Title of Invention

"A COMPOSITION FOR BIODEGRADABLE METALWORKING FLUID AND PROCESS THEREOF"

Abstract The present invention relates to a composition for metalworking fluids and process thereof. This invention particularly relates to cpmposition of metalworking fluids and process for its preparation based on vegetable oil such as Rice-bran oil (Oryza Sativa) and a biodegradable emulsifier to replace mineral oil and petroleum sulfonates. A vegetable oil based biodegradable metalworking fluid composition comprising of Oryza Sativa (Rice-bran oil), one emulsifier which is a sodium carboxylate of Rice-bran oil, oleate, sulfonate or mixtures thereof, an antioxidant, a fungicide, an extreme pressure additive, an antirust, a co-surfactant, a coupling agent and alkali component. The process comprising of removing of insoluble matter from the Rice-bran oil, addition of emulsifier, additives, coupling agent and co-surfactant, homogenizing the mixture followed by conditioning of the metal working fluid concentrate which can be used as emulsion in water.
Full Text The present invention relates to a composition for metalworking fluids and process thereof. This invention particularly relates to composition of metalworking fluids and process for its preparation based on vegetable oil such as Rice-bran oil (Oryza Sativa) and a biodegradable emulsifier to replace mineral oil and petroleum sulfonates.
The speed of machining could be greatly increased if the cutting surface was kept cool and lubricated. Water can be regarded as the first cutting fluid because of its high specific and latent heats to give it unique potential cooling power and also it is available everywhere at low cost. However, due to poor wetting efficiency, water alone can't cool the metal surface with its full ability. Another serious disadvantage is the formation of rust on iron and steel surfaces. Modern development has led to the introduction of advanced water-oil emulsion incorporating special chemicals, which considerably improve its wettability, lubrication, high cooling power, rust inhibiting and detergency properties. These concentrates and the emulsions are known as 'Soluble Oil' and used in a low dilution from concentrate. They are ideal for general machining process where cooling, lubrication, cleaning and extreme pressure characteristics are essential requirements.
Traditionally, the mineral oils and petroleum sulfonates have been the basic source of metalworking fluid formulations. The petroleum based lubricating oils and sulfonates as emulsifiers are hydrocarbons consisting of naphthenes, paraffins, aromatics and unsaturates. Various additives, which are primarily chemicals of defined composition or
structure, are added to the soluble oils to improve the physico-chemical properties and performance of metalworking soluble oil.
Petroleum based soluble oils, generally suffer from many disadvantages such as high toxicity to the environment, poor biodegradability and inconsistent characteristics with change in crude oil composition. The other types of lubricants known as synthetic lubricants are deigned for use in extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, radiation or chemical and have excellent lubricity and thermal stability. The synthetic lubricants are relatively costly. Poly-glycols, polybutenes, dibasic acid esters, fluoropolymers, polyol esters, phosphate esters, silicones, poly-alpha olefins etc. are commonly used synthetic lubricants for various applications. Synthetics are also toxic to environment and are not readily biodegradable. Similar disadvantages are found with petroleum sulfonates and other petroleum based emulsifiers.
Keeping in the view the environment concerns and improved performance, consistent structure and characteristics, there is a need to develop alternative lubricant and emulsifier component, for soluble oil, which are biodegradable, less-toxic, from renewable source like vegetable oil and at least show equivalent performance to mineral oil based or synthetic lubricant based soluble oil.
The use of vegetable oils as lube oil component in various applications is known for a long time. Vegetable oils are, by their chemical nature, long chain fatty acids triesters of glycerol and are capable of providing the desirable lubricant properties such as good boundary layer lubrication, high viscosity index, high flash point and low volatility. But
low thermoxidative stability is a negative point with vegetable oils, which can be taken care with the help of a suitable additive.
Reference may be made to US patent 6,271,185 Dt 7.8.2001, titled "Water soluble vegetable oil esters for industrial applications" (Kodali, et. Al) assigned to M/s Cargill, Incorporated, (Wayzata,MN) wherein this invention is a process for industrial oils containing partial esters of triacylglycerol and triethanolamine or ethoxylated triethanolamine are described, as well as methods for making such oils from Corn oil, Rapeseed (Canola) oil, Soybeen oil and Sunflower oil. This invention also provides process for metalworking fluid concentrate comprising an oil, a surfactant, and one or more additives selected from the group consisting of a biocidal agent, a corrosion inhibitor, an extreme pressure additive, an antiwear additive, an antirust additive, and an antifoam additive.
Reference may be made to US patent 6,204,225 dated 20.3.2001, titled "Water -dispersible metal working fluid" (Lightcap,Jr.,; Donald V., Woodburn, IN) assigned to M/s Midwest Biologicals, Inc. (Woodburn, IN) wherein this invention is a process for preparing metalworking fluids, pre-emulsion concentrate, from vegetable oil and its methyl ester blend with additives. Soya oil was used for this purpose.
Reference may be made to US patent 6,506,297 dated 14.1.2003, titled "Biodegradable high performance hydrocarbon base oil" (R.J.Wittenbrink, R.F.Bauman, D.F.Ryan -Baton Rough, LA) assigned to M/s Exxon Mobile Res. & Eng. comp. (Annandale, NJ) wherein the invention is a process for preparing biodegradable base oil from mineral oil.
Reference may be made to US Patent 5,880,075 Dated 9.1999 titled "Synthetic biodegradable lubricants and functional fluids" ( Harltey, et al.) assigned to M/s Exxon Chemical patent inc. (Linden, NJ) wherein this invention is a process for preparing biodegradable ester of a C10 acid and polyol ester as base oil.
In view of the growing concern about the environment, there is a need for biodegradable and less-toxic lubricant component for metalworking soluble oils, which are derived from renewable resources. The metalworking fluids should be readily biodegradable, preferably by microbes naturally present in the environment and be cost effective.
In the prior art for producing soluble oils from vegetable oil, generally modified vegetable oils or their derivatives such as esters or trans-esters were used. The oils generally used include soya bean, canola, rapeseed, crambe, sunflower, castor, animal wax, jojoba oil and corn oil. The focus has been on the use of such modified vegetable oil based lubricant component of soluble oil to enhance the biodegradability.
The main object of the present invention is to provide a composition for metalworking fluids and process thereof.which obviates the drawbacks as detailed above.
Another object of the present invention is to provide vegetable oil based less toxic and biodegradable metalworking fluid.
Still another objects of the present invention is to provide a non-modified vegetable oil such as Rice-bran oil based metalworking fluid and process for preparing the same.
The botanical name of Rice-bran is Oryza Sativa. It is a habitat of tropical Asia. Yet another objective of the present invention is to provide new formulation of metalworking fluid which contains an emulsifier from vegetable source, such as carboxylates and exhibit improved lubrication and consistency.
The present invention relates to the development of new type of biodegradable and less-toxic formulation of metalworking soluble oil. More particularly the present invention is concerned to the use of specific vegetable oil, Rice-bran oil, as oil component in water-oil emulsion of soluble oil in place of mineral / Petroleum/synthetic lube oil.
The major limitations of lubricant behavior of vegetable oils include poor thermoxidative stability and compatibility with additives. Rice-bran oil that is long chain fatty acid triester of glycerol possesses most of the desirable lubricant properties such as high viscosity index, high flash point, low volatility and good boundry lubrication. As per fatty acid typical composition of Rice-bran oil, it contains saturated acids C14 - 0.4 %, C16 -17 %, C18 - 2.7 % and unsaturated acids C18:l- 45.5 %, C18:2 - 27.7 %. Typical characteristics of Rice-bran oil are given in Table - 1.
Table -1
Typical Characteristics of Rice-bran oils

