrocarbons Herein, the factor of ethylene is 1, by definition, the factor for methane may be at most 0 5, or at most 0 4, typically in the range of from 0 to 0 2, more typically in the range of from 0 to 0 1, the factor for ethane may be in the range of from 50 to 150, more typically from 70 to 120; and the factor for higher hydrocarbons (i.e having at least 3 carbon atoms) may be in the range of from 10 to 10000, more typically from 50 to 2000 Such factors may be determined and verified by routine experimentation, and -without wishing to be bound by theory-it is believed that the factor is higher as the hydrocarbon in question has a greater ability to form radicals Suitable factors for methane, ethane, propane and cyclopropane, relative to ethylene, are 0 3, 85, 1000, and 60, respectively As an example, when the feed comprises 30 mole-% ethylene, 40 mole-% of methane, 0 4 mole-% of ethane and 0 0001 mole-% of propane, the effective molar quantity of the hydrocarbons may be calculated to amount to 30 x 1 + 40 x 0.1 + 0 4 x 85 + 0.0001 x 1000 = 68.1 mole-%. It is noted that when ethylene oxide is produced from ethylene without further hydrocarbons being present, the effective molar quantity of the hydrocarbons equals the actual molar quantity, and that the addition of ethane or higher hydrocarbons to an ethylene feed contributes significantly to the effective molar quantity, whereas there is relatively little contribution from any methane added. Eligible values of Q are at least lxlO"6, and in particular at least 2xl0~6 Eligible values of Q are at most lOOxlO"6, and in particular at most 50xl0"6 In any operating phase of the process the concentration of the reaction modifier and, thus, the value of Q may be adjusted so as to achieve an optimal selectivity towards the olefin oxide formation, for the prevailing reaction conditions This relates in particular to embodiments of this invention in which the catalyst is a highly selective silver based catalyst, as defined hereinafter In accordance with this invention, when the feed composition changes, the concentration of the reaction modifier may be changed as well, such that the value of Q is not substantially changed, which means that Qi is approximately equal, or preferably equal to Q2. Preferably, the value of the quotient Q2/Q1 is in the range of from 0.8 to 1.2, in particular from 0 9 to 1.1, more in particular from 0.95 to 1 05. Most preferably the value of the quotient Q2/Q1 equals 1. In this way the present invention enables to determine by calculation a desirable composition of the reaction modifier(s) or the hydrocarbon(s) in the feed which may be applied in the second operating phase of the epoxidation process, in response to a change in the feed composition as regards the quantity or type of the components_of the feed In a preferred embodiment, a desirable concentration of the reaction modifier (s) in the feed is calculated which may be applied in the second operating phase, in response to a change in the quantity or type of hydrocarbon(s) present in the feed In another embodiment, a desirable concentration of the hydrocarbon(s) in the feed is calculated which may be applied in the second operating phase, in response to a change in the quantity or type of the reaction modifier(s) present in the feed. In again another embodiment, a desirable concentration of the reaction modifier(s) in the feed is calculated which may be applied in the second operating phase, in response to a change in the type of the reaction modifier(s) present in the feed, while it is preferred not to change the quantity or type of the hydrocarbon(s) In again another embodiment, a desirable concentration of the hydrocarbon(s) in the feed is calculated which may be applied in the second operating phase, in response to a change in the type of hydrocarbon(s) present in the feed, while it is preferred not to change the quantity or type of the reaction modifier(s) There may be various reasons for the occurrence of changes in the feed composition For example, by changing the oxygen concentration or the olefin concentration the production rate of the olefin oxide may be controlled, or changing the concentration of saturated hydrocarbons may change the flammability limits The carbon dioxide concentration in the feed may change as a result of catalyst ageing The concentration of inert gases in the feed may change as a result of a change in the concentration of such gases in the oxygen supplied to the process Further, when a high selectivity catalyst is applied, the selectivity may be improved at an advanced stage of ageing of the catalyst by increasing the ethylene content of the feed (cf US-6372925-Bl and WO-A-01/96324, i.e non-prepublished PCT patent application PCT/US01/18097) By applying this invention when the process is operating at optimal selectivity, the change in the feed composition leads to less deviation of the selectivity from the optimum or even the selectivity may be maintained at the optimum level. By applying this invention when the process is not operating at optimal selectivity, application of this invention prevents the process from deviating further away from the optimum selectivity. Any change in the feed composition may be gradual, or step wise, and any change in the feed composition may be accompanied with a corresponding change in the concentration of the reaction modifier, such that the value of Q is substantially unchanged or it is kept constant Generally, the change in the feed composition is accompanied with a co-current change in the concentration of the reaction modifier The present epoxidation process may be carried out using reaction temperatures selected from a wide range. Preferably the reaction temperature is in the range of from 180 to 340 °C, more preferably in the range of from 190 to 325 °C, in particular in the range of from 200 to 300 °C Preferably, as the catalyst ages, the reaction temperature is slowly increased as to compensate for a reduction in the activity of the catalyst. However, it is preferred that the change in the feed composition occurs substantially without a change in the reaction temperature. Frequently a change in reaction temperature, if any, accompanying the change in the feed composition, may be less than 10 °C, more frequently less than 5 °C, in particular less than 2 °C. Most preferably, the change in the feed composition is effected without a change in the reaction temperature at all Generally, the silver based catalyst is a supported catalyst. The support may be selected from a wide range of inert support materials. Such support materials may be natural or artificial inorganic materials and they include silicon carbide, clays, pumice, zeolites, charcoal and alkaline earth metal carbonates, such as calcium carbonate. Preferred are refractory support materials, such as alumina, magnesia, zirconia and silica. The most preferred support material is a-alumina. The support material is preferably porous and has preferably a surface area, as measured by the B.E.T. method, of less than 20 m2/g and in particular from 0.05 to 20 m2/g. More preferably the B E.T surface area of the support is in the range of 0.1 to 10, in particular from 0 1 to 3 0 m2/g. As used herein, the BET. surface area is deemed to have been measured by the method as described in Brunauer, Emmet and Teller in J. Am Chem Soc 60 (1938) 309-316. The silver based catalyst preferably comprises silver and a further element or compound thereof Eligible further elements are selected from the group of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, fluorine, Group IA metals, Group IIA metals, rhenium, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, titanium, hafnium, zirconium, vanadium, thallium, thorium, tantalum, niobium, gallium and germanium and mixtures thereof Preferably the Group IA metals are selected from lithium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. Most preferably the Group IA metal is lithium, potassium and/or cesium. Preferably the Group IIA metals are selected from calcium and barium. Where possible, the further element may suitably be provided as an oxyanion, for example as a sulfate, borate, perrhenate, molybdate or nitrate, in salt or acid form It is preferred to employ highly selective silver-based catalysts. The highly selective silver-based catalysts comprise, in