Title of Invention

METHOD FOR GENERATING A TROPOSPHERIC VOLUME ELEMENT

Abstract The present invention relates to method for generating a tropospheric volume element with an emiched concentration of at least one vital element and/or at least one protective substance, characterised in that smoke gases are added to the troposphere in a controlled manner, wherein the smoke gases originate from burning burnable material in a combustion apparatus, the burnable material being emiched with ad- ditives, the additives being vital elements and/or protective substances or their precursors, so that the smoke gases are emiched with vital elements and/or with protective substances which are spread into the troposphere and in that the additives contain iron and/or titanium in elementary form and/or in a chemical compound, the chemical compound being oil- or petrol-soluble, and/or in a metal I and/or in an alloy, the alloy being an iron-silicon-magnesium alloy, a magnesium-titanium alloy or an iron-cerium-titanium alloy.
Full Text

Tropospheric Volume Elements Enriched with Vital and/or Protective Substances
Description
The tropospheric volume elements enriched with vital elements and/or protective substances as well as the procedures for their production and application are described in the following. The term "vital elements" applies to all matter supporting the development of life within the earth's biosphere and the term "protective substances" stands for all those substances which contribute directly or indirectly to the prevention of harmful effects on the earth's biosphere and in particular on man.
Tropospheric volume elements according to the invention are enriched with vital elements and/or protective substances. Tropospheric volume elements in the form of clouds which contain contaminants and which can escape from industrial facilities due to damage or mal¬function are enriched with protective substances which prevent the organism from taking in radioactive elements and minimize the extent of the area affected by the clouds and possess additional warning and identification properties.
Enriched tropospheric volume elements may offer numerous advantageous effects, the most important of which are:
Climate cooling and climate stabilization
Increase of food production
Production of methane hydrate and kerogene as renewable energy sources
Reduction in all sorts of air pollutants
Increase of precipitation and
Reduction of the extent of damage and the number of victims due to nuclear reactor
accidents.
Problem description
The components of the environment include the populated and the non-populated parts of the earth's surface and neighboring areas, including the atmosphere, the surface of the earth, ground, sediment, sediment surface, stretches of water and ecological systems. These compo¬nents are linked with each other by cycles of material exchange which are all connected to each other by partly instable flux exchange balances. Consequently, the complex system may exist in differing, more or less stable phases. Relatively minor causes may trigger off the tran¬sition from one phase to another. Climate phase transitions are recognized as being particu¬larly disadvantageous^ The geological climate history of the ice age has shown us that the transition of the earth's climate from the ice age's cold climate to the warm age's hot climate may only take a few years to be completed.
At present, we are experiencing the transition from the moderate to the hot climate phase. This is a result of the rise in the quantities of greenhouse gases methane and CO2 which has been caused by man since the early 19' century, whereby the methane content growth is also coupled with the troposphere's diminishing power of self-purification. The increase in meth¬ane in the troposphere is also coupled with the decomposition of solid methane hydrate in the tundra moor sediments and in the ocean sediments to free quantities of methane due to the rise in temperature.
There has been a demand for large-scale geo-engineering projects (P. J. Crutzen, Nature, Vol. 415 of Jan. 3r, 2002) for a lasting correction of the climate development in the near future. There have been various proposals on how to prevent the transition to the hot climate phase; the enrichment of the stratosphere with aerosols with sulfuric dioxide (M. Budyko) or

