Title of Invention

A METHOD OF PRODUCING VINYL ACETATE

Abstract A method of producing vinyl acetate, comprising: contacting a feed comprising ethylene, acetic acid and an oxygen containing gas to a palladium and gold containing catalyst or pre-catalyst formed on a modified and calcined support material to that results in vinyl acetate and at least one byproduct, wherein, the support material is modified with 1) niobium, magnesium, tantalum, yttrium, lanthanum, praseodymium and combinations thereof; or 2) titanium, zirconium and combinations thereof when the support material is selected from zirconia, titano-silicate and zircono silicate.
Full Text MODIFIED SUPPORT MATERIALS FOR CATALYSTS

Claim of Priority
[0001] The application claims the benefit of U.S. application 60/637,529, filed on December
20, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention relates to catalysts, methods of making the catalysts, and
methods of making alkenyl alkanoates. More particularly, the invention relates to catalysts,
methods of making the catalysts, and methods of making vinyl acetate.
Background of the Invention
[0003] Certain alkenyl alkanoates, such as vinyl acetate (VA), are commodity chemicals in
high demand in their monomer form. For example, VA is used to make polyvinyl acetate
(PVAc), which is used commonly for adhesives, and accounts for a large portion of VA use.
Other uses for VA included polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), vinyl
acetate ethylene (VAE), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), polyvinyl
formal (PVF), and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer. PVOH is typically used for textiles,
films, adhesives, and photosensitive coatings. Films and wire and cable insulation often employ
EVA in some proportion. Major applications for vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer include
coatings, paints, and adhesives often employ VAE having VA in some proportion. VAE, which
contains more than 50 percent VA, is primarily used as cement additives, paints, and adhesives.
PVB is mainly used for under layer in laminated screens, coatings, and inks. EVOH is used for
barrier films and engineering polymers. PVF is used for wire enamel and magnetic tape.
[0004] Because VA is the basis for so many commercially significant materials and products,
the demand for VA is large, and VA production is frequently done on a relatively large scale, e.g.
50,000 metric tons or more per year. This large scale production means that significant

economies of scale are possible and relatively subtle changes in the process, process conditions
or catalyst characteristics can have a significant economic impact on the cost of the production of
VA,
[0005] Many techniques have been reported for the production of alkenyl alkanoates. For
example, in making VA, a widely used technique includes a catalyzed gas phase reaction of
ethylene with acetic acid and oxygen, as seen in the following reaction:

Several side reactions may take place, including, such as, the formation of CO2. The results of
this reaction are discussed in terms of the space-time yield (STY) of the reaction system, where
the STY is the grams of VA produced per liter of catalyst per hour of reaction time (g/l*h).
[0006] The composition of the starting material feed can be varied within wide limits.
Typically, the starting material feed includes 30-70% ethylene, 10-30% acetic acid and 4-16%
oxygen. The feed may also include inert materials such as CO2, nitrogen, methane, ethane,
propane, argon and/or helium. The primary restriction on feed composition is the oxygen level in
the effluent stream exiting the reactor must be sufficiently low such that the stream is outside the
flammability zone. The oxygen level in the effluent is affected by the oxygen level in the starting
material stream, O2 conversion rate of the reaction and the amount of any inert material in the
effluent.
[0007] The gas phase reaction has been carried out where a feed of the starting materials is
passed over or through fixed bed reactors. Successful results have been obtained through the use
of reaction temperatures in the range of 125°C to 200°C, while reaction pressures of 1-15
atmospheres are typical,
[0008] While these systems have provided adequate yields, there continues to be a need for
reduced production of by-products, higher rates of VA output, and lower energy use during
production. One approach is to improve catalyst characteristics, particularly as to CO2 selectivity
and/or activity of the catalyst. Another approach is to modify reaction conditions, such as the
ratio of starting materials to each other, the O2 conversion of the reaction, the space velocity (SV)
of the starting material feed, and operating temperatures and pressures.

[0009} The formation of CO2 is one aspect which may be reduced through the use of
improved catalysts. The CO2 selectivity is the percentage of the ethylene converted that goes to
CO2. Decreasing the CO2 selectivity permits a larger amount of VA per unit volume and unit
time in existing plants, even retaining all other reaction conditions.
[0010] The formation of ethyl acetate (EA) is another aspect which may be reduced through
the use of improved catalysts. The EA selectivity is usually expressed in ppm as the ratio
EA/VA vftJvfi, Decreasing the EA selectivity permits reducing or eliminating post-production
purification of VA. By reducing the EA selectivity of a catalyst, the processing steps associated
with EA removal could be eliminated, thus providing cost savings. It would be desirable to
achieve an EA/VA ratio less than the typical ratio of about 700 ppm, preferably less than about
200 ppm without sacrificing the catalysts' CO2 selectivity or its activity.
[0011 ] Attempts to reduce EA output have included increasing the gold to palladium ratio on
the catalyst, such as shown in U.S. Patent No. 5,185,308. While this patent indicates that the
EA/VA ratio eventually goes to zero with a high enough gold to palladium ratio, experimental
testing has been unable to reproduce mis result. Furthermore, CO2 selectivity is sacrificed
through the use of an increased gold to palladium ratio. Consequently, another approach is
needed.
[0012] VA output of a particular reaction system is affected by several other factors
including the activity of the catalyst, the ratio of starting materials to each other, the O2
conversion of the reaction, the space velocity (SV) of the starting material feed, and operating
temperatures and pressures. AH these factors cooperate to determine the space-time yield (STY)
of the reaction system, where the STY is discussed in terms of grams of VA produced per liter of
catalyst per hour of reaction time or g/l*h.
[0013[ Generally, activity is a significant factor in determining the STY, but other factors
may still have a significant impact on the STY. Typically, the higher the activity of a catalyst,
the higher the STY the catalyst is able to produce.
[0014] The O2 conversion is a measure of how much oxygen reacts in the presence of the
catalyst. The O2 conversion rate is temperature dependent such that the conversion rate generally

climbs with the reaction temperature. However, the CO2 selectivity also increases along with the
increase in temperature. Thus, the O2 conversion rate is selected to give the desired VA output
balanced against the amount of CO2 produced. A catalyst with a higher activity means that the
overall reaction temperature can be lowered while maintaining the same O2 conversion.
Alternatively, a catalyst with a higher activity will give a higher O2 conversion rate at a given
temperature and space velocity.
[0015} It is common mat catalysts employ one or more catalytic components carried on a
relatively inert support material. In the case of VA catalysts, the catalytic components are
typically a mixture of metals that may be distributed uniformly throughout the support material
("all through-out catalysts"), just on the surface of the support material ("shell catalysts"), just
below a shell of support material ("egg white catalysts") or in the core of the support material
("egg yolk catalysts"). Preferred type of metal distribution is dependent a number of factors
including the reactor system and catalyst size/shape.
[0016] Numerous different types of support materials have been suggested for use in VA
catalyst including silica, cerium doped silica, alumina, titania, zirconia and oxide mixtures. But
very little investigation of the differences between the support materials has been done. For the
most part, only silica and alumina have actually been commercialized as support materials.
[0017] One useful combination of metals for VA catalysis is palladium and gold. Pd/Au
catalysts provide adequate CO2 selectivity and activity, but there continues to be a need for
improved catalysts given the economies of scale that are possible in the production of VA.
[0018] One process for making Pd/Au catalysts typically includes the steps of impregnating
the support with aqueous solutions of water-soluble salts of palladium and gold; reacting the
impregnated water-soluble salts with an appropriate alkaline compound eg., sodium hydroxide,
to precipitate (often called fixing) the metallic elements as water-insoluble compounds, e.g. the
hydroxides; washing the fixed support material to remove un-fixed compounds and to otherwise
cleanse the catalyst of any potential poisons, e.g. chloride; reducing the water insoluble
compounds with a typical reductant such as hydrogen, ethylene or hydrazine, and adding an
alkali metal compound such as potassium or sodium acetate.

