Title of Invention

"METHOD OF FORMING STABLE STATES OF DENSE HIGH-TEMPERATURE PLASMA"

Abstract A method is proposed for forming stable states of a dense high-temperature plasma, including plasma for controlled fusion, the method comprising generating a dense high temperature plasma in a pulsed heavy-current discharges, followed by injecting the plasma from the area of a magnetic field with parameters corresponding to the conditions of gravitational emission of electrons with a banded energy spectrum and subsequent energy transfer along the spectrum into the long wavelength region, this leading to the state of locking and amplification of the gravitational emission in the plasma with simultaneous compression thereof to the states of hydro-static equilibrium, with using multi-electron atoms as a prerequisite element in the composition of a working gas, for quenching the spontaneous gravitational emission from the ground energy levels of the electron in the proper gravitational field.
Full Text Field of the Art
The present invention relates to a method of forming stable states of a dense hightemperature
plasma which can be used, for example, for controlled fusion.
State of the Art
The existing state of the art related to the realization of stable states of a dense hightemperature
plasma applicable for the purposes of nuclear fusion can be defined as a stage of the
formation and confinement of a plasma by a magnetic field in devices which make it possible to
realize separate techniques of the claimed method but not the method as such, i.e., a method of
achieving a stable state of a dense high-temperature plasma. In this respect the claimed method
has no close analogs.
From the state of the art a heavy-current pulsed discharge is known, which is shaped with
the aid of a cylindrical discharge chamber (whose end faces function as electrodes) which is
filled with a working gas (deuterium, hydrogen, a deuterium-tritium mixture at a pressure of 0.5
to 10 mm Hg, or noble gases at a pressure of 0.01 toO.l mm Hg). Then a discharge of a powerful
capacitor battery is effected through the gas, with the voltage of 20 to 40 kV supplied to the anode
and the current in the forming discharge reaching about 1 MA. In experiments (Lukyanov
S.Yu. "Hot Plasma and Controlled Fusion", Moscow, Atomizdat, 1975 (in Russian)) first a first
phase of the process was observed — plasma compression to the axis by the current magnetic
field with decrease of the current channel diameter by approximately a factor of 10 and formation
a brightly glowing plasma column on the discharge axis (z-pinch). In the second phase of
the process a rapid development of current channel instabilities (kinks, helical disturbances, etc.)
were observed.
The buildup of these instabilities occurs very rapidly and leads to the degradation of the
plasma column (plasma jets outburst, discharge discontinuities, etc.), so that the discharge lifetime
is limited to a value on the order of 10'" s. For this reason in a linear pinch it turns out to be
unreal to fulfill the conditions of nuclear fusion defined by the Lawson criterion m > 1014 cm"3s,
where n is the plasma concentration, t is the discharge lifetime..
A similar situation takes place in a 0- pinch, when to a cylindrical discharge chamber an
external longitudinal magnetic field inducing an azimuthal current is impressed.
Magnetic traps are known, which are capable of confining a high-temperature plasma for
a long time (but not sufficient for nuclear fusion to proceed) within a limited volume (see Artsimovich
L.A., "Closed Plasma Configurations", Moscow, Atomizdat, 1969 (in Russian)). There
exist two main varieties of magnetic traps: closed and open ones.
Magnetic traps are devices which are capable of confining a high-temperature plasma for
a sufficiently long time within a limited volume and which are described in Artsimovich L.A.,
"Closed Plasma Configurations", Moscow, Atomizdat, 1969.
To magnetic traps of closed type (on which hopes to realize the conditions of controlled
nuclear fusion (CNU) were pinned for a long time) there belong devices of the Tokamak,
Spheromak and Stellarator type in various modifications (Lukyanov S.Yu., "Hot Plasma and
CNU", Moscow, Atomizdat, 1915 (in Russian)).
In devices of the Tokamak type a ring current creating a rotary transformation of magnetic
lines of force is excited in the very plasma. Spheromak represents a compact torus with a
toroidal magnetic field inside a plasma. Rotary transformation of magnetic lines of force, effected
without exciting a toroidal current in plasma, is realized in Stellarators (Volkov E.D. et al.,
"Stellarator", Moscow, Nauka, 1983 (in Russian)).
Open-type magnetic traps with a linear geometry are: a magnetic bottle, an ambipolar
trap, a gas-dynamic type trap (Ryutov D.D., "Open traps", Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, 1988,
vol. 154, p. 565).
In spite of all the design differences of the open-type and closed-type traps, they are
based on one principle: attaining hydrostatic equilibrium states of plasma in a magnetic field
through the equality of the gas-kinetic plasma pressure and of the magnetic field pressure at the
external boundary of plasma. The very diversity of these traps stems from the absence of positive
results.
When using a plasma focus device (PF) (this is how an electric discharge is called), a
non-stationary bunch of a dense high-temperature (as a rule, deuterium) plasma is obtained (this