soot (P. J. Crulzen) is supposed to cool the troposphere. The costs for such a project are esti¬mated to be more than 20 billion US $ (Gmedel, T, E., Crulzen, P. J.: Chemie cler Ah mosphare, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg/Berlin/Oxford [1994], pages 457, 458). At present, attempts are being made to come to international agreements to reduce the release of carbon dioxide by limiting the combustion of fossil energy sources. However, the attempts to gain acceptance of the so-called Kyoto protocol have shown that such a measure cannot be put into practice world-wide.
Without intervention, the warming of the troposphere will continue. The result will be an in¬crease in food scarcity and an increase in the area of laud which is salted and devastated. The continuous growth of the world's population will cause a rise in distribution conflicts. Over¬grazing, fire clearance and ground erosion will accelerate this negative development. In spite of an increase in the utilization of sea area for fish fanning, over-fishing of the oceans has already prompted a dramatic recession in food production.
In the near future, fossil fuel resources are also expected to run short. A compensation by ex¬tension of alternative energy sources and energy-saving measures cannot be enforced in the world's poorer regions due to the required investments.
The Chernobyl disaster was triggered off due to the nuclear fission of nuclear fuel in the re¬actor running out of control; the cloud of radioactive smoke gas released by the nuclear reac¬tion and the fire the nuclear reaction caused in the reactor and moderator unit struck large parts of Europe. Terror acts, such as crashing civilian large capacity aircraft onto the towers in New York, have shown that catastrophes repeat themselves. Safety scenarios which have not considered this, have since lost their validity. In all of the nuclear power plants world-wide, there are no safety installations which are capable of reducing the spread of radioactive clouds, which cars occur when a nuclear reactor runs out of control, which can limit their ef¬fects and which cart mark the emission visibly for everybody at the affected spots. The argu¬ment that nuclear power plants will be put out of operation world-wide within a few decades is unacceptable, as even the German authorities have guaranteed the operation of at least some nuclear power plants for more than thirty years to come. In Europe, the erection of new nu¬clear power plants continues, the latest examples of which are the nuclear power plant built in Temelin and another planned in Finland. There are also no safety installations for the treat¬ment and identification of toxic clouds in those industrial facilities which handle highly toxic materials or dangerous microbes.
DE 195 02 548 describes a system for neutralizing toxic material in the air and to neutralizing toxic material; nothing is stated that the system can be used for climate stabilization. Consequently, it is not disclosed in this document to enrich a tropospheric volume element with iron or titanium or a compound thereof as vital elements.
US 6,066,295 is directed to a method for analyzing a chemical or biological target. Nothing is stated about decontamination of a tropospheric volume element loaded with the previously analyzed chemical or biological target. Additionally, nothing is stated about climate stabilization.
US 4.704,942 is directed to a method of defending against a warfare cloud of toxic aerosols. The patent states that a defensive aerosol should be charged with an electric charge of at least 100,000 volts. However, nothing is stated about the kind of defensive aerosols used or about their content.
Problem solution by the invention
According to the invention, the bundle of problems pictured above is solved by the production of definite tropospheric volume elements enriched with vital elements and/or protective sub¬stances. Here, "vital elements" stands for all elements which support the development of life within the earth's biosphere and "protective substances" stands for all those substances which contribute directly or indirectly to the prevention of harmful effects on the earth's biosphere and the life-forms it contains.
The production of tropospheric volume elements enriched with protective substances and/or vital elements, which may be of global, regional or local extent, is carried out preferably by releasing smoke gases according to the invention into the tropospheric air space above the
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desired area to be affected. The purpose of the addition of smoke gases according to the in¬vention is the distribution of protective substances and/or vital elements in the troposphere over the desired area to be affected, to have them remain there for a period of time before they finally sink down onto the surface of !he ground and/or water. The smoke gases according to the invention used for this purpose are enriched with protective substances and/or vital ele¬ments. Belonging to the substances under the term protective substances are also those sub¬stances which will develop into protective properties in particular in the troposphere.
The production of the smoke gases may occur by combustion of fuels containing vital ele¬ments and/or containing other materials which on their combustion form protective sub¬stances. However, it is also possible to enrich the smoke gases with vital elements and/or protective substances after they have been produced. Post-combustion enrichment of smoke gases with vital elements and/or protective substances is preferred if the respective substances are sensitive to temperature or if they cannot be produced by combustion. For many applica¬tions, it is advantageous to use customary fuels for the production of the smoke gases
according to the invention, e.g. oil such as mineral oil, refined mineral oil products pyrolysis oil, oils processed from renewable, raw materials, diesel oil, light oil, heavy oil, silicon oil, or petrol. Additives, which on combustion form a vital element composite fraction and/or a protective composite
fraction in the smoke gas which has developed, preferably exist in the form of oil- or petroi-soluble compounds in a mofecular- dispersed distribution. Table 1 lists examples of substances which may be utilized as fuels or fuel additives to produce ihe smoke gases according to the invention. Table 2 lists examples of protective substances which may be added to the smoke gas after combustion and table 3 lists examples of protective substances and/or substances containing vital elements as smoke gas components produced by combustion. Table 4 contains further examples of protective substances. Table 5 lists examples of those substances from which protective substances in the troposphere can be autonomously formed.
The production of the smoke gases according to the invention may take place by combustion in any type of combustion apparatus. Production may also take place by means of vehicles driven by fuels according to the invention , in particular by means of aircraft, ships and motor vehicles. Production may also take place by means of devices which are constructed to exclu¬sively serve this purpose.
The production of tropospheric volume elements according to the invention by the release of customary available protective substances and vital elements is not preferred if the materials are .solid materials. The protective substances and vital elements of finest granulation avail¬able on the market are so-called pyrogenic oxides. Examples of these types of commercial products are "Aerosii"' (= silicon dioxide) and titanium oxide pigments (the latter lacking the protective coating which prevents the production of hydroxy! radicals). Even if released in the finest granulation available, these dusts have the disadvantageous property that they only re¬main for a short time because they settle quickly. Contrary thereto, certain applications permit the advantageous distribution of gaseous protective substances and gaseous vital elements in a tropospheric volume element even without the aid of smoke gas. Examples of vital elements are, for instance, phosphorus, nitrogen, silicon and iron which are essential for the existence of living organisms.
Examples of protective substances are those substances which directly trigger off destruction, removal or neutralization of hazardous substances, or substances which enable living organ¬isms to avoid contact with hazardous substances. Substances belonging to the protective sub¬stances are, for example, hydroxyl radicals in the troposphere because they cause the decom¬position of dangerous reductive substances such as e. g. methane, smog and flue gases. Sub¬stances belonging to the protective substances are also those substances which stimulate the production of hydroxyl radicals in the troposphere, e.g. oxides containing titanium. Sub¬stances belonging to the protective substances are also contaminant-sorbents such as soot, pyrogenous silicic acid, iron(IJI)-oxide, fog and substances forming fog. Also belonging to the protective substances are warning substances which due to color, smeli or irritating effects stop living organisms and man in particular from coming close to a dangerous substance or from eating food or drinking water contaminated by the dangerous substance. Also belonging to the protective substances are, for instance, the color pigments soot and red iron oxide, the intensively smelling substances ethy! mercaptane and pyridine, the irritants chloracetophe-
4