addition to silver, one or more of rhenium, molybdenum, tungsten, a Group IA metal, and a nitrate- or nitrite-forming compound, which may each be present in a quantity of from 0 01 to 500 mmole/kg, calculated as the element (rhenium, molybdenum, tungsten, the Group IA metal or nitrogen) on the total catalyst The nitrate- or nitrite-formmg compounds and particular selections of nitrate- or nitrite-forming compounds are as defined hereinbefore. Rhenium, molybdenum, tungsten or the nitrate- or nitrite-forming compound may suitably be provided as an oxyanion, l e as a perrhenate, molybdate, tungstate or nitrate, in salt or acid form Of special preference are the highly selective silver based catalysts which comprise rhenium in addition to silver Such catalysts are known from EP-A-266015 Broadly, they comprise silver, rhenium or compound thereof, the further element (as defined hereinbefore) other than rhenium or compound thereof and optionally a rhenium co-promoter which may be selected from one or more of sulfur, phosphorus, boron, and compounds thereof Preferred amounts of the components of the silver based catalysts are, when calculated as the element on the total catalyst silver from 10 to 500 g/kg, if present, rhenium from 0 01 to 50 mmole/kg, if present, the further element or elements from 0.1 to 500 mmole/kg each, and, if present, the rhenium co-promoter or co-promoters from 0.1 to 30 mmole/kg each The present epoxidation process is preferably carried out at a reactor inlet pressure in the range of from 1000 to 4000 kPa "GHSV" or Gas Hourly Space Velocity is the unit volume of gas at normal temperature and pressure (0 °C, 1 atm, l e. 101.3 kPa) passing over one unit volume of packed catalyst per hour Preferably, when the epoxidation process is as a gas phase process involving a packed catalyst bed, the GHSV is in the range of from 1500 to 10000 Nl/(l.h). Preferably, the process of this invention is carried out at a work rate in the range of from 0 5 to 10 kmole olefin oxide produced per m3 of catalyst per hour, in particular 0 7 to 8 kmole olefin oxide produced per m3 of catalyst per hour, for example 5 kmole olefin oxide produced per m3 of catalyst per hour. As used herein, the work rate is the amount of the olefin oxide produced per unit volume of catalyst per hour and the selectivity is the molar quantity of the olefin oxide formed relative to the molar quantity of the olefin converted. The olefin oxide produced may be recovered from the reaction product by using methods known in the art, for example by absorbing the olefin oxide from a reactor outlet stream in water and optionally recovering the olefin oxide from the aqueous solution by distillation. At least a portion of the aqueous solution containing the olefin oxide may be applied in a subsequent process for converting the olefin oxide into a 1,2-diol or a 1,2-diol ether. The olefin oxide produced in the present epoxidation process may be converted into a 1,2-diol or into a 1,2-diol ether As this invention leads to a more attractive process for the production of the olefin oxide, it concurrently leads to a more attractive process which comprises producing the olefin oxide in accordance with the invention and the subsequent use of the obtained olefin oxide in the manufacture of the 1,2-diol and/or 1,2-diol ether The conversion into the 1,2-diol or the 1,2-diol ether may comprise, for example, reacting the olefin oxide with water, suitably using an acidic or a basic catalyst For example, for making predominantly the 1,2-diol and less 1,2-diol ether, the olefin oxide may be reacted with a ten fold molar excess of water, in a liquid phase reaction in presence of an acid catalyst, e g. 0 5-1.0 %w sulfuric acid, based on the total reaction mixture, at 50-70 °C at 1 bar absolute, or in a gas phase reaction at 130-240 °C and 20-40 bar absolute, preferably in the absence of a catalyst If the proportion of water is lowered the proportion of 1,2-diol ethers in the reaction mixture is increased. The 1,2-diol ethers thus produced may be a di-ether, tri-ether, tetra-ether or a subsequent ether Alternative 1,2-diol ethers may be prepared by converting the olefin oxide with an alcohol, in particular a primary alcohol, such as methanol or ethanol, by replacing at least a portion of the water by the alcohol. The 1,2-diol and the 1,2-diol ether may be used in a large variety of industrial applications, for example in the fields of food, beverages, tobacco, cosmetics, thermoplastic polymers, curable resin systems, detergents, heat transfer systems, etc Unless specified otherwise, the organic compounds mentioned herein, for example the olefins, 1,2-diols, 1,2-diol ethers and reaction modifiers, have typically at most 40 carbon atoms, more typically at most 20 carbon atoms, in particular at most 10 carbon atoms, more in particular at most 6 carbon atoms As defined herein, ranges for numbers of carbon atoms (I e carbon number) include the numbers specified for the limits of the ranges The computer program product of this invention comprises a computer readable medium and a computer readable program code, recorded on the computer readable medium, suitable for instructing a data processing system to execute the calculations in connection with the process of this invention. In a preferred embodiment, the computer program product comprises, in addition, a computer readable program code, recorded on the computer readable medium, suitable for instructing the data processing system to control the process of this invention The computer readable medium may be readable, for example, by means of an optical system or by means of a magnetic system The computer program product may be in the form of a disk which is a permanent entity of the computer system of this invention, or it may be a disk which is insertable into the computer system The feed control means may be configured such that they communicate with the computer system of this invention facilitating the control of the process steps of the process of this invention. The following example will illustrate the invention. Example (hypothetical) A catalyst, as defined in EP-A-266015, containing silver, rhenium, cesium, lithium and sulfur on oc-alumina and having a theoretical selectivity S0 of 93% in the fresh state is employed in the following experiment The above value of So was determined by measuring selectivities in a range of gas hourly space velocities, each time at 30% ethylene, 8% oxygen, 5% carbon dioxide and 1400 kPa, the reaction temperature being 260 °C, and extrapolating back to zero oxygen conversion In the experiment ethylene oxide is produced as follows A 1-kg sample of the catalyst is loaded into a tubular reactor consisting of a stainless steel tube The tube is immersed in a boiling kerosene containing cooling jacket and the ends are connected to a gas flow system The inlet gas flow rate is adjusted as to achieve a gas hourly space velocity of 6800 Nl /(l.h) The inlet pressure is 2100 kPa (absolute) The feed to the reactor comprises ethylene at a concentration of 28 mole-%, oxygen at a concentration of 8 mole-%, carbon dioxide at a concentration of 3 mole-%, ethane at a concentration of 0 5 mole-%, ethyl chloride at a concentration of 3xl0-4 mole-%, ethylene dichloride at a concentration of 0.5xl0-4 mole-%, vinyl chloride at a concentration of lx10-4 mole-%, and methyl chloride at a concentration of 2xl0-4 mole-%, and the remainder of the feed is nitrogen. The reaction temperature is 250 °C. The selectivity to ethylene oxide is optimal in res~pect of the chlorides. The value of Q (i.e. Ch) equals (3xl0~4 x 1 + 0.5x10-4 x 2 + lx10-4 x 1 + 2xl0-4 x 1/3) / (28 x 1 + 0 5 x 85) = 8.04xl0"6. At a certain point in time the feed composition changes such that ethylene is present at a concentration of 25 mole-% and ethane at a concentration of 0 7 mole-%, the concentration of the other constituents being held constant, except ethyl chloride. In order to keep the selectivity at an optimum level, the ethyl chloride concentration is adjusted to 4.1xl0-4 mole-% After these changes, the value of Q (l e. Q2) equals (4 lx10-4 x 1 + 0 5xl0-4 x 2 + lxlO-4 x 1 + 2xl0-4 x 1/3) / (25 x 1 + 0.7 x 85) =801x10-66 We claim: 1. A process for the epoxidation of ethylene, which process comprises reacting a feed comprising ethylene, oxygen and a reaction modifier comprising an organic chloride in the presence of a silver-based catalyst with the reaction modifier being present in a relative quantity Q which is the ratio of an effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier present in the feed to an effective molar quantity of hydrocarbons present in the feed, and which process comprises the steps of: operating at a first operating phase wherein the value of Q is Q1, subsequently operating at a second operating phase wherein the feed composition is different from the feed composition employed in the first operating phase, such that the value of Q is Q2, whereby the value of the quotient Q2/Q1 is in the range of from 0.5 to 1.5, and calculating the composition of the reaction modifier(s) or the hydrocarbon(s) in the feed for application in the second operation phase using calculated values of Q. 2. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the reaction modifier consists of chlorohydrocarbons having up to 10 carbon atoms, in particular up to 6 carbon atoms, which comprise one or more of methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, ethylene dichloride and vinyl chloride. 3. A process as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier present in the feed is calculated by multiplying the molar quantity of each of the reaction modifiers present in the feed with a factor, and adding up the resulting multiplication products, wherein each factor represents the number of active chlorine atoms, present per molecule of the reaction modifier in question, on the understanding that the factor for a reaction modifier which is a methyl compound, if present, is in the range of from V5 to V2, in particular in the range of from V3.5 to V2.5. 4. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the effective molar quantity of hydrocarbons present in the feed is calculated by multiplying the molar quantity of each of the hydrocarbons present in the feed with a factor, and adding up the resulting multiplication products, wherein the factor for methane, if present, is in the range of from 0.1 to 0.5; the factor for ethane, if present, is in the range of from 50 to 150; and the factor for hydrocarbons having at least 3 carbon atoms, if present, is in the range of from 10 to 10000, all factors being relative to the factor for ethylene, which equals 1, by definition. 5. A process as claimed in claims 1 to 4, wherein the factor for methane, if present, is in the range of from 0 to 0.4; the factor for ethane, if present, is in the range of from 70 to 120; and the factor for the hydrocarbons having at least 3 carbon atoms, if present, is in the range of from 50 to 2000, all factors being relative to the factor for ethylene, which equals 1, by definition. 6. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the relative quantity Q is in the range of from 1x10-6 to 100x10-6, in particular in the range of from 2x10-6 to 50x10-6. 7. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the hydrocarbons present in the feed comprise one or more of methane, ethane, propane and cyclopropane, in addition to ethylene. 8. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 9, wherein such a value of Q1 is employed that the selectivity towards the ethylene oxide formation is optimal. 9. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the value of the quotient Q2/Q1 is in the range of from 0.8 to 1.2, in particular in the range of from 0.9 to 1.1, more in particular in the range of from 0.95 to 1.05. 10. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the second phase is operated at a hydrocarbon composition and a reaction modifier composition of the feed of which at least one is different from the hydrocarbon composition and the reaction modifier composition of the feed employed in the first operating phase. 11. A process as claimed in claim 10, wherein the concentration of the reaction modifiers) in the feed applied in the second operating phase is calculated, in response to a change in the quantity or type of hydrocarbon(s) present in the feed. 12. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 11, wherein the silver based catalyst comprises silver and a further element or compound thereof, which further element is selected from the group of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, fluorine, Group IA metals, Group IIA metals, rhenium, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, titanium, hafnium, zirconium, vanadium, thallium, thorium, tantalum, niobium, gallium and germanium and mixtures thereof on a support, in particular an a-alumina support. 13. A process as claimed in claim 12, wherein the silver based catalyst comprises silver, rhenium or compound thereof, a further element or compound thereof which further element is selected from the group of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, fluorine, Group IA metals, Group IIA metals, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, titanium, hafnium, zirconium, vanadium, thallium, thorium, tantalum, niobium, gallium and germanium and mixtures thereof and optionally a rhenium co-promoter which may be selected from one or more of sulfur, phosphorus, boron, or compound thereof on a support material, in particular an a-alumina support. 14. A method for making a 1,2-diol or a 1,2-diol ether comprising: - obtaining ethylene oxide by a process for the epoxidation of ethylene according to any one of claims 1 to 13, and - converting ethylene oxide into the 1,2-diol or the 1,2-diol ether. 15. A system suitable for performing a process according to any of claims 1 to 14, which system comprises a reactor which holds a silver-based catalyst, means for feeding to the reactor a feed comprising ethylene, oxygen and a reaction modifier comprising an organic chloride, and feed control means for controlling the feed and/or the feed composition, comprising modifier control means for controlling the reaction modifier being present in the feed in a relative quantity Q which is the ratio of an effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier present in the feed to an effective molar quantity of hydrocarbons present in the feed, and which feed control means are configured such as to control the process steps of: operating at a first operating phase wherein the value of Q is Q1, subsequently operating at a second operating phase wherein the feed composition is different from the feed composition employed in the first operating phase, such that the value of Q is Q2, whereby the value of the quotient Q2/Q1 is in the range of from 0.5 to 1.5, and calculating the composition of the reaction modifier(s) or the hydrocarbon(s) in the feed for application in the second operation phase using calculated values of Q.

Full Text

A PROCESS AND SYSTEMS FOR THE EPOXIDATION OF AN OLEFIN
Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a process for the epoxidation of an olefin, which process comprises reacting a feed comprising the olefin, oxygen and a reaction modifier in the presence of a highly selective silver-based catalyst The invention also relates to systems suitable for use in connection with the process.
Background of the Invention
The catalytic epoxidation of olefins using a silver-based catalyst has been known for a long time. Conventional silver-based catalysts have provided the olefin oxides notoriously in a low selectivity For example, when using conventional catalysts in the epoxidation of ethylene, the selectivity towards ethylene oxide, expressed as a fraction of the ethylene converted, does not reach values above the 6/7 or 85 7 mole-% limit. Therefore, this limit has long been considered to be the theoretically maximal selectivity of this reaction, based on the stoichiometry of the reaction equation
(Equation Removed)
of Kirk-Othmer' s Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed , Vol 9, 1980, p 445
Modern silver-based catalysts however are more selective towards olefin oxide production When using the modern catalysts in the epoxidation of ethylene the selectivity towards ethylene oxide can reach values above the 6/7 or 85 7 mole-% limit referred to Such highly
selective catalysts, which may comprise as their active components silver, rhenium, at least one further element and optionally a rhenium co-promoter, are disclosed in EP-A-266015 and in several subsequent patent publications.
