Title of Invention

CONTROLLING CHEMICAL REACTIONS BY SPECTRAL CHEMISTRY AND SPECTRAL CONDITIONING .

Abstract The invention discloses a method to direct a reaction pathway such as herein described in a reaction system such as herein described with a conditioned participant such as herein described comprising: forming the conditioned participant by applying a spectral energy conditioning pattern such as herein described to at least one conditionable participant such as herein described, said conditionable participant thereafter having at least one conditioned energy frequency such as herein described, which may cause at least one of initiation, activation, and affecting said at least one participant.
Full Text CONTROLLING CHEMICAL REACTIONS
BY SPECTRAL CHEMISTRY AND SPECTRAL CONDITIONING
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to novel methods for affecting, controlling and/or directing
various reactions and/or reaction pathways or systems by exposing one or more components
in a holoreaction system to at least one spectral energy pattern. In a first aspect of the
invention, at least one spectral energy pattern can be applied to a reaction system. In a
second aspect of the invention, at least one spectral energy conditioning pattern can be
applied to a conditioning reaction system. The spectral energy conditioning pattern can, for
example, be applied at a separate location from the reaction vessel (e.g., in a conditioning
reaction vessel) or can be applied in (or to) the reaction vessel, but prior to other reaction
system participants being introduced into the reaction vessel.
The techniques of the present invention are applicable to inorganic reactions, organic
reactions, biologic reactions and/or phase or structure change reactions. The invention
specifically discloses different means for achieving the control of energy dynamics (e.g.,
matching or non-matching) between, for example, applied energy and matter (e.g., solids,
liquids, gases, plasmas and/or combinations or portions thereof), to achieve (or to prevent)
and/or increase energy transfer to, for example, at least one participant (or at least one
conditionable participant) in a holoreaction system by taking into account various energy
considerations in the holoreaction system. The invention also discloses an approach for
designing or determining appropriate physical catalyst(s) to be used in a holoreaction system.
DISCUSSION OF RELATED AND COMMONLY OWNED PATENT APPLICATIONS
The subject matter of the present invention is related to the subject matter contained in
co-pending U. S. Provisional Application Serial No.60/363,257, entitled 'Spectral
Chemistry", which was filed on March 11, 2002.
The subject matter of the present invention is also related to the subject matter
contained in co-pending U. S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/403,251, entitled
"Spectral Chemistry", which was filed on August 13, 2002.
The subject matter of the present invention is also related to the subject matter
concained in co-pending U. S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/439,223, entitled
Spectral Conditioning", which was filed on January 10, 2003.
The subject matter of the present invention is also related to the subject matter
contained in co-pending U. S. Application Serial No. 10/203,792, entitled "Spectral
Chemistry", which entered the National Phase on August 12, 2002.
Further, the subject matter of the present invention is related to the subject matter
contained in two (2) co-pending U. S. Provisional Applications Serial Nos. 60/366,755 and
60/403,225, both entitled, "Methods for Controlling Crystal Growth, Crystallization and
Phases in Biologic, Organic and Inorganic Systems", the first being filed on March 21, 2002,
and the later being filed on August 13, 2002.
The subject matter of each of the aforementioned Patent Applications is herein
expressly incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Chemical reactions are driven by energy. The energy comes in many different forms
including chemical, thermal, mechanical, acoustic, and electromagnetic. Various features of
each type of energy are thought to contribute in different ways to the driving of chemical
reactions. Irrespective of the type of energy involved, chemical reactions are undeniably and
inextricably intertwined with the transfer and combination of energy. An understanding of
energy is, therefore, vital to an understanding of chemical reactions.
A chemical reaction can be controlled and/or directed either by the addition of energy
to the reaction medium in the form of thermal, mechanical, acoustic and/or electromagnetic
energy or by means of transferring energy through a physical catalyst. These methods are
traditionally not that energy efficient and can produce, for example, either unwanted by-
products, decomposition of required transients, and/or intermediates and/or activated
complexes and/or insufficient quantities of preferred products of a reaction.
It has been generally believed that chemical reactions occur as a result of collisions
between reacting molecules. In terms of the collision theory of chemical kinetics, it has been
expected that the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the number of the molecular
collisions per second:
rate a number of collisions/sec
This simple relationship has been used to explain the dependence of reaction rates on
concentration. Additionally, with few exceptions, reaction rates have been believed to
increase with increasing temperature because of increased collisions.
The dependence of the rate constant k of a reaction can be expressed by the following
equation, known as the Arrhenius equation:
k=Ae-Ea/RT
where Ea is the activation energy of the reaction which is the minimum amount of energy
required to initiate a chemical reaction, R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature
and e is the base of the natural logarithm scale. The quantity A represents the collision rate
and shows that the rate constant is directly proportional to A and, therefore, to the collision
rate. Furthermore, because of the minus sign associated with the exponent Ea/RT, the rate
constant decreases with increasing activation energy and increases with increasing
temperature.
Normally, only a small fraction of the colliding molecules, typically the fastest-
moving ones, have enough kinetic energy to exceed the activation energy, therefore, the
increase in the rate constant k has been explained with the temperature increase. Since more
high-energy molecules are present at a higher temperature, the rate of product formation is
also greater at the higher temperature. But, with increased temperatures there are a number
of problems which can be introduced into the reaction system. With thermal excitation other
competing processes, such as bond rupture, may occur before the desired energy state can be
reached. Also, there are a number of decomposition products which often produce fragments
that are extremely reactive, but they can be so short-lived because of their thermodynamic
instability, that a preferred reaction may be dampened.
Radiant or light energy is another form of energy that may be added to the reaction
medium that also may have negative side effects but which may be different from (or the
same as) those side effects from thermal energy. Addition of radiant energy to a system
produces electronically excited molecules that are capable of undergoing chemical reactions.
A molecule in which all the electrons are in stable orbitals is said to be in the ground
electronic state. These orbitals may be either bonding or non-bonding. If a photon of the
proper energy collides with the molecule the photon may be absorbed and one of the
electrons may be promoted to an unoccupied orbital of higher energy. Electronic excitation
results in spatial redistribution of the valence electrons with concomitant changes in
intemuclear configurations. Since chemical reactions are controlled to a great extent by these
factors, an electronically excited molecule undergoes a chemical reaction that may be
distinctly different from those of its ground-state counterpart.
The energy of a photon is defined in terms of its frequency or wavelength,
E = hv = he/?
where E is energy; h is Plank's constant, 6.6 x 10-34 J sec; v is the frequency of the radiation,
sec-1; c is the speed of light; and A. is the wavelength of the radiation. When a photon is
absorbed, all of its energy is typically imparted to the absorbing species. The primary act
following absorption depends on the wavelength of the incident light. Photochemistry
studies photons whose energies lie in the ultraviolet region (e.g., 100A-4000 A) and in the
visible region (e.g., 4000A-7000A) of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such photons are
primarily a cause of electronically excited molecules.
Since the molecules are imbued with electronic energy upon absorption of light,
reactions occur from different potential-energy surfaces from those encountered in thermally
excited systems. However, there are several drawbacks of using the known techniques of
photochemistry, that being, utilizing a broad band of frequencies thereby causing unwanted
side reactions, undue experimentation, and poor quantum yield. Some good examples of
photochemistry are shown in the following patents.
In particular, U. S. Patent No. 5, 174,877 issued to Cooper, et al. al., (1992) discloses
an apparatus for the photocatalytic treatment of liquids. In particular, it is disclosed that
ultraviolet light irradiates the surface of a prepared slurry to activate the photocatalytic
properties of the particles contained in the slurry. The transparency of the slurry affects, for
example, absorption of radiation. Moreover, discussions of different frequencies suitable for
achieving desirable photocatalytic activity are disclosed.
Further, U. S. Patent No. 4,755,269 issued to Brumer, et al. al., (1998) discloses a
photodisassociation process for disassociating various molecules in a known energy level. In
particular, it is disclosed that different disassociation pathways are possible and the different
pathways can be followed due to selecting different frequencies of certain electromagnetic
radiation. It is further disclosed that the amplitude of electromagnetic radiation applied
corresponds to amounts of product produced.
Selective excitation of different species is shown in the following three (3) patents.
Specifically, U. S. Patent No. 4,012,301 to Rich, et al. al., (1977) discloses vapor phase
chemical reactions that are selectively excited by using vibrational modes corresponding to
the continuously flowing reactant species. Particularly, a continuous wave laser emits
radiation that is absorbed by the vibrational mode of the reactant species.
U. S. Patent No. 5,215,634 issued to Wan, et al., (1993) discloses a process of
selectively converting methane to a desired oxygenate. In particular, methane is irradiated in
the presence of a catalyst with pulsed microwave radiation to convert reactants to desirable
products. The physical catalyst disclosed comprises nickel and the microwave radiation is
applied in the range of about 1.5 to 3.0 GHz.
U. S. Patent No. 5,015,349 issued to Suib, et al. al., (1991) discloses a method for
cracking a hydrocarbon to create cracked reaction products. It is disclosed that a stream of
hydrocarbon is exposed to a microwave energy which creates a low power density
microwave discharge plasma, wherein the microwave energy is adjusted to achieve desired
results. A particular frequency desired of microwave energy is disclosed as being 2.45 GHz.
Physical catalysts are well known in the art. Specifically, a physical catalyst is a
substance which alters the reaction rate of a chemical reaction without appearing in the end
product. It is known that some reactions can be speeded up or controlled by the presence of
substances which themselves appear to remain unchanged after the reaction has ended. By
increasing the velocity of a desired reaction relative to unwanted reactions, the formation of a
desired product can be maximized compared with unwanted by-products. Often only a trace
of physical catalyst is necessary to accelerate the reaction. Also, it has been observed that
some substances, which if added in trace amounts, can slow down the rate of a reaction. This
looks like the reverse of catalysis, and, in fact, substances which slow down a reaction rate
have been called negative catalysts or poisons. Known physical catalysts go through a cycle
in which they are used and regenerated so that they can be used again and again. A physical
catalyst operates by providing another path for the reaction which can have a higher reaction
rate or slower rate than available in the absence of the physical catalyst. At the end of the
reaction, because the physical catalyst can be recovered, it appears the physical catalyst is not
involved in the reaction. But, the physical catalyst must somehow take part in the reaction, or
else the rate of the reaction would not change. The catalytic act has historically been
represented by five essential steps originally postulated by Ostwald around the late 1800's:
1. Diffusion to the catalytic site (reactant);
2. Bond formation at the catalytic site (reactant);
3. Reaction of the catalyst-reactant complex;
4. Bond rupture at the catalytic site (product); and
5. Diffusion away from the catalytic site (product)
The exact mechanisms of catalytic actions are unknown in the art but it is known that
physical catalysts can speed up a reaction that otherwise would take place too slowly to be
practical.
There are a number of problems involved with known industrial catalysts: firstly,
physical catalysts can not only lose their efficiency but also their selectivity, which can occur
due to, for example, overheating or contamination of the catalyst; secondly, many physical
catalysts include costly metals such as platinum or silver and have only a limited life span,
some are difficult to rejuvenate, and the precious metals may not be easily reclaimed. There
are numerous physical limitations associated with physical catalysts which render them less
than ideal participants in many reactions.
Accordingly, what is needed is an understanding of the catalytic process so that
biological processing, chemical processing, industrial processing, etc., can be engineered by
more precisely controlling the multitude of reaction processes that currently exist, as well as
developing completely new reaction pathways and/or reaction products. Examples of such
understandings include methods to catalyze reactions without the drawbacks of: (1) known
physical catalysts; and (2) utilizing energy with much greater specificity than the prior art
teachings which utilize less than ideal thermal and electromagnetic radiation methods and
which result in numerous inefficiencies.
DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this invention, the terms and expressions below, appearing in the
Specification and Claims, are intended to have the following meanings:
"Activated complex", as used herein, means the assembly of atom(s) (charged or
neutral) which corresponds to the maximum in the reaction profile describing the
transformation of reactant(s) into reaction product(s). Either the reactant or reaction product
in this definition could be an intermediate in an overall transformation involving more than
one step.
"Applied spectral energy conditioning pattern", as used herein, means the totality
of: (a) all spectral energy conditioning patterns that are externally applied to a conditionable
participant; and/or (b) spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions that are used
to condition one or more conditionable participants to form a conditioned participant in a
conditioning reaction system.
"Applied spectral energy pattern", as used herein, means the totality of: (a) all
spectral energy patterns that are externally applied; and/or (b) spectral environmental reaction
conditions input into a reaction system.
"Catalytic spectral conditioning pattern", as used herein, means at least a portion
of a spectral conditioning pattern of a physical catalyst which when applied to a conditionable
participant can condition the conditionable participant to form a conditioned participant
which catalyzes and/or assists in catalyzing the reaction system by the following:
completely replacing a physical chemical catalyst;
acting in unison with a physical chemical catalyst to increase the rate of reaction;
reducing the rate of reaction by acting as a negative catalyst; or
altering the reaction pathway for formation of a specific reaction product.
"Catalytic spectral energy conditioning pattern", as used herein, means at least a
portion of a spectral energy conditioning pattern which when applied to a conditionable
participant in the form of a beam or field can condition the conditionable participant to form a
conditioned participant having a spectral energy pattern corresponding to at least a portion of
a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst which catalyzes and/or assists in catalyzing the
reaction system when the conditioned participant is placed into, or becomes involved with,
the reaction system.
"Catalytic spectral energy pattern", as used herein, means at least a portion of a
spectral energy pattern of a physical catalyst which when applied to a reaction system in the
form of a beam or field can catalyze a particular reaction in the reaction system.
"Catalytic spectral pattern", as used herein, means at least a portion of a spectral
pattern of a physical catalyst which when applied to a reaction system can catalyze a
particular reaction by the following:
a) completely replacing a physical chemical catalyst;
b) acting in unison with a physical chemical catalyst to increase the rate of reaction;
c) reducing the rate of reaction by acting as a negative catalyst; or
d) altering the reaction pathway for formation of a specific reaction product.
"Condition" or "conditioning", as used herein, means the application or exposure of
a conditioning energy or combination of conditioning energies to at least one conditionable