[0019} Various modifications to this basic process have been suggested. For example, in
U.S. Patent No. 5,990,344, it is suggested that sintering of the palladium be undertaken after the
reduction to its free metal form. In U,S, Patent No. 6,022,823, it suggested that calcining the
support in a non-reducing atmosphere after impregnation with both palladium and gold salts
might be advantageous. In W094/21374, it is suggested that after reduction and activation, but
before its first use, the catalyst may be pretreated by successive heating in oxidizing, inert, and
reducing atmospheres.
[0020] In U.S. Patent No. 5,466,652, it is suggested that salts of palladium and gold that are
hydroxyl-, halide- and barium-free and soluble in acetic acid may be useful to impregnate the
support material. A similar suggestion is made in U.S. Patent No. 4,902,823, i.e. use of halide-
and sulfur-free salts and complexes of palladium soluble in unsubstituted carboxylic acids having
two to ten carbons.
[0021} In U.S. Patent No. 6,486,370, it suggested that a layered catalyst may be used in a
dehydrogenation process where the inner layer support material differs from the outer layer
support material. Similarly, U.S. Patent No, 5,935,889 suggests that a layered catalyst may
useful as acid catalysts. But neither suggests the use of layered catalysts in the production of
alkenyl alkanoates. In U.S. Patent Publication 2005/0181940, layered catalysts for vinyl acetate
are shown, but modified support materials are not.
[0022} In U.S. Patent No. 5,508,136 it suggested mat a titanium or zirconium may be used to
pre-treat a silica or alumina support material to improved activity and/or CO2 selectivity of the
Gatalyst.
[0023] Taken together, the inventors have recognized and addressed the need for continued
improvements in the field of VA catalysts to provide improved VA production at lower costs.
Summary of the Invention
[0024] The present invention relates to a method of producing a catalyst or pre-catalyst
suitable for assisting in the production of alkenyl alkanoates. The method includes contacting a
modifier precursor to a support material to form a modified support material. One or more

catalytic component precursors (palladium and/or gold) may be contacted to the modified support
material. The atomic ratio of gold to palladium is preferably in the range of about 0.3 to about
0.90. The support materials with the catalytic component may men be reduced using a reducing
environment and/or activated using with an activating agent such as KOAc. A composition for
catalyzing the production of an alkenyl alkanoates including a modified support material with
palladium and gold is also included within the invention. Catalysts of the present invention may
be used to produce alkenyl alkanoates in general and vinyl acetate in particular.
Detailed Description
(00251 Catalysts
[0026} For present purposes, a catalyst is any support material that contains at least one
catalytic component and that is capable of catalyzing a reaction, whereas a pre-catalyst is any
material that results from any of the catalyst preparation steps discussed herein.
[00271 Catalysts and pre-catalysts of the present invention may include those having a
modified support material. Effective use of the catalyst accordingly should help improve EA
selectivity while maintaining or improving CO2 selectivity, activity or both, particularly as
pertaining to VA production. Moreover, the combination of improving EA selectively while
maintaining or improving CO2 selectivity may be desirable even if activity is adversely affected.
[0028] It should be appreciated that the present invention is described in the context of
certain illustrative embodiments, but may be varied in any of a number of aspects depending on
the needs of a particular application. By way of example, without limitation, the catalysts may
have the catalytic components uniformly distributed throughout the support material or they may
be shell catalysts where the catalytic components are found in a relatively thin shell around a
support material core. Egg white catalysts may also be suitable, where the catalytic components
reside substantially away from the center of support material. Egg yolk catalysts may also be
suitable. Preferred type of metal distribution is dependent on a number of factors including the
reactor system and catalyst size/shape and include shell catalysts and layered catalysts.
[00291 Catalytic Components

[0030] In general, the catalysts and pre-catalysts of the present invention include metals and
particularly include a combination of at least two metals. In particular, the combination of metals
includes at least one from Group VIIIB and at least one from Group IB. It will be appreciated
that "catalytic component" is used to signify the metal that ultimately provides catalytic
functionally to the catalyst, but also includes the metal in a variety of states, such as salt,
solution, sol-gel, suspensions, colloidal suspensions, free metal, alloy, or combinations thereof.
Preferred catalysts include palladium and gold as the catalytic components.
[0031] Another preferred embodiment of the catalyst includes between about 1 to about 10
grams of palladium and preferably between about 1 and 10 grams of palladium per liter.
[0032] In one embodiment for catalysts, Au to Pd atomic ratios between about 0.1 and about
1.25 may be preferred for catalysts. Most preferred Au;Pd atomic ratios are from 0.3-0.9. The
atomic ratio can be adjusted to balance the EA/VA selectivity and CO2 selectivity. Employment
of higher Au/Pd weight or atomic ratios tends to favor relatively lower EA/VA ratios but higher
CO2 selectivity.
[0033] One embodiment is the use of ground or powder catalysts for screening of catalyst
compositions. A ground catalyst may be one where the catalytic components are contacted to the
support material followed by a reduction in the particle size (e.g. by grinding or ball milling) or
one where the catalytic components are contacted to the support material after the support
material has been reduced in size. In one embodiment, a ground or powder catalyst is used to
simulate a shell catalyst. In simulated shell catalyst, an aliquot of support material with a
relatively high concentration of modifiers and/or catalytic components is diluted with a support
material that is substantially free of modifiers and/or catalytic component, but has been activated
with an activation agent (e.g. potassium acetate), as discussed below. The diluted support
material then has the preferred amounts of modifiers and/or catalytic components in the catalyst.
[0034] For shell catalysts, the thickness of the shell of catalytic components on the support
material ranges from about 5 µm to about 500 µm. More preferred ranges include from about 5
µm to about 300 µm.
[0035] Support Materials

[0036} In one aspect of the invention, the catalytic components of the present invention
generally will be carried by a support material. Suitable support materials typically include
materials that are substantially uniform in identity or a mixture of materials. Overall, the support
materials are typically inert in the reaction being performed. Support materials may be composed
of any suitable substance preferably selected so that the support materials have a relatively high
surface area per unit mass or volume, such as a porous structure, a molecular sieve structure, a
honeycomb structure, or other suitable structure. For example, the support material may contain
silica, alumina, silica-alumina, titania, titano-silicate, zirconia, zircono-silicate, niobia, silicates,
alumino-silicates, titanates, spinel, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, carbon, cordierite, steatite,
bentonite, clays, metals, glasses, quartz, pumice, zeolites, non-zeolitic molecular sieves
combinations thereof and the like. Any of the different crystalline form of the materials may also
be suitable, e.g. alpha or gamma alumina. Zirconia, zircono-silicates and titano-silicates
containing support materials are the most preferred. In addition, multilayer support materials are
also suitable for use in the present invention.
(0037} The support material in the catalyst of this invention may be composed of particles
having any of various regular or irregular shapes, such as spheres, tablets, cylinders, discs, rings,
stars, or other shapes. The support material may have dimensions such as diameter, length or
width of about 1 to about 10 mm, preferably about 3 to about 9 mm. In particular having a
regular shape (e.g. spherical) will have as its preferred largest dimension of about 4 mm to about
8 mm. In addition, a ground or powder support material may be suitable such that the support
material has a regular or irregular shape with a diameter of between about 10 microns and about
1000 micron, with preferred sizes being between about 10 and about 700 microns, with most
preferred sizes being between about 180 microns and about 450 microns. Larger or smaller sizes
may be employed, as well as polydisperse collections of particles sizes. For example, for a fluid
bed catalyst a preferred size range would include 10 to 150 microns. For precursors used in
layered catalysts, a size range of 10 to 250 microns is preferred.
[0038} Surface areas available for supporting catalytic components, as measured by the BET
(Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) method, may generally be between about 1 m2/g and about 500

m2/g, preferably about 20 m2/g to about 200 m2/g. For example, for a porous support, the pore
volume of the support material may generally be about 0.1 to about 2 ml/g, and preferably about
0.4 to about 1,2 ml/g. An average pore size in the range, for example, of about 50 to about 2000
angstroms is desirable, but not required.
{0039} Examples of suitable silica containing support materials include KA160 from Sud
Chemie, Aerolyst350 from Degussa and other pyrogenie or microporous-free silicas with a
particle size of about 1 mm to about 10 mm.
[0040] Examples of suitable zirconia containing support materials include those from
NorPro, Zirconia Sales (America), Inc., Daichi Kigenso Kagaku Kogyo, Engelhard and
Magnesium Elektron Inc (MEI). Suitable zirconia support materials have a wide range of surface
areas from less than about 5 m2/g to more than 300 m2/g. Preferred zirconia support materials
have surface areas from about 20 m /g to about 150 m /g, with a range of between about 30 m /g
and about 100 m2/g more preferred. Support materials may have their surfaces treated through a
calcining step in which the virgin support material is heated. The heating reduces the surface
area of the support material (e.g. calcining). This provides a method of creating support
materials with specific surface areas that may not otherwise be readily available from suppliers.
[0041] Examples of other suitable support materials include titano-silicates from Grace such
as SP18-9534 (silica with 0.61% TiO2) or zircono-silicates from Grace such as SP189043 (silica
with 1,69% ZrO2). More generally, suitable support materials may include up to about 50%
Ti2; more preferably between about 0.01% and about 25% T1O2; and most preferably between
about 0.1 and about 5% TiO2. Also, suitable support materials may include up to about 50%
Z1O2; more preferably between about 0.01% and about 25% ZrO2; and most preferably between
about 0,1 and about 5% ZrO2.
[0042] In another embodiment, it is contemplated to employ at least a plural combination of
support materials, each with a different characteristic. For example, at least two support
materials (e.g. zirconia and silica) with different characteristics may exhibit different activities
and CO2 selectivities, thus permitting preparation of catalysts with a desired set of characteristics,
i.e. activity of a catalyst may be balanced against the CO2 selectivity of the catalyst.