Besides better catalysts, reaction modifiers have been found which may be added to the feed to improve the selectivity (cf. for example EP-A-352850). Such reaction modifiers suppress the undesirable oxidation of olefin or olefin oxide to carbon dioxide and water, relative to the desired formation of olefin oxide, by a so-far unexplained mechanism. Suitable reaction modifiers are for example organic halides.
When applying a reaction modifier, the concentration of the reaction modifier in the feed may be chosen such that the selectivity is at the optimum value. The concentration at which the selectivity is at optimum may be found during the operation of the epoxidation process by a tnal-and-error procedure, viz by stepwise changing the reaction modifier supply rate and monitoring the effect on the selectivity. Such a procedure, however, would be cumbersome, and it would keep the process operating for some time at conditions which are less than the most economical. Moreover, the trial-and-error procedure would need to be redone when the feed composition has changed, in order to adjust the concentration of the reaction modifier to the new reaction conditions
Summary of the Invention
The present invention enables the operator of an epoxidation process to avoid unwanted variations in the selectivity when the feed composition changes by changing the concentration of the reaction modifier such that a relative quantity Q of the reaction modifier is maintained substantially, preferably completely, at a constant level Herein, the relative quantity Q is basically the ratio of
the molar quantity of the reaction modifier in the feed to the molar quantity of hydrocarbons in the feed. In other words, the teaching of the present invention is that the concentration of the reaction modifier needed to achieve a certain effect on the selectivity is proportional to the concentration of the hydrocarbons present in the feed and, as a consequence, this effect on the selectivity may be preserved when changing the feed composition by also changing the reaction modifier concentration proportionally or substantially proportionally with any change in the hydrocarbon concentration. This is independent of any change in the feed composition other than changes relating to the hydrocarbons and/or the reaction modifier. Thus, it is a benefit of the present invention that it allows the epoxidation process to be controlled significantly more simply and more smoothly than without the invention.
It has also been found that in a quantitative sense there may be differences in the behavior of the various hydrocarbons which may be present in the reaction mixture, and it is therefore more preferred, when calculating Q, to replace the molar quantity of hydrocarbons by a -so-called-effective molar quantity of hydrocarbons. The effective molar quantity of hydrocarbons in the feed can be calculated from the feed composition, as set out hereinafter, such that it accounts for differences in the behavior between the various hydrocarbons present
Further, it has been found that in a quantitative sense there may also be differences in the behavior of different reaction modifiers, while in practice a mixture of reaction modifiers is frequently present Therefore it may be preferred, when calculating Q, also to replace the molar quantity of the reaction modifier by a -so-called- effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier The effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier in the feed can be calculated from the
feed composition, as set out hereinafter, such that it accounts for the differences in the behavior of different reaction modifiers.
Not wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that, unlike other components of the feed, the hydrocarbons (for example, the olefin and saturated hydrocarbons, if present) have an ability to remove or strip reaction modifier from the catalyst. It is the teaching of this invention that, in order to maintain the effects of the reaction modifier, it is the concentration of the modifier's active species on the catalyst which needs to be maintained, as opposed to the concentration of the reaction modifier at places in the reaction mixture other than the catalyst surface. Differences in the ability of the various hydrocarbons in the removing/stripping process and differences in the effectiveness of the various reaction modifiers and their susceptibility to the removing/stripping process are thought to be accounted for by calculating and applying the effective molar quantities, as explained hereinbefore
Accordingly, the present invention provides a process for the epoxidation of an olefin, which process comprises reacting a feed comprising the olefin, oxygen and a reaction modifier in the presence of a silver-based catalyst with the reaction modifier being present in a relative quantity Q which is the ratio of an effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier present in the feed to an effective molar quantity of hydrocarbons present in the feed, and which process comprises the steps of
operating at a first operating phase wherein the value of Q is Q1, and
subsequently operating at a second operating phase wherein the feed composition is different from the feed composition employed in the first operating phase, such that the value of Q is Ch, whereby the value of the quotient Q2/Q1 is in the range of from 0 5 to 1.5

MISSING AT THE TIME OF PUBLICATION

In a particular embodiment, the second phase is operated at a hydrocarbon composition and a reaction modifier composition of the feed of which at least one is different from the hydrocarbon composition and the reaction modifier composition of the feed employed in the first operating phase.
The invention also provides a system suitable for performing the process of this invention, which system comprises a reactor which holds a silver-based catalyst, means for feeding to the reactor a feed comprising the olefin, oxygen and a reaction modifier, and feed control means for controlling the feed and/or the feed~composition, comprising modifier control means for controlling the reaction modifier being present in the feed in a relative quantity Q which is the ratio of an effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier present in the feed to an effective molar quantity of hydrocarbons present in the feed, and which feed control means are configured such as to control the process steps of
operating at a first operating phase wherein the value of Q is Q1, and
subsequently operating at a second operating phase wherein the feed composition is different from the feed composition employed in the first operating phase, such that the value of Q is Q2, whereby the value of the quotient Q2/Q1 is in the range of from 0 5 to 1 5
The invention also provides a computer program product which comprises a computer readable medium and a computer readable program code, recorded on the computer readable medium, suitable for instructing a data processing system of a computer system to execute calculations for the process of this invention
The invention also provides a computer system which comprises the computer program product of this invention and a data processing system configured to receive instructions read from the computer program product
The invention also provides, in more general terms, a process for the epoxidation of an olefin, which process comprises reacting a feed comprising the olefin, oxygen and a reaction modifier in the presence of a silver-based catalyst, which process comprises the steps of. operating at a first operating phase, and subsequently operating at a second operating phase wherein the feed composition is different from the feed composition employed in the first operating phase, such that the concentration of active species of the reaction modifier on the catalyst is substantially unchanged
Detailed Description of the Invention
Although the present epoxidation process may be carried out in many ways, it is preferred to carry it out as a gas phase process, 1 e a process in which the feed is contacted in the gas phase with the catalyst which is present as a solid material, typically in a packed bed Generally the process is carried out as a continuous process Frequently, in commercial scale operation, the process of the invention may involve a quantity of catalyst which is at least 10 kg, for example at least 20 kg, frequently in the range of from 102 to 107 kg, more frequently in the range of from 103 to 106 kg
The olefin for use in the present epoxidation process may be any olefin, such as an aromatic olefin, for example styrene, or a di-olefm, whether conjugated or not, for example 1,9-decadiene or 1,3-butadiene. Typically, the olefin is a monoolefin, for example 2-butene or isobutene. Preferably, the olefin is a mono-a-olefin, for example 1-butene or propylene The most preferred olefin is ethylene
The olefin concentration in the feed is not material to this invention and may be selected within a wide range. Typically, the olefin concentration in the feed will be at most 80 mole-%, relative to the total feed Preferably, it will be in the range of from 0 5 to 70 mole-%, in particular from 1 to 60 mole-%, on the same basis As used herein, the feed is considered to be the composition which is contacted with the catalyst
The present epoxidation process may be air-based or oxygen-based, see Kirk-Othmer's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed., Vol 9, 1980, p 445-447 In the air-based process air or air enriched with oxygen is employed as the source of the oxidizing agent while in the_oxygen-based processes high-purity (>95 mole-%) oxygen is employed as the source of the oxidizing agent Presently most epoxidation plants are oxygen-based and this is a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
The oxygen concentration in the feed is not material to this invention and may be selected within a wide range. However, in practice, oxygen is generally applied at a concentration which avoids the flammable regime. Typically, the concentration of oxygen applied will be within the range of from 1 to 15 mole-%, more typically from 2 to 12 mole-% of the total feed.