none and trichloronhromethane, taste-intensive substances or aromatic substances and sub¬stances which cause disgust or nausea.
Some examples of the volume elements enriched with vital elements and/or protective sub¬stances according to the invention, are:
■ the tropospheric volume element over the sea which is preferably enriched with aerosols containing vital elements e. g. iron and phosphorus in oxide bonding for the growth of phyto-plankton, and protective substances e. g. titanium in oxide and/or nitride bonding which may trigger off the photolytic production of hydroxy! radicals to decompose meth¬ane and other undesirable tropospheric gases. The aerosols contribute directly or indirectly to the increase in the troposphere's retro-radiating effect (Albedo). The advantageous ef¬fect of this tropospheric volume element on the climate, energy supply and world nutrition is explained by way of example in the attached diagram.
■ the tropospheric volume element over land or coastline regions marked by high levels of traf¬fic and industry emissions is preferably enriched with aerosols containing protective sub¬stances such as titanium in oxide bonding, which stimulates here the photolytic decompo¬sition of smog, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, halogen and nitric aromatics and other undesirable combustion and emission products, and also protective substances such as iron in oxide bonding which causes the absorbent bonding of the emission products origi¬nating from the wear of friction-coating materials, in particular of carcinogenic antimony and toxic lead.
• the enclosed and artificially illuminated tropospheric volume element in tunnels or multi¬storey car parks and underground car parks which is preferably enriched with aerosols containing protective substances such as titanium and cerium in oxide bonding which here also trigger off the photolytic decomposition of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and other undesirable combustion products, and also, for example, absorb the emission prod¬ucts antimony and lead originating from the wear of friction-coating materials such as e. g. iron in oxide bonding.
■ the tropospheric volume element over land and coastline regions marked by a deficiency
of essential elements, e. g. iodine, selenium, manganese and molybdenium, which is pref¬
erably enriched with gases and/or aerosols containing the missing vital elements. The es¬
sentia] elements are preferably linked by absorptive or chemical-absorptive bonding to
aerosol carriers, e. g. soot or iron oxides produced by combustion.
Belonging to the tropospheric volume elements enriched with protective substances according to the invention are also those clouds which have been produced by the most devastating nu¬clear power plant accidents, such as were produced by the nuclear power plant at Chernobyl, which float in the troposphere and are enriched with radioactive elements. This also includes oiher clouds enriched with radioactive elements which may escape from other sources due to an uncontrollable nuclear reaction; some examples are, for instance, nuclear waste dumps, nuclear fuel rod depots, nuclear reactors for powering ships, nuclear weapons and their storage facilities, enriched uranium and plutonium depots. Smoke clouds from fires or clouds of highly toxic or pathogenic potential which may exist in the troposphere due to accidents or disasters in depots and production facilities for poison gas, bacteriological weapons or laboratories and tech¬nological facilities handling these sorts of toxic or pathogenic materials are also among the tropo¬spheric volume elements enriched with protective substances according to the invention.
The protective substances used for this purpose can be classified with one or more substances from the substance groups for marking materials, absorbents, substances stimulating precipitation, substances supporting condensation, substances suppofting'particle-agglomeration and substances which obstruct an intake of matter in the organism. The clouds carrying contaminants and en-

riched with protective substances and the contaminated sediment which has fallen from them or the contaminated water that has made contact with them may be identified by anybody due to one ore more protective substances from the pigment, smell, taste and irritant substance groups by sight, by smell, by taste and also by skin irritation and can thereby be avoided. Restricted to smell and skin irritation, the same also applies to animals. Several examples for these kinds of marking materials are given in table 2. In addition, these contaminated tropospheric volume elements are preferably enriched with protective substances which bind the pollutants, stimulate their precipi¬tation and directly obstruct their intake by the organism.
According to the invention, the clouds containing contaminants are enriched with protective sub¬stances. These directly or indirectly obstruct or prevent the intake of radioactive, toxic or virulent substances by human or animal organisms, and even by plants. This considerably lowers the ef¬fects of the toxic emissions reieased.
In case of an accident, the production of tropospheric volume elements enriched with protec¬tive substances is carried out by safety installations specifically constructed for this purpose. The operation of such safety installations is described below by using an accident with re¬leased radioactive emissions from an uncontrollable nuclear reaction in a nuclear power plant as an example. This sort of accident is known by the term MCA (maximum credible acci¬dent). The buoyant hot gases released due to nuclear fission reactions of this kind can be clas¬sified as smoke gases, due to the participation of high-temperature chemical combustion proc¬esses. One major risk emerging from an MCA is the release of radioactive iodine isotopes. To minimize the risk potential of the iodine emissions containing radioactivity, the fuel according to the invention and/or the fuel additive with iodine as protective substance are stored inside the nuclear power plant. In case of an MCA, the fuel may be burnt near to the focus of the open nuclear fuel reaction. This may be done, for example, by injection of liquid fuel doped with iodine by means of one or more jet lances arranged in the direct vicinity of the point of nuclear fuel reaction, whereby the heat of the nuclear reaction will inflame the liquid fuel. It is also possible to use natural gas enriched with hydroiodic acid as fuel and to bum this off ac¬cordingly. Hereby, the smoke gases according to the invention mix with the smoke gases pro¬duced by the MCA. The safety installation may also be realized by a customary combustion device by using customary oil and gas burners to release the combustion products according to the invention and containing iodine from the fuel and fuel additives. As fuels, fuel oils or oil additives doped with iodine are preferred. The emission of radioactive iodine from the MCA smoke gases into the troposphere is preferably exceeded many times over, in relation to the amount of radioactive iodine released in a certain period of time into the troposphere, by the emission of iodine with the smoke gases according to the invention to minimize the hazard of persons taking in radioactive iodine isotopes when they come into contact with the emis¬sions at the location of the emissions.
The enrichment of the emitted contaminant cloud with protective substances from the cate¬gory of solid and/or liquid absorbents enables an additional reduction in the intake of harmful substances from the contaminated cloud. Soot has the capacity to absorb gaseous radioactive substances. It may easily be produced as smoke gas containing soot by the incomplete com¬bustion of soot oil. Iron in organic bonding and/or manganese contained in the fuel result in smoke gases enriched with iron and/or manganese oxides which are excellent absorbents of radioactive heavy metals. In the buoyant hot smoke gases buoyant from the core melt and on its way to the troposphere, the soot aerosol will be oxidized superficially. Soot oxidized in this manner has the additional capacity of binding parts of the heavy radioactive elements.
Raising the contaminated cloud's steam content and/or the content level of substances which form fog will support the bonding of radioactive metals to the absorbent protective sub¬stances. The bonding of radioactive heavy metals, metalloids and earth-alkali with the oxi¬dized soot-particle protective substances and/or oxide-particle protective substances succeeds