participant prior to the conditionable participant becoming involved (e.g., being placed in a
reaction system and/or prior to being activated) in the reaction system.
"Conditionable participant", as used herein, means reactant, physical catalyst,
solvent, physical catalyst support material, reaction vessel, promoter and/or poison comprised
of molecules, macromolecules, ions and/or atoms (or components thereof) in any form of
matter (e.g., solid, liquid, gas, plasma) that can be conditioned by an applied spectral energy
conditioning pattern.
"Conditioned participant", as used herein, means reactant, physical catalyst,
solvent, physical catalyst support material, reaction vessel, conditioning reaction vessel,
physical promoter and/or poison comprised of molecules, ions and/or atoms (or components
thereof) in any form of matter (e.g., solid, liquid, gas, plasma) that has been conditioned by
an applied spectral energy conditioning pattern.
"Conditioning energy", as used herein means at least one of the following spectral
energy conditioning providers: spectral energy conditioning catalyst; spectral conditioning
catalyst; spectral energy conditioning pattern; spectral conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral
energy conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral conditioning pattern; applied spectral energy
conditioning pattern and spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions.
"Conditioning environmental reaction condition", as used herein, means and
includes traditional reaction variables such as temperature, pressure, surface area of catalysts,
physical catalyst size and shape, concentrations, electromagnetic radiation, electric fields,
magnetic fields, mechanical forces, acoustic fields, conditioning reaction vessel size, shape
and composition, and combinations thereof, etc., which may be present and are capable of
influencing, positively or negatively, the conditioning of at least one conditionable
participant.
"Conditioning reaction system", as used herein, means the combination of reactants,
physical catalysts, poisons, promoters, solvents, physical catalyst support materials,
conditioning reaction vessel, reaction vessel, spectral conditioning catalysts, spectral energy
conditioning catalysts, conditioned participants, environmental conditioning reaction
conditions, spectral environmental conditioning reaction conditions, applied spectral energy
conditioning pattern, etc., that are involved in any reaction pathway to form a conditioned
participant.
"Conditioning reaction vessel", as used herein, means the physical vessel(s) or
containment system(s) which contains or houses all components of the conditioning reaction
system, including any physical structure or media which are contained within the vessel or
system.
"Conditioning targeting", as used herein, means the application of conditioning
energy to a conditionable participant to condition the conditionable participant prior to the
conditionable participant being involved, and/or activated, in a reaction system, said
conditioning energy being provided by at least one of the following spectral energy
conditioning providers: spectral energy conditioning catalyst; spectral conditioning catalyst;
spectral energy conditioning pattern; spectral conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral energy
conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral conditioning pattern; applied spectral energy
conditioning pattern; and spectral environmental conditioning reaction conditions, to achieve
(1) direct resonance; and/or (2) harmonic resonance; and/or (3) non-harmonic heterodyne-
resonance, with at least a portion of at least one of the following conditionable participants:
reactants; physical catalysts; promoters; poisons; solvents; physical catalyst support
materials; reaction vessels; conditioning reaction vessels; and/or mixtures or components
thereof (in any form of matter), said spectral energy conditioning provider providing
conditioning energy to condition at least one conditionable participant by interacting with at
least one frequency thereof, to form at least one conditioned participant which assists in
producing at least one desired reaction product and/or at least one desired reaction product at
a desired reaction rate, when the conditioned participant becomes involved with, and/or
activated in, a reaction system.
"Direct resonance conditioning targeting", as used herein, means the application of
conditioning energy to a conditionable participant to condition the conditionable participant
prior to the conditionable participant being involved, and/or activated, in a reaction system,
said conditioning energy being provided by at least one of the following spectral energy
conditioning providers: spectral energy conditioning catalyst; spectral conditioning catalyst;
spectral energy conditioning pattern; spectral conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral energy
conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral conditioning pattern; applied spectral energy
conditioning pattern and spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions, to achieve
direct resonance with at least a portion of at least one conditionable participant (e.g..;
reactants; physical catalysts; promoters; poisons; solvents; physical catalyst support

materials; reaction vessels; conditioning reaction vessels; and/or mixtures or components
thereof in any form of matter), said spectral energy conditioning providers providing
conditioning energy to condition at least one conditionable participant(s) by interacting with
at least one frequency thereof to form at least one conditioned participant, which assists in
producing at least one desired reaction product and/or at least one desired reaction product at
a desired reaction rate, when the conditioned participant becomes involved with, and/or
activated in, a reaction system.
"Direct resonance targeting", as used herein, means the application of energy to a
reaction system by at least one of the following spectral energy providers: spectral energy
catalyst; spectral catalyst; spectral energy pattern; spectral pattern; catalytic spectral energy
pattern; catalytic spectral pattern; applied spectral energy pattern and spectral environmental
reaction conditions, to achieve direct resonance with at least one of the following forms of
matter: reactants; transients; intermediates; activated complexes; physical catalysts; reaction
products; promoters; poisons; solvents; physical catalyst support materials; reaction vessels;
and/or mixtures or components thereof, said spectral energy providers providing energy to at
least one of said forms of matter by interacting with at least one frequency thereof, excluding
electronic and vibrational frequencies in said reactants, to produce at least one desired
reaction product and/or at least one desired reaction product at a desired reaction rate.
"Environmental reaction condition", as used herein, means and includes traditional
reaction variables such as temperature, pressure, surface area of catalysts, physical catalyst
size and shape, concentrations, electromagnetic radiation, electric fields, magnetic fields,
mechanical forces, acoustic fields, reaction vessel size, shape and composition and
combinations thereof, etc., which may be present and are capable of influencing, positively or
negatively, reaction pathways in a reaction system.
'"Frequency", as used herein, means the number of times which a physical event (e.g.,
wave, field and/or motion) varies from the equilibrium value through a complete cycle in a
unit of time (e.g., one second; and one cycle/sec = 1 Hz). The variation from equilibrium can
be positive and/or negative, and can be, for example, symmetrical, asymmetrical and/or
proportional with regard to the equilibrium value.
"Harmonic conditioning targeting", as used herein, means the application of
conditioning energy to a conditionable participant to condition the conditionable participant
prior to the conditionable participant becoming involved, and/or activated, in a reaction

system, said conditioning energy being provided by at least one of the following spectral
energy conditioning providers: spectral energy conditioning catalyst; spectral conditioning
catalyst; spectral energy conditioning pattern; spectral conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral
energy conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral conditioning pattern; applied spectral energy
conditioning pattern and spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions, to achieve
harmonic resonance with at least a portion of at least one conditionable participant (e.g.;
reactants; physical catalysts; promoters, poisons; solvents; physical catalyst support
materials; reaction vessels; conditioning reaction vessels; and/or mixtures or components
thereof in any form of matter), said spectral energy conditioning provider providing
conditioning energy to condition at least one conditionable participant(s) by interacting with
at least one frequency thereof, to form at least one conditioned participant which assists in
producing at least one desired reaction product and/or at least one desired reaction product at
a desired reaction rate when the conditioned participant becomes involved with, and/or
activated in, a reaction system.
"Harmonic targeting", as used herein, means the application of energy to a reaction
system by at least one of the following spectral energy providers: spectral energy catalyst;
spectral catalyst; spectral energy pattern; spectral pattern; catalytic spectral energy pattern;
catalytic spectral pattern; applied spectral energy pattern and spectral environmental reaction
conditions, to achieve harmonic resonance with at least one of the following forms of matter:
reactants; transients; intermediates; activated complexes; physical catalysts; reaction
products; promoters, poisons; solvents; physical catalyst support materials; reaction vessels;
and/or mixtures or components thereof, said spectral energy providers providing energy to at
least one of said forms of matter by interacting with at least one frequency thereof, to produce
at least one desired reaction product and/or at least one desired reaction product at a desired
reaction rate.
"Holoreaction system", as used herein, means all components of the reaction system
and the conditioning reaction system.
"Intermediate", as used herein, means a molecule, ion and/or atom which is present
between a reactant and a reaction product in a reaction pathway or reaction profile. It
corresponds to a minimum in the reaction profile of the reaction between reactant and
reaction product. A reaction which involves an intermediate is typically a stepwise reaction.
"Non-harmonic heterodyne conditioning targeting", as used herein, means the
application of conditioning energy to a conditionable participant to condition the
conditionable participant prior to the conditionable participant being involved, and/or
activated, in a reaction system, said conditioning energy being provided by at least one of the
following spectral energy conditioning providers: spectral energy conditioning catalyst;
spectral conditioning catalyst; spectral energy conditioning pattern; spectral conditioning
pattern; catalytic spectral energy conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral conditioning pattern;
applied spectral energy conditioning pattern and spectral conditioning environmental reaction
conditions, to achieve non-harmonic heterodyne resonance with at least a portion of at least
one conditionable participant (e.g.; reactants; physical catalysts; promoters; poisons;
solvents; physical catalyst support materials; reaction vessels; conditioning reaction vessels;
and/or mixtures or components thereof in any form of matter), said spectral energy
conditioning provider providing conditioning energy to condition at least one conditionable
participant by interacting with at least one frequency thereof, to form at least one conditioned
participant which assists in producing at least one desired reaction product and/or at least one
desired reaction product at a desired reaction rate when the conditioned participant becomes
involved with, and/or activated in, a reaction system.
"Non-harmonic heterodyne targeting", as used herein, means the application of
energy to a reaction system by at least one of the following spectral energy providers:
spectral energy catalyst; spectral catalyst; spectral energy pattern; spectral pattern; catalytic
spectral energy pattern; catalytic spectral pattern; applied spectral energy pattern and spectral
environmental reaction condition to achieve non-harmonic heterodyne resonance with at least
one of the following forms of matter: reactants; transients; intermediates; activated
complexes; physical catalysts; reaction products; promoters; poisons; solvents; physical
catalyst support materials; reaction vessels; and/or mixtures or components thereof, said
spectral energy provider providing energy to at least one of said forms of matter by
interacting with at least one frequency thereof, to produce at least one desired reaction
product and/or at least one desired reaction product at a desired reaction rate.
"Participant", as used herein, means reactant, transient, intermediate, activated
complex, physical catalyst, promoter, poison and/or reaction product comprised of molecules,
macromolecules, ions and/or atoms (or components thereof).
"Plasma", as used herein means, an approximately electrically neutral (quasineutral)
collection of electrically activated atoms or molecules, or ions (positive and/or negative) and
electrons which may or may not contain a background neutral gas, and at least a portion of
which is capable of responding to at least electric and/or magnetic fields.
"Reaetant", as used herein, means a starting material or starting component in a
reaction system. A reactant can be any inorganic, organic and/or biologic atom, molecule,
macromolecule, ion, compound, substance, and/or the like.
"Reaction coordinate", as used herein, means an intra- or inter-molecular/atom
configurational variable whose change corresponds to the conversion of reactant into reaction
product.
"Reaction pathway", as used herein, means those steps which lead to the formation
of reaction product(s). A reaction pathway may include intermediates and/or transients
and/or activated complexes. A reaction pathway may include some or all of a reaction
profile.
"Reaction product", as used herein, means any product of a reaction involving a
reactant. A reaction product may have a different chemical composition from a reactant or a
substantially similar (or exactly the same) chemical composition but exhibit a different
physical or crystalline structure and/or phase and/or properties.
"Reaction profile", as used herein, means a plot of energy (e.g., molecular potential
energy, molar enthalpy, or free energy) against reaction coordinate for the conversion of
reactant(s) into reaction product(s).
"Reaction system", as used herein, means the combination of reactants,
intermediates, transients, activated complexes, physical catalysts, poisons, promoters, spectral
catalysts, spectral energy catalysts, reaction products, environmental reaction conditions,
spectral environmental reaction conditions, applied spectral energy pattern, etc., that are
involved in any reaction pathway.
'Reaction vessel", as used herein, means the physical vessel(s) or containment
system(s) which contains or houses all components of the reaction system, including any
physical structures or media which are contained within the vessel or system.
"Resultant energy conditioning pattern", as used herein, means the totality of
energy interactions between the applied spectral energy conditioning pattern with at least one