bunch is also called "plasma focus"). PF belongs to the category of pinches and is formed in the
area of current sheath cumulation on the axis of a discharge chamber having a special design. As
a result, in contradistinction to a direct pinch, plasma focus acquires a non-cylindrical shape (Petrov
D.P. et al., "Powerful pulsed gas discharge in chambers with conducting walls" in Collection
of Papers "Plasma Physics and Problem of Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions", volume 4,
Moscow, IzdateTstvo AN SSSR, 1958 (in Russian)).
Unlike linear pinch devices, where the function of electrodes is performed by the chamber
end faces, in the PF the role of the cathode is played by the chamber body, as a result of
which the plasma bunch acquires the form of a funnel (thence the name of the device). With the
same working parameters as in the cylindrical pinch, in a PF device a plasma having higher temperature,
density and longer lifetime is obtainable, but the subsequent development of the instability
destroys the discharge, as is the case in the linear pinch (Burtsev B.A. et al, "Hightemperature
plasma formations" in: Itogi Nauki i Tekhniki", "Plasma Physics" Series, vol. 2,
Moscow, Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR, 1981 (in Russian)), and stable states of plasma are actually not
attained.
Non-stationary bunches of high-temperature plasma are also obtained in gas-discharge
chambers with a coaxial arrangement of electrodes (using devices with coaxial plasma injectors).
The first device of such kind was commissioned in 1961 by J. Mather (Mather J.W., "Formation
on the high-density deuterium plasma focus", Phys. Fluids, 1965, vol. 8, p. 366). This device
was developed farther (in particular, see (J.Brzosko et al., Phys. Let. A., 192 (1994), p. 250,
Phys. Let. A., 155 (1991), p. 162)). An essential element of this development was the use of a
working gas doped with multielectron atoms. Injection of plasma in such devices is attained owing
to the coaxial arrangement of cylindrical chambers, wherein the internal chamber functioning
as the anode is disposed geometrically lower than the external cylinder — the cathode. In the
works of J.Brzosko it was pointed out that the efficiency of the generation of plasma bunches
increases when hydrogen is doped with multielectron atoms. However, in these devices the development
of the instability substantially limits the plasma lifetime as well. As a result, this lifetime
is smaller than necessary for attaining the conditions for a stable course of the nuclear fusion
reaction. With definite design features, in particular, with the use of conical coaxial electrodes
(M.P. Kozlov and A.I. Morozov (Eds.), "Plasma Accelerators and Ion Guns", Moscow,
Nauka, 1984 (in Russian)), such devices are already plasma injection devices. In the aboveindicated
devices (devices with coaxial cylindrical electrodes) plasma in all the stages up to the
plasma decay, remains in the magnetic field area, though injection of plasma into the interelectrode
space takes place. In pure form injection of plasma from the interelectrode space is observed
in devices with conical coaxial electrodes. The field of application of plasma injectors is
regarded to be auxiliary for plasma injection with subsequent use thereof (for example,, for addi
tional pumping of power in devices of Tokamak type, in laser devices, etc.), which, in
turn, has limited the use of these devices not in the pulsed mode, but in the quasi-stationary
mode.
Thus, the existing state of the art, based on plasma confinement by a magnetic field, does
not solve the problem of confining a dense high-temperature plasma during a period of time required
for nuclear fusion reactions to proceed, but effectively solves the problem of heating
plasma to a state in which these reactions can proceed.
Disclosure of the Invention
The author proposes a solution of the above-stated problem, which can be attained by a
new combination of means (devices) known in the art with the use of their combination (the parameters
considered earlier)., which was not only not used heretofore, but proposed or supposed
in the state of the art, and which is further described in detail in the sections dealing with carryr
ing the invention into effect and in the set of claims.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method of forming stable states of a dense
high-temperature plasma, which comprises the following steps:
a) generation of a dense high-temperature plasma from hydrogen and isotopes thereof
with the aid of pulsed heavy-current discharges;
b) injection of the plasma from the area of a magnetic field with parameters corresponding
to the conditions of gravitational emission of electrons with a banded energy spectrum;
c) energy transfer along the spectrum.
The energy transfer (step c) is performed by cascade transition into the long wavelength
region of eV-energy to the state of locking and amplification of the gravitational emission and
simultaneous compression to the states of hydrostatic equilibrium, and in the formation of said
states in the composition of a working gas multielectron atoms are used for quenching the spontaneous
gravitational emission from the ground energy levels of the keV-region electron in the
proper gravitational field.
It is preferable that in one of the embodiment of the invention for obtaining stable states
of a dense high-temperature plasma use is made of hydrogen and multielectron atoms, such as