most advantageously in the watery phase because this phase induces the production of dis¬solved ions which may be more easily absorbed by the absorbents soot and iron oxides. To enable the production of watery protective substance aerosols even in a dry tropospheric envi¬ronment, the contaminated cloud may be enriched additionally with protective substances which form fog. The fog-forming substances can be produced by combustion as well as by injection of the fog-forming substances into the hot smoke gases. Apart from water, the fog-forming substances are, for example, volatile acids, volatile bases, volatile hydrolytjc salts and thermally decomposing salts as well as hygroscopic substances or also those substances which may transform into one or more fog-forming substances in the cloud which is enriched with protective substances. Belonging to the fog-forming substances are those substances which are listed by example in tables 3 and 4.
Fog-forming substances can also be directly produced from fuels, for example, phosphorus acid from the combustion of trikresylphosphate and sulfuric acid from the combustion of car¬bon disulfide. In a cloud, these substances or their oxidation products and/or hydrolysis prod¬ucts produce watery fog droplets of protective substance. The forming of fog has the advan¬tage that it aggregates the aerosol particles in the cloud into flakes by agglomeration. This increases the sinking speed of the particles up to them forming precipitation. Preferably, wa¬ter-soluble hygroscopic protective substances are used to form protective substance fog whereby ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride or zinc chloride are pre¬ferred. The combination of volatile bases with volatile acids also results in advantageous and stable protective substance fogs. The combustion of metal dusts such as zinc, aluminum, iron or magnesium or mixtures of these substances with organic compounds of high chlorine con¬tent also permits the production of stable protective substance fogs.
it is of advantage to chose a high charging density of protective substances to enrich the con¬taminated cloud. On the one hand, this measure causes the majority of the inherent contami¬nants to bond and on the other, it causes the protective substance aerosols to agglomerate and sedimentate faster than the cloud without protective substances- This results in the advantage of restricting the region which is affected by fall-out to a many times smaller area than would have been struck without applying the described measure. The protective substances accord¬ing to the invention, soot and iron oxide, possess pigment characteristics and therefore offer a simple method of visibly marking the fall-out area with black or red fall-out color. The con¬taminant bonding to the protective substances has the further advantage that the radioactive particles can be easily separated from the contaminated air by means of air purification de¬vices and the contamination of water due to dissolved radioactive substances can be reduced.
In addition, protective substances which are identifiable by smell and/or skin irritation are suitable as sensory marking means for the radioactive cloud and its emissions. Examples of these substances may be found in the groups of smell-intensive and/or skin-irritating sub¬stances. These are, for instance, mercaptanes (smell-intensive), pyridine (smell-intensive), halogen ketones (skin-irritating), halogen nilies (skin-irritating), halogen cyanes (skin-irritat¬ing), trichlorine nitromethane (skin-irritating), halogen-nitro aromatic essences (skin-irritat¬ing), oxazepine (skin-irritating) and similar substances. Another way to prevent humans and animals from drinking water affected by the fall-out is to add aromatic substances with an intensive disgusting taste as protective substances. These protective substances, which would decompose if exposed to high temperatures, are preferably injected as gas or spray mist into the active hot smoke gas current after the above-mentioned smoke gases according to the in¬vention with the protective substances have been added. Examples of protective substances having the described signal and protection properties which may be released into the smoke gas of an MCA are listed in table 2. To protect the substances sensitive to temperature and oxidation in the cloud from decomposition by UV-radiation and oxidation, it is of advantage if the smoke gas current contains light-refracting or light-absorbing pigments e. g. soot and