conditionable participant before said conditionable participant becomes involved, and/or
activated, in a reaction system as a conditioned participant.
"Resultant energy pattern", as used herein, means the totality of energy interactions
between the applied spectral energy pattern with all participants and/or components in the
reaction system.
"Spectral catalyst", as used herein, means electromagnetic energy which acts as a
catalyst in a reaction system, for example, electromagnetic energy having a spectral pattern
which affects, controls, or directs a reaction pathway.
"Spectral conditioning catalyst", as used herein, means electromagnetic energy
which, when applied to a conditionable participant to form a conditioned participant, assists
the conditioned participant to act as a catalyst in a reaction system, for example,
electromagnetic energy having a spectral conditioning pattern which causes the conditioned
participant to affect, control, or direct a reaction pathway in a reaction system when the
conditioned participant becomes involved with , and/or activated in, the reaction system.
"Spectral conditioning environmental reaction condition", as used herein, means
at least one frequency and/or field which simulates at least a portion of at least one
conditioning environmental reaction condition.
"Spectral conditioning pattern", as used herein, means a pattern formed by one or
more electromagnetic frequencies emitted or absorbed after excitation of an atom or
molecule. A spectral conditioning pattern may be formed by any known spectroscopic
technique.
"Spectral energy catalyst", as used herein, means energy which acts as a catalyst in
a reaction system having a spectral energy pattern which affects, controls, and/or directs a
reaction pathway.
"Spectral energy conditioning catalyst", as used herein, means conditioning energy
which, when applied to a conditionable participant, assists a conditionable participant, once
conditioned, to act as a catalyst in a reaction system, the conditioned participant having a
spectral energy pattern which affects, controls and/or directs a reaction pathway when the
conditioned participant becomes involved with, and/or activated in, the reaction system.
"Spectral energy conditioning pattern", as used herein, means a pattern formed by
one or more conditioning energies and/or components emitted or absorbed by a molecule,
ion. .atom and/or components) thereof and/or which is present by and/or within a molecule,
ion, atom and/or component(s) thereof.
"Spectral energy pattern", as used herein, means a pattern formed by one or more
energies and/or components emitted or absorbed by a molecule, ion, atom and/or
component(s) thereof and/or which is present by and/or within a molecule, ion, atom and/or
component(s) thereof. For example, the spectral energy pattern could be a series of
electromagnetic frequencies designed to heterodyne with reaction intermediates, or the
spectral energy pattern could be the portion of the actual spectrum emitted by a reaction
intermediate.
"Spectral environmental reaction condition", as used herein, means at least one
frequency and/or field which simulates at least a portion of at least one environmental
reaction condition in a reaction system.
"Spectral pattern", as used herein, means a pattern formed by one or more
electromagnetic frequencies emitted or absorbed after excitation of an atom or molecule. A
spectral pattern may be formed by any known spectroscopic technique.
"Targeting", as used herein, means the application of energy to a reaction system by
at least one of the following spectral energy providers: spectral energy catalyst; spectral
catalyst; spectral energy pattern; spectral pattern; catalytic spectral energy pattern; catalytic
spectral pattern; applied spectral energy pattern; and spectral environmental reaction
conditions, to achieve direct resonance and/or harmonic resonance and/or non-harmonic
heterodyne-resonance with at least one of the following forms of matter: reactants;
transients; intermediates; activated complexes; physical catalysts; reaction products;
promoters; poisons; solvents; physical catalyst support materials; reaction vessels; and/or
mixtures or components thereof, said spectral energy provider providing energy to at least
one of said forms of matter by interacting with at least one frequency thereof, to produce at
least one desired reaction product and/or at least one desired reaction product at a desired
reaction rate.
"Transient", as used herein, means any chemical and/or physical state that exists
between reactant(s) and reaction product(s) in a reaction pathway or reaction profile.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention overcomes many of the deficiencies associated with the use of various
known physical catalysts in a variety of different environments. More importantly, this
invention discloses a variety of novel spectral energy techniques, referred to sometimes
herein as spectral chemistry, and a variety of novel spectral energy conditioning techniques,
referred to sometimes herein as spectral conditioning, that can be utilized in a number of
reactions in a holoreaction system, including very basic reactions, which may be desirable to
achieve or to permit to occur in a virtually unlimited number of areas. These spectral energy
techniques can be used in, for example, any type of biological reactions (i.e., plant and
animal), physical reactions, chemical reactions (i.e., organic or inorganic) industrial (i.e., any
industrial reactions of large scale or small scale), and/or energy reactions of any type etc.
Further, the invention discloses a variety of novel spectral energy conditioning
techniques, referred to sometimes herein as spectral conditioning, or conditioning energies
that can be utilized to condition a conditionable participant. Once a conditionable participant
has been conditioned, the conditioned participant can be used in a reaction system. These
spectral energy conditioning techniques can be used to condition at least one conditionable
participant which can thereafter be used in, for example, any type of biological reaction
system (e.g., plant and animal), organic or inorganic reaction system, industrial reaction
system , etc. Further, the conditioned participant may itself comprise both a reactant and a
reaction product, whereby, for example, the chemical composition of the conditioned
participant does not substantially change (if at all) but one or more physical properties or
structures and/or phases is changed once the conditioned participant is involved with, and/or
activated by, the reaction system.
These novel spectral energy techniques (now referred to as spectral chemistry) and
novel spectral energy conditioning techniques (now referred to as spectral conditioning) are
possible to achieve due to the fundamental discoveries contained herein that disclose various
means for achieving the transfer of energy (or preventing the transfer of energy) and/or
controlling the energy dynamics, and controlling the resonant exchange of energy between,
for example, at least two entities. The invention teaches that the key for transferring energy
between two entities (e.g., one entity sharing energy with another entity) is that when
frequencies match, energy transfers. For example: (1) matching of frequencies of spectral
energy patterns of two different forms of matter or matching of frequencies of a spectral
energy pattern of matter with energy in the form of a spectral energy catalyst; and/or (2)
matching of frequencies of spectral energy conditioning patterns of two different forms of
matter or matching of frequencies of a spectral energy conditioning pattern of matter with
energy in the form of a spectral conditioning catalyst. In the case of achieving the transfer of
energy between, for example, a spectral energy conditioning pattern and a conditionable
participant, once conditioning energy has been transferred, the conditioned participant can
thereafter favorably utilize its conditioned energy pattern in a reaction system. The
aforementioned entities may both be comprised of matter (solids, liquids, gases and/or
plasmas and/or mixtures and/or components thereof), both comprised of various form(s) of
energy, or one comprised of various form(s) of energy and the other comprised of matter
(solids, liquids, gases and/or plasmas and/or mixtures and/or components thereof)-
More specifically, all matter can be represented by spectral energy patterns, which can
be quite simple to very complex in appearance, depending on, for example, the complexity of
the matter. One example of a spectral energy pattern is a spectral pattern (or a spectral
conditioning pattern) which likewise can be quite simple to quite complex in appearance,
depending on, for example, the complexity of the matter. In the case of matter represented by
spectral patterns (or spectral conditioning patterns), matter can exchange energy with other
matter if, for example, the spectral patterns of the two forms of matter match, at least
partially, or can be made to match or overlap, at least partially (e.g., spectral curves or
spectral patterns (or spectral conditioning patterns) comprising one or more electromagnetic
frequencies may overlap with each other). In general, but not in all cases, the greater the
overlap in spectral patterns (and thus, the greater the overlap of frequencies comprising the
spectral patterns or spectral conditioning patterns), the greater the amount of energy
transferred. Likewise, for example, if the spectral pattern (or spectral conditioning pattern) of
at least one form of energy can be caused to match or overlap, at least partially, with the
spectral pattern of matter, (e.g., a participant or a conditionable participant) energy will also
transfer to the matter. Thus, energy can be transferred to matter by causing frequencies to
match.
As discussed elsewhere herein, energy (E), frequency (v) and wavelength (X) and the
speed of light (c) in a vacuum are interrelated through, for example, the following equation:
E = hv = hc/?.
When a frequency or set of frequencies corresponding to at least a first form of matter can be
caused to match with a frequency or set of frequencies corresponding to at least a second
form of matter, energy can transfer between the different forms of matter and permit at least
some interaction and/or reaction to occur involving at least one of the two different forms of

matter. For example, solid, liquid, gas and/or plasma (and/or mixtures and/or portions
thereof) forms of matter can interact and/or react and form a desirable reaction product or
result. Any combination(s) of the above forms of matter (e.g., solid/solid, solid/liquid,
solid/gas, solid/plasma, solid/gas/plasma, solid/liquid/gas, etc., and/or mixtures and/or
portions thereof) are possible to achieve for desirable interactions and/or reactions to occur in
various holoreaction systems in biologic, organic and/or inorganic systems.
In order to practice the techniques of the present invention, it has been discovered that
matter (e.g., solids, liquids, gases and/or plasmas and/or mixtures and/or portions thereof) can
be caused, or influenced, to interact and/or react (or be prevented from reacting and/or
interacting) with other matter and/or portions thereof in, a reaction system along a desired
reaction pathway by applying energy, in the form of, for example, a spectral energy provider
such as a catalytic spectral energy pattern, a catalytic spectral pattern, a spectral energy
pattern, a spectral energy catalyst, a spectral pattern, a spectral catalyst, a spectral
environmental reaction condition and/or combinations thereof, which can collectively result
in an applied spectral energy pattern being applied or provided in at least a portion of the
reaction system. One example of this phenomenon, discussed in greater detail in the
"Examples" section later herein, utilizes a sodium vapor light as a spectral energy pattern
which results in enhanced formation of sodium chloride crystals from various aqueous
solutions of NaCl in water.
Likewise, matter (e.g., solids, liquids, gases and/or plasmas and/or mixtures and/or
portions thereof) can be caused, or influenced, to interact and/or react with other matter
and/or portions thereof in, for example, a reaction system along a desired reaction pathway by
applying conditioning energy in a conditioning reaction system to a conditionable participant,
in the form of, for example, a catalytic spectral energy conditioning pattern, a catalytic
spectral conditioning pattern, a spectral energy conditioning pattern, a spectral energy
conditioning catalyst, a spectral conditioning pattern, a spectral conditioning catalyst, a
spectral conditioning environmental reaction condition and/or combinations thereof, which
can collectively result in an applied spectral energy conditioning pattern being applied to a
conditionable participant. Specifically, the applied conditioning energy results in a
conditioned participant which, when exposed to, and/or activated by, a reaction system, can
cause the reaction system to behave in a desirable manner (e.g., the conditioned energy
pattern of the conditioned participant favorably interacts with at least one participant in a