[0043] Layered Support Materials
[0044] In one embodiment, plural different supports are employed in a layered configuration
as discussed in U.S. Patent Publication 2005/0181940, which is hereby incorporated by
reference. Layering may be achieved in any of a number of different approaches, such as a
plurality of lamella that are generally flat, undulated or a combination thereof. One particular
approach is to utilize successively enveloping layers relative to an initial core layer. In general,
herein, layered support materials typically include at least an inner layer and an outer layer at
least partially surrounding the inner layer. All the layers of a layered catalyst may be modified as
discussed below, with at least the outer layer preferably being modified. The outer layer also
preferably contains substantially more of catalytic components than the inner layer. In one
embodiment, the inner and outer layers are made of different materials; but the materials may be
the same. While the inner layer may be non-porous, other embodiments include an inner layer
mat is porous.
[0045] The layered support material preferably results in a form of a shell catalyst. But the
layered support material offers a well defined boundary between the areas of the support material
that have catalytic components and the areas that do not. Also, the outer layer can be constructed
consistently with a desired thickness. Together the boundary and the uniform thickness of the
outer layer result in a shell catalyst that is a shell of catalytic components that is of a uniform and
known thickness.
[0046] Several techniques are known for creating layered support materials includes those
described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,486,370; 5,935,889; and 5,200,382, each of which is
incorporated by reference. In one embodiment, the materials of the inner layer are also npt
substantially penetfated by liquids, e.g., metals including but not limited to aluminum, titanium
and zirconium. Examples of other materials for the inner layer include, but are not limited to,
silica, alumina, silica-alumina, titania, titano-silicate, zirconia, zircono-silicate, niobia, silicates,
alumino-silicates, titanates, spinel, silieon carbide, silicon nitride, carbon, eordierite, steatite,
bentonite, clays, metals, glasses, quartz, pumice, zeolites, non-zeolitic molecular sieves
combinations thereof and the like. A preferred inner layer is silica and KA160, in particular.

[0047] These materials which make up the inner layer may be in a variety of forms such as
regularly shaped particulates, irregularly shaped particulates, pellets, discs, rings, stars, wagon
wheels, honeycombs or other shaped bodies. A spherical particulate inner layer is preferred. The
inner layer, whether spherical or not, has an effective diameter of about 0.02 mm to about 10.0
mm and preferably from about 0.04 mm to about 8.0 mm.
(0048] The outermost layer of any multilayer structure is one which is porous, has a surface
area in the range of about 5 m2/g to about 300 m2/g. The material of the outer layer is a metal,
ceramic, or a combination thereof, and in one embodiment it is selected from alumina, silica,
silica-alumina, titania, zirconia, niobia, silicates, aluminosilicates, titanates, spinel, silicon
carbide, silicon nitride, carbon, eordierite, steatite, bentonite, days, metals, glasses, quartz,
pumice, zeolites, non-zeolitic molecular sieves and combinations thereof and preferably include
alumina, silica, silica/alumina, zeolites, non-zeolite molecular sieves (NZMS), titania, zirconia
and mixtures thereof. Specific examples include zirconia, silica and alumina or combinations
thereof.
[0049} While the outer layer typically surrounds substantially the entire inner layer, mis is not
necessarily the ease and a selective coating on the inner layer by the outer layer may be
employed.
[0050] The outer layer may be eoated on to the underlying layer in a suitable manner. In one
embodiment, a slurry of the outer layer material is employed. Coating of the inner layer with the
slurry may be accomplished by methods such as rolling, dipping, spraying, wash coating, other
slurry coating techniques, combinations thereof or the like. One preferred technique involves
using a fixed or fluidized bed of inner layer particles and spraying the slurry into the bed to coat
the particles evenly. The slurry may be applied repeatedly in small amounts, with intervening
drying, to provide an outer layer that is highly uniform in thickness.
[0051] The slurry utilized to coat the inner layer may also include any of a number of
additives such as a surfactant, an organic or inorganic bonding agent that aids in the adhesion of
the outer layer to an underlying layer, or combinations thereof. Examples of mis organic bonding
agent include but are not limited to PVA, hydroxypropylcellulose, methyl cellulose, and

carboxymethylcellulose. The amount of organic bonding agent which is added to the slurry may
vary, such as from about 1 wt % to about 15 wt % of the combination of outer layer and the
bonding agent. Examples of inorganic bonding agents are selected from an alumina bonding
agent (e.g. Bohmite), a silica bonding agent (e.g. Ludox, Teos), zirconia bonding agent (e.g.
zirconia acetate or colloidal zirconia) or combinations thereof. Examples of silica bonding
agents include silica sol and silica gel, while examples of alumina bonding agents include
alumina sol, bentonite, Bohmite, and aluminum nitrate. The amount of inorganic bonding agent
may range from about 2 wt % to about 15 wt % of the combination of the outer layer and the
bonding agent. The thickness of the outer layer may range from about 5 microns to about 500
microns and preferably between about 20 microns and about 250 microns.
[0052} Once the inner layer is coated with the outer layer, the resultant layered support will
be dried, such as by heating at a temperature of about 100°C to about 320°C (e.g. for a time of
about 1 to about 24 hours) and then may optionally be calcined at a temperature of about 300°C
to about 900°C (e.g. for a time of about 0.5 to about 10 hours) to enhance bonding the outer layer
to it underlying layer over a least a portion of its surface and provide a layered catalyst support.
The drying and calcining steps can be combined into one step. The resultant layered support
material may be contacted with catalytic components just as any other support material in the
production of eatalysts, as described below. Alternately, the outer layer support material is
contacted to catalytic components before it is coated onto the underlying layer.
{0653] In another embodiment of the layered support, a second outer layer is added to
surround the initial outer layer to form at least three layers. The material for the second outer
layer may be the same or different man the first outer layer. Suitable materials include those
discussed with respect to the first outer layer. The method for applying the second outer layer
may be the same or different than the method used to apply the middle layer and suitable
methods include those discussed wife respect to the first outer layer. Organic or inorganic
bonding agents as described may suitably used in the formation of the second outer layer.
[0054} The initial outer layer may or may not contain catalytic components. Similarly, the
second outer layer may or may not contain catalytic components. If both outer layers contain

catalytic component, then preferably different catalytic components are used in each layer,
although this is not necessarily the ease. In one preferred embodiment, the initial outer layer
does not contain a catalytic component. Contacting catalytic component to the outer layers may
be accomplished by impregnation or spray coating, as described below.
[0055] In embodiments where the initial outer layer contains catalytic component, one
method of achieving this is to contact the catalytic component to the material of the initial outer
layer before the material is applied to the inner layer. The second outer layer may be applied to
the initial outer layer neat or containing catalytic component.
[0056} Other suitable techniques may be used to achieve a three layered support material in
which one or more of the outer layers contain catalytic components. Indeed, the layered support
material is not limited to three layers, but may include four, five or more layers, some or all of
which may contain catalytic components.
[0057} In addition, the number and type of catalytic components that vary between the layers
of the layered support material, other characteristics (e.g. porosity, particle size, surface area,
pore volume, or the like) of the support material may vary between the layers.
[0058] Modified Support Materials
[0059} In another embodiment, the support material may be a modified support material, A
modified support material is one that includes a modifier. The modifier is preferably a metal
selected from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, and lanthanides. More
preferably the modifier is selected from group 1 to 6 elements. Of these elements, barium,
magnesium, cerium, potassium, calcium, niobium, tantalum, titanium, yttrium, steontium,
zirconium, lanthanum, praseodymium, vanadium, molybdenum, and rubidium are more
preferred. Niobium, titanium, magnesium, and zirconium represent the preferred modifiers, with
zirconium being slightly less preferred. Combinations of these elements are also suitable with
binary combinations die preferred type of combination. For example, suitable binary
combinations include Ti-Zr, Mg-Nb, Nb-Zr, Mg-Ti, Nb-Ti, Mg-Zr or the like. Ratios of metals
in the binary combinations range from about 4:1 to about 1:4.