In order to remain outside the flammable regime, the concentration of oxygen in the feed may be lowered as the concentration of the olefin is increased The actual safe operating ranges depend, along with the feed composition, also on the reaction conditions such as the reaction temperature and the pressure.
The reaction modifier is present in the feed for increasing the selectivity, suppressing the undesirable oxidation of olefin or olefin oxide to carbon dioxide and water, relative to the desired formation of olefin oxide
Many organic compounds, especially organic halides and organic nitrogen compounds, may be employed as the reaction modifier. Nitrogen oxides, hydrazine, hydroxylamme or ammonia may be employed as well It is frequently considered that under the operating conditions of olefin epoxidation the nitrogen containing reaction modifiers are precursors of nitrates or nitrites, i.e they are so-called nitrate- or nitrite-forming compounds (cf e.g EP-A-3642, US-A-4822900).
Organic halides are the preferred reaction modifiers, in particular organic bromides, and more in particular organic chlorides. Preferred organic halides are chlorohydrocarbons or bromohydrocarbons More preferably they are selected from the group of methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, ethylene dichloride, ethylene dibromide, vinyl chloride or a mixture thereof Most preferred reaction modifiers are ethyl chloride and ethylene dichloride.
Suitable nitrogen oxides are of the general formula N0X wherein x, which denotes the ratio of the number of oxygen atoms to the number of nitrogen atoms, is in the range of from 1 to 2. These nitrogen oxides include for example NO, N203 and N204. Suitable organic nitrogen compounds are nitro compounds, nitroso compounds, amines, nitrates and nitrites, for example nitromethane, 1-nitropropane or 2-nitropropane In preferred embodiments, nitrate- or nitrite-forming compounds, e g nitrogen oxides and/or organic nitrogen compounds, are used together with an organic halide, in particular an organic chloride
Although the reaction modifier may be supplied as a single compound, upon contact with the catalyst a variety of compounds may be formed which function as reaction modifier, and which may be present in the feed if a recycle is applied For example, when applying ethyl chloride in an ethylene oxide process, the feed may in practice comprise
ethyl chloride, vinyl chloride, ethylene dichloride and methyl chloride
The reaction modifiers are generally effective when used in low concentration in the feed, for example up to 0.1 mole-%, relative to the total feed, for example from 0.01x10-4 to 0.01 mole-% In particular when the olefin is ethylene, it is preferred that the reaction modifier is present in the feed at a concentration of from 0.05x10-4 to 50x10-4 mole-%, in particular from 0 2x10"" to 30x10-4 mole-%, relative to the total feed.
In addition to the olefin, oxygen and the reaction modifier, the feed may contain one or more optional components, such as carbon dioxide, water, inert gases and saturated hydrocarbons Carbon dioxide and water are byproducts of the epoxidation process. Carbon dioxide generally has an adverse effect on the catalyst activity. Typically, a concentration of carbon dioxide in the feed in excess of 25 mole-%, preferably in excess of 10 mole-%, relative to the total feed, is avoided A concentration of carbon dioxide as low as 1 mole-% or lower, relative to the total feed, may be employed. Water may be introduced in the feed as a result of the recovery of olefin oxide and carbon dioxide from the reaction product. Water generally has an adverse effect on the catalyst activity Typically, a concentration of water in the feed in excess of 3 mole-%, preferably in excess of 1 mole-%, relative to the total feed, is avoided A concentration of water as low as 0.2 mole-% or lower, relative to the total feed, may be employed Inert gas, for example nitrogen or argon, or a mixture thereof, may be present in the feed in a concentration of from 0 5 to 95 mole-% In an air based process inert gas may be present in the feed in a concentration of from 30 to 90 mole-%, typically from 40 to 80 mole-% In an oxygen based process inert gas may be
present in the feed in a concentration of from 0.5 to
30 mole-%, typically from 1 to 15 mole-% Suitable saturated
hydrocarbons are propane and cyclopropane, and in particular
methane and ethane If saturated hydrocarbons are present,
they may be present in a quantity of up to 80 mole-%,
relative to the total feed, in particular up to 75 mole-%
Frequently they are present in a quantity of at least
30 mole-%, more frequently at least 40 mole-% Saturated
hydrocarbons may be added to the feed in order to increase
the oxygen flammability limit
The relative quantity Q of the reaction modifier is the ratio of the effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier present in the feed to the effective molar quantity of hydrocarbons present in the feed, both molar quantities being expressed in the same units, for example as mole-%, based on the total feed.
When the reaction modifier is a halogen compound, for the purpose of calculating the effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier and the value of Q, the number of active species is deemed to be the number of halogen atoms, and when the reaction modifier is a nitrate-or nitrite-forming compound, the number of active species is deemed to be the number of nitrogen atoms This implies, for example, that 1 mole of ethylene dichloride provides 2 moles of active species, i.e all of the chlorine atoms present provide an active species On the other hand, it has also been found that reaction modifiers which are methyl compounds, such as methyl chloride and methyl bromide, are less responsive and therefore from 2 to 5 moles, in particular from 2 5 to 3 5 moles, suitably 3 moles of the methyl compounds may be deemed to provide 1 mole of the active species This number may be determined and verified by routine experimentation, and -without wishing to be bound by theory- it is believed that this number is higher as the methyl compound in question has a lesser ability to split
off the heteroatom in question (for example the halogen or nitrogen atom). Thus, for example, when the feed comprises 2x10-4 mole-% of ethyl chloride, 3xl0-4 mole-% of vinyl chloride, lx10-4 mole-% of ethylene dichloride and 1 5xl0-4 mole-% of methyl chloride, the effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier may be calculated to amount to 2xl0-4 x 1 + 3x10-4 x 1 + 1x10-4 x 2 + 1.5x10-4 x V3 = 7.5X10-4 mole-%.