(Table Removed)
Statement of invention
Accordingly the present invention provides a composition for metalworking fluids hich
comprises a) at least one vegetable oil triglyceride such as Oryza Sativa (Rice-bran oil)
containing unsaturated acids C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 wherein the monounsaturation
character is from 50 percent to 70 percent having the concentration between 30 - 70
parts of metalworking fluid, b) atleast one emulsifier which is a sodium carboxylate of
Rice-bran oil, sodium oleate, triaethalonoamine oleate, dodecyl toluene sulfonate or
mixtures thereof in 30 - 70 parts, c) an antioxidant component which is an alkyl phenol,
aromatic amine or substituted alkyl phenol in concentration between 50 - 500 ppm, d) a
fungicide component which is a phenol or phenolic acid in concentration ranging from
50-500 ppm, e) an extreme pressure additive component which is an organic sulphide
or phosphosulfurized metal salt in concentration between 50 - 500 ppm, f) an antirust
component which is a triazole or sulfonate in concentration between 50 - 500 ppm, g) a
co-surfactant component which is a monohydric alcohol having 2 to 6 carbon atoms or
mono and polyglycol or mixtures thereof in concentration in the range of 1 to 10 parts of
metalworking fluid, h) a coupling agent which is a sulfonate in concentration between

0.5 - 10 parts of metalworking fluid and i) alkali component in concentration ranging between 0.5 to 8 parts of the metalworking fluid.
In an embodiment of the present invention the triglyceride (a) is Oryza Sativa (Rice-bran oil)
In another embodiment of the present invention concentration of vegetable oil component (a) is in between 30 to 70 weight percent of the metalworking fluid.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention the emulsifier component (b) is a sodium carboxylate, sodium carboxylate of Rice-bran oil, Sodium oleate, Amonium oleate, Triethalonoamine oleate, Diethalonoamine oleate or Dodecyl Toluene sodium sulfonate or mixtures thereof.
In still another embodiment of the present invention the concentration of emulsifier compound (b) is in between 30 to 70 weight percent of the metalworking fluid.
In still another embodiment of the present invention the antioxidant component (c) is an alkyl phenol or aromatic amine or substituted alkyl phenol selected from 2,6-ditertiary butyl phenol, 2,6-ditertiary p-cresol, Diphenylamine, Tertiary butyl phenol amino tetrazole and 2,6-dioctyl phenylene diamine.
In still another embodiment of the present invention the fungicide component (d) is a phenol or phenolic acid selected from o-cresol, phenol, m-cresol and cresylic acid.
In still another embodiment of the present invention the extreme pressure additive component (e) is an organic sulfide or phosphosulfurized metal salt selected from dibenzyl disulphide, sulfurized vegetable oil, phosphosulfurized decyl oleate molybdate and phosphothio pentadecyl phenol molybdate.
In still another embodiment of the present invention the anti-rust component (f) is a triazole or sulfonate selected from lH-Benzotriazole, ditertiary butylated 1H-Benzotriazole, Calcium petroleum sulfonate and Calcium heavy alkylate sulfonate.
In still another embodiment of the present invention the co-surfactant component (g) is a alcohol selected from isopropanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol, iso-amyl alcohol, 2 ethyl hexanol, mono & poly glycol such as di ethylene glycol and tri ethylene glycol.
In still another embodiment of the present invention the coupling agent component (h) is a sulfonates (molecular weight less than 350) selected from ligno sulfonate, petroleum sulfonate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and sodium lauryl sulfate.
In still another embodiment of the present invention the alkali component (i) is a alkali and alkaline earth metal salt selected from sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, calcium carbonate, calcium oxide.
In still another embodiment of the present invention, the composition is suitable for use as metal working fluid and general emulsion as admixture with water in concentration ranging from 20 to 80 weight percent.
Accordingly, the present invention also provides a process for the preparation of Biodegradable metal working fluid which comprises removing of insoluble matter by decantation and filtration from the Rice-bran oil, addition of emulsifier, antioxidant component, fungicide component, extreme pressure additive component, antitrust component, co-surfactant component, coupling agent, alkali component one by one at a temperature in the range of 60 to 120°C with continuous stirring and homogenizing the mixture followed by conditioning of the metal working fluid obtained above by keeping at room temperature for 24 hours undisturbed.
According to the present invention Rice-bran oil decanted & filtered to remove any suspended and insoluble matter. There are two ways of producing carboxylates from Rice-bran oil. The calculated amount of aqueous alkali may be boiled with oil to obtain oil emulsifier solution or sodium carboxylates can be prepared separately and then added to the oil.
In one of the embodiment of the present invention the concentration of oil component is between 30 to 70 weight percent of the metalworking fluid and at least one emulsifier from sodium carboxylate of Rice-bran oil, sodium oleate, ammonium oleate, triethalonoamine oleate, diethalonoamine oleate and dodecyl toluene sodium sulfonate is mixed with the oil. The concentration of emulsifier is between 30 to 70 weight percent of the metalworking fluid. Emulsifier is necessary for easy formation of oil-water emulsion and to provide detergency, wetting and chips removal properties to the emulsion.