reaction system). Examples of this phenomenon, discussed in greater detail in the
"Examples" section later herein, utilize a sodium vapor light as a spectral energy conditioning
pattern for conditioning water prior to solutes being dissolved therein.
In these cases, interactions and/or reactions may be caused to occur when the applied
spectral energy pattern (or the applied spectral energy conditioning pattern) results in, for
example, some type of modification to the spectral energy pattern of one or more of the forms
of matter in the reaction system. The various forms of matter include reactants; transients;
intermediates; activated complexes; physical catalysts; reaction products; promoters; poisons;
solvents; physical catalyst support materials; reaction vessels; and/or mixtures of components
thereof. For example, the applied spectral energy provider (i.e., at least one of spectral
energy catalyst; spectral catalyst; spectral energy pattern; spectral pattern; catalytic spectral
energy pattern; catalytic spectral pattern; applied spectral energy pattern and spectral
environmental reaction conditions) when targeted appropriately to, for example, a participant
and/or component in the reaction system, can result in the generation of, and/or desirable
interaction with one or more participants. Specifically, the applied spectral energy provider
can be targeted to achieve very specific desirable results and/or reaction product and/or
reaction product at a desired rate and/or along a desired reaction pathway).
The targeting can occur by a direct resonance approach, (i.e., direct resonance
targeting), a harmonic resonance approach (i.e., harmonic targeting) and/or a non-harmonic
heterodyne resonance approach (i.e., non-harmonic heterodyne targeting). The spectral
energy provider can be targeted to, for example, interact with at least one frequency or field
of an atom or molecule, including, but not limited to, electronic frequencies, vibrational
frequencies, rotational frequencies, rotational-vibrational frequencies, librational frequencies,
translational frequencies, gyrational frequencies, fine splitting frequencies, hyperfine splitting
frequencies, magnetic field induced frequencies, electric field induced frequencies, natural
oscillating frequencies, and all components and/or portions thereof (discussed in greater
detail later herein; and specific examples being given in Table D). These approaches may
result in, for example, the mimicking of at least one mechanism of action of a physical
catalyst in a reaction system.
Similar concepts also apply to utilizing an applied spectral energy conditioning
pattern in a conditioning reaction system. In the case where one applied spectral energy
conditioning pattern is utilized, interactions and/or reactions may be caused to occur in the

conditioning reaction system when the applied spectral energy conditioning pattern results in,
for example, some type of modification to the spectral energy pattern of one or more
conditionable participants prior to such participant(s) being involved in, and/or activated by,
the reaction system. The various forms of matter that can be used as a conditionable
participant include: reactants; physical catalysts; reaction products; promoters; poisons;
solvents; physical catalyst support materials; reaction vessels; conditioning reaction vessels;
and/or mixtures of components thereof. For example, the applied spectral energy
conditioning provider (e.g., at least one of a: spectral energy conditioning catalyst; spectral
conditioning catalyst; spectral energy conditioning pattern; spectral conditioning pattern;
catalytic spectral energy conditioning pattern; catalytic spectral conditioning pattern; applied
spectral energy conditioning pattern and spectral conditioning environmental reaction
conditions) when targeted appropriately to, for example, a conditionable participant and/or
component thereof prior to the conditionable participant, and/or component thereof,
becoming involved in, and/or activated by, the reaction system, can result in the generation of
a desirable reaction product, and/or desirable interaction with one or more participants in the
reaction system. Specifically, the applied spectral energy conditioning provider can be
targeted to a conditionable participant to achieve very specific desirable results (e.g., a very
specific conditioned energy pattern). The desirable conditioned energy pattern can thereafter
result in a desirable reaction pathway, a desirable reaction product and/or at a desired rate in a
reaction system, when the conditioned participant becomes involved with or activated in the
reaction system. Further, the conditioned participant may itself comprise both a reactant and
a reaction product, whereby, for example, the chemical composition of the conditioned
participant does not substantially change (if at all) but one or more physical properties or
structures or phases or relationship(s) in one or more of its energy structure(s) is changed
once the conditioned participant is involved with, and/or activated by, the reaction system.
The conditioning targeting can occur by a direct resonance conditioning approach,
(i.e., direct resonance conditioning targeting), a harmonic resonance conditioning, approach
(i.e., harmonic conditioning targeting), non-harmonic heterodyne conditioning resonance
approach (i.e., non-harmonic heterodyne conditioning targeting). The spectral energy
conditioning provider can be targeted to, for example, interact with the conditionable
participant by interacting with at least one frequency of an atom or molecule, including, but
not limited to, electronic frequencies, vibrational frequencies, rotational frequencies,

rotational-vibrational frequencies, fine splitting frequencies, hyperfine splitting frequencies,
magnetic field induced frequencies, electric field induced frequencies, natural oscillating
frequencies, and all components and/or portions thereof (discussed in greater detail later
herein). Some examples of known sources of spectral energy conditioning providers include,
but are not limited to, ELF sources, VLF sources, radio sources, microwave sources, infrared
sources, visible light sources, ultraviolet sources, x-ray sources and gamma ray sources.
The following Table D lists examples of various possible sources of spectral energy
patterns and of spectral energy conditioning patterns.
TABLE D
ELF. VLF. and Radio Sources
? Electron tubes
(e.g. oscillators such as regenerative, Meissner, Harley, Colpitts,Ultraudion,
Tuned-Grid Tuned Plate, Crystal, Dynatron, Transitron, Beat- requency,
R-C Transitron, Phase-Shift, Multivibrator, Inverse-Feedback, Sweep-Circuit,
Thyratron Sweep)
? Glow tube
? Thyratron
? Electron-ray tube
? Cathode-ray tube
? Phototube
? Ballast tube
? Hot body
? Magnetron
? Klystron
? Crystals
(e.g. microprocessor, piezoelectric, quartz, quartz strip, SAW resonator,
semiconductor)
? Oscillators
(e.g. crystal, digitally compensated crystal, hybrid, 1C, microcomputer
compensated crystal, oven controlled crystal OCXO, positive emitter-coupled
logic, pulse, RC, RF, RFXO, SAW, sinusoidal, square wave, temperature
compensated TCXO, trigger coherent, VHF/UHF, voltage controlled crystal
VCXO, voltage controlled VCO, dielectric resonator DRO)
Microwave Sources
? Hot body
? Spark discharge
? Electronic tubes (e.g. triode)
? Klystrons
? Klystron plus multipliers
? Magnetrons
? Magnetron harmonics
¦ Traveling-wave and backward wave tubes
¦ Spark oscillator
¦ Mass oscillator
¦ Vacuum tube
¦ Multipliers
¦ Microwave tube
¦ Microwave solid-state device
(e.g. transistors, bipolar transistors, field-effect transistors,
transferred electron (Gunn) devices, avalanche diodes, tunnel diodes)
¦ Maser
¦ Oscillators
(e.g. crystal, digitally compensated crystal, hybrid, 1C, microcomputer
compensated crystal, oven controlled crystal OCXO, positive emitter-
coupled logic, pulse, RC, RF. RPXO, SAW, sinusoidal, square.wave,
temperature compensated TCXO, trigger coherent, VHF/UHF, voltage
controlled crystal VCXO, voltage controlled VCO, dielectric resonator
DRO)
Infrared Sources
¦ Filaments (e.g. Nernst, refractory, Globar)
¦ Gas mantle
¦ Lamp (e.g. mercury, neon)
¦ Hot body
¦ Infrared light emitting diode ILED, arrays
Visible Light Sources
¦ Flame
¦ Electric arc
¦ Spark electrode
¦ Gaseous discharge (e.g. sodium, mercury)
¦ Planar Gas discharge
¦ Plasma
¦ Hot body
¦ Filament, Incandescence
¦ Laser, laser diodes (e.g. multiple quantum well types, double heterostructured)
¦ Lamps
(e.g. arc, cold cathode, fluorescent, electroluminescent, fluorescent,
high intensity discharge, hot cathode, incandescent, mercury, neon,
tungsten-halogen, deuterium, tritium, hollow cathode, xenon, high
pressure, photoionization, zinc)
¦ Light-emitting diode LED, LED arrays
¦ Organic Light-emitting diode OLED (e.g. small molecule, polymer)
¦ Luminescence (e.g. electro-, chemi-)
¦ Charge coupled devices CCD
¦ Cathode ray tube CRT
¦ Cold cathode
¦ Field emission
¦ Liquid crystal LCD
¦ Liquid crystal on silicon LcoS
¦ Low Temperature polycrystalline silicon LTPS
¦ Metal-Insulated-Metal (MOM) Active Matrix
¦ Active Matrix Liquid Crystal
¦ Chip on Glass COG
¦ Twist Nematic TN
¦ Super Twist Nematic STN
¦ Thin film transistor TNT
¦ Fluorescence (e.g. vacuum, chemi-)
Ultraviolet Sources
¦ Spark discharge
¦ Arc discharge
¦ Hot body
¦ Lamps (e.g. gaseous discharge, mercury vapor, neon, fluorescence, mercury-
xenon)
¦ Light emiting diode LED, LED arrays
¦ Laser
X-ray Sources
¦ Atomic inner shell
¦ Positron-electron annihilation
¦ Electron impact on a solid
¦ Spark discharge
¦ Hot body
¦ Tubes (e.g. gas, high vacuum)
?-rav Sources
¦ Radioactive nuclei
¦ Hot body
In some cases, desirable results in a reaction system may be achieved by utilizing a
single applied spectral energy pattern targeted to a single participant; while in other cases,
more than one applied spectral energy pattern may be targeted to a single participant or
multiple participants, by, for example, multiple approaches in a single reaction system.
Specifically, combinations of direct resonance targeting, harmonic targeting and non-
harmonic heterodyne targeting, which can be made to interact with one or more frequencies
occurring in atoms and/or molecules, could be used sequentially or substantially
continuously. Further, in certain cases, the spectral energy provider targeting may result in