[0060} Support materials are typically modified before catalytic components are added to the
support material. In one preferred embodiment, a support material is impregnated with one or
more aqueous solution of the modifiers (referred to as modifier precursor solutions). The
physical state of the support material during the contacting step may be a dry solid, a slurry, a
sol-gel, a colloidal suspension or the like.
[0061] In one embodiment, the modifiers contained in the precursor solution are water
soluble salts made of the modifiers, including but not limited to, chlorides, other halides, nitrates,
nitrites, hydroxides, oxides, oxalates, lactates, acetates (OAe), ammoniums and amines, with
chloride free salts being preferred, with lactates, oxalates and nitrates being most preferred.
Examples of modifier salts suitable for use in modifier precursor solutions include Ba(NO3)2,
Mg(NO3)2-6H2O, Ce(NO3)3-6H2O, KNO3, Ca(NO3)2-4H2O, (NH4)1.35Nb(C2O4)^, Ta(C2O4)2.5,
Ti(CH3CH(O-)CO2NH4)2(OH)2, Y(NO3)3-6H2O, ZrO(NO3)2-xH2O.
[0062] Furthermore, more than one salt may be used in a given modifier precursor solution.
Precursor solutions typically may be made by dissolving the selected salt or salts in water, with
or without solubility modifiers such as acids, bases or other solvents. Other non-aqueous
solvents may also be suitable.
[0063] The modifier precursor solutions may be impregnated onto the support material in a
single impregnation, although support materials maybe impregnated multiple times with
modifiers having low atomic weight (e.g. Mg) or limited solubility in water (e.g. Nb or Ba). If
multiple modifiers are utilized, the impregnation may be simultaneous (e.g. co-impregnation) or
sequential and support material may be impregnated through the use of one or multiple precursor
solutions. Suitably, the amount of modifier impregnated on to the support material is between
about 0.01 wt% and about 5.0 wt% of the support material, and preferably between about 0.1
wt% and about 4.0 wt%.
[0064] For the impregnating step, the volume of precursor solution may be selected so that it
corresponds to up to about 110% of the pore volume of the support material. Volumes between
about 95% and about 100% of the pore volume of the support material are preferred

[0065} Typically, the modifier precursor solution is added to the support material and the
support material is allowed absorb the precursor solution. This may be done drop wise until
incipient wetness of the support material is substantially achieved. Alternatively, the support
material may be placed by aliquots or batch wise into the precursor solution, A roto-immersion
or other assistive apparatus may be used to achieve thorough contact between the support
material and the precursor solution. Further, a spray device may be used such that the precursor
solution is sprayed through a nozzle onto the support material, where it absorbed, A fixing step
is typically not used to fix the modifier on to the support material, although this is not necessarily
the case.
[0066] The modifier may be distributed all throughout the support material, distributed as a
shell, and as an egg white or as an egg-yolk. Other contacting techniques may be used. For
example, modifiers may be contacted to a support material through a chemical vapor deposition
process, such as described in US2001/0048970, which is incorporated by reference. Also, spray
coating or otherwise layering a uniformly pre-impregnated support material, as an outer layer, on
to an inner layer may be suitable.
[0067] After the modifier precursor solution has been contacted to the support material,
decanting, heat or reduced pressure may be used to remove any excess liquid not absorbed by the
support material or to dry the support material.
[0068] After at least one modifier has been contacted to the support material, a calcining step
may also be employed. The calcining step typieally is before the catalytic components are
contacted to the modified support material. The calcining step includes heating the support
material in a non-reducing atmosphere (i.e. oxidizing or inert). During calcination, the modifiers
on the support material are at least partially decomposed from their salts to a mixture of their
oxide and free metal form.
[0069] For example, the calcining step is carried out at a temperature in the range of about
100°C to about 900°C, preferably between about 300°C and about 700°C. Non-reducing gases
used for the calcination may included one or more inert or oxidizing gases such as helium,
nitrogen, argon, neon, nitrogen oxides, oxygen, air, carbon dioxide, combinations thereof or the

like. In one embodiment, the calcining step is carried out in an atmosphere of substantially pure
nitrogen, oxygen, air or combinations thereof. Calcination times may vary but preferably are
between about 1 and 5 hours. The degree of decomposition of the modifier salts depends on the
temperature used and length of time the modified support material is calcined and can be
followed by monitoring volatile decomposition products,
|0070] Methods Of Making Catalysts
[0071] In general the method includes contacting modified support material with catalytic
components and reducing the catalytic components. Preferred methods of the present invention
include impregnating the catalytic components into the support material, calcining the catalytic
component containing support material, reducing the catalytic components and activating the
reduced catalytic components on the support material. Additional steps such as fixing the
catalytic components on the support material and washing the fixed catalytic components may
also be included in the method of making the catalyst or pre-catalyst. Some of the steps listed
above are optional and others may be eliminated (e.g. the washing and/fixing steps). In addition,
some steps may be repeated (e.g. multiple impregnation or fix steps) and the order of the steps
may be different from that listed above (e.g. the reducing step precedes the calcining step). To a
certain extent, the contacting step will determine what later steps are needed for the formation of
the catalyst.
[0072} Contacting Step
{0073} One particular approach to contacting is one pursuant to which an egg yolk eatalyst or
pre-catalyst is formed, an egg white catalyst or pre-catalyst is formed, an all throughout catalyst
or pre-catalyst is formed or a shell catalyst or pre-catalyst is formed, or a combination thereof. In
one embodiment, techniques that form shell catalysts are preferred.
{0074] The contacting step may be carried out using any of the modified support materials
described above, with niobium, titanium and magnesium modifiers on support materials
containing zirconia being the most favored. The contacting step is preferably carried out at
ambient temperature and pressure conditions; however, reduced or elevated temperatures or
pressures may be employed.

[0075] In one preferred contacting step, a modified support material is impregnated with one
or more aqueous solutions of the eatalytie components (referred to as eatalytie precursor
solutions). The physical state of the support material during the contacting step may be a dry
solid, a slurry, a sol-gel, a colloidal suspension or the like.
[0076} In one embodiment, the catalytic components contained in the precursor solution are
water soluble salts made of the eatalytie components, including but not limited to, chlorides,
other halides, nitrates, nitrites, hydroxides, oxides, oxalates, acetates (OAc), and amines, with
halide free salts being preferred and chloride free salts being more preferred. Examples of
palladium salts suitable for use in precursor solutions include PdCl2, Na2PdCl4, Pd(NH3)2(NO2)2,
Pd(NH3)4(OH)2, Pd(NH3)4(NO3)2, Pd(NO3)2, Pd(NH3)4(OAe)2, Pd(NH3)2(OAc)2, Pd(OAc)2 in
KOB and/or NMe4OH and/or NaOH, Pd(NH3)4(HCO3)2 and palladium oxalate. Of the chloride-
containing palladium precursors, Na2PdCl4 is most preferred. Of the chloride free palladium
precursor salts, the following four are the most preferred: Pd(NH3)4(NO3)2, Pd(NO3)2,
Pd(NH3)2(NO2)2, Pd{NH3)4(OH)2. Examples of gold salts suitable for use in precursor solution
include AuCl3, HAuCl4, NaAuCU, KAuO2, NaAu02, NMe4AuO2, Au(OAc)3 in KOH and/or
NMe4OH as well as HAu(NO3)4 in nitric acid, with KAuO2 being the most preferred of the
chloride free gold precursors.
[0077[ Furthermore, more than one salt may be used in a given precursor solution. For
example, a palladium salt may be combined with a gold salt or two different palladium salts may
be combined together in a single precursor solution. Precursor solutions typically may be made
by dissolving the selected salt or salts in water, with or without solubility modifiers such as acids,
bases or other solvents. Other non-aqueous solvents may also be suitable.
[0078J The precursor solutions may be impregnated onto the support material simultaneously
(e.g. co-impregnation) or sequentially and may be impregnated through the use of one or multiple
precursor solutions. In addition, a catalytic component may be impregnated on to support
material in multiple steps, such that a portion of the catalytic component is contacted each time.
For example, one suitable protocol may include impregnating with Pd, followed by impregnating