Summarizing, the effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier present in the feed may be calculated by multiplying the molar quantity of each of the reaction modifiers present in the feed with a factor, and adding up the resulting multiplication products, wherein each factor represents the number of active heteroatoms, in particular halogen atoms and/or nitrogen atoms, present per molecule of the reaction modifier in question, on the understanding that the factor for a reaction modifier which is a methyl compound may be in the range of from 1/5 to l/2, more typically from V3 5 to V2 5r suitably V3
The hydrocarbons present in the feed comprise the olefin and any saturated hydrocarbon present As indicated herein-before, it is thought that the hydrocarbons present in the feed have the ability to remove/strip reaction modifier from the catalyst surface and the extent to which they have this ability may differ for the various hydrocarbons In order to account for these differences (relative to ethylene), the molar quantity of each of the hydrocarbons present is multiplied with a factor, before the molar quantities are added up to calculate the effective molar quantity of the hydrocarbons Herein, the factor of ethylene is 1, by definition, the factor for methane may be at most 0 5, or at most 0 4, typically in the range of from 0 to 0 2, more typically in the range of from 0 to 0 1, the factor for ethane may be in the range of from 50 to 150,
more typically from 70 to 120; and the factor for higher hydrocarbons (i.e having at least 3 carbon atoms) may be in the range of from 10 to 10000, more typically from 50 to 2000 Such factors may be determined and verified by routine experimentation, and -without wishing to be bound by theory-it is believed that the factor is higher as the hydrocarbon in question has a greater ability to form radicals Suitable factors for methane, ethane, propane and cyclopropane, relative to ethylene, are 0 3, 85, 1000, and 60, respectively As an example, when the feed comprises 30 mole-% ethylene, 40 mole-% of methane, 0 4 mole-% of ethane and 0 0001 mole-% of propane, the effective molar quantity of the hydrocarbons may be calculated to amount to
30 x 1 + 40 x 0.1 + 0 4 x 85 + 0.0001 x 1000 = 68.1 mole-%.
It is noted that when ethylene oxide is produced from ethylene without further hydrocarbons being present, the effective molar quantity of the hydrocarbons equals the actual molar quantity, and that the addition of ethane or higher hydrocarbons to an ethylene feed contributes significantly to the effective molar quantity, whereas there is relatively little contribution from any methane added.
Eligible values of Q are at least lxlO"6, and in particular at least 2xl0~6 Eligible values of Q are at most lOOxlO"6, and in particular at most 50xl0"6
In any operating phase of the process the concentration of the reaction modifier and, thus, the value of Q may be adjusted so as to achieve an optimal selectivity towards the olefin oxide formation, for the prevailing reaction conditions This relates in particular to embodiments of this invention in which the catalyst is a highly selective silver based catalyst, as defined hereinafter
In accordance with this invention, when the feed composition changes, the concentration of the reaction

modifier may be changed as well, such that the value of Q is not substantially changed, which means that Qi is approximately equal, or preferably equal to Q2. Preferably, the value of the quotient Q2/Q1 is in the range of from 0.8 to 1.2, in particular from 0 9 to 1.1, more in particular from 0.95 to 1 05. Most preferably the value of the quotient Q2/Q1 equals 1.
In this way the present invention enables to determine by calculation a desirable composition of the reaction modifier(s) or the hydrocarbon(s) in the feed which may be applied in the second operating phase of the epoxidation process, in response to a change in the feed composition as regards the quantity or type of the components_of the feed In a preferred embodiment, a desirable concentration of the reaction modifier (s) in the feed is calculated which may be applied in the second operating phase, in response to a change in the quantity or type of hydrocarbon(s) present in the feed In another embodiment, a desirable concentration of the hydrocarbon(s) in the feed is calculated which may be applied in the second operating phase, in response to a change in the quantity or type of the reaction modifier(s) present in the feed. In again another embodiment, a desirable concentration of the reaction modifier(s) in the feed is calculated which may be applied in the second operating phase, in response to a change in the type of the reaction modifier(s) present in the feed, while it is preferred not to change the quantity or type of the hydrocarbon(s) In again another embodiment, a desirable concentration of the hydrocarbon(s) in the feed is calculated which may be applied in the second operating phase, in response to a change in the type of hydrocarbon(s) present in the feed, while it is preferred not to change the quantity or type of the reaction modifier(s)
There may be various reasons for the occurrence of changes in the feed composition For example, by changing
the oxygen concentration or the olefin concentration the production rate of the olefin oxide may be controlled, or changing the concentration of saturated hydrocarbons may change the flammability limits The carbon dioxide concentration in the feed may change as a result of catalyst ageing The concentration of inert gases in the feed may change as a result of a change in the concentration of such gases in the oxygen supplied to the process Further, when a high selectivity catalyst is applied, the selectivity may be improved at an advanced stage of ageing of the catalyst by increasing the ethylene content of the feed (cf US-6372925-Bl and WO-A-01/96324, i.e non-prepublished PCT patent application PCT/US01/18097) By applying this invention when the process is operating at optimal selectivity, the change in the feed composition leads to less deviation of the selectivity from the optimum or even the selectivity may be maintained at the optimum level. By applying this invention when the process is not operating at optimal selectivity, application of this invention prevents the process from deviating further away from the optimum selectivity.
Any change in the feed composition may be gradual, or step wise, and any change in the feed composition may be accompanied with a corresponding change in the concentration of the reaction modifier, such that the value of Q is substantially unchanged or it is kept constant Generally, the change in the feed composition is accompanied with a co-current change in the concentration of the reaction modifier
The present epoxidation process may be carried out using reaction temperatures selected from a wide range. Preferably the reaction temperature is in the range of from 180 to 340 °C, more preferably in the range of from 190 to 325 °C, in particular in the range of from 200 to 300 °C Preferably, as the catalyst ages, the reaction temperature
is slowly increased as to compensate for a reduction in the activity of the catalyst. However, it is preferred that the change in the feed composition occurs substantially without a change in the reaction temperature. Frequently a change in reaction temperature, if any, accompanying the change in the feed composition, may be less than 10 °C, more frequently less than 5 °C, in particular less than 2 °C. Most preferably, the change in the feed composition is effected without a change in the reaction temperature at all
Generally, the silver based catalyst is a supported catalyst. The support may be selected from a wide range of inert support materials. Such support materials may be natural or artificial inorganic materials and they include silicon carbide, clays, pumice, zeolites, charcoal and alkaline earth metal carbonates, such as calcium carbonate. Preferred are refractory support materials, such as alumina, magnesia, zirconia and silica. The most preferred support
material is a-alumina.
The support material is preferably porous and has preferably a surface area, as measured by the B.E.T. method, of less than 20 m2/g and in particular from 0.05 to 20 m2/g. More preferably the B E.T surface area of the support is in the range of 0.1 to 10, in particular from 0 1 to 3 0 m2/g. As used herein, the BET. surface area is deemed to have been measured by the method as described in Brunauer, Emmet and Teller in J. Am Chem Soc 60 (1938) 309-316.