various interactions at predominantly the upper energy levels of one or more of the various
forms of matter present in a reaction system.
Further, desirable results may be achieved once a conditioned participant is exposed
to (e.g., activated in) a reaction system and/or the conditioned participant may enhance
certain reaction pathways and/or reaction rates (e.g., kinetics of a reaction may be increased
or decreased; or reaction products may be altered, increased or decreased). For example, in
some cases, desirable results may be achieved by utilizing a single applied spectral energy
conditioning pattern targeted to a single conditionable participant; while in other cases, more
than one applied spectral energy conditioning pattern may be targeted to a single
conditionable participant or to multiple conditionable participants, by, for example, multiple
approaches. Specifically, combinations of direct resonance conditioning targeting, harmonic
conditioning targeting and non-harmonic heterodyne conditioning targeting, which can be
made to interact with one or more frequencies occurring in atoms and/or molecules of a
conditionable participant, could be used sequentially or substantially continuously to create
desirable conditioned participants. Further, in certain cases, the spectral energy conditioning
provider targeting may result in various interactions at predominantly the upper energy levels
of one or more of the various forms of matter present as a conditionable participant.
Still further, numerous combinations of the aforementioned applied spectral energy
patterns and applied spectral energy conditioning patters could be used in a holoreaction
system to target participants and/or conditionable participants. For example, applied spectral
energy patterns could be directed to one or more participants; and/or applied spectral energy
conditioning patterns could be directed to one or more conditionable participants. In some
holoreaction systems, a spectral energy pattern and a spectral energy conditioning pattern
may be substantially similar to each other (e.g., exactly the same or at least comprising
similar portions of the electromagnetic spectrum) or very different from each other (e.g.,
comprising similar or very different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum). The
combination of one or more spectral energy patterns with one or more spectral energy
conditioning patters could have significant implications for control of various reaction
pathways and/or reaction rates in a reaction system.
The invention further recognizes and explains that various environmental reaction
conditions are capable of influencing reaction pathways in a reaction system when using a
spectral energy catalyst such as a spectral catalyst. The invention teaches specific methods
for controlling various environmental reaction conditions in order to achieve desirable results
in a reaction (e.g., desirable reaction product(s) in one or more desirable reaction pathway(s))
and/or interactions. The invention further discloses an applied spectral energy approach
which permits the simulation, at least partially, of desirable environmental reaction
conditions by the application of at least one, for example, spectral environmental reaction
conditions. Thus, environmental reaction conditions can be controlled and used in
combination with at least one spectral energy pattern to achieve a desired reaction pathway.
Alternatively, traditionally utilized environmental reaction conditions can be modified in a
desirable manner (e.g., application of a reduced temperature and/or reduced pressure) by
supplementing and/or replacing the traditional environmental reaction condition(s) with at
least one spectral environmental reaction condition.
Similarly, the invention further recognizes and explains that various conditioning
environmental reaction conditions are capable of influencing the resultant energy pattern of a
conditionable participant, which, when such conditioned participant becomes involved with,
and/or activated in, a reaction system, can influence reaction pathways in a reaction system.
The invention teaches specific methods for controlling various conditioning environmental
reaction conditions in order to achieve desirable conditioning of at least one conditionable
participant which in turn can achieve desirable results (e.g., desirable reaction product(s)
and/or one or more desirable reaction pathway(s) and/or desirable interactions and/or
desirable reaction raters) in a reaction system. The invention further discloses an applied
spectral energy conditioning approach which permits the simulation, at least partially, of
desirable environmental reaction conditions by the application of at least one, for example,
spectral conditioning environmental reaction condition. Thus, conditioning environmental
reaction conditions can be controlled and used in combination with at least one spectral
energy conditioning pattern to achieve a desired conditioned energy pattern in a conditioned
participant. Alternatively, traditionally utilized environmental reaction conditions can be
modified in a desirable manner (e.g., application of a reduced temperature and/or reduced
pressure) by supplementing and/or replacing the traditional environmental reaction
condition(s) with at least one spectral conditioning environmental reaction condition.
The invention also provides a method for determining desirable physical catalysts
(i.e., comprising previously known materials or materials not previously known to function as
a physical catalyst which can be utilized in a reaction system to achieve a desired reaction

pathway and/or desired reaction rate. In this regard, the invention may be able to provide a
recipe for a physical and/or spectral catalyst for a particular reaction in a reaction system
where no physical catalyst previously existed. In this embodiment of the invention, spectral
energy patterns are determined or calculated by the techniques of the invention and
corresponding physical catalysts can be supplied or manufactured and thereafter included in
the reaction system to generate the calculated required spectral energy patterns. In certain
cases, one or more existing physical species could be used or combined in a suitable manner,
if a single physical species was deemed to be insufficient, to obtain the appropriate calculated
spectral energy pattern to achieve a desired reaction pathway and/or desired reaction rate.
Such catalysts can be used alone, in combination with other physical catalysts, spectral
energy catalysts, controlled environmental reaction conditions and/or spectral environmental
reaction conditions to achieve a desired resultant energy pattern and consequent reaction
pathway and/or desired reaction rate.
Similarly, the invention also provides a method for determining desirable physical
catalysts (e.g., comprising previously known materials or materials not previously known to
function as a physical catalyst) which can be utilized in a reaction system by appropriately
conditioning at least one conditionable participant to achieve a desired reaction pathway
and/or desired reaction rate and/or desired reaction product when the conditioned participant
becomes involved with (e.g., is added to or activated in) the reaction system. In this regard,
the invention may be able to provide a recipe for a physical and/or spectral catalyst for a
particular reaction system where no physical catalyst previously existed. In this embodiment
of the invention, spectral energy conditioning patterns are determined or calculated by the
techniques of the invention and corresponding conditionable participants can be supplied or
manufactured and thereafter included in the conditioning reaction system to generate the
calculated required spectral energy patterns in a conditioned participant. In certain cases, one
or more existing physical species of a conditionable participant could be used or combined in
a suitable manner, if a single physical species was deemed to be insufficient, to obtain the
appropriate calculated spectral energy conditioned pattern to achieve a desired reaction
pathway and/or desired reaction rate. Such conditioned participant, can be used alone, in
combination with other physical catalysts, spectral energy catalysts, spectral energy catalysts,
controlled environmental reaction conditions, spectral environmental reaction conditions
and/or spectral environmental reaction conditions to achieve a desired reaction pathway

and/or desired reaction rate. Thus, once a desired conditioned energy pattern is achieved in a
conditionable participant, the conditionable participant becomes involved with, and/or
activated in, the reaction system.
The invention discloses many different permutations of one important theme of the
invention, namely, that when frequencies of participants in a holoreaction system match, or
can be made to match, such as, by conditioning at least one conditionable participant, energy
transfers between the components, participants or conditioned participants in the holoreaction
system. It should be understood that these many different permutations can be used alone to
achieve desirable results (e.g., desired reaction pathways and/or a desired reaction rates
and/or desired reaction products) or can be used in a limitless combination of permutations,
to achieve desired results (e.g., desired reaction pathways, desired reaction products and/or
desired reaction rates). However, in a first preferred embodiment of the invention, so long as
a participant, or conditioned participant, has one or more of its frequencies that match with at
least one frequency of at least one other participant in a holoreaction system (e.g., spectral
patterns overlap), energy can be transferred. If energy is transferred in this targeted manner,
desirable interactions, reactions and/or energy dynamics can result in the holoreaction
system, such as increased energy amplitudes in key components involved in one or more
reactions in the holoreaction system. Further, the conditioned participant may itself comprise
both a reactant and a reaction product, whereby, for example, the chemical composition of
the conditioned participant does not substantially change (if at all) but one or more physical
properties or structures or phases is changed once the conditioned participant is involved
with, and/or activated by, the reaction system.
Further, the same targeted frequency or energy can be used with different power
amplitudes, in the same holoreaction system, to achieve dramatically different results. For
example, the vibrational frequency of a liquid solvent may be input at low power amplitudes
to improve the solvent properties of the liquid without causing any substantial change in the
chemical composition of the liquid. At higher power levels, the same vibrational frequency
can be used to dissociate the liquid solvent, thereby changing its chemical composition.
Thus, there is a continuum of effects that can be obtained with a single targeted frequency,
ranging from changes in the energy dynamics of a participant, to changes in the actual
chemical or physical structure of a participant.
Moreover, the concept of frequencies matching can also be used in the reverse.
Specifically, if a reaction in a reaction system is occurring because frequencies match, the
reaction can be slowed or stopped by causing the frequencies to no longer match or at least
match to a lesser degree. In this regard, one or more reaction system components (e.g.,
environmental reaction condition, spectral environmental reaction condition and/or an applied
spectral energy pattern) can be modified and/or applied so as to minimize, reduce or
eliminate frequencies from matching. This also permits reactions to be started and stopped
with ease providing for novel control in a myriad of reactions in a reaction system including
preventing the formation of certain species, controlling the amount of product formed in a
reaction system, etc. Further, if a source of, for example, electromagnetic radiation includes
a somewhat larger spectrum of wavelengths or frequencies (i.e., energies) than those which
are needed to optimize (or prevent) a particular reaction in a reaction system, then some of
the unnecessary (or undesirable) wavelengths can be prevented from coming into contact
with the reaction system (e.g., can be blocked, reflected, absorbed, etc.) by an appropriate
filtering, absorbing and/or reflecting technique as discussed in greater detail later herein.
Moreover, the concept of frequencies matching can also be used in the reverse for
conditionable participants. Specifically, if a reaction is occurring because frequencies match,
the reaction can be slowed or stopped by causing the frequencies to no longer match or at
least match to a lesser degree. In this regard, one or more reaction system components (e.g.,
environmental reaction condition, spectral environmental reaction condition and/or an applied
spectral energy pattern) can be modified by introducing a conditionable participant, once
conditioned, so as to minimize, reduce or eliminate frequencies from matching in the reaction
system. This also permits reactions to be started and stopped with ease providing for novel
control in a myriad of reactions in a reaction system including preventing the formation of
certain species, controlling the amount of product formed in a reaction system, etc. Further,
if a source of, for example electromagnetic radiation includes a somewhat larger spectrum of
wavelengths or frequencies (i.e., energies) than those which are needed to optimize (or
prevent) a particular reaction in a reaction system, then some of the unnecessary (or
undesirable) wavelengths can be prevented from coming into contact with the reaction system
(e.g., can be blocked, reflected, absorbed, etc.) by an appropriate filtering, absorbing and/or
reflecting technique as discussed in greater detail later herein.
It should also be apparent that various conditionable participants, once conditioned,
con be used in combination with various participants and/or spectral energy providers in a
reaction system to control numerous reaction pathways.
Further, a conditionable participant may be conditioned by removing at least a portion
of its spectral pattern prior to the conditionable participant being introduced as a conditioned
participant into a reaction system.
To simplify the disclosure and understanding of the invention, specific categories or
sections have been created in the "Summary of the Invention" and in the "Detailed
Description of the Preferred Embodiments". However, it should be understood that these
categories are not mutually exclusive and that some overlap exists. Accordingly, these
artificially created sections should not be used in an effort to limit the scope of the invention
defined in the appended claims.
Further, in the following Sections, attempts have been made to simplify discussions
and reduce the overall length of this disclosure. For example, in many instances,
"participants" in a reaction or holoreaction system are exclusively referred to. However, it
should be understood that "conditionable participants" could also be separately addressed in
the disclosure, even though not always expressly referred to herein. Thus, when the various
general mechanisms of the invention are referred to herein, even if reference is made directly
or indirectly to "participants" only, it should be understood that the discussion also applies to
"conditionable participants" with similar relevancy. Efforts have been made throughout the
disclosure to refer expressly to all of the novel phenomenon associated with conditionable
participants only when required for clarification purposes.
I. WAVE ENERGIES
In general, thermal energy has traditionally been used to drive chemical reactions by
applying heat and increasing the temperature of a reaction system. The addition of heat
increases the kinetic (motion) energy of the chemical reactants. It has been believed that a
reactant with more kinetic energy moves faster and farther, and is more likely to take part in a
chemical reaction. Mechanical energy likewise, by stirring and moving the chemicals,
increases their kinetic energy and thus their reactivity. The addition of mechanical energy
often increases temperature, by increasing kinetic energy.
Acoustic energy is applied to chemical reactions as orderly mechanical waves.
Because of its mechanical nature, acoustic energy can increase the kinetic energy of chemical
reactants, and can also elevate their temperature(s). Electromagnetic (EM) energy consists of
waves of electric and magnetic fields. EM energy may also increase the kinetic energy and
heat in reaction systems. It also may energize electronic orbitals or vibrational motion in
some reactions.
Both acoustic and electromagnetic energy consist of waves.. Energy waves and
frequency have some interesting properties, and may be combined in some interesting ways.
The manner in which wave energy transfers and combines, depends largely on the frequency.
For example, when two waves of energy, each having the same amplitude, but one at a
frequency of 400 Hz and the other at 100 Hz are caused to interact, the waves will combine
and their frequencies will add, to produce a new frequency of 500 Hz (i.e., the "sum"
frequency). The frequency of the waves will also subtract when they combine to produce a
frequency of 300 Hz (i.e., the "difference" frequency). All wave energies typically add and
subtract in this manner, and such adding and subtracting is referred to as heterodyning.
Common results of heterodyning are familiar to most as harmonics in music. The importance
of heterodyning will be discussed in greater detail later herein.
Another concept important to the invention is wave interactions or interference. In
particular, wave energies are known to interact constructively and destructively. These
phenomena are important in determining the applied spectral energy pattern. Figures la-lc
show two different incident sine waves 1 (Figure la) and 2 (Figure 1b) which correspond to
two different spectral energy patterns having two different wavelengths ?1 and ?2 (and thus
different frequencies) which could be applied to a holoreaction system. Assume arguendo
that the energy pattern of Figure 1a corresponds to an electromagnetic spectral pattern (or an
electromagnetic spectral conditioning pattern) and that Figure 1b corresponds to one spectral
environmental reaction condition (or a spectral conditioning environmental reaction
condition). Each of the sine waves 1 and 2 has a different differential equation which
describes its individual motion. However, when the sine waves are combined into the
resultant additive wave 1+2 (Figure 1c), the resulting complex differential equation, which
describes the totality of the combined energies (i.e., the applied spectral energy pattern; or the
applied spectral energy conditioning pattern) actually results in certain of the input energies
being high (i.e., constructive interference shown by a higher amplitude) at certain points in
time, as well as being low (i.e., destructive interference shown by a lower amplitude) at
certain points in time.