krypton, xenon, and other allied elements (neon, argon).
In another preferable embodiment of the invention in order to realize the conditions for
the nuclear fusion reaction to proceed use is made of hydrogen and carbon, wherein carbon is
also employed both for quenching the spectra of gravitational emission with keV energies and
as a fusion reaction catalyst.
The claimed method provides a scheme for forming stable states of a dense hightemperature
plasma, which scheme comprises a device for supplying a working gas, a discharge
chamber, a discharge circuit, a chamber for forming a stable plasma bunch.
If and when necessary, each of the cited blocks of the scheme can be fitted with appropriate
measuring equipment.
The invention is illustrated by a circuit diagram of a pulsed heavy-current magneticcompression
discharge on multiply charged ions with conical coaxial electrodes, in which :
1. a fast-acting valve for supplying a working gas into a gap between an internal electrode
(2) and an external electrode (3);
2. an external electrode;
3. an internal electrode has a narrowing surface close to conical one;
4. a diverter channel which prevents the entrance of admixtures into the compression
area;
5. a discharge circuit;
6. an area of compression by a magnetic field;
7. an area of compression due to efflux current in the outgoing plasma jet and subsequent
compression by the emitted gravitational field.
Carrying out the Invention
Terms and Definitions Used in the Application
The definition "stable states of a dense high-temperature plasma" denotes the states of
hydrostatic equilibrium of a plasma, when the gas-dynamic pressure is counterbalanced by the
pressure of a magnetic field or, in the present case, by the pressure of the emitted gravitational
field.
The definition "a dense high-temperature plasma" denotes a plasma with the lower values
of densities nc, n, = (1023 — 1025) rn3 and temperatures Tc, T; = (107 — 108) K.
The definition "plasma parameters corresponding to gravitational emission of electrons"
(with a banded emission spectrum) denotes parameters which are in the above-indicated range of
pressures and temperatures.
The definition "locking of avitational emission in plasma" denotes the state of gravitational
emission in a plasma ,which takes place when its emission frequency and electron Langmuir
frequency are equal. In the present case locking of the emission takes place for two reasons:
- energy transfer along the spectrum into the long wavelength region as a result of cascade
transitions into the long wavelength region with attaining emission frequency (10 — 10 )
with plasma Langmuir frequency equal to the electron one, this being the condition of locking
gravitational emission in plasma;
- quenching spontaneous gravitational emission of electrons from the ground energy levels
by multielectron atoms, when the energy of an excited electron is transferred to an ion with
corresponding energy levels, leading to its ionization.
The definition "amplification of gravitational emission" denotes amplification which
takes place when the gravitational emission is locked, because, with the locking conditions having
been fulfilled, the gravitational emission remains in plasma with sequential emission of the
total energy of the gravitational field locked in the plasma.
For a better understanding of the invention, given below is a description of hightemperature
plasma formations which take place in the proposed method, and a description of a
method of forming their stable states as hydrostatic equilibrium states. The conditions of gravitational
emission of electrons with a banded spectrum, the conditions of exciting gravitational
emission in plasma, and locking and amplification owing to cascade transitions as claimed in the
set of claims presented hereinbelow, are disclosed.
1. Gravitational emission of electrons with a banded spectrum as emission of the
same level with electromagnetic emission.
For a mathematical model of interest, which describes a banded spectrum of stationary
states of electrons in the proper gravitational field, two aspects are of importance. First. In Einstein's
field equations K is a constant which relates the space-time geometrical properties with
the distribution of physical matter, so that the origin of the equations is not connected with the
numerical limitation of the K value. Only the requirement of conformity with the Newtonian
Classical Theory of Gravity leads to the small value K = STtG/c4, where G, c are, respectively, the
Newtonian gravitational constant and the velocity of light. Such requirement follows from the
primary concept of the Einstein General Theory of Relativity (GTR) as a relativistic generalization
of the Newtonian Theory of Gravity. Second. The most general form of relativistic gravitation
equations are equations with the A terra. The limiting transition to weak fields leads to the
equation
A0 = - 47tpG +Ac2,
where O is the field scalar potential, p is the source density. This circumstance, eventually, is
crucial for neglecting the A term, because only in this case the GTR is a generalization of the
Classical Theory of Gravity. Therefore, the numerical values of K = 8;iG/c4 and A = 0 in the
GTR equations are not associated with the origin of the equations, but follow only from the conformity
of the GTR with the classical theory.
From the 70's onwards, it became obvious (Siravam C . and Sinha K., Phys. Res. 51