The silver based catalyst preferably comprises silver and a further element or compound thereof Eligible further elements are selected from the group of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, fluorine, Group IA metals, Group IIA metals, rhenium, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, titanium, hafnium, zirconium, vanadium, thallium, thorium, tantalum, niobium, gallium and germanium and mixtures thereof Preferably the Group IA metals are selected from lithium,
potassium, rubidium and cesium. Most preferably the Group IA metal is lithium, potassium and/or cesium. Preferably the Group IIA metals are selected from calcium and barium. Where possible, the further element may suitably be provided as an oxyanion, for example as a sulfate, borate, perrhenate, molybdate or nitrate, in salt or acid form
It is preferred to employ highly selective silver-based catalysts. The highly selective silver-based catalysts comprise, in addition to silver, one or more of rhenium, molybdenum, tungsten, a Group IA metal, and a nitrate- or nitrite-forming compound, which may each be present in a quantity of from 0 01 to 500 mmole/kg, calculated as the element (rhenium, molybdenum, tungsten, the Group IA metal or nitrogen) on the total catalyst The nitrate- or nitrite-formmg compounds and particular selections of nitrate- or nitrite-forming compounds are as defined hereinbefore. Rhenium, molybdenum, tungsten or the nitrate- or nitrite-forming compound may suitably be provided as an oxyanion, l e as a perrhenate, molybdate, tungstate or nitrate, in salt or acid form
Of special preference are the highly selective silver based catalysts which comprise rhenium in addition to silver Such catalysts are known from EP-A-266015 Broadly, they comprise silver, rhenium or compound thereof, the further element (as defined hereinbefore) other than rhenium or compound thereof and optionally a rhenium co-promoter which may be selected from one or more of sulfur, phosphorus, boron, and compounds thereof
Preferred amounts of the components of the silver based catalysts are, when calculated as the element on the total catalyst
silver from 10 to 500 g/kg,
if present, rhenium from 0 01 to 50 mmole/kg,
if present, the further element or elements from 0.1 to
500 mmole/kg each, and,
if present, the rhenium co-promoter or co-promoters from 0.1 to 30 mmole/kg each
The present epoxidation process is preferably carried out at a reactor inlet pressure in the range of from 1000 to 4000 kPa "GHSV" or Gas Hourly Space Velocity is the unit volume of gas at normal temperature and pressure (0 °C, 1 atm, l e. 101.3 kPa) passing over one unit volume of packed catalyst per hour Preferably, when the epoxidation process is as a gas phase process involving a packed catalyst bed, the GHSV is in the range of from 1500 to 10000 Nl/(l.h). Preferably, the process of this invention is carried out at a work rate in the range of from 0 5 to 10 kmole olefin oxide produced per m3 of catalyst per hour, in particular 0 7 to 8 kmole olefin oxide produced per m3 of catalyst per hour, for example 5 kmole olefin oxide produced per m3 of catalyst per hour. As used herein, the work rate is the amount of the olefin oxide produced per unit volume of catalyst per hour and the selectivity is the molar quantity of the olefin oxide formed relative to the molar quantity of the olefin converted.
The olefin oxide produced may be recovered from the reaction product by using methods known in the art, for example by absorbing the olefin oxide from a reactor outlet stream in water and optionally recovering the olefin oxide from the aqueous solution by distillation. At least a portion of the aqueous solution containing the olefin oxide may be applied in a subsequent process for converting the olefin oxide into a 1,2-diol or a 1,2-diol ether.
The olefin oxide produced in the present epoxidation process may be converted into a 1,2-diol or into a 1,2-diol ether As this invention leads to a more attractive process for the production of the olefin oxide, it concurrently leads to a more attractive process which comprises producing
the olefin oxide in accordance with the invention and the subsequent use of the obtained olefin oxide in the manufacture of the 1,2-diol and/or 1,2-diol ether
The conversion into the 1,2-diol or the 1,2-diol ether may comprise, for example, reacting the olefin oxide with water, suitably using an acidic or a basic catalyst For example, for making predominantly the 1,2-diol and less 1,2-diol ether, the olefin oxide may be reacted with a ten fold molar excess of water, in a liquid phase reaction in presence of an acid catalyst, e g. 0 5-1.0 %w sulfuric acid, based on the total reaction mixture, at 50-70 °C at 1 bar
absolute, or in a gas phase reaction at 130-240 °C and 20-40 bar absolute, preferably in the absence of a catalyst If the proportion of water is lowered the proportion of 1,2-diol ethers in the reaction mixture is increased. The 1,2-diol ethers thus produced may be a di-ether, tri-ether, tetra-ether or a subsequent ether Alternative 1,2-diol ethers may be prepared by converting the olefin oxide with an alcohol, in particular a primary alcohol, such as methanol or ethanol, by replacing at least a portion of the water by the alcohol.
The 1,2-diol and the 1,2-diol ether may be used in a large variety of industrial applications, for example in the fields of food, beverages, tobacco, cosmetics, thermoplastic polymers, curable resin systems, detergents, heat transfer systems, etc
Unless specified otherwise, the organic compounds mentioned herein, for example the olefins, 1,2-diols, 1,2-diol ethers and reaction modifiers, have typically at most 40 carbon atoms, more typically at most 20 carbon atoms, in particular at most 10 carbon atoms, more in particular at most 6 carbon atoms As defined herein, ranges for numbers of carbon atoms (I e carbon number) include the numbers specified for the limits of the ranges
The computer program product of this invention comprises a computer readable medium and a computer readable program code, recorded on the computer readable medium, suitable for instructing a data processing system to execute the calculations in connection with the process of this invention. In a preferred embodiment, the computer program product comprises, in addition, a computer readable program code, recorded on the computer readable medium, suitable for instructing the data processing system to control the process of this invention The computer readable medium may be readable, for example, by means of an optical system or by means of a magnetic system The computer program product may be in the form of a disk which is a permanent entity of the computer system of this invention, or it may be a disk which is insertable into the computer system The feed control means may be configured such that they communicate with the computer system of this invention facilitating the control of the process steps of the process of this invention.
The following example will illustrate the invention.