In another embodiment of the present invention at least one antioxidant / stabilizer additive is mixed in the fluid from 2,6-ditertiary butyl 4-methyl phenol, 2,6-ditertiary p-cresol, diphenylamine, tertiary butyl phenol amino tetrazole and 2,6-dioctyl phenylene diamine. The concentration of antioxidant component is between 50 to 500 ppm. The anti-oxidant protects oil and other organic chemical from oxidation to loose their characteristics.
In another embodiment of the present invention a fungicides, is also mixed with fluid to prevent the mould and bacterial growth in the emulsion, from o-cresol, phenol, m-cresol and cresylic acid in the concentration between 50 to 500 ppm.
In another embodiment of the present invention at least one extreme pressure additive, is mixed with the fluid to protect tools while metalworking at high temperature and load, from dibenzyl disulphide, sulfurized vegetable oil, phosphosulfurized decyl oleate molybdate and phosphothio pentadecyl phenol molybdate in the concentration between 50 to 500 ppm.
According to yet another embodiment of the present invention an antirust additive is mixed to the fluid for preventing iron metal from rusting. The antirust additives is from 1H-benzotriazole, ditertiary butylated 1H-benzotriazole, calcium petroleum sulfonate and calcium heavy alkyl benzene sulfonate in the concentration between 50 to 500 ppm. A co-srfactant is needed to increase the stability of oil-water micro-emulsion micelles and to enhance the action of the emulsifier. The co-surfactant component is selected from
isopropanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol, iso-amyl alcohol, 2 ethyl hexanol, mono & poly
glycol such as di ethylene glycol and tri ethylene glycol in the concentration between 1 to
10 weight percent of the metalworking fluid. The coupling agent provides additional
advantage in formation of oil-water emulsion and act as a booster with main emulsifier.
The coupling agent component is selected from ligno sulfonate, Petroleum sulfonate
(molecular weight less than 350), Sodium Dodecyl Benzene sulfonate and sodium Lauryl
sulfate in the concentration between 0.5 to 10 weight percent of the metalworking fluid.
According to another embodiment of the present invention the pH of the fluid is in
alkaline side, preferably between 7 to 10 for stability of the components, thus why, if
required an aqueous alkali is added from Sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate,
calcium carbonate and calcium oxide may be in the concentration between 0.5 to 8
weight percent the fluid.
After the addition of all the components the mixture is homogenize. Then it is conditioned by keeping it at room temperature for 24 hours undisturbed. Dilute emulsion of the soluble oil may be prepared by mixing the concentrate in water with vigorous agitation for 1 to 5 minutes in the ratio of 20:80 to 80:20 as per requirements of the metal work and nature of metal.
It will be apparent from the foregoing that the present invention provides biodegradable metalworking fluid using Rice-bran oil and the process for preparing the said metalworking fluid. The metalworking fluid of the present invention is suitable for use as metal working fluid as emulsion admixture with water in concentration ranging between 10 - 80 weight percent.
The invention will now be further described by the following examples, which are given only for the purpose of illustration and not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Although the invention has been described in conjunction with examples and by reference to the embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in art in light of the foregoing description, accordingly it is intended in the invention to embrace these and all such alternatives, variations and modifications as may fall with in the sprit and scope of the appended claims.
Example -1
Rice-bran oil and sodium carbonate solution in water were mixed and boiled to saponify the glycerides into sodium carboxylates and glycerol. After separation of glycerine the carboxylate is concentrated by evaporating the water. Rice-bran oil 50 weight percent of the fluid was mixed with its Sodium carboxylate 35 weight percent of the fluid. The mixture was homogenized with heating at 30 to 100°C for one hour with stirring to obtain clear solution. Then ligno sulfonate 5 weight percent of the fluid was added as coupling agent. 2,6, ditertiary butyl 4-methyl phenol-100 ppm- as antioxidant, cresylic acid-100 ppm- as fungicide, dibenzyl disulphide -100 ppm-as extreme pressure additive, 1H-benzotriazole -100 ppm- as antirust additives, and isobutanol -5 weight percent of fluid-as co-surfactant were added. The mixture was further homogenized for 30 minutes. Water was added to make-up quantity to 1 kg and further homogenized for 30 minutes. pH of the solution was adjusted to 7 - 9 by adding sodium carbonate. The solution was cooled down to room temperature with stirring. The final composition (RB - 1) is given
in Table - 2. The neat soluble oil mixed with water in 20:80 to 80:20 ratio to produce oil-water emulsion. This emulsion was evaluated for its different characteristics that are given in Table - 3 and 4.
Table - 2
TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF SOLUBLE OIL