(1979) 112) that in the quantum region the numerical value of G is not compatible with the principles
of quantum mechanics. In a number of papers (Siravam C . and Sinha K, Phys. Res. 51
(1979) 112) (including also Fisenko S. et al., Phys. Lett. A, 148,,7,9 (1990) 405)) it was shown
that in the quantum region the coupling constant K (K& 1040 G) is acceptable. The essence of the
problem of the generalization of relativistic equations on the quantum level was thus outlined:
such generalization must match the numerical values of the gravity constants in the quantum and
classical regions.
In the development of these results, as a micro-level approximation of Einstein's field
equations, a model is proposed, based on the following assumption:
"The gravitational field within the region of localization of an elementary particle having
a mass mo is characterized by the values of the gravity constant K and of the constant A that lead
to the stationary states of the particle in its proper gravitational field, and the particle stationary
states as such are the sources of the gravitational field with the Newtonian gravity constant G".
The most general approach in the Gravity Theory is the one which takes twisting into account
and treats the gravitational field as a gage field, acting on equal terms with other fundamental
fields (Ivanenko et al., Gage Theory of Gravitation, Moscow, MGU Publishing House,
1985 (in Russian)). Such approach lacks in apriority gives no restrictions on the microscopic
level. For an elementary spinor source with a mass mo, the set of equations describing its states
in the proper gravitational field in accordance with the adopted assumption will have the form
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
The following notations are used throughout the text of the paper: K = %-nK/c4, K" = 87tG/c4,
En is the energy of stationary states in the proper gravitational field with the constant K, A = K(I,
rn is the value of the coordinate r satisfying the equilibrium n-state in the proper gravitational
field, K = KOK, KO is the dimensionality constant, Sa = ^YaY^' > ^ *s tne spinor-coupling covariant
derivative independent of twisting, E'n is the energy state of the particle having a mass mn
(either free of field or in the external field), described by the wave function \j/' in the proper
gravitational field with the constant G. The rest of the notations are generally adopted in the
gravitation theory.
Equations (1) through (5) describe the equilibrium states of particles (stationary states) in
the proper gravitational field and define the localization region of the field characterized by the
constant K that satisfies the equilibrium state. These stationary states are sources of the field with
the constant G, and condition (3) provides matching the solution with the gravitational constants
K and G. The proposed model in the physical aspect is compatible with the principles of quantum
mechanics principles, and the gravitational field with the constants K and A at a certain,
quite definite distance specified by the equilibrium state transforms into the filed having the constant
G and satisfying, in the weak field limit, the Poisson equation.
The set of equations (1) through (5), first of all, is of interest for the problem of stationary
states, i.e., the problem of energy spectrum calculations for an elementary source in the own
gravitational field. In this sense it is reasonable to use an analogy with electrodynamics, in particular,
with the problem of electron stationary states in the Coulomb field. Transition from the
Schrodinger equation to the Klein-Gordon relativistic equations allows taking into account the
fine structure of the electron energy spectrum in the Coulomb field, whereas transition to the
Dirac equation allows taking into account the relativistic fine struc
ture and the energy level splitting associated with spin-orbital interaction. Using this analogy and
the form of equation (1), one can conclude that solution of this equation without the term
KYpYsYs gives a spectrum similar to that of the fine structure (similar in the sense of relativism
and removal of the principal quantum number deugeneracy).. Taking the term K^y^Ys^Ys
into account, as is noted in Siravam C. and Sinha K., Phys. Res. 51 (1979) 112 , is similar to taking
into account of the term XF0/UVXFFUV, in the Pauli equation. The latter implies that the
solution of the problem of stationary states with twisting taken into account will give a total energy-
state spectrum with both the relativistic fine structure and energy state splitting caused by
spin-twist interaction taken into account. This fact, being in complete accord with the requirements
of the Gauge Theory of Gravity, allows us to believe that the above-stated assumptions
concern ing the properties of the gravitational field in the quantum region are relevant, in the
general case, just to the gravitational field with twists.
Complexity of solving this problem compels us to employ a simpler approximation,
namely,: energy spectrum calculations in a relativistic fine-structure approximation. In this approximation
the problem of the stationary states of an elementary source in the proper gravitational
field well be reduced to solving the following equations:
= 0
r / r
/(O) = const =oo
A(O) = y(o) = 0
If2r2dr = l
Equations (6)—(8) follow from equations (14)—(15)
d d d
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)