Example (hypothetical)
A catalyst, as defined in EP-A-266015, containing silver, rhenium, cesium, lithium and sulfur on oc-alumina and having a theoretical selectivity S0 of 93% in the fresh state is employed in the following experiment The above value of So was determined by measuring selectivities in a range of gas hourly space velocities, each time at 30% ethylene, 8% oxygen, 5% carbon dioxide and 1400 kPa, the reaction
temperature being 260 °C, and extrapolating back to zero oxygen conversion
In the experiment ethylene oxide is produced as follows A 1-kg sample of the catalyst is loaded into a tubular reactor consisting of a stainless steel tube The tube is immersed in a boiling kerosene containing cooling
jacket and the ends are connected to a gas flow system The inlet gas flow rate is adjusted as to achieve a gas hourly space velocity of 6800 Nl /(l.h) The inlet pressure is 2100 kPa (absolute) The feed to the reactor comprises ethylene at a concentration of 28 mole-%, oxygen at a concentration of 8 mole-%, carbon dioxide at a concentration of 3 mole-%, ethane at a concentration of 0 5 mole-%, ethyl chloride at a
concentration of 3xl0-4 mole-%, ethylene dichloride at a concentration of 0.5xl0-4 mole-%, vinyl chloride at a concentration of lx10-4 mole-%, and methyl chloride at a concentration of 2xl0-4 mole-%, and the remainder of the feed is nitrogen. The reaction temperature is 250 °C. The selectivity to ethylene oxide is optimal in res~pect of the chlorides. The value of Q (i.e. Ch) equals (3xl0~4 x 1 + 0.5x10-4 x 2 + lx10-4 x 1 + 2xl0-4 x 1/3) / (28 x 1 + 0 5 x 85) = 8.04xl0"6.
At a certain point in time the feed composition changes such that ethylene is present at a concentration of 25 mole-% and ethane at a concentration of 0 7 mole-%, the concentration of the other constituents being held constant, except ethyl chloride. In order to keep the selectivity at an optimum level, the ethyl chloride concentration is
adjusted to 4.1xl0-4 mole-% After these changes, the value
of Q (l e. Q2) equals (4 lx10-4 x 1 + 0 5xl0-4 x 2 +
lxlO-4 x 1 + 2xl0-4 x 1/3) /
(25 x 1 + 0.7 x 85) =801x10-66

We claim:
1. A process for the epoxidation of ethylene, which process comprises reacting a
feed comprising ethylene, oxygen and a reaction modifier comprising an organic
chloride in the presence of a silver-based catalyst with the reaction modifier being
present in a relative quantity Q which is the ratio of an effective molar quantity of
active species of the reaction modifier present in the feed to an effective molar
quantity of hydrocarbons present in the feed, and which process comprises the steps
of:
operating at a first operating phase wherein the value of Q is Q1, subsequently operating at a second operating phase wherein the feed
composition is different from the feed composition employed in the first operating
phase, such that the value of Q is Q2, whereby the value of the quotient Q2/Q1 is in
the range of from 0.5 to 1.5, and
calculating the composition of the reaction modifier(s) or the hydrocarbon(s)
in the feed for application in the second operation phase using calculated values of Q.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the reaction modifier consists of chlorohydrocarbons having up to 10 carbon atoms, in particular up to 6 carbon atoms, which comprise one or more of methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, ethylene dichloride and vinyl chloride.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier present in the feed is calculated by multiplying the molar quantity of each of the reaction modifiers present in the feed with a factor, and adding up the resulting multiplication products, wherein each factor represents the number of active chlorine atoms, present per molecule of the reaction modifier in question, on the understanding that the factor for a reaction modifier which is a methyl compound, if present, is in the range of from V5 to V2, in particular in the range of from V3.5 to V2.5.
4. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the effective molar quantity of hydrocarbons present in the feed is calculated by multiplying the molar quantity of each of the hydrocarbons present in the feed with a factor, and adding up the resulting multiplication products, wherein the factor for methane, if present, is in the range of from 0.1 to 0.5; the factor for ethane, if present, is in the range of from 50 to 150; and the factor for hydrocarbons having at least 3 carbon atoms, if present, is in the range of from 10 to 10000, all factors being relative to the factor for ethylene, which equals 1, by definition.
5. A process as claimed in claims 1 to 4, wherein the factor for methane, if present, is in the range of from 0 to 0.4; the factor for ethane, if present, is in the range of from 70 to 120; and the factor for the hydrocarbons having at least 3 carbon atoms, if present, is in the range of from 50 to 2000, all factors being relative to the factor for ethylene, which equals 1, by definition.
6. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the relative quantity Q is in the range of from 1x10-6 to 100x10-6, in particular in the range of from 2x10-6 to 50x10-6.
7. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the hydrocarbons present in the feed comprise one or more of methane, ethane, propane and cyclopropane, in addition to ethylene.
8. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 9, wherein such a value of Q1 is employed that the selectivity towards the ethylene oxide formation is optimal.
9. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the value of the quotient Q2/Q1 is in the range of from 0.8 to 1.2, in particular in the range of from 0.9 to 1.1, more in particular in the range of from 0.95 to 1.05.
10. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the second phase is operated at a hydrocarbon composition and a reaction modifier composition of the feed of which at least one is different from the hydrocarbon composition and the reaction modifier composition of the feed employed in the first operating phase.
11. A process as claimed in claim 10, wherein the concentration of the reaction modifiers) in the feed applied in the second operating phase is calculated, in response to a change in the quantity or type of hydrocarbon(s) present in the feed.
12. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 11, wherein the silver based catalyst comprises silver and a further element or compound thereof, which further element is selected from the group of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, fluorine, Group IA metals, Group IIA metals, rhenium, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, titanium, hafnium, zirconium, vanadium, thallium, thorium, tantalum, niobium, gallium and germanium and mixtures thereof on a support, in particular an a-alumina support.
13. A process as claimed in claim 12, wherein the silver based catalyst comprises silver, rhenium or compound thereof, a further element or compound thereof which further element is selected from the group of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, fluorine, Group IA metals, Group IIA metals, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, titanium, hafnium, zirconium, vanadium, thallium, thorium, tantalum, niobium, gallium and germanium and mixtures thereof and optionally a rhenium co-promoter which may be selected from one or more of sulfur, phosphorus, boron, or compound thereof on a support material, in particular an a-alumina support.
14. A method for making a 1,2-diol or a 1,2-diol ether comprising:

- obtaining ethylene oxide by a process for the epoxidation of ethylene according to any one of claims 1 to 13, and
- converting ethylene oxide into the 1,2-diol or the 1,2-diol ether.
15. A system suitable for performing a process according to any of claims 1 to 14,
which system comprises a reactor which holds a silver-based catalyst, means for
feeding to the reactor a feed comprising ethylene, oxygen and a reaction modifier comprising an organic chloride, and feed control means for controlling the feed and/or the feed composition, comprising modifier control means for controlling the reaction modifier being present in the feed in a relative quantity Q which is the ratio of an effective molar quantity of active species of the reaction modifier present in the feed to an effective molar quantity of hydrocarbons present in the feed, and which feed control means are configured such as to control the process steps of: operating at a first operating phase wherein the value of Q is Q1, subsequently operating at a second operating phase wherein the feed composition is different from the feed composition employed in the first operating phase, such that the value of Q is Q2, whereby the value of the quotient Q2/Q1 is in the range of from 0.5 to 1.5, and
calculating the composition of the reaction modifier(s) or the hydrocarbon(s) in the feed for application in the second operation phase using calculated values of Q.

"A PROCESS AND SYSTEMS FOR THE EPOXIDATION OF ETHYLENE"

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