(Table Removed)
Example - 2
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that Sodium carboxylate was not prepared separately but calculated amount of aqueous alkali was taken in to Rice-bran oil to convert a portion of oil in to carboxylates (emulsifier). This short-cut method will save the money and time. After the slight variation in dosage the final composition (RB - II) is given in Table - 2 and evaluation in Table-3 & 4. It was found that the characteristics of the concentrate and dilute emulsion are at par with the mineral oil based soluble oil.
Example - 3
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that Sodium Oleate was taken as emulsifier in place of Rice-bran oil Sodium carboxylate. After the slight variation in dosage the final composition (RB - III) is given in Table - 2 and evaluation in Table-3 & 4. It was found that the characteristics of the concentrate and dilute emulsion are at par with the mineral oil based soluble oil.
Example - 4
The procedure of Example-1 was repeated except that ashless triethalonoamine Oleate was taken as emulsifier in place of Rice-bran oil Sodium carboxylate. After the slight variation in dosage the final composition (RB - IV) is given in Table - 2 and evaluation in Table-3 & 4. It was found that the characteristics of the concentrate and dilute emulsion are at par with the mineral oil based soluble oil.
Example - 5
The procedure of Example-1 was repeated except that Sodium Dodecyl Toluene sulfonate was taken as emulsifier in place of Rice-bran oil Sodium carboxylate. After the slight variation in dosage the final composition (RB - V) is given in Table - 2 and
evaluation in Table-3 &. 4 R was found that the characteristics of the concentrate and dilute emulsion are at par with the mineral oil based soluble oil.
Table - 3 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF METAL WORKING FLUID
Table - 4 TYPICAL EVALUATION OF METAL WORKING FLUID
(Table Removed)