after the substitution of f in the &om¥ = fE!(r)Y!m(0,

and specific computations in the central-symmetry field metric with the interval defined by the
expression (Landau L.D., Lifshitz E.M., Field Theory, Moscow, Nauka Publishers, 1976)
dS2=c*evdtz~r2(d62+sinzOd(p2)-e*-dr2. (16)
The following notation is used above: fm is the radial wave function that describes the states
with a definite energy E and the orbital moment / (hereafter the subscripts El are omitted), Yim (6,

Condition (9) defines rn,, whereas equations (10) through (12) are the boundary conditions
and the normalization condition for the function /, respectively. Condition (9) in the general
case has the form R(K,rJ = R(G,rn). Neglecting the proper gravitational field with the constant
G, we shall write down this condition as R(K,rn) = 0, to which equality (9) actually corresponds.
The right-hand sides of equations (7) — (8) are calculated basing on the general expression
for the energy-momentum tensor of the complex scalar field:
The appropriate components T^v are obtained by summation over the index m with application
of characteristic identities for spherical functions (Warshalovich D.A. et al, Quantum
Theory of Angular Momentum, Leningrad, Nauka Publishers, 1975 (in Russian))
i
after the substitution of Y = f(r}Ylm(0,

Even in the simplest approximation the problem of the stationary states of an elementary source
in the proper gravitational field is a complicated mathematical problem. It becomes simpler if we
confine ourselves to estimating only the energy spectrum. Equation (6) can be reduced in many
ways to the equations (E. Kamke, Differentialgleichungen, Losungsmethoden und Losungen,
Leizig, 1959)
f = fl(r) + Q(r)z , z'=/F(r) + S(r)Z. (18)
This transition implies specific choice of P, Q, F, S, such that the conditions
P + S+Q' !Q + g=0, FQ+P' + P2+Pg + h = Q, (19)
should be fulfilled, where g and h correspond to equation. (6) written in the form: f + gf + hf-
Q. Conditions (19) are satisfied, in particular, by P, Q,, F, S written as follows:
(9=1, P = S = -g/2, F = -g'+-g2-V, , SI > 2 5 45 -h. (V2 0J)
Solutions of set (18) will be the functions: (E. Kamke, Differentialgleichungen,
Losungsmethoden und Losungen, Leizig, 1959)
/ = Cp(r) sin#(r), z = Cp(r) cos0(r), (21)
where C is an arbitrary constant, 0(r) is the solution of the equation:
0' = Qcos2 0+(P-S)sw0cos0-Fsin2 0, (22)
and p(r) is found from the formula
F
p(r) = exp{[psin2 0 + (Q + F)sin 0 cos 0 + Scos2 0J*r . (23)
0
In this case, the form of presentation of the solution in polar coordinates makes it possible
to determine zeros of the functions f(r) at r = rm with corresponding values of 0 - nn (n being
an integer). As one of the simplest approximations for v,/l, we shall choose the dependence:
ev=e~*=l ^— + A(r-C2)2+C3r (24)
r + Q
where
~ 2Km. 2KE,
c 2 c4
Earlier the estimate for K was adopted to be K& 1.7 x 1029 Nm2kg"2. If we assume that
the observed value of the electron rest mass mi is its mass in the ground stationary state in the
proper gravitational field, then m0 = 4mi/3. From dimensionality considerations it follows that
energy in the bound state is defined by the expression \^JKm0 j /^ =0.17xl06 xl.6xlO~1 9 J,
where /^ is the classical electron radius. This leads to the estimate K « S.lxlO31 Nm2kg"2 which
is later adopted as the starting one. Discrepancies in the estimates K obtained by different methods
are quite admissible, all the more so since their character is not catastrophic. From the condition
that |j, is the electron energy density it follows: (j, = l.lxlO30 J/m3, A = K|j,=4.4xl029 m"2.
From (22) (with the equation for_/(/-) taken into account) it follows:
(25)
where
2 4 vr 2 y ' " i"n" "o ^2 \-
The integration of equation (25) and substitution of 9 = nn, r = rn give the relation between
Kn andrn:
•2CAr,+ai'
2C,
a a.
((r n +«,.)\ a. +
rn + a. rn + or,. rn + a,.
C,J2
3
(26)
^ -a,.)]ln(rn +- +C/1)lnrn}
The coefficients entering into equation (26) are coefficients at simple fractions in the expansion
of polynomials, required for the integration, wherein a,- ~ Kn, di ~ A{ — rn's, B{ ~ rn'4, A ',•
~ rn~2, a; ~ rn'4, di = rn~*. For ehminating rn from (26), there exists condition (9) (or the condition
exp v(K,rn) = 1 equivalent to it for the approximation employed), but its direct use will complicate
the already cumbersome expression (26) still further. At the same time, it easy to note that rn
o
~ 10" rnc, where rnc is the Compton wavelength of a particle of the mass mn, and, hence, rn ~ 10"
3 AT,,"1.The relation (26) per se is rather approximate, but, nevertheless, its availability, irrespective
of the accuracy of the approximation, implies the existence of an energy spectrum as a consequence
of the particle self-interaction with its own gravitational field in the range r mutually compensating action of the field and the particle takes place. With / = 0 the approximate
solution (26), with the relation between rn and Kn taken into account, has the form
where a= 1.65, p = 1.60.
The relation (27) is concretized, proceeding from the assumption that the observed value
of the electron rest mass is the value of its mass in the grounds stationary state in the proper
gravitational field, the values r\_ = 2.82 x 10" 15 m, K\ = 0.41 x 1012 m"1 giving exact zero of the
function by the very definition of the numerical values for K and A.
So, the presented numerical estimates for the electron show that within the range of its localization,
with K~ 1031N m2 kg"2 and A~ 1029rn2, there exists the spectrum of stationary states
in the proper gravitational field. The numerical value of K is, certainly, universal for any elementary
source, whereas the value of A is defined by the rest mass of the elementary source. The distance
at which the gravitational field with the constant K is localized is less than the Compton
wavelength, and for the electron, for example, this value is of the order of its classical radius. At
distances larger than this one, the gravitational field is characterized by the constant G, i.e., correct
transition to Classical GTR holds.
From equation (27) there follow in a rough approximation the numerical values of the stationary
state energies: EI =0.511 MeV, E2 =0.638 MeV,... Ex -0.681 MeV.