Specifically, the portions "X" represent areas where the electromagnetic spectral
pattern of wave 1 has constructively interfered with the spectral environmental reaction
condition wave 2, whereas the portions "Y" represent areas where the two waves 1 and 2
have destructively interfered. Depending upon whether the portions "X" corresponds to
desirable or undesirable wavelengths, frequencies or energies (e.g., causing the applied
spectral energy pattern (or the applied spectral energy conditioning pattern) to have positive
or negative interactions with, for example, one or more participants and/or components in the
holoreaction system), then the portions "X" could enhance a positive effect in the
holoreaction system or could enhance a negative effect in the holoreaction system. Similarly,
depending on whether the portions "Y" correspond to desirable or undesirable wavelengths,
frequencies, or energies, then the portions "Y" may correspond to the effective loss of either
a positive or negative effect.
Further, if a source of, for example, electromagnetic radiation includes a somewhat
larger spectrum of wavelengths or frequencies (i.e., energies) than those which are needed to
optimize a particular reaction, then some of the unnecessary (or undesirable) wavelengths can
be prevented from coming into contact with the holoreaction system (e.g., blocked, reflected,
absorbed, etc.). Accordingly in the simplified example discussed immediately above, by
permitting only desirable wavelengths ?1 to interact in a holoreaction system (e.g., filtering
out certain wavelengths or frequencies of a broader spectrum electromagnetic emitter) the
possibilities of negative effects resulting from the combination of waves 1 (Figure la) and 2
(Figure 1b) would be minimized or eliminated. In this regard, it is noted that in practice
many desirable incident wavelengths can be made to be incident on at least a portion of a
holoreaction system. Moreover, it should also be clear that positive or desirable effects
include, but are not limited to, those effects resulting from an interaction (e.g., heterodyne,
resonance, additive wave, subtractive wave, constructive or destructive interference) between
a wavelength or frequency of incident light and a wavelength (e.g., atomic and/or molecular,
etc.), frequency or property (e.g., Stark effects, Zeeman effects, etc.) inherent to the
holoreaction system itself. Thus, by maximizing the desirable wavelengths (or minimizing
undesirable wavelengths), holoreaction system efficiencies never before known can be
achieved. Alternatively stated, certain destructive interference effects resulting from the
combinations of different energies, frequencies and/or wavelengths can reduce certain
desirable results in a holoreaction system. The present invention attempts to mask or screen

(e.g., filter) as many of such undesirable energies (or wavelengths) as possible (e.g., when a
somewhat larger spectrum of wavelengths is available to be incident on a holoreaction
system) from becoming incident on a holoreaction system and thus strive for, for example,
the synergistic results that can occur due to, for example, desirable constructive interference
effects between the incident wavelengths of, for example, electromagnetic energy.
It should be clear from this particular analysis that constructive interferences (i.e., the
points "X") could, for example, maximize both positive and negative effects in a holoreaction
system. Accordingly, this simplified example shows that by combining, for example, certain
frequencies from a spectral pattern (or a spectral conditioning pattern) with one or more other
frequencies from, for example, at least one spectral environmental reaction condition (or at
least one spectral environmental conditioning reaction condition), that the applied spectral
energy pattern (or applied spectral energy conditioning pattern) that is actually applied to the
holoreaction system can be a combination of constructive and destructive interference(s).
The degree of interference can also depend on the relative phases of the waves. Accordingly,
these factors should also be taken into account when choosing appropriate spectral energy
patterns (or applied spectral energy conditioning patterns) that are to be applied to a
holoreaction system. In this regard, it is noted that in practice many desirable incident
wavelengths can be applied to a holoreaction system or undesirable incident wavelengths
removed from a source which is incident upon at least a portion of a holoreaction).
Moreover, it should also be clear that wave interaction effects include, but are not limited to,
heterodyning, direct resonance, indirect resonance, additive waves, subtractive waves,
constructive or destructive interference, etc. Further, as discussed in detail later herein,
additional effects such as electric effects and/or magnetic field effects can also influence
spectral energy patterns or spectral energy conditioning patterns (e.g., spectral patterns or
spectral conditioning patterns).
II. SPECTRAL CATALYSTS, SPECTRAL CONDITIONING CATALYSTS AND
SPECTROSCOPY
A wide variety of reactions can be advantageously affected and directed with the
assistance of a spectral energy catalyst (or spectral energy conditioning catalyst) having a
specific spectral energy pattern (e.g., spectral pattern or electromagnetic pattern) which
transfers targeted energy to initiate, control and/or promote desirable reaction pathways (e.g.,
desirable reaction pathways in a single or multiple component reaction system) and/or
desirable reaction rates within a reaction system. This section discusses spectral catalysts
(and spectral conditioning catalysts) in more detail and explains various techniques for using
spectral catalysts (and/or spectral conditioning catalysts) in various holoreaction systems.
For example, a spectral catalyst can be used in a reaction system to replace and provide the
additional energy normally supplied by a physical catalyst. The spectral catalyst can actually
mimic or copy the mechanisms of action of a physical catalyst. The spectral catalyst can act
as both a positive catalyst to increase the rate of a reaction or as a negative catalyst or poison
to decrease the rate of reaction. Furthermore, the spectral catalyst can augment a physical
catalyst by utilizing both a physical catalyst and a spectral catalyst to achieve, for example a
desired reaction pathway in a reaction system. The spectral catalyst can improve the activity
of a physical chemical catalyst. Also, the spectral catalyst can partially replace a specific
quantity or amount of the physical catalyst, thereby reducing and/or eliminating many of the
difficulties associated with, various processing difficulties in numerous reactions.
Moreover, a conditionable participant can be conditioned by a spectral conditioning
catalyst to form a conditioned participant, which can thereafter be used in a reaction system,
alone or in combination with a spectral catalyst. The spectral conditioning catalyst can cause
a conditionable participant to result in a conditioned participant which can likewise, for
example, replace, augment or otherwise provide additional energy normally provided by a
physical catalyst in a reaction system, as discussed immediately above with regard to a
spectral catalyst.
Further, in the present invention, the spectral energy catalyst provides targeted energy
(e.g., electromagnetic radiation comprising a specific frequency or combination of
frequencies), in a sufficient amount for a sufficient duration to initiate and/or promote and/or
direct a chemical reaction (e.g., follow a particular reaction pathway). The total combination
of targeted energy applied at any point in time to the reaction system is referred to as the
applied spectral energy pattern. The applied spectral energy pattern may be comprised of a
single spectral catalyst, multiple, spectral catalysts and/or other spectral energy catalysts as
well. With the absorption of targeted energy into a reaction system (e.g., electro-magnetic
energy from a spectral catalyst), a reactant may be caused to proceed through one or several
reaction pathways including: energy transfer which can, for example, excite electrons to
higher energy states for initiation of chemical reaction, by causing frequencies to match;
ionize or dissociate reactants which may participate in a chemical reaction; stabilize reaction

products; energize and/or stabilize intermediates and/or transients and/or activated complexes
that participate in a reaction pathway; cause one or more components in a reaction system to
have spectral patterns which at least partially overlap; altered energy dynamics of one or
more components causing them to have altered properties; and/or altered resonant exchange
of energy within the holoreaction system.
Moreover, in the present invention, the spectral energy conditioning catalyst provides
targeted conditioning energy (e.g., electromagnetic radiation comprising a specific frequency
or combination of frequencies), in a sufficient amount for a sufficient duration to condition a
conditionable participant to form a conditioned participant and to permit the conditioned
participant to initiate and/or promote and/or direct a chemical reaction (e.g., follow a
particular reaction pathway) once the conditioned participant is initiated or activated in the
reaction system. The total combination of targeted conditioning energy applied at any point
in time to the conditioning reaction system is referred to as the applied spectral energy
conditioning pattern. The applied spectral energy conditioning pattern may be comprised of a
single spectral conditioning catalyst, multiple spectral conditioning catalysts and/or other
spectral energy conditioning catalysts. With the absorption of targeted conditioning energy
into a conditioning reaction system (e.g., electromagnetic energy from a spectral conditioning
catalyst), a conditioned participant may cause one or more reactants in a reaction system to
proceed through one or several reaction pathways including: energy transfer which can for
example, excite electrons to higher energy states for initiation of chemical reaction, by
causing frequencies to match; ionize or dissociate reactants which may participate in a
chemical reaction; stabilize reaction products; energize and/or stabilize intermediates and/or
transients and/or activated complexes that participate in a reaction pathway, cause one or
more components in a reaction system to have spectral patterns which at least partially
overlap; alter the energy dynamics of a component to affect its properties; and/or alter the
resonant exchange of energy within a holoreaction system.
For example, in a simple holoreaction system, if a chemical reaction provides for at
least one reactant "A" to be converted into at least one reaction product "B", a physical
catalyst "C" (or a conditioned participant "C") may be utilized. In contrast, a portion of the
catalytic spectral energy pattern (e.g., in this section the catalytic spectral pattern) of the
physical catalyst. "C" may be applied in the form of, for example, an electromagnetic beam
(as discussed elsewhere herein) to catalyze the holoreaction.
c
A?B
Substances A and B = unknown frequencies, and C = 30 Hz;
Therefore, Substance A + 30 HZ? Substance B.
In the present invention, for example, the spectral pattern (e.g., electromagnetic
spectral pattern) of the physical catalyst "C" can be determined by known methods of
spectroscopy. Utilizing spectroscopic instrumentation, the spectral pattern of the physical
catalyst is preferably determined under conditions approximating those occurring in the
holoreaction system using the physical catalyst (e.g., spectral energy patterns as well as
spectral patterns can be influenced by environmental reaction conditions, as discussed later
herein).
Spectroscopy in general deals with the interaction of wave energies with matter.
Spectroscopy is a process in which, typically, the energy differences between allowed states
of any system are measured by determining the frequencies of the corresponding
electromagnetic energy which is either being absorbed or emitted. When photons interact
with, for example, atoms or molecules, changes in the properties of atoms and molecules are
observed.
Atoms and molecules are associated with several different types of motion. The
entire molecule rotates, the bonds vibrate, and even the electrons move, albeit so rapidly that
electron density distributions have historically been the primary focus of the prior art. Each
of these kinds of motion is quantified. That is, the atom, molecule or ion can exist only in
distinct states that correspond to discrete energy amounts. The energy difference between the
different quantum states depends on the type of motion involved. Thus, the frequency of
energy required to bring about a transition is different for the different types of motion. That
is, each type of motion corresponds to the absorption of energy in different regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum and different spectroscopic instrumentation may be required for
each spectral region. The total motion energy of an atom or molecule may be considered to
be at least the sum of its electronic, vibrational and rotational energies.
In both emission and absorption spectra, the relation between the energy change in the
atom or molecule and the frequency of the electromagnetic energy emitted or absorbed is
given by the so-called Bohr frequency condition:
DE = hv
where h is Planck's constant; v is the frequency; and AE, is the difference of energies in the
final and initial states.
Electronic spectra are the result of electrons moving from one electronic energy level
to another in an atom, molecule or ion. A molecular physical catalyst's spectral pattern
includes not only electronic energy transitions but also may involve transitions between
rotational and vibrational energy levels. As a result, the spectra of molecules are much more
complicated than those of atoms. The main changes observed in the atoms or molecules after
interaction with photons include excitation, ionization and/or rupture of chemical bonds, all
of which may be measured and quantified by spectroscopic methods including emission or
absorption spectroscopy which give the same information about energy level separation.
In emission spectroscopy, when an atom or molecule is subjected to a flame or an
electric discharge, such atoms or molecules may absorb energy and become "excited." On
their return to their "normal" state they may emit radiation. Such an emission is the result of
a transition of the atom or molecule from a high energy or "excited" state to one of lower
state. The energy lost in the transition is emitted in the form of electromagnetic energy.
"Excited" atoms usually produce line spectra while "excited" molecules tend to produce band
spectra.
In absorption spectroscopy, the absorption of nearly monochromatic incident radiation
is monitored as it is swept over a range of frequencies. During the absorption process the
atoms or molecules pass from a state of low energy to one of high energy. Energy changes
produced by electromagnetic energy absorption occur only in integral multiples of a unit
amount of energy called a quantum, which is characteristic of each absorbing species.
Absorption spectra may be classified into four types: rotational; rotation-vibration;
vibrational; and electronic.
The rotational spectrum of a molecule is associated with changes which occur in the
rotational states of the molecule. The energies of the rotational states differ only by a
relatively small amount, and hence, the frequency which is necessary to effect a change in the
rotational levels is very low and the wavelength of electromagnetic energy is very large. The
energy spacing of molecular rotational states depends on bond distances and angles. Pure
rotational spectra are observed in the far infrared and microwave and radio regions (See
Table 1).