with Au, followed by impregnating again with Au, In another protocol, Pd and Au are preferably
eo-impregnated.
[0079} The order of impregnating the modified support material with the catalytic precursor
solutions is not eritieal; although there may be some advantages to certain orders, as discussed
below, with respect to the calcining step. Preferably, the palladium catalytic component is
impregnated onto the support material first, with gold being impregnated after palladium, or last
Also, the support material may be impregnated multiple times with the same catalytic
component. For example, a portion of the overall gold contained in the catalyst may be first
contacted, followed by contacting of a second portion of the gold. One more other steps may
intervene between the steps in whieh gold is contacted to the support material, e.g. calcining,
reducing, and/or fixing,
[0080} The acid-base profile of the precursor solutions may influence whether a co-
impregnation or a sequential impregnation is utilized. Thus, only precursor solutions with
similar acid-base profile should be used together in a co-impregnating step; this eliminates any
acid-base reactions that may foul the precursor solutions
[0081 J For the impregnating step, the volume of precursor solution is selected so that it
corresponds to between about 85% and about 110% of the pore volume of the support material.
Volumes between about 95% and about 100% of the pore volume of the support material are
preferred. Further, for one step fixing and modifying discussed below, the modifier precursor
solution may make up a lower percentage of pore volume. For example, less than 50% of the
pore volume, less than 25% of the pore volume or less than 10 % of the pore volume.
[0082} Typically, the precursor solution is added to the support material and the support
material is allowed absorb the precursor solution. This may be done drop wise until incipient
wetness of the support material is substantially achieved. Alternatively, the support material may
be placed by aliquots or batch wise into the precursor solution, A roto-immersion or other
assistive apparatus may be used to achieve thorough contact between the support material and the
precursor solution. Further, a spray device may be used such that the precursor solution is
sprayed through a nozzle onto the support material, where it absorbed. Optionally, decanting,

heat or reduced pressure may be used to remove any excess liquid not absorbed by the support
material of to dry the support material after impregnation.
10083] Other contacting techniques may be used to avoid a fixing step while still achieving a
shell eatalyst For example, catalytic components may be contacted to a support material through
a chemical vapor deposition process, such as described in US2Q01/0048970, which is
incorporated by reference. Also, spray coating or otherwise layering a uniformly pre-
impregnated support material, as an outer layer, on to an inner layer effectively forms shell
catalyst that may also be described as a layered support material. In another technique,
organometallic precursors of catalytic components, particularly with respect to gold, may be used
to form shell catalysts, as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,700,753, which is incorporated by
reference.
{0084] A physical shell formation technique may also be suitable for the production of shell
catalysts. Here, the precursor solution may be sprayed onto a heated modified support material
or a layered modified support material, where the solvent of the precursor solution evaporates
upon contact with the heated support material, thus depositing the catalytic components in a shell
on the support material. Preferably, temperatures between about 40 and 140°C may be used.
Selecting the temperature of the support material and the flow rate of the solution through the
spray nozzle may be used control the thickness of the shell. For example, with temperatures
above about 100°C, a relatively thin shell is formed. This embodiment may be particularly
useful when chloride free precursors are utilized to help enhance the shell formation on the
support material. See for example U.S. Patent Publication 20050181940.
{0085} One skilled in the art will understand that a combination of the contacting steps may
be an appropriate method of forming a contacted support material.
{0086] Fixing Step
{0087} It may be desirable to transform at least a portion of the catalytic components on the
contacted and modified support material from a water-soluble form to a water-insoluble form.
Such a step may be referred to as a fixing step. This may be accomplished by applying a fixing
agent (e.g. dispersion in a liquid, such as a solution) to the impregnated support material which

causes at least a portion of the catalytic components to precipitate. This fixing step helps to form
a shell catalyst, but is not required to form sheii catalysts.
(0088} Any suitable fixing agent may be used, with hydroxides (e.g. alkali metal hydroxides),
silicates, borates, carbonates and bicarbonates in aqueous solutions being preferred. The
preferred fixing agent is NaOH. Fixing may be accomplished by adding the fixing agent to the
support material before, during or after the precursor solutions are impregnated on the support
material. Typically, the fixing agent is used subsequent to the contacting step such that the
contacted support material is allowed to soak in the fixing agent solution for about 1 to about 24
hours. The specific time depends upon the combination of the precursor solution and the fixing
agent. Like the impregnating step, an assistive device, such as a roto immersion apparatus as
described in U.S. Patent No, 5,332,710, which is incorporated herein by reference, may
advantageously be used in the fixing step.
[00891 The fixing step may be accomplished in one or multiple steps, referred as a co-fix or a
separate fix. In a co-fix, one or more volumes of a fixing agent solution is applied to the
contacted support material after all the relevant precursor solutions have been contacted to the
support material, whether the contact was accomplished through the use of one or multiple
precursor solutions. For example, fixing after sequential impregnation with a palladium
precursor solution and a gold precursor solution would be a co-fix. An example of co-fixing may
be found in U.S. Patent No. 5,314,888, which is incorporated by reference.
[0090] A separate fix, on the other hand, would include applying a fixing agent solution
during or after each impregnation with a precursor solution. For example, the following
protocols would be a separate fix: a) impregnating palladium followed by fixing followed by
impregnating with gold followed by fixing; or b) co-impregnating with palladium followed by
fixing followed by impregnating with gold followed by fixing. Between a fix and subsequent
impregnation, any excess liquid may be removed and the support material dried, although this is
not necessarily the ease. An example of separate fixing may be found in U.S. Patent No.
6,034,030, which is incorporated by reference.

[0091] in another embodiment, the fixing step and the contacting step are conducted
simultaneously, one example of which is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,048,096, which is
incorporated by reference. For example, a simultaneous fix might be: impregnating with
palladium followed by fixing followed by impregnating with gold and fixing agent In a
variation on this embodiment, the fix may be conducted twice for a catalytic component. A
catalytic component may be partially fixed when it is contacted to the support material (called a
"pre-fix"), followed an additional, final fix. For example: impregnating with palladium followed
by impregnating with gold and a pre-fixing agent followed by fixing with a final fixing agent.
This technique may be used to help insure the formation of shell type catalyst as opposed to an
all throughout catalyst
[0092] In another embodiment of the simultaneous fixing and contacting step, the fixing
solution is impregnated into the modified support material such that between about 25 and about
95% of the pore volume is filled. Preferably, between about 70 and about 90% of the pore
volume is filled by the fixing solution. The remainder of the pore volume is then filled with the
catalytic precursor solution. Step-wise or Go-impregnation of the catalytic precursor may be
used. This simultaneous fix and contacting step avoids the need for a drying step, thus
simplifying the process. Examples of fixing solutions include those comprising alkali metal
hydroxides, alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal bicarbonates or mixtures thereof. The fixing
solutions may also be buffered to help maintain the pH of the solution.
(0093] In another embodiment particularly suitable for use with chloride free precursors, the
modified support material is pre-treated with a fixing agent to adjust the properties of the support
material. In this embodiment, the support material is first impregnated with either an acid or
base solution, typically free of metals. After drying, the support material is impregnated with a
precursor solution that has the opposite acidity/alkalinity as the dried support material. The
ensuing acid-base reaction forms a shell of catalytic components on the support material. For
example, nitric acid may be used to pre-treat a support material that in turn is impregnated with a
basic precursor solution such as Pd(OH}2 or Au(OH)3. This formation technique may be
considered as using a fixing step followed by a contacting step.