Quantum transitions over stationary states must lead to the gravitational emission characterized
by the constant K with transition energies starting from 127 keV to 170 keV Two circumstances
are essential here.
First. The correspondence between the electromagnetic and gravitational interaction takes
place on replacement of the electric charge e by the gravitational "charge" m^lK , so that the
numerical values K place the electromagnetic and gravitational emission effects on the same
level (for instance, the electromagnetic and gravitational bremsstrahlung cross-sections will differ
only by the factor 0.16 in the region of coincidence of the emission spectra).
Second. The natural width of the energy levels in the above-indicated spectrum of the
electron stationary states will be from 10"9 eV to 10"7 eV. The small value of the energy level
widths, compared to the electron energy spread in real conditions, explains why the gravitational
emission effects are not observed as a mass phenomenon in epiphenomena, e.g., in the processes
of electron beam bremsstrahlung on targets. A direct confirmation of the presence of the electron
stationary states in the own gravitational field with the constant K may be the presence of the
lower boundary of nuclear p-decay. Only starting with this boundary |3-asymmetry can take
place, which is interpreted as parity non-conservation in weak interactions, but is actually only a
consequence of the presence of the excited states of electrons in the own gravitational field in pdecay.
Beta-asymmetry was observed experimentally only in p-decay of heavy nuclei in magnetic
field (for example, 27C60 in the known experiment carried out by Wu (Wu Ts.S.,
Moshkovskii S.A., Beta-decay, Atomizdat, Moscow, 1970 (in Russian)). On light nuclei, such
as iH3, where the p-decay asymmetry al- ready must not take place, similar experiments
were not carried out.
2. Conditions of Gravitational Emission in Plasma (Excitation
of Gravitational Emission in Plasma)
For the above-indicated energies of transitions over stationary states in the own field and
the energy level widths, the sole object in which gravitational emission can be realized as a mass
phenomenon will be, as follows from the estimates given below, a dense high-temperature
plasma.
Using the Born approximation for the bremsstrahlung cross-section, we can write down
the expression for the electromagnetic bremsstrahlung per unit of volume per unit of time as
Q=? -mc2neni = 0.l7xlO-39z\nijT:, (28)
where Te, k, nj, ne, m, z, r0 are the electron temperature, Boltzmann's constant, the concentration
of the ionic and electronic components, the electron mass, the serial number of the ionic component,
the classical electron radius, respectively.
Replacing r0 by rg = 2K m/s2 (which corresponds to replacing the electric charge e by the
gravitational charge rm/K), we can use for the gravitational bremsstrahlung the relation
Qg = 0.16Qe. (29)
From (28) it follows that in a dense high-temperature plasma with parameters n,. = n; =
23 o i-t
10 m", Te = 10 K, the specific power of the electromagnetic bremsstrahlung is equal to « 0.53
1010 J/m3 s, and the specific power of the gravitational bremsstrahlung is 0.86 109 J/m3 s. These
values of the plasma parameters, apparently, can be adopted as guide threshold values of an appreciable
gravitational emission level, because the relative proportion of the electrons whose energy
on the order of the energy of transitions in the own gravitational field, diminishes in accordance
with the Maxwellian distribution exponent as Te decreases.
3. Locking and Amplification of Gravitational Emission by Cascade
Transitions and Quenching Spontaneous Emission from Ground energy levels
by Ions of Multielectron Atoms in Plasma Injected from Magnetic Field Area
For the numerical values of the plasma parameters Te = Ti = (!07—108)K, ne = nt
- (10 —10 ) m" the electromagnetic bremsstrahlung spectrum will not change essentially with
Compton scattering of electron emission, and the bremsstrahlung itself is a source of emission
losses of a high-temperature plasma. The frequencies of this continuous spectrum are on the order
of (101 —1020) s"1, while the plasma frequency for the above-cited plasma parameters is
(1013—1014) s"1, or 0.1 eV of the energy of emitted quanta.
The fundamental distinction of the gravitational bremsstrahlung from the electromagnetic
bremsstrahlung is the banded spectrum of the gravitational emission, corresponding to the spectrum
of the electron stationary states in the own gravitational field.
The presence of cascade transitions from the upper excited levels to the lower ones will
lead to that the electrons, becoming excited in the energy region above 100 keV, will be emitted,
mainly, in the eV region, i.e., energy transfer along the spectrum to the low-frequency region
will take place. Such energy transfer mechanism can take place only in quenching spontaneous
emission from the lower electron energy levels in the own gravitational field, which rules out
emission with quantum energy in the keV region. A detailed description of the mechanism of
energy transfer along the spectrum will hereafter give its precise numerical characteristics. Nevertheless,
undoubtedly, the very fact of its existence, conditioned by the banded character of the
spectrum of the gravitational bremsstrahlung, can be asserted. The low-frequency character of
the gravitational bremsstrahlung spectrum will lead to its amplification in plasma by virtue of the
loeking condition a>g From the standpoint of practical realization of the states of a high-temperature plasma
compressed by the emitted gravitational field, two circumstances are of importance.
First. Plasma must comprise two components, with multiply charged ions added to hydrogen,
these ions being necessary for quenching spontaneous emission of electrons from the
ground energy levels in the own gravitational field. For this purpose it is necessary to have ions
with the energy levels of electrons close to the energy levels of free excited electrons. Quenching
of the lower excited states of the electrons will be particularly effective in the presence of a resonance