We Claim :
1. A composition for metalworking fluids which comprises a) at least one vegetable oil triglyceride such as Oryza Sativa (Rice-bran oil) containing unsaturated acids C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 wherein the monounsaturation character is from 50 percent to 70 percent having the concentration between 30 -70 parts of metalworking fluid, b) atleast one emulsifier which is a sodium carboxylate of Rice-bran oil, sodium oleate, triaethalonoamine oleate, dodecyl toluene sulfonate or mixtures thereof in 30 - 70 parts, c) an antioxidant component which is an alkyl phenol, aromatic amine or substituted alkyl phenol in concentration between 50 - 500 ppm, d) a fungicide component which is a phenol or phenolic acid in concentration ranging from 50 - 500 ppm, e) an extreme pressure additive component which is an organic sulphide or phosphosulfurized metal salt in concentration between 50 - 500 ppm, f) an antirust component which is a triazole or sulfonate in concentration between 50 -500 ppm, g) a co-surfactant component which is a monohydric alcohol having 2 to 6 carbon atoms or mono and polyglycol or mixtures thereof in concentration in the range of 1 to 10 parts of metalworking fluid, h) a coupling agent which is a sulfonate in concentration between 0.5 - 10 parts of metalworking fluid and i) alkali component in concentration ranging between 0.5 to 8 parts of the metalworking fluid.
2. A composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the triglyceride (a) is Oryza Sativa
(Rice-bran oil)
3. A composition as claimed in claims 1 & 2, wherein concentration of vegetable oil component (a) is in between 30 to 70 weight percent of the metal working fluid.
4. A composition as claimed in claims 1 to 3, wherein the emulsifier component (b) is a sodium carboxylate, sodium carboxylate of Rice-bran oil, Sodium oleate, Amonium oleate, Triethalonoamine oleate, Diethalonoamine oleate or Dodecyl Toluene sodium sulfonate or mixtures thereof.
5. A composition as claimed in claims 1 to 4, wherein the concentration of emulsifier compound (b) is in between 30 to 70 weight percent of the metalworking fluid.
6. A composition as claimed in claims 1 to 5, wherein the antioxidant component (c) is an alkyl phenol or aromatic amine or substituted alkyl phenol selected from 2,6-ditertiary butyl phenol, 2,6-ditertiary p-cresol, Diphenylamine, Tertiary butyl phenol amino tetrazole and 2,6-dioctyl phenylene diamine.
7. A composition as claimed in claims 1 to 6, wherein the fungicide component (d) is a phenol or phenolic acid selected from o-cresol, phenol, m-cresol and cresylic acid.
8. A composition as claimed in claims 1 to 7, wherein the esteem pressure additive component (e) is an organic sulfide or phosphosulfurized metal salt selected from dibenzyl disulphide, sulfurized vegetable oil, phosphosulfurized decyl oleate molybdate and phosphothio pentadecyl phenol molybdate.
9. A composition as claimed in claims 1 to 8, wherein the anti-rust component (f) is a triazole or sulfonate selected from 1 H-Benzotriazole, ditertiary butylated 1H-Benzotriazole, Calcium petroleum sulfonate and Calcium heavy alkylate sulfonate.
10. A composition as claimed in claims 1 to 9, wherein the co-surfactant component (g) is a alcohol selected from isopropanol, n-butanol, 'iso-butanol, iso-amyl alcohol, 2 ethyl hexanol, mono & poly glycol such as di ethylene glycol and tri ethylene glycol.
11. A composition as claimed in claims 1 to 10, wherein the coupling agent component (h) is a sulfonates (molecular weight less than 350) selected from ligno sulfonate, petroleum sulfonate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and sodium lauryl sulfate.
12. A composition as claimed in claims 1 to 11, wherein the alkali component (i) is a alkali and alkaline earth metal salt selected from sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, calcium carbonate, calcium oxide.
13. A composition as claimed in claims 1 to 12, wherein the composition is suitable for use as metal working fluid and general emulsion as admixture with water in concentration ranging from 20 to 80 weight percent.
14. A process for the preparation of biodegradable metal working fluid as claimed in claim 1, which comprises; removing insoluble matter by decantation and filtration from the Rice-bran oil, addition of emulsifier, antioxidant component, fungicide component, extreme pressure additive component, antitrust component, co-surfactant component, coupling agent, alkali component one by one at a temperature in the range of 60 to 120°C with continuous stirring and
homogenizing the mixture followed by conditioning of the metal working fluid obtained above by keeping at room temperature for 24 hours undisturbed. 15. A composition for metalworking fluids and process thereof substantially as herein described with references to the examples.