[0094] In another embodiments the modified support may be pre-treated before impregnation
of the Pd and or Au in order to neutralize potentially chemically reactive sites on the support
material which may cause poor shell formation. For example, a basic support (e.g. zirconia) may
be pre-treated with HC1 to neutralize selected sites, followed by with Pd and Au impregnation
and by fixing with base.
(0095] The concentration of fixing agent in the solution is typically a molar excess of the
amount of catalytic components impregnated on the support material. The amount of fixing
agent should be between about 1.0 to about 3.0, preferably about 1.1 to about 2.0 times the
amount necessary to react with the catalytically active cations present in the water-soluble salt.
[0096] The volume of fixing agent solution supplied generally should be an amount
sufficient to cover the available free surfaces of the impregnated support material This may be
accomplished by introducing, for example, a volume that is greater than the pore volume of the
contacted support material.
[0097] The combination of impregnating and fixing steps can form a shell type catalyst. But,
the use of halide free precursor solutions also permits the formation of a shell catalyst while
optionally eliminating the fixing step. In the absence of a chloride precursor, a washing step, as
discussed below, may be obviated. Further, the process can be free of a step of fixing catalytic
components that would otherwise be needed to survive the washing step. Because no washing
step is needed, the catalytic components need not be fixed to survive the washing step.
Subsequent steps in the method making the catalyst do not require the catalytic components be
fixed and thus the remainder of the step maybe carried out without additional preparatory steps.
Overall, the use of ehloride free precursors permits a catalyst or pre-catalyst production method
that is free of a step of washing, thus reducing the number of steps needed to produce the catalyst
and eliminating the need to dispose of chloride containing waste.
[0098] Washing Step
[0099] Particularly, when halide containing precursor solutions are utilized and in other
applications as desired, after the fixing step, the fixed support material may be washed to remove
any halide residue on the support or otherwise treated to eliminate the potential negative effect of

a contaminant on the support material. The washing step included rinsing the fixed support
material in water, preferably deionized water. Washing may be done in a batch or a continuous
mode. Washing at room temperature should continue until the effluent wash water has a halide
ion content of less than about 1000 ppm, and more preferably until the final effluent gives a
negative result to a silver nitrate test. The washing step may be carried out after or
simultaneously with the reducing step, discussed below, but preferably is carried out before. As
discussed above, the use of halide free precursor solutions permits the elimination of the washing
step.
[00100} Calcining Step of Catalytic Components
[00101] After at least one catalytic component has been contacted to the support material, one
or more a calcining steps may be employed, although this is not necessarily the case and in some
instances is not preferred. The calcining step typically is before the reducing step and after the
fixing step (if such a step is used) but may take place elsewhere in the process. In another
embodiment, the calcining step is carried out after the reducing step. The calcining step includes
heating the support material in a non-reducing atmosphere (i.e. oxidizing or inert). During
calcination, the catalytic components on the modified support material are at least partially
decomposed from their salts to a mixture of their oxide and free metal form.
[00102] For example, the calcining step is carried out at a temperature in the range of about
100°C to about 700°C, preferably between about 200°C and about 500°C. Non-reducing gases
used for the calcination may included one or more inert or oxidizing gases such as helium,
nitrogen, argon, neon, nitrogen oxides, oxygen^ air, carbon dioxide, combinations thereof or the
like. In one embodiment, the calcining step is carried out in an atmosphere of substantially pure
nitrogen, oxygen, air or combinations thereof. Calcination times may vary but preferably are
between about 1 and 5 hours. The degree of decomposition of the catalytic component salts
depends on the temperature used and length of time the impregnated catalyst is calcined and can
be followed by monitoring volatile decomposition products. Optionally, on zirconia support
materials, only the Pd is calcined.
[00103] Reducing Step

[00104] Another step employed generally herein to at least partially transform any remaining
catalytic components from a salt or oxide form to a catalytically active state, such as by a
reducing step. Typically this is done by exposure of salts or oxides to a reducing agent, examples
of which include ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, hydrocarbons, olefins, aldehydes,
alcohols, hydrazine, primary amines, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid salts, carboxylic acid
esters and combinations thereof. Hydrogen, ethylene, propylene, alkaline hydrazine and alkaline
formaldehyde and combinations thereof are preferred reducing agents with ethylene and
hydrogen blended with inert gases particularly preferred. Although reduction employing a
gaseous environment is preferred, a reducing step carried with a liquid environment may also be
used (e.g. employing a reducing solution). The temperature selected for the reduction can range
from ambient up to about 550°C. Reduction times will typically vary from about 1 to about 10
hours, with 5 hours preferred.
[00105} Since the process used to reduce the catalytic components may influences the
characteristics of the final catalyst, conditions employed for the reduction may be varied
depending on whether high activity, high selectivity or some balance of these properties is
desired.
[00106} In one embodiment, palladium is contacted to the support material, fixed and reduced
before gold is contacted and reduced, as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,486,093, 6,015,769 and
related patents, all of which are incorporated by reference.
[00107J Exemplary protocols including a reducing step include: a) impregnating with
palladium followed by optionally calcining followed by impregnating with gold followed by
reducing; b) co-impregnating with palladium and gold followed by optionally calcining followed
by reducing; or e) impregnating with palladium followed by optionally calcining followed by
reducing followed by impregnating with gold.
[00108} Activating Step
[00109] Usually after the reducing step and before the catalyst is used, an activating step is
desirable. While the catalyst may be used without the activating step, the step has several
beneficial results, including lengthening the operational life time of the catalyst. The activating

step may be accomplished in accordance with conventional practice. Namely, the reduced
support material is contacted with an activating agent, such as an alkali metal salt (e.g.
carboxylate and/or alkali metal hydroxide), prior to use. Conventional alkali metal carboxylates
such as the sodium, potassium, lithium and cesium salts of C2-4 aliphatic carboxylic acids are
employed for this purpose. A preferred activating agent in the production of VA is an alkali
acetate, with potassium acetate (KOAc) being the most preferred.
(00110} The support material may optionally be impregnated with a solution of the activating
agent. After drying, the catalyst may contain, for example, about 10 to about 70 grams,
preferably about 20 to about 60 grams of activating agent per liter of Gatalyst.
[00111] Methods of Making Alkenyl Alkanoates
(00112] The present invention may be utilized to produce alkenyl alkanoates from an aikene,
alkanoic acid and an oxygen containing gas in the presence of a catalyst. Preferred alkene
starting materials contain from two to four carbon atoms (e.g. ethylene, propylene and n-butene).
Preferred alkanoic acid starting materials used in the process of this invention for producing
alkenyl alkanoates contain from two to four carbon atoms (e.g., acetic, propionic and butyric
acid). Preferred products of the process are VA, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, and allyl
acetate. The most preferred starting materials are ethylene and acetic acid with the VA being the
most preferred product. Thus, the present invention is useful in the production of olefinically
unsaturated Garboxylic esters from an olefinically unsaturated compound, a carboxylic acid and
oxygen in the presence of a catalyst. Although the rest of the specification discusses VA
exclusively, it should be understood that the catalysts, method of making the catalysts and
production methods are equally applicable to other alkenyl alkanoates, and the description is not
intended as limiting the application of the invention to V A.
(00113] When VA is produced using the catalyst of the present invention, a stream of gas,
which contains ethylene, oxygen or air, and acetic acid is passed over the catalyst. The
composition of the gas stream can be varied within wide limits, taking in account the zone of
flammability of the effluent. For example, the molar ratio of ethylene to oxygen can be about
80:20 to about 98:2, the molar ratio of acetic acid to ethylene can be about 100:1 to about 1:100,

preferably about 10:1 to 1:10, and most preferably about 1:1 to about 1:8. The gas stream may
also contain gaseous alkali metal acetate and/or inert gases, such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide
and/or saturated hydrocarbons. Reaction temperatures which can be used are elevated
temperatures, preferably those in the range of about 125-220°C. The pressure employed can be a
somewhat reduced pressure, normal pressure or elevated pressure, preferably a pressure of up to
about 20 atmospheres gauge.
[00114] In addition to fixed bed reactors, the methods of producing alkenyl alkanoates and the
catalyst of the present invention may also be suitably employed in other types of reaction, for
example, fluidized bed reactors.
[00115] The methods of VA production preferably achieve an EA/VA ratio of less than about
800 ppm, more preferably less than about 400 ppm, more preferably less than about 250 ppm and
most preferably less than about 200 ppm. The methods also preferably achieve a CO2 selectivity
of less than about 10%, and more preferably less than about 9% and most preferably less than 8%
when the 02 conversion is 45%. Most preferably, the catalyst will have both the EA/VA ratio
and CO2 selectivity discussed above.
[00116] Moreover, the present methods of VA production preferably result in maintained or
improved CO2 selectivities as compared to a standard catalyst utilized in similar processing
conditions. A standard catalyst is any catalyst that may be used as a control, and preferably does
not include a modified support material. To make the comparison, the standard catalyst is used
as a control in the same or similar processing conditions as processing conditions for the
modified support material catalyst. The catalyst on the modified support material need only
match (or improve upon) the CO2 selectivity of the standard catalyst at a given O2 conversion.
One example of a catalyst that may be used as a standard catalyst is shown in U.S. Patent No.
5,352,710, hereby incorporated by reference.
[00117] Examples of Catalysts on Modified Support Materials
[00118] Combinatorial/High Throughput chemistry and analysis techniques were utilized to
screen catalysts with modified support materials. The compositional space for the screened
catalysts included those with gold and palladium as catalytic components where the atomic ratio