between the energy of excited electron and the energy of electron excitation in the ion (in
the limit, most favorable case — ionization energy). An increase of z increases also the specific
power of the gravitational bremsstrahlung, so that on the condition a>g the equality of the gas-kinetic pressure and the radiation pressure
k(ne Te + m Ti) = 0.16(0.17 10'39 z2 ne n; J)At (30)
will take place at At = (10"6 —10"7) s for the permissible parameter values of compressed
plasmane = (1 + a) ru = (1025 — 1026) ni3, a > 2, Te» Te = 108K, z>10.
Second. The necessity of plasma ejection from the region of the magnetic field with the
tentative parameters ne = (1023 — 1024) m"3, Te = (107 — 10s) K with subsequent energy pumping
from the magnetic field region.
The fulfillment of the above-cited conditions (in principle, irrespective of a particular
scheme of the apparatus in which these conditions are realized) solves solely the problem of attaining
hydrostatic equilibrium states of plasma. The use of a multielectron gas (carbon) as the
additive to hydrogen leads to the realization of nuclear fusion reaction conditions, since carbon
will simultaneously will act as a catalyst required for the nuclear fusion reaction.
Another variant of nuclear fusion in compositions with multielectron atoms, such as krypton,
xenon (and allied elements) is the use of a deuterium-tritium mixture as the light component.
An analysis of the processes which take place in the known devices for generating stable
high-temperature states of a plasma (as well as the absence of encouraging results) suggests that
the magnetic field can be used only partially, in the first step for the retention and heating plasma
in the process of forming its high-energy state. Further presence of the magnetic field no longer
confines the plasma within a limited volume, but destroys this plasma owing to the specific character
of motion of charged particles in the magnetic field. A principal solution of the problem is
a method of confining of an already heated plasma in an emitted gravitational field in a second
step, after the plasma has been compressed, heated and retained during this period by the magnetic
field. As follows from the above-stated, under any circumstances. Plasma must be injected
from the magnetic field region, but with subsequent pumping of energy from the region of the
plasma found in the magnetic field. It is just to these conditions that, among other things, there
corresponds the original circuit diagram of a magnetoplasma compressor, presented in the specification
to the Application.
The claimed method is realized in the following manner (see the diagram): through a
quick-acting valve 1 a two-component gas (hydrogen + a multielectron gas) is supplied into a
gap between coaxial conical electrodes 2, 3, to which voltage is fed through a discharge circuit 5.
A discharge creating a magnetic field flows between the electrodes. Under the pressure of the
arising amperage, plasma is accelerated along the channel. At the outlet in a region 7 the flow
converges to the axis, where a region of compression with high density and temperature originates.
The formation of the region of compression 7 is favored by efflux currents which flow in
the outgoing plasma jet. With the voltage fed to the anode (20—40) kV and the starting pressure
of the working gas (0.5—0.8)mmHg, and when the current in the forming discharge
reaches about 1 MA in the region of compression, the values of the plasma parameters ne, n; =
(1023—1025) m'3 and of the temperatures Te, Ti = (107—108) K, necessary for the excitation of
the gravitational field of the plasma, will be reached. The presence of the ions of multielectron
atoms in the composition of the working gas, which lead to quenching the gravitational emission
from the ground energy levels of the electrons, and cascade transitions along the levels of the
electron stationary states in the own gravitational field will lead to the transformation of the
high-frequency emission spectrum into the lows-frequency one with frequencies corresponding
to locking and amplification of the plasma emission. Simultaneously the density and temperature
of the plasma will grow owing to its pulsed injection. Therefore, sub sequent compression of the
plasmas after its injection from the magnetic field region to the state of hydrostatic equilibrium
(formation of the stable stat of the dense high-temperature plasma) takes place owing to the excitation,
locking and compression of the plasma by the radiated gravitational field, with the attainment
of the plasma parameters ne, nj = (1025—1026) m"3 and Te, T{ = 108 K
The fundamental difference of such scheme from the known schemes used for obtaining
plasmodynamic discharges (Kamrukov A.S. et al., "Generators of laser and powerful thermal
radiation, based on heavy-current plasmodynamic discharges" in the book "Plasma Accelerators
and Ion Guns", Moscow, Nauka, 1984 (in Russian)), when using this scheme as a quantum generator
of gravitational emission (a quantum generator of gravitational emission being just the
generator of stable high-energy states of a dense plasma) is as follows:
1. The pulsed character of the discharge circuit with the volt-ampere characteristics corresponding
to the plasmodynamic discharge;
2. The definite ratio of the hydrogen component and of the multielectron gas component
(approximately 80% and 20%, respectively), including the purposed of attaining the required
temperature parameters of the plasma.
3. The close correspondence of the electron energy levels in the employed multielectron
gas with the lower electron energy level in the own gravitational field, which requires using such
gases as krypton and xenon as the multielectron gas. Here both the percentage of the multielectron
atoms, limited from below by the requirement of quenching the excited lower energy states
of the electron (in the own gravitational field) and from above by the requirement of attaining the
necessary plasma temperature should be adjusted.
One skilled in the art will understand that various modifications and variants of
embodying the invention are possible, all of them being comprised in the scope of the Applicant's