Rotation-vibrational spectra are associated with transitions in which the vibrational
states of the molecule are altered and may be accompanied by changes in rotational states.
Absorption occurs at higher frequencies or shorter wavelength and usually occurs in the
middle of the infrared region (See Table 1).
Vibrational spectra from different vibrational energy levels occur because of motion
of bonds. A stretching vibration involves a change in the interatomic distance along the axis
of the bond between two atoms. Bending vibrations are characterized by a change in the
angle between two bonds. The vibrational spectra of a molecule are typically in the near-
infrared range. It should be understood that the term vibrational spectra means all manner of
bond motion spectra including, but not limited to. stretching, bending, librational,
translational, torsional, etc.
Electronic spectra are from transitions between electronic states for atoms and
molecules and are accompanied by simultaneous changes in the rotational and vibrational
states in molecules. Relatively large energy differences are involved, and hence absorption
occurs at rather large frequencies or relatively short wavelengths. Different electronic states
of atoms or molecules correspond to energies in the infrared, ultraviolet-visible or x-ray
region of the electromagnetic spectrum (see Table 1).
It should be understood that not all molecules absorb and emit electromagnetic energy
at the same frequencies. For example, materials with color centers may absorb
electromagnetic waves at one frequency, and emit them at a different frequency.
Electromagnetic radiation as a form of energy can be absorbed or emitted, and
therefore many different types of electromagnetic spectroscopy may be used in the present
invention to determine a desired spectral pattern of a spectral catalyst (e.g., a spectral pattern
of a physical catalyst) including, but not limited to, x-ray, ultraviolet, infrared, microwave,
atomic absorption, flame emissions, atomic emissions, inductively coupled plasma, DC argon
plasma, arc-source emission, spark-source emission, high-resolution laser, radio, Raman and
the like.
In order to study the electronic transitions, the material to be studied may need to be
heated to a high temperature, such as in a flame, where the molecules are atomized and
excited. Another very effective way of atomizing gases is the use of gaseous discharges.

When a gas is placed between charged electrodes, causing an electrical field, electrons are
liberated from the electrodes and from the gas atoms themselves and may form a plasma or
plasma-like conditions. These electrons will collide with the gas atoms which will be
atomized, excited or ionized. By using high frequency fields, it is possible to induce gaseous
discharges without using electrodes. By varying the field strength, the excitation energy can
be varied. In the case of a solid material, excitation by electrical spark or arc can be used. In
the spark or arc, the material to be analyzed is evaporated and the atoms are excited.
The basic scheme of an emission spectrophotometer includes a purified silica cell
containing the sample which is to be excited. The radiation of the sample passes through a
slit and is separated into a spectrum by means of a dispersion element. The spectral pattern
can be detected on a screen, photographic film or by a detector.
Typically, an atom will most strongly absorb electromagnetic energy at the same
frequencies it emits. Measurements of absorption are often made so that electromagnetic
radiation that is emitted from a source passes through a wavelength-limiting device, and
impinges upon the physical catalyst sample that is held in a cell. When a beam of white light
passes through a material, selected frequencies from the beam are absorbed. The
electromagnetic radiation that is not absorbed by the physical catalyst passes through the cell
and strikes a detector. When the remaining beam is spread out in a spectrum, the frequencies
that were absorbed show up as dark lines in the otherwise continuous spectrum. The position
of these dark lines correspond exactly to the positions of lines in an emission spectrum of the
same molecule or atom. Both emission and absorption spectrophotometers are available
through regular commercial channels.
In 1885, Balmer discovered that hydrogen vibrates and produces energy at
frequencies in the visible light region of the electromagnetic spectrum which can be
expressed by a simple formula:
l/? = R (1/22 - 1/m2)
when X is the wavelength of the light, R is Rydberg's constant and m is an integer greater
than or equal to 3 (e.g., 3. 4, or 5, etc.). Subsequently, Rydberg discovered that this equation
could be adapted, to result in all the wavelengths in the hydrogen spectrum by changing the
1/22 to 1/n2, as in,
1/? = R (1/n2 - 1/m2)
where n is an integer = 1, and m is an integer = n+1. Thus, for every different number n, the
result is a series of numbers for wavelength, and the names of various scientists were
assigned to each such series which resulted. For instance, when n=2 and m = 3, the energy is
in the visible light spectrum and the series is referred to as the Balmer series. The Lyman
series is in the ultraviolet spectrum with n = 1, and the Paschen series is in the infrared
spectrum with n = 3.
In the prior art, energy level diagrams were the primary means used to describe
energy levels in the hydrogen atom (see Figures 7a and 7b).
After determining the electromagnetic spectral pattern of a desired catalyst (e.g., a
physical catalyst), the catalytic spectral pattern may be duplicated, at least partially, and
applied to the reaction system. Any generator of one or more frequencies within an
acceptable approximate range of, for example, frequencies of electromagnetic radiation may
be used in the present invention. When duplicating one or more frequencies of, for example,
a spectral pattern (or a spectral conditioning pattern), it is not necessary to duplicate the
frequency exactly. For instance, the effect achieved by a frequency of 1,000 THz, can also be
achieved by a frequency very close to it, such as 1,001 or 999 THz. Thus, there will be a
range above and below each exact frequency which will also catalyze a reaction.
Specifically, Figure 12 shows a typical bell-curve "B" distribution of frequencies around the
desired frequency fo, wherein desirable frequencies can be applied which do not correspond
exactly to fo, but are close enough to the frequency fo to achieve a desired effect, such as
those frequencies between and including the frequencies within the range of f1 and f2. Note
that f1 and f2 correspond to about one half the maximum amplitude, amax, of the curve "B".
Thus, whenever the term "exact" or specific reference to "frequency" or the like is used, it
should be understood to have this meaning. In addition, harmonics of spectral catalyst (or
spectral conditioning catalyst) frequencies, both above and below the exact spectral catalyst
frequency (or spectral conditioning catalyst frequency), will cause sympathetic resonance
with the exact frequency and will catalyze the reaction. Finally, it is possible to catalyze
reactions by duplicating one or more of the mechanisms of action of the exact frequency,
rather than using the exact frequency itself. For example, platinum catalyzes the formation of
water from hydrogen and oxygen, in part, by energizing the hydroxyl radical at its frequency
of roughly 1,060 THz. The desired reaction can also be catalyzed by energizing the hydroxy
radical with its microwave frequency, thereby duplicating platinum's mechanism of action.
An electromagnetic radiation-emitting source should have the following
characteristics: high intensity of the desired wavelengths; long life; stability; and the ability to
emit the electromagnetic energy in a pulsed and/or continuous mode. Moreover, in certain
holoreaction systems, it may be desirable for the electromagnetic energy emitted to be
capable of being directed to an appropriate point (or area) within at least a portion of the
reaction system. Suitable techniques include optical waveguides, optical fibers, etc.
Irradiating sources can include, but are not limited to, arc lamps, such as xenon-arc,
hydrogen and deuterium, krypton-arc, high-pressure mercury, platinum, silver; plasma arcs,
discharge lamps, such as As, Bi, Cd, Cs, Ge, Hg, K, Na, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Ti, Tl and Zn;
hollow-cathode lamps, either single or multiple elements such as Cu, Pt, and Ag; and sunlight
and coherent electromagnetic energy emissions, such as masers and lasers. A more complete
list of irradiating sources are listed in Table D.
Masers are devices which amplify or generate electromagnetic energy waves with
great stability and accuracy. Masers operate on the same principal as lasers, but produce
electro-magnetic energy in the radio and microwave, rather than visible range of the
spectrum. In masers, the electromagnetic energy is produced by the transition of molecules
between rotational energy levels.
Lasers are powerful coherent photon sources that produce a beam of photons having
the same frequency, phase and direction, that is, a beam of photons that travel exactly alike.
Accordingly, for example, the predetermined spectral pattern of a desired catalyst can be
generated by a series or grouping of lasers producing one or more required frequencies.
Any laser capable of emitting the necessary electromagnetic radiation with a
frequency or frequencies of the spectral energy provider may be used in the present
invention. Lasers are available for use throughout much of the spectral range. They can be
operated in either a continuous or a pulsed mode. Lasers that emit lines and lasers that emit a
continuum may be used in the present invention. Line sources may include argon ion laser,
ruby laser, the nitrogen laser, the Nd:YAG laser, the carbon dioxide laser, the carbon
monoxide laser and the nitrous oxide-carbon dioxide laser. In addition to the spectral lines
that are emitted by lasers, several other lines are available, by addition or subtraction in a
crystal of the frequency emitted by one laser to or from that emitted by another laser.
Devices that combine frequencies and may be used in the present invention include
difference frequency generators and sum frequency mixers. Other lasers that may be used in
this invention include, but are not limited to: crystal, such as Al2O3 doped with Cr 3+,
Y3Al5O12 doped with Nd3+; gas, such as He-Ne, Kr-ion; glass, chemical, such as vibrationally
excited HCL and HF; dye, such as Rhodamine 6G in methanol; and semiconductor lasers,
such as Ga1-xAlxAs. Many models can be tuned to various frequency ranges, thereby
providing several different frequencies from one instrument and applying them to the
crystallization reaction system (See Examples in Table 2).
The coherent light from a single laser or a series of lasers is simply brought to focus
or introduced to the region of the holoreaction system where a desired reaction is to take
place. The light source should be close enough to avoid a "dead space" in which the light
does not reach the desired area in the holoreaction system, but far enough apart to assure
complete incident-light absorption. Since ultraviolet sources generate heat, such sources may
need to be cooled to maintain efficient operation. Irradiation time, causing excitation of one
or more components in the holoreaction system, may be individually tailored for each
reaction: some short-term for a continuous reaction with large surface exposure to the light
source; or long light-contact time for other systems. In addition, exposure times and energy
amplitudes or intensities may be controlled depending on the desired effect (e.g., altered
energy dynamics, ionization, bond rupture, etc.).
An object of this invention is to provide a spectral energy pattern (e.g., a spectral
pattern of electromagnetic energy) to one or more reactants in a reaction system by applying
at least a portion of (or substantially all of) a required spectral energy catalyst (e.g., a spectral
catalyst) determined and calculated by, for example, waveform analysis of the spectral
patterns of, for example, the reactant(s) and the reaction product(s). Accordingly, in the case
of a spectral catalyst, a calculated electromagnetic pattern will be a spectral pattern or will act
as a spectral catalyst to generate a preferred reaction pathway and/or preferred reaction rate.
In basic terms, spectroscopic data for identified substances can be used to perform a simple
waveform calculation to arrive at, for example, the correct electromagnetic energy frequency,
or combination of frequencies, needed to catalyze a reaction. In simple terms,
A ? B
Substance A = 50 Hz, and Substance B = 80 Hz
80 Hz - 50 Hz = 30 Hz:
Therefore, Substance A + 30 Hz ? Substance B.
The spectral energy pattern (e.g., spectral patterns) of both the reactant(s) and reaction
product(s) can be determined. In the case of a spectral catalyst, this can be accomplished by
the spectroscopic means mentioned earlier. Once the spectral patterns are determined (e.g.,
having a specific frequency or combination of frequencies) within an appropriate set of
environmental reaction conditions, the spectral energy pattern(s) (e.g., electromagnetic
conditioning spectral pattern(s)) of the spectral energy catalyst (e.g., spectral conditioning
catalyst) can be determined. Using the spectral energy pattern (s) (e.g., spectral patterns) of