oxides because the protective substances adsorbed by such pigments are better protected from chemical decomposition.
The interactive mechanisms, described in the example where the radioactive cloud caused by an accident is enriched with the protective substances according to the invention, may also be applied correspondingly to accidents where gas clouds are released which contain toxics or viruses or microbes. In those cases where an accident causes a gas release without fire or ex¬plosion and where there is no influence by thermal convection, it may be helpful in an urbane neighborhood to start an fire to produce the smoke gases containing protective substances to provide the gas cloud with thermal lifting power which lifts the gas cloud up and away from the most endangered localities.
The local tropospheric volume elements enriched with protective substance aerosols in which the production of hydroxyl radicals is stimulated by radiation can make the customary cata¬lysts systems, serving to purify the exhaust gases of motor vehicles, obsolete. The effect of the fine distribution of aerosols according to (he invention is better than the effects of solid-bedded catalysts because the aerosols can keep on taking effect within the smoke gas cloud, wherever this may go, even after having left the vehicle's exhaust. The smog components ozone, NOx and peroxyacetylnitrate are thereby decomposed by the hydroxyl radicals pro¬duced or, in environments where the daytime concentration of OH-radicals exceeds the usual level significantly, cannot even be formed at all. Protective substance aerosols containing iron in oxide-bonding securely bind carcinogenic antimony and toxic lead from the wear of clutch and brake pads even after precipitation washes them away and they are sedimentated with the protective substance particles or they are washed into the sewage system with the rainwater. Protective aerosols which settle from the air onto the surfaces of vegetation, buildings and the ground can continue to produce hydroxyl radicals due to radiation and can continue their puri¬fying function.
The release of smoke gases which produce protective substances could be subsidized, for in¬stance, by introducing a fuel tax exemption or fuel tax reduction for motor vehicles which are mainly used during the day for these particular fuels so that fuels which produce smoke gases containing protective substances may find widespread use as an alternative to catalysts. Equipping vehicles with catalytic devices for exhaust gas purification, as is the regulation particularly for cars with petrol engines, would then not be necessary.
To achieve a lasting climate stabilization in the moderate phase and to increase food produc¬tion and renewable energy sources, it would suffice just to make use of the tropospheric vol¬ume element enriched with vital elements and protective substances over the sea. Therefore, controlling and monitoring the enrichment of the tropospheric volume elements over the sea with vital elements andVor protective substances is particularly important because as the addi¬tion of vital elements increases, the throughput in the non-geogenic carbon cycle increases, whereby the lasting stability of the transient equilibrium of the carbon cycle must be secured.
The increase in the carbon load conveyed in this part of the carbon cycle therefore requires that the carbon load taken from the troposphere by the mass growth of phyto-plankton re¬sulting from the enrichment of the tropospheric volume element, according to the invention, over the sea must be replaced to a sufficient extent. In the transitive phase, replacement may take place by the combustion of fossil fuels. After this phase, the products arising from the increased production of phyto-plankton, namely kerogene hydrate sediments and methane hydrate sediments, should be integrated in the energy production of the anthropogenic mate¬rial economy. Otherwise, there is a danger that due to the falling concentration of carbon di¬oxide in the troposphere, the climate could slip into a cold phase.

The system components of the carbon cycle, which may be modified by human intervention in order to sustain a stable carbon transient equilibrium, as a result of the enrichment of the oceanic tropospheric volume element with vital elements and protective substances are un¬derlined below:

■ regional, hemispheric and global contents of methane and dimethyl sulfide measured
at different heights in the troposphere and above the tropopause;
■ regional and hemispheric contents of protective substances and/or vital elements in the air, on/in vegetation, on/in the ground and in waters;
■ average covering of cloud in the tropospheric volume element;
» carbon dioxide contents measured in the air and sea water, globally, in the hemisphere and in the tropospheric volume element;
■ concentration of phyto-plankton below the tropospheric volume element;
■ oxygen content of sea water beneath the tropospheric volume element at different depths;
■ content of turbid matter in sea water beneath the tropospheric volume element at different depths;
■ sedimentation rates in the sea beneath the tropospheric volume element at different depths;

■ studying the ecological systems beneath the tropospheric volume element;
■ measuring global temperature in the troposphere, on the surface of the ground and on the surface of the sea.
The concentration of vital elements and/or protective substances in the tropospheric volume element, the volume of the tropospheric volume element and the surface covered by the tropo¬spheric volume element influence the carbon throughput. Potential ways to influence the pa¬rameters of tropospheric volume elements charged with vital elements and/or protective sub¬stances exist in considerable variety. The average distribution, duration of stay and concen¬tration of the substances released into the tropospheric volume element with the smoke gases are here important quantities. Some examples of what can be controlled are:
■ the location over which the smoke gas is released;
■ the extent of the area over which the smoke gas is released;
■ the height above ground or sea level at which the smoke gas is released;
■ the concentration of substances in the smoke gas;
■ the dosage of smoke gas released;
■ the composition of the substances released with the smoke gas;
■ the intervals at which the smoke gas is released;
■ the si2e of the particles of the substances in the smoke gas.
Regarding the size of the particles in the aerosols in the smoke gas, the size of the secondary particles is the preferred measured quantity because the diameter of the secondary aerosol particles has an essential and decisive influence on their sinking velocity. The secondary par¬ticles consist of agglomerated primary particles. The diameters of the secondary particles are a function of the aerosol concentration in the smoke gas. The aerosol concentration itself is a function of the concentration of the aerosol-forming inflammable substance in the fuel: the higher the concentration, the coarser the secondary particles in the smoke gas will be and the faster they will sink in the troposphere.
Similar control mechanisms may be used with the dosage of additive agents, applicable for accidents. These control mechanisms are orientated, for example, according to the status of the data on the contaminant load constantly supplied to the cloud which in the case of a nu¬clear power plant accident can be assessed quite accurately from the radiation temperature of the core melt and/or the height of the thermal convection column and/or from the column's radioactive radiation intensity. From the spectrum of the radioactive radiation intensity and the knowledge of the nuclear fuel type used, it is possible to conclusively identify the active composites present in the emission. These criteria are also suitable for determining the neces¬sary amounts of load of the protective substances. It may also be decided from case to case if all the protective substances or only a certain fraction of the protective substances are to be used.
Tropospheric volume elements with an increased content of vital elements have the specific advantage that the distribution of the "vital elements latter over sea or land is lasting and exten¬sive. Attempts which have been made to release vital elements in the form of iron salts which were directly released into the sea were only able to stimulate mass growth of phyto-piankton in small areas.
It is also possible to separate smoke gases according to the invention, which have been re¬leased in closed buildings, from the air which has been treated accordingly by utilizing the