Documents:

391-DEL-2004-Abstract-(08-10-2010).pdf

391-del-2004-abstract.pdf

391-DEL-2004-Claims-(08-10-2010).pdf

391-del-2004-claims.pdf

391-DEL-2004-Correspondence-Others-(08-10-2010).pdf

391-del-2004-correspondence-others.pdf

391-del-2004-correspondence-po.pdf

391-DEL-2004-Description (Complete)-(08-10-2010).pdf

391-del-2004-description (complete).pdf

391-del-2004-form-1.pdf

391-del-2004-form-18.pdf

391-DEL-2004-Form-2-(08-10-2010).pdf

391-del-2004-form-2.pdf

391-DEL-2004-Form-3-(08-10-2010).pdf

391-del-2004-form-3.pdf

391-del-2004-form-5.pdf


Patent Number 244501
Indian Patent Application Number 391/DEL/2004
PG Journal Number 50/2010
Publication Date 10-Dec-2010
Grant Date 08-Dec-2010
Date of Filing 08-Mar-2004
Name of Patentee COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
Applicant Address RAFI MARG, NEW DELHI-110001, INDIA.
Inventors:
# Inventor's Name Inventor's Address
1 A K SINGH INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM, DEHRADUN, INDIA.
2 A K GUPTA INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM, DEHRADUN, INDIA.
PCT International Classification Number C 10 M 159/02
PCT International Application Number N/A
PCT International Filing date
PCT Conventions:
# PCT Application Number Date of Convention Priority Country
1 NA