of gold to palladium is between 0.3 to 1.2. Support materials included: KA460 (silica-alumina),
Norpro XZ 16052 (zirconia), Aerolyst 350 (silica), Grace SP-9600 (silica), Grace SP-9601
(silica), Grace SP-9599 (silica), Grace SP-9602 (silica), Grace SP189043.USA3 (zircono-silica),
Grace SP18-9534 (titano-silicate), Norpro XZ 16075 (zirconia) and Norpro XZ 16052 (zirconia).
The above support materials were modified with Bay Mg, Ce, K, Ca, Nb, Ta, Ti, Y, Sr, Z, La, Pr,
V, Mo, Rb, and selected bimetallic combinations discussed above. Unmodified support
materials were also tested as controls.
[00119] Modified support materials other than zirconia were prepared by impregnating 0.5 g
samples of support (dried at 120 °C for at least 2 h) to incipient wetness with modifier precursor
solutions to achieve one of three levels: 1.0,2.0 and 4.0 wt %. This was followed by drying at
105 °C for at least 2 h and calcination at 500 QC, with 2°C/min heating rate. A robot from
Hamilton was used to do all liquid dispensing
[00120} The modified support materials were impregnated to incipient wetness with a solution
of Pd(NH3)4(OH)2 to a Pd loading of 42.6 g Pd/L catalyst. During and after impregnation, the
support materials were homogenized for at least 1 h. After impregnation, the support materials
were dried in air at 105 °C for at least 2 h, and then calcined in air at 350 °C for 2 h, with a
heating rate of 2 °C/min.
[00121] Next, the modified support materials were impregnated to incipient wetness with
freshly prepared 1 M [KOH + Au(OH)3] solution to achieve Au:Pd ratios of 0.45, 0.6, 0,9, and
1.2. During and after impregnation, the impregnated support materials were homogenized for at
least 1 h, followed by drying in air at 105 °C for at least 2 h.
(00122] The modified support materials with the catalytic components were reduced in 7%
hydrogen in nitrogen. The samples were placed in small crucibles in which the Gatalyst bed was
about 1 to 3 mm deep. A flow of 100 mL was maintained throughout the reduction, with a
2°C/min healing rate, 5 h at 350 °C. After reduction, the samples were activated by impregnation
with a KOAc solution to 40 g KOAc/L catalyst and dried at 105 °C for at least 2 h.

[00123] Modified zirconia support materials were made using essentially that same procedure
as discussed above, except that no calcination took place after Pd impregnation and the reduction
utilized 5% ethylene in nitrogen at 150°C.
[00124] Catalysts prepared according to this protocol were heterogeneousiy diluted with
support material containing 40 g/1 KOAc to give an overall Pd loading of 7 g/1. The simulated
shell catalysts were tested using a standard line-in protocol to test the catalysts' CO2 selectivity
and EA/VA ratios using a parallel reactor system. The standard protocol included testing the
catalysts for 8 hours under normal feeds at 145°C (13.8% HOAc, 40% C2H4, 7.9% O2 and 38%
N2, P=10 arm, SV = 138 cc/min/cc catalyst). A temperature ramp of 155°C, 165°C, 175°C and
145°C was then used to obtain information on each catalyst. Catalysts that showed CO2
selectivity less than about 9.0% at 45% O2 conversion and an EA/VA ratio of less than 800 ppm
were deemed acceptable.
[00125] Catalysts on modified support materials that showed acceptable CO2 selectivity and
EA/VA ratios are shown in the table below:

[00126] Based on the results above, other levels of modifier (e.g. 0.1 wt % and 0.4 wt %)
and/or other Au:Pd ratios were tested to optimize the CO2 selectivity and the EA/VA ratio.
Furthermore, variations in catalyst preparation conditions were also tested (e.g. different
calcination temperatures, impregnation methods and/or different reduction conditions).
[00127] To differentiate between the acceptable catalysts, a high temperature deactivation test
was used. Normal feeds (13.8% HOAc, 40% C2H4,7.9% 02 and 38% N2, P=10 atm, SV = 138
cc/min/cc catalyst) were used for 8 hours at 180°C as a line-in protocol. The line-in was
followed by a temperature ramp of 165°C, 175°C, 185°C, 195°C and 165°C. Catalysts that

showed acceptable properties under a more stringent set of guidelines (e.g. an EA/VA ratio of
less than about 250 ppm with acceptable CO2 selectivity at 45% O2 conversion) would be the
most preferred of the catalysts on the modified support materials. Under this protocol, the most
preferred modified supports include niobium, titanium and magnesium on zirconia support
materials. Also preferred were titanium and zirconium modifiers on the titano-silicate.
[00128] Comparison of catalysts with and without modified support materials may be carried
out using any VA synthetic procedure so long as the same procedure is used to test both types of
catalysts. It will be further appreciated that functions or structures of a plurality of components
or steps may be combined into a single component or step, or the functions or structures of one-
step or component may be split among plural steps or components. The present invention
contemplates all of these combinations. Unless stated otherwise, dimensions and geometries of
the various structures depicted herein are not intended to be restrictive of the invention, and other
dimensions or geometries are possible. Plural structural components or steps can he provided by
a single integrated structure or step. Alternatively, a single integrated structure or step might be
divided into separate plural components or steps. In addition, while a feature of the present
invention may have been described in the context of only one of the illustrated embodiments,
such feature may be combined with one or more other features of other embodiments, for any
given application. It will also be appreciated from the above that the fabrication of the unique
structures herein and the operation thereof also constitute methods in accordance with the present
invention.
[00129] The explanations and illustrations presented herein are intended to acquaint others
skilled in the art with the invention, its principles, and its practical application. Those skilled in
the art may adapt and apply the invention in its numerous forms, as may be best suited to the
requirements of a particular use. Accordingly, the specific embodiments of the present invention
as set forth are not intended as being exhaustive or limiting of the invention. The scope of the
invention should, therefore, be determined not with reference to the above description, but should
instead be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of

equivalents to which such claims are entitled. The disclosures of all articles and references,
including patent applications and publications, are incorporated by reference for all purposes.

We Claim:
1. A method of producing vinyl acetate, comprising:
contacting a feed comprising ethylene, acetic acid and an oxygen containing gas to a
palladium and gold containing catalyst or pre-catalyst formed on a modified and calcined
support material to that results in vinyl acetate and at least one byproduct, wherein, the
support material is modified with 1) niobium, magnesium, tantalum, yttrium, lanthanum,
praseodymium and combinations thereof; or 2) titanium, zirconium and combinations
thereof when the support material is selected from zirconia, titano-silicate and zircono
silicate.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the byproduct includes ethyl acetate and the ratio of ethyl
acetate to resultant vinyl acetate is less than 800 ppm.
3. The method of claims 1 or 2 wherein the byproduct includes ethyl acetate and the ratio of
ethyl acetate to resultant vinyl acetate is less than 250 ppm.
4. The method of any one of claims 1-3 wherein the catalyst or pre-catalyst comprises an
alkali metal salt activating agent.
5. The method of any one of claims 1-4 wherein the catalyst or pre-catalyst has a CO2
selectivity of less than 9.0%.

6. The method of any one of claims 1-5 wherein the catalyst or pre-catalyst has a CO2
selectivity of less than 9.0% at 45% O2 conversion.
7. The method of any one of claims 1-6 wherein the byproduct includes ethyl acetate and
the ratio of ethyl acetate to the resultant vinyl acetate is less than 800 ppm and wherein
the catalyst or pre-catalyst has a CO2 selectivity of less than 9.0%.
8. The method of any one of claims 1-7 wherein the byproduct includes ethyl acetate and
the ratio of ethyl acetate to the resultant vinyl acetate is less than 800 ppm and wherein
the catalyst or pre-catalyst has a CO2 selectivity of less than 9.0% at 45% O2 conversion.
9. The method of any one of claims 1-8 wherein the byproduct includes ethyl acetate and
the ratio of ethyl acetate to the resultant vinyl acetate is less than 250 ppm and wherein
the catalyst or pre-catalyst has a CO2 selectivity of less than 9.0%.
10. The method of any one of claims 1-9 wherein the byproduct includes ethyl acetate and
the ratio of ethyl acetate to the resultant vinyl acetate is less than 250 ppm and wherein
the catalyst or pre-catalyst has a CO2 selectivity of less than 9.0% at 45% O2 conversion.
11. The method of any one of claims 1-10 wherein the support material is modified with
niobium, magnesium or combinations thereof.