smoke gases' aerosols which contain titanium and/or iron which form hydroxyl radicals under the influence of sunlight or artificial light sources after they have fulfilled their task of neu¬tralizing harmful gases by means of the commonly known processing steps of air purification by dust extraction. By using this method, the smoke gases may also be used to purify waste air or fresh air containing harmful gases.
With the enrichment of the oceanic tropospheric volume element with vital elements and/or protective substances according to the invention, it is possible to ward off the climate crisis threatening mankind on a lasting basis. A selection of individual effects are:
■ Lowering the troposphere's CO, content (leads to climate cooling);
■ Albedo increase directly effected by the aerosols according to the invention (leads to climate cooling);
■ Albedo increase by cloud formation caused by increased dimethyl sulfide emissions from phylo-plankton metabolism (leads to climate cooling);
• Decomposition of tropospheric methane by the production of hydroxyl radicals (leads to cli¬
mate cooling);
■ Decomposition of substances which are difficult to decompose, e. g. poly-chlorinated biphen-
yls, halogenated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofuranes, DDT, phtalates, polycyclic aromatics,
by the production of hydroxyl radicals;
• Increase of necrotized phyto-plankton sedimentation (leads to the production of kerogene hy¬
drate sediments and methane hydrate sediments as a source for renewable energy products);
■ Increase of protein production in the oceanic ecological system by increasing the mass of
phyto-plankton in sea water (leads to an increase in protein food resources).
Does the enrichment of tropospheric volume elements with vital elements and/or protec¬tive substances according to the invention create toxic influences?
The mixed oxides and nitrides required to produce the additives to be released into the tropo¬spheric volume elements are all non-toxic and, in the applicable concentrations, they do not have a negative effect on the lungs or on the digestive system. They do not cause toxic effects on the environment either. At least, there is no evidence that natural particles of similar constitution -such as may be released in considerable quantities from the tropospheric hydrolysis of iron halo-genics, silicon halogenics and titanium halogenics contained in volcanic gas exhalations - have ever caused damage to the health.
No negative effects have become known so far from the operation of stationary domestic heating systems fuelled with oils containing iron either. Neither the ubiquitous iron oxides and manganese oxides nor the various oxides, nitrides and oxide-nitrides, which can result from combustion of the elements silicon, titanium, zirconium and iron, which are preferably used elements, possess toxic qualities. Only the quarte modifications of the corresponding silicon compounds and titanium compounds have been proven to be harmful to the health. The aerosols released into the tropo¬sphere due to the commonly known combustion of silicon, titanium, siiane, titanium acid esters and silicic acid esters are non-crystalline. There are also no hazardous effects known to emanate from non-crystalline silicon dioxide aerosols. The titanates, ferrates, zirconates, zirconium dioxide and cerium dioxide which may be used as composites of the aerosols according to the invention also have, to a great extent, disordered non-crystalline grid structures which belong to the inert substances in chemical/biological terms. In sandy sediments of decayed crystalline and volcanic rocks and in volcanic ashes, these elements sporadically in the decay-resistant fraction of heavy minerals as rutile, analas, brookite, ilmenite, titanite and zirconium. Harmful effects of these sub¬stances when taken into the digestive system are therefore not known and are not to be expected.

The natural burden due to the wind-borne fraction of fine-dust aerosols can be expected to in¬crease worldwide, if the enrichment of the tropospheric volume elements with vital elements and/or protective substances according to the invention is not put into practice, due to the con¬tinuing growth of deserts and steppes. In many regions, the natural wind-borne aerosols contain crystalline composites, in particular quartz and serpentine, which when inhaled are harmful to the health. Particularly, the natural fine-dust aerosols coming from desert belts and moraine belts which occasionally spread to central Europe can be classed as being harmful to the health due to their content of quartz. In particular, the fine dusts containing serpentine fiber which are blown out of natural serpentine deposits in dry zones are recognized as being harmful to the health.
Economic efficiency data
Particularly, the organic compounds of titanium, silicon, phosphorus and iron required for the production of the fuels and fuel additives for producing the smoke gases enriched with vita] elements and/or protective substances can be produced on a large scale at low costs. More¬over, titanium and iron are not scarce elements in the earth's crust, but belong to the most frequent elements. The continental earth's crust has an average content of iron of 42 g pro kg and an average content of titanium of 5 g pro kg. According to the 1992 volume of the Federal German statistical almanac, the fuel consumption of motor vehicles, aircraft and diesel en¬gines in 1990 amounted to about 457,000,000 metric tons just in the U.S.A. Assuming that about one fifth of this quantity has been used for appropriate purposes (air traffic, shipping) about 10,000 metric tons of doping elements could have been released by a medium concen¬tration of doping elements of 10' parts pro unit of fuel.

