We Claim:
1. A method of forming stable states of a dense high-temperature plasma, the method comprising:
a) generation of a dense high-temperature plasma from a working gas with the aid of pulsed heavy-current discharges, the working gas comprising a multi-electron gas and hydrogen and isotopes thereof;
b) injection of the plasma from an area of a magnetic field with parameters corresponding to the conditions of gravitational emission of electrons with a banded energy spectrum; and
c) energy transfer along the energy spectrum, performed by cascade transition into a long wavelength region of eV-energy to the state of locking and amplification of the gravitational emission in the plasma and simultaneous compression to the states of hydrostatic equilibrium,
wherein in the formation of the states indicated in step c), the multielectron atoms used in the composition of the working gas quench the spontaneous gravitational emission from the ground energy levels of the keV-region electron in the proper gravitational field.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein hydrogen and multielectron atoms are used for obtaining stable states of a dense high-temperature plasma.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein hydrogen and carbon are used for realizing the conditions of the nuclear fusion reaction to proceed, wherein carbon is used both for quenching the spectra of the gravitational emission with keV energies and as a fusion reaction catalyst.
4. A method of forming stable states of a dense high-temperature plasma, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawing.

Documents:

4244-DELNP-2006-Abstract-(22-02-2011).pdf

4244-delnp-2006-abstract.pdf

4244-DELNP-2006-Claims-(22-02-2011).pdf

4244-delnp-2006-claims.pdf

4244-delnp-2006-Correspondence Others-(02-06-2011).pdf

4244-delnp-2006-correspondence-others (22-02-2011).pdf

4244-DELNP-2006-Correspondence-Others-(22-02-2011).pdf

4244-delnp-2006-correspondence-others-1.pdf

4244-delnp-2006-correspondence-others.pdf

4244-delnp-2006-description (complete).pdf

4244-delnp-2006-drawing.pdf

4244-DELNP-2006-Drawings-(22-02-2011).pdf

4244-delnp-2006-form-1.pdf

4244-delnp-2006-form-18.pdf

4244-DELNP-2006-Form-2-(22-02-2011).pdf

4244-delnp-2006-form-2.pdf

4244-delnp-2006-form-26.pdf

4244-delnp-2006-form-3 (22-02-2011).pdf

4244-delnp-2006-form-3.pdf

4244-delnp-2006-form-5.pdf

4244-DELNP-2006-GPA-(22-02-2011).pdf

4244-delnp-2006-pct-210.pdf

4244-delnp-2006-pct-237.pdf

4244-delnp-2006-pct-304.pdf

4244-delnp-2006-petition-137 (22-02-2011).pdf


Patent Number 256886
Indian Patent Application Number 4244/DELNP/2006
PG Journal Number 32/2013
Publication Date 09-Aug-2013
Grant Date 06-Aug-2013
Date of Filing 24-Jul-2006
Name of Patentee ZAKRYTOE AKTSIONERNOE OBSCHESTVO RUSTERMOSINTEZ
Applicant Address UL. POPERECHNY PROSEK, 1B, OFIS 116, MOSCOW, 107113, RUSSIA.
Inventors:
# Inventor's Name Inventor's Address
1 FISSENKO STANISLAV IVANOVICH UL. BELOVEZHSKAYA, 15-52, MOSCOW, 121353, RUSSIA,
2 FISSENKO IGOR STANISLAVOVICH UL BELOVEZHSKAYA, 15-52, MOSCOW, 121353, RUSSIA,
PCT International Classification Number H05H 1/02
PCT International Application Number PCT/RU2005/000284
PCT International Filing date 2005-05-24
PCT Conventions:
# PCT Application Number Date of Convention Priority Country
1 2004135022 2004-11-30 Russia