12. The method of any one of claims 1-11 wherein the support material comprises zirconia.
13. The method of any one of claims 1-12 wherein the support material comprises titano-
silicate or zircono silicate.
14. The method of any one of claims 1-13 wherein the support material is a layered support
material.
15. A method of producing a catalyst or pre-catalyst suitable for assisting in the production of
vinyl acetate, comprising:
impregnating a support material with an aqueous modifier precursor solution, wherein the
modifier precursor comprises 1) niobium, magnesium, tantalum, yttrium, lanthanum,
praseodymium and combinations thereof; or 2) titanium, zirconium and combinations
thereof_when the support material is selected from zirconia, titano-silicate and zircono
silicate; calcining the modified support material; impregnating the modified support
material with an aqueous catalytic component precursor solution, wherein the catalytic
component precursor comprises palladium, gold and_combinations thereof; and reducing
the catalytic component precursor by contacting a reducing environment to the support
material,
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the calcining of modified support material step
comprises calcining at a temperature between 300°C and 700°C.

17. The method of claims 15 or 16 wherein the first impregnating step comprises
impregnating the support material with between 0.1 wt % and 4.0 wt % of modifier based
on the weight of support material.
18. The method of claims 15-17 wherein the modifier precursor solution-comprises niobium,
magnesium, and combinations thereof.
19. The method of any one of claims 15-18 wherein the modifier precursor solution
comprises titanium, zirconium and combinations thereof.
20. The method of any one of claims 15-19 wherein the modifier precursor solution
comprises a chloride, a nitrate, an oxalate, a lactate and combinations thereof.
21. The method of any one of claims 15-20 wherein the support material comprises zirconia.
22. The method of any one of claims 15-21 wherein the support material is a layered support
material.
23. The method of any one of claims 15-22 further comprising calcining after impregnating
the modified support material with the catalytic component precursor solution.
24. The method of any one of claims 15-23 further comprising contacting the catalyst or pre-
catalyst with an activating agent.

25. The method of any one of claims 15-24 further comprising contacting alkali metal acetate
to the support material in an amount of between 10 and 70 grams per liter of catalyst.
26. The method of any one of claims 15-25 wherein the catalytic component contacting step
comprises contacting between 1 to 10 grams of palladium per liter of catalyst, and 0.5 to
10 grams of gold per liter of catalyst, with the amount of gold being from 10 to 125 wt %
based on the weight of palladium.
27. A composition for catalyzing the production of an alkenyl alkanoates, comprising:
a support material with at least a modifier, palladium, and gold contacted thereon to form
a catalyst or pre-catalyst, wherein at least the modifier have been calcined in a non-
reducing atmosphere; and the modifier comprises: 1) niobium, magnesium, tantalum,
yttrium, lanthanum, praseodymium and combinations thereof; or 2) titanium, zirconium
and combinations thereof when the support material is selected from titano-silicate,
zircono-silicate and zirconia.
28. The composition of claim 27 wherein the modifier comprises niobium, magnesium,
tantalum, yttrium, lanthanum, praseodymium and combinations thereof and the support
material comprises silica.
29. The composition of claims 27 or 28 wherein the modifier comprises niobium,
magnesium, tantalum, yttrium, lanthanum, praseodymium and combinations thereof and
the support material comprises silica and alumina.

30. The composition of any one of claims 27-29 wherein the support material comprises
zirconia.
31. The composition of any one of claims 27-30 wherein the support material comprises a
layered support material.
32. The composition of any one of claims 27-31 wherein the catalyst or pre-catalyst
comprises between 1 to 10 grams of palladium, and 0.5 to 10 grams of gold per liter of
catalyst, with the amount of gold being from 10 to 125 wt % based on the weight of
palladium.
33. The composition of any one of claims 27-32 wherein the catalyst or pre-catalyst
comprises an alkali metal acetate that is present in an amount of between 10 and 70
grams per liter of catalyst.
34. The composition of any one of claims 27-33 having a CO2 selectivity of less than 9.0% at
45% O2 conversion.


ABSTRACT

Title: A METHOD OF PRODUCING VINYL ACETATE
A method of producing vinyl acetate, comprising:
contacting a feed comprising ethylene, acetic acid and an oxygen containing gas to a palladium
and gold containing catalyst or pre-catalyst formed on a modified and calcined support material
to that results in vinyl acetate and at least one byproduct, wherein, the support material is
modified with 1) niobium, magnesium, tantalum, yttrium, lanthanum, praseodymium and
combinations thereof; or 2) titanium, zirconium and combinations thereof when the support
material is selected from zirconia, titano-silicate and zircono silicate.

Documents:

01637-kolnp-2007-abstract.pdf

01637-kolnp-2007-assignment.pdf

01637-kolnp-2007-claims.pdf

01637-kolnp-2007-correspondence others 1.1.pdf

01637-kolnp-2007-correspondence others 1.2.pdf

01637-kolnp-2007-correspondence others.pdf

01637-kolnp-2007-description complete.pdf

01637-kolnp-2007-form 1.pdf

01637-kolnp-2007-form 2.pdf

01637-kolnp-2007-form 3.pdf

01637-kolnp-2007-form 5.pdf

01637-kolnp-2007-gpa.pdf

01637-kolnp-2007-international publication.pdf

01637-kolnp-2007-international search report.pdf

01637-kolnp-2007-pct request form.pdf

01637-kolnp-2007-priority document.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-(23-01-2012)-ABSTRACT.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-(23-01-2012)-AMANDED CLAIMS.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-(23-01-2012)-DESCRIPTION (COMPLETE).pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-(23-01-2012)-EXAMINATION REPORT REPLY RECIEVED.PDF

1637-KOLNP-2007-(23-01-2012)-FORM 1.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-(23-01-2012)-FORM 2.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-(23-01-2012)-FORM 3.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-(23-01-2012)-FORM 5.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-(23-01-2012)-OTHERS.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-(23-01-2012)-PETITION UNDER RULE 137.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-(25-07-2012)-CORRESPONDENCE.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-ASSIGNMENT.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-CORRESPONDENCE.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-EXAMINATION REPORT.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-FORM 18 1.1.pdf

1637-kolnp-2007-form 18.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-FORM 26.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-FORM 3.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-GRANTED-ABSTRACT.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-GRANTED-CLAIMS.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-GRANTED-DESCRIPTION (COMPLETE).pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-GRANTED-FORM 1.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-GRANTED-FORM 2.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-GRANTED-SPECIFICATION.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-INTENATIONAL PUBLICATION.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-INTERNATIONAL SEARCH REPORT.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-OTHERS.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-PCT REQUEST FORM.pdf

1637-KOLNP-2007-REPLY TO EXAMINATION REPORT.pdf


Patent Number 254222
Indian Patent Application Number 1637/KOLNP/2007
PG Journal Number 40/2012
Publication Date 05-Oct-2012
Grant Date 04-Oct-2012
Date of Filing 08-May-2007
Name of Patentee CELANESE INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION
Applicant Address 1601 WEST LBJ FREEWAY DALLAS, TX
Inventors:
# Inventor's Name Inventor's Address
1 KIMMICH, BARBARA 2014 REEF DRIVE LEAGUE CITY, TEXAS 77573
2 WANG, TAO 15811 EI DORADO OAKS DRIVE HOUSTON, TEXAS 77059
3 MOONEN, ROELANDUS H.W. PATERNOSTERSTRAAT 93 ALKMAAR, THE NETHERLANDS 1811 KG
4 SIJPKES, ANDRE H. BLAUWE DRUIFJESSTRRAAT 12 ALMERE, THE NETHERLANDS 1338 SZ
5 WADE, LESLIE E. 1310 SENTORE DRIVE PEARLAND, TEXAS 77581
PCT International Classification Number B01J 23/52
PCT International Application Number PCT/US2005/042651
PCT International Filing date 2005-11-21
PCT Conventions:
# PCT Application Number Date of Convention Priority Country
1 60/637,529 2004-12-20 U.S.A.