WE CLAIM:
1. Method for generating a tropospheric volume element with an enriched concentration of at least one vital element and/or at least one protective substance, characterised in that smoke gases are added to the troposphere in a controlled manner, wherein the smoke gases originate from burning burnable material in a combustion apparatus, the burnable material being enriched with additives, the additives being vital elements and/or protective substances or their precursors, so that the smoke gases are enriched with vital elements and/or with protective substances which are spread into the troposphere and in that the additives contain iron and/or titanium in elementary form and/or in a chemical compound, the chemical compound being oil-or petrol-soluble, and/or in a metal and/or in an alloy, the alloy being an iron-silicon-magnesium alloy, a magnesium-titanium alloy or an iron-cerium-titanium alloy.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the combustion apparatus is arranged in a vehicle which is able to travel via land, sea or air.
3. The method according to claims 1 or 2, wherein the burnable material used contains one or more substances from the substance groups hydrogen, natural gas, liq¬uid gas, mineral oil, refined mineral oil products, pyrolysis oil, oils processed from re¬newable raw materials, diesel oil, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil. silicon oil, soot oil, petrol and methanol.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the chemical compound of iron is selected from the group of iron carbonyls, ferrocene, dekamethyl ferrocene, iron oleates, falty acidic iron salts, iron-acetylacetonate, iron rhodanide, aromatic N-hctero-cyclics containing iron and/or iron-silicon-magnesium alloy.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the chemical compound of titanium is selected from the group of titanocene, tetramethyl titanium, hydrolysis-resistant titanium acid esters condensates of carboxylic acid and titanium acid, titanium acetylacetonates, titanium phthalocyanines, titanium and/or magnesium-titanium alloy.
6. The method according to claim 3, wherein the burnable material used contains a precursor of sulfur dioxide.
7. The method according to claims 4 or 5, wherein additional additives are silicon and/or cerium in elementary form or compounds thereof.
8. A method for decontaminating and/or marking a tropospheric volume clement by using protective substances, the tropospheric volume element being a cloud carrying contaminants wherein

a) a protective substance is a soot and that a soot containing smoke gas is produced by incomplete combustion of soot oil,
b) a protective substance is an iron oxide and that an iron oxide containing smoke gas is produced by combusting burnable material containing iron in organic bonding,
c) a protective substance is a fog-forming substance, transported into the tro¬pospheric volume element by smoke and/or by injection, and/or
d) a protective substance is an iodine and that an iodine containing smoke gas is produced by combusting burnable material containing iodine.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein water is introduced into the cloud
and/or into the smoke gas.

10. The method according to claims 8 or 9, wherein the cloud and/or the smoke gas is enriched with ammonia.
11. The method according to claim 8, wherein (he cloud is enriched with odorants and/or irritating substances.
12. The method according to claims 8 to 11, wherein the soot oil for ferrocene, iodine and/or selenium is dissoluted.
13. A burnable material for combustion or in particular for internal combustion in an internal combustion engine or jet engine, which is enriched with additives contain¬ing iron and/or titanium in elementary form and/or in a chemical compound, the chemical compound being oil- or petrol-soluble, and having such a concentration that the burnable material is suitable for the use with a method according to any of the claims 1 to 12.
14. A tropospheric volume element having an enriched concentration of at least one vital element and/or at least one protective substance, both added to the tropospheric volume element in a controlled manner, characterised in that the at least one vital element and/or the at least one protective substance originates from the combustion of a burnable material which is enriched with additives, these being vital elements and/or protective substances, and characterised in that the additives contain iron and/or titanium in elementary form and/or in a chemical compound, the chemical compound being oil- or petrol-soluble, and/or in a metal and/or in an alloy, the alloy being an iron-silicon-magnesium alloy, a magnesium-titanium alloy or an iron-cerium-titanium alloy.

15. The tropospheric volume element according to claim 14. wherein the chemical compounds of iron are: iron carbonyls, ferrocene, dekamethyl ferrocene, iron oleates, fatty acidic iron salts, iron-acethylacetonate, iron rhodanide, aromatic N-heterocycHcs containing iron and/or iron-silicon-magnesium alloy.
16. The tropospheric volume element according to claims 14 or 15, wherein the chemical compounds of titanium are: titanocene, tetramethyl titanium, hydrolysis-resistant titanium acid esters, condensates of carboxylic acid and titanium acid, tita¬nium acetylacetonates. titanium phthalocyanines, titanium and/or magnesium-titanium alloy.
17. The tropospheric volume element according to claim 14, wherein the burnable material used contains one or more substances from the substance groups hydrogen, natural gas, liquid gas, mineral oil, refined mineral oil products, pyrolysis oil, oils processed from renewable raw materials, dicsel oil, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil, silicon oil, petrol and methanol.
18. A tropospheric volume element, which is a cloud originating from an accident, having an enriched concentration of at least one protective substance, wherein the at least one protective substance originates from the combustion of a burnable material which is enriched with additives as precursors of protective substances in the smoke gas, and wherein the additive or the burnable material contains at least one of the components soot oil. iron in organic bonding, manganese in organic bonding, phosphorus acid esters, phosphoric acid esters, white phosphorus, magnesium phosphide, calcium phosphide, titanocene, tetramethyl titanium, hydrolysis-resistant titanium acid esters, condensates of carboxylic acid and titanium acid, titanium

acetylacetonates, titanium phthalocyanines, titanium, magnesium-titanium alloy, iron carbonyls, ferrocene, dekamethyl ferrocene, iron oleates, fatty acidic iron salts, iron-acethylacetonate, iron rhodanide, aromatic-heterocyclics containing iron, iron-silicon-magnesium alloy, tricyclopentadienyl-cerium, cerium heptane dionate, cerium acetyl acetonate, iron-cerium-titanium alloy, iodine methane, diiodine methane, tetraiodine methane, iodine, iodine dissolution in soot oil.
19. A method for achieving a lasting climate stabilization, by enriching a global or regional tropospheric volume elements with vital elements and/or protective substances in a controlled manner, whereby the dosage of vital elements and/or protective substances leads to an average distribution, duration of stay and concen¬tration in the tropospheric volume element,
whereby the vital elements and/or protective substances are at least iron and/or
titanium in oxide bonding,
whereby the vital elements and/or protective substances are transported by
smoke gas into the tropospheric volume element,
and whereby the amount an vital elements and/or protective substances and the
position of the respective location of distribution depends on one or more of the
following parameters: " regional, hemispheric and global contents of methane and dimethyl sulfide
measured at different heights in the troposphere and above the tropopause; • regional and hemispheric contents of protective substances and/or vital
elements in the air, on/in vegetation, on/in the ground and in waters;
■ average covering of cloud in the tropospheric volume element;
■ carbon dioxide contents measured in the air and sea water, globally, in the hemisphere and in the tropospheric volume element;

■ concentration of phyto-plankton below the tropospheric volume element;
■ oxygen content of sea water beneath the tropospheric volume element at different depths;
■ content of turbid matter in sea water beneath the tropospheric volume element at different depths;
■ sedimentation rates in the sea beneath the tropospheric volume clement at different depths;
■ studying the ecological systems beneath the tropospheric volume element;
■ measuring global temperature in the troposphere, on the surface of the ground and on the surface of the sea.
20. The method according to claim 19, wherein average distribution, duration of
stay and concentration of vital elements and/or protective substances in a tropospheric
global or regional volume element is achieved by controlling one or more of the
following items:
the location over which the smoke gas is released;
the extent of the area over which the smoke gas is released;
the height above ground or sea level at which the smoke gas is released;
the concentration of substances in the smoke gas;
the dosage of smoke gas released:
the composition of the substances released with the smoke gas;
the intervals at which the smoke gas is released;
the size of the particles of the substances in the smoke gas.
21. A method for achieving the photolylic decomposition of methane, smog,
ozone, peroxy acetyl nitrate, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide halogen- and nitric-
aromatics

and other undesirable combustion and emission products and for achieving absorbent bonding of carcinogenic antimony and toxic lead by enriching a tropospheric volume clement over land or coastline regions marked by high levels of traffic and industry emissions or by enriching an artificially illuminated tropospheric volume element in tunnels or multi-storey car parks and underground car parks with protective substances in a controlled manner,
whereby the protective substances are at least iron and/or titanium in oxide bonding whereby the protective substances are transported by smoke gas into the tropospheric volume element, and
whereby average distribution, duration of stay and concentration of the protective substances in the volume element are achieved by controlling one or more of the following items:
■ the location over which the smoke gas is released;
■ the extent of the area over which the smoke gas is released;
■ the height above ground or sea level at which the smoke gas is released;
■ the concentration of substances in the smoke gas;
■ the dosage of smoke gas released;
■ the composition of the substances released with the smoke gas;
the intervals at which the smoke gas is released;


Documents:

0415-chenp-2004 abstract.pdf

0415-chenp-2004 claims-duplicate.pdf

0415-chenp-2004 claims.pdf

0415-chenp-2004 correspondences others.pdf

0415-chenp-2004 correspondences po.pdf

0415-chenp-2004 descripition(completed)-duplicate.pdf

0415-chenp-2004 descripition(completed).pdf

0415-chenp-2004 form-1.pdf

0415-chenp-2004 form-18.pdf

0415-chenp-2004 form-26.pdf

0415-chenp-2004 form-3.pdf

0415-chenp-2004 form-5.pdf

0415-chenp-2004 pct search report.pdf

0415-chenp-2004 pct.pdf

0415-chenp-2004 petition.pdf


Patent Number 229675
Indian Patent Application Number 415/CHENP/2004
PG Journal Number 13/2009
Publication Date 27-Mar-2009
Grant Date 19-Feb-2009
Date of Filing 27-Feb-2004
Name of Patentee ERNST RIES
Applicant Address JULIUSSTRASSE 12, D-36154 HOSENFELD,
Inventors:
# Inventor's Name Inventor's Address
1 FRANZ-DIETRICH OESTE TANNENWEG 2, D-35274 KIRCHHAIN,
PCT International Classification Number B01D 53/00
PCT International Application Number PCT/DE02/02766
PCT International Filing date 2002-07-29
PCT Conventions:
# PCT Application Number Date of Convention Priority Country
1 102 17 932.8 2002-04-22 Germany
2 101 37 178.0 2001-07-31 Germany
3 102 13 317.4 2002-03-25 Germany