the reactant(s) and reaction product(s), a waveform analysis calculation can determine the
energy difference between the reactant(s) and reaction product(s) and at least a portion of the
calculated spectral energy pattern (e.g., electromagnetic spectral pattern) in the form of a
spectral energy pattern (e.g., a spectral pattern) of a spectral energy catalyst (e.g., a spectral
catalyst) can be applied to the desired reaction in a reaction system to cause the desired
reaction to follow along the desired reaction pathway. The specific frequency or frequencies
of the calculated spectral energy pattern (e.g., spectral pattern) corresponding to the spectral
energy catalyst (e.g., spectral catalyst) will provide the necessary energy input into the
desired reaction in the reaction system to affect and initiate a desired reaction pathway.
Performing the waveform analysis calculation to arrive at, for example, the correct
electromagnetic energy frequency or frequencies can be accomplished by using complex
algebra, Fourier transformation or Wavelet Transforms, which is available through
commercial channels under the trademark Mathematica® and supplied by Wolfram, Co. It
should be noted that only a portion of a calculated spectral energy catalyst (e.g., spectral
catalyst) may be sufficient to catalyze a reaction or a substantially complete spectral energy
catalyst (e.g., spectral catalyst) may be applied depending on the particular circumstances.
In addition, at least a portion of the spectral energy pattern (e.g., electromagnetic
pattern of the required spectral catalyst) may be generated and applied to the reaction system
by, for example, the electromagnetic radiation emitting sources defined and explained earlier.
Another object of this invention is to provide a spectral energy conditioning pattern
(e.g., a spectral conditioning pattern of electromagnetic energy) to one or more conditionable
participants in a conditioning reaction system by applying at least a portion of (or
substantially all of) a required spectral energy conditioning catalyst (e.g., a spectral
conditioning catalyst) determined and calculated by, for example, waveform analysis of the
spectral patterns of, for example, the conditionable participant and the conditioned
participant. Accordingly, in the case of a spectral conditioning catalyst, a calculated
electromagnetic conditioning pattern will be a spectral conditioning pattern which, when
applied to a conditionable participant, will permit the conditioned participant to act as a
spectral catalyst in a reaction system to generate a preferred reaction pathway and/or
preferred reaction rate in a reaction system. In basic terms, spectroscopic data for identified
substances can be used to perform a simple waveform calculation to arrive at, for example,
the correct electromagnetic energy frequency, or combination of frequencies, needed to
catalyze a reaction. In simple terms,
Conditionable substance A = 50Hz, and Conditioned Substance B = 80 Hz
80 Hz - 50 Hz = 30 Hz:
Therefore, Substance A + 30 Hz ? Substance B.
The spectral energy conditioning pattern (e.g., spectral conditioning pattern) of both
the conditionable participant and the conditioned product can be determined. In the case of a
spectral conditioning catalyst, this can be accomplished by the spectroscopic means
mentioned earlier. Once the spectral patterns are determined (e.g., having a specific
frequency or combination of frequencies) within an appropriate set of environmental reaction
conditioning conditions, the spectral energy conditioning pattern(s) (e.g., electromagnetic
spectral conditioning pattern(s)) of the spectral energy conditioning catalyst (e.g., spectral
conditioning catalyst) can be determined. Using the spectral energy conditioning pattern(s)
(e.g., spectral conditioning patterns) of the conditionable participant and the conditioned
participant, a waveform analysis calculation can determine the energy difference between the
conditionable participant and the conditioned participant and at least a portion of the
calculated spectral energy conditioning pattern (e.g., electromagnetic spectral conditioning
pattern) in the form of a spectral energy conditioning (e.g., a spectral conditioning pattern) of
a spectral energy conditioning catalyst (e.g., a spectral conditioning catalyst) can be applied
to the desired conditionable participant in a conditioning reaction system to subsequently
result in a desired reaction in the reaction system once the conditioned participant is
introduced and/or activated in the reaction system. The specific frequency or frequencies of
the calculated spectral energy conditioning pattern (e.g., a spectral conditioning pattern)
corresponding to the spectral energy conditioning catalyst (e.g., spectral conditioning
catalyst) required to form a conditioned participant, will provide the necessary energy input
into the desired reaction in the reaction system to affect and initiate a desired reaction
pathway.
Performing the waveform analysis calculation to arrive at, for example, the correct
electromagnetic energy frequency or frequencies can be accomplished by using complex
algebra, Fourier transformation or Wavelet Transforms, which is available through
commercial channels under the trademark Mathematica® and supplied by Wolfram, Co. It

should be noted that only a portion of a calculated spectral energy conditioning catalyst (e.g.,
spectral conditioning catalyst) used to form a conditioned participant may be sufficient to
catalyze a reaction or a substantially complete spectral energy conditioning catalyst (e.g.,
spectral conditioning catalyst) used to form a conditioned participant may be applied
depending on the particular circumstances in the holoreaction system.
In addition, at least a portion of the spectral energy conditioning pattern (e.g.,
electromagnetic pattern of the required spectral catalyst) may be generated and applied to the
conditioning reaction system by, for example, the electromagnetic radiation emitting sources
defined and explained earlier.
The specific physical catalysts that may be replaced or augmented by a conditioned
participant in the present invention may include any solid, liquid, gas or plasma catalyst,
having either homogeneous or heterogeneous catalytic activity. A homogeneous physical
catalyst is defined as a catalyst whose molecules are dispersed in the same phase as the
reacting chemicals. A heterogeneous physical catalyst is defined as one whose molecules are
not in the same phase as the reacting chemicals. In addition, enzymes which are considered
biological catalysts are to be included in the present invention. Some examples of physical
catalysts that may be replaced or augmented comprise both elemental and molecular
catalysts, including, not limited to, metals, such as silver, platinum, nickel, palladium,
rhodium, ruthenium and iron; semiconducting metal oxides and sulfides, such as N1O2, Zn),
MgO, Bi2O3/MoO3, TiO2, SiTiO3, CdS, CdSe, SiC, GaP, Wo2 and MgO3; copper sulfate;
insulating oxides such as Al2O3, SiO2 and MgO; and Ziegler-Natta catalysts, such as titanium
tetrachloride, and trialkyaluminum.
III. TARGETING
The frequency and wave nature of energy has been discussed herein. Additionally,
Section I entitled "Wave Energies" disclosed the concepts of various potential interactions
between different waves. The general concepts of "targeting", "direct resonance targeting",
"harmonic targeting" and "non-harmonic heterodyne targeting" (all defined terms herein)
build on these and other understandings.
Targeting has been defined generally as the application of a spectral energy provider
(e.g., spectral energy catalyst, spectral catalyst, spectral energy pattern, spectral pattern,
catalytic spectral energy pattern, catalytic spectral pattern, spectral environmental reaction
conditions and applied spectral energy pattern) to a desired reaction in a reaction system. The

application of these types of energies to a desired reaction can result in interaction(s) between
the applied spectral energy provider(s) and matter (including all components thereof) in the
reaction system. This targeting can result in at least one of direct resonance, harmonic
resonance, and/or non-harmonic heterodyne resonance with at least a portion, for example, at
least one form of matter in a reaction system. In this invention, targeting should be generally
understood as meaning applying a particular spectral energy provider (e.g., a spectral energy
pattern) to another entity comprising matter (or any component thereof) to achieve a
particular desired result (e.g., desired reaction product and/or desired reaction product at a
desired reaction rate). Further, the invention provides techniques for achieving such desirable
results without the production of, for example, undesirable transients, intermediates, activated
complexes and/or reaction products. In this regard, some limited prior art techniques exist
which have applied certain forms of energies (as previously discussed) to various reactions.
These certain forms of energies have been limited to direct resonance and harmonic
resonance with some electronic frequencies and/or vibrational frequencies of some reactants.
These limited forms of energies used by the prior art were due to the fact that the prior art
lacked an adequate understanding of the spectral energy mechanisms and techniques
disclosed herein. Moreover, it has often been the case in the prior art that at least some
undesirable intermediate, transient, activated complex and/or reaction product was formed,
and/or a less than optimum reaction rate for a desired reaction pathway occurred. The present
invention overcomes the limitations of the prior art by specifically targeting, for example,
various forms of matter in a reaction system (and/or components thereof), with, for example,
an applied spectral energy pattern. Heretofore, such selective targeting of the invention was
never disclosed or suggested. Specifically, at best, the prior art has been reduced to using
random, trial and error or feedback-type analyses which, although may result in the
identification of a single spectral catalyst frequency, such approach may be very costly and
very time-consuming, not to mention potentially unreproducible under a slightly different set
of reaction conditions. Such trial and error techniques for determining appropriate catalysts
also have the added drawback, that having once identified a particular catalyst that works,
one is left with no idea of what it means. If one wishes to modify the reaction, including
simple reactions using size and shape, another trial and error analysis becomes necessary
rather than a simple, quick calculation offered by the techniques of the present invention.
Accordingly, whenever use of the word "targeting" is made herein, it should be
understood that targeting does not correspond to undisciplined energy bands being applied to
a reaction system; but rather to well defined, targeted, applied spectral energy patterns, each
of which has a particular desirable purpose in, for example, a reaction pathway to achieve a
desired result and/or a desired result at a desired reaction rate.
IV. CONDITIONING TARGETING
Conditioning targeting has been defined generally as the application of a spectral
energy conditioning provider (e.g., spectral energy conditioning catalyst, spectral
conditioning catalyst, spectral energy conditioning pattern, spectral conditioning pattern,
catalytic spectral energy conditioning pattern, catalytic spectral conditioning pattern, spectral
conditioning environmental reaction conditions and applied spectral energy conditioning
pattern) to a conditionable participant to form at least one conditioned participant, prior to the
conditioned participant becoming involved in (e.g., introduced into and/or activated in) a
reaction system. The application of these types of conditioning energies to conditionable
participants to form conditioned participants, prior to the conditioned participants being
introduced to a reaction system, can result in interaction(s) between the conditioned
participant matter, and the components(s) in the reaction system (including all components
thereof) so that the conditioned matter can then initiate and/or direct desirable reaction
pathways and/or desirable reaction rates within a reaction system. This conditioning
targeting can result in at least one of direct conditioning resonance, harmonic conditioning
resonance, and/or non-harmonic conditioning heterodyne resonance with at least a portion of,
for example, at least one form of conditionable participant matter (of any form) to form
conditioned participant matter, which is later introduced into, or activated in, a reaction
system. In this invention, conditioning targeting should be generally understood as meaning
applying a particular spectral energy conditioning provider (e.g., a spectral energy
conditioning pattern) to another conditionable entity comprising conditionable matter (or any
component thereof) to achieve a particular desired result (e.g., ultimately achieve a desired
reaction product and/or desired reaction product at a desired reaction rate in the reaction
system due to the conditioned matter being introduced into the reaction system.). It should be
noted that introduction into the reaction system should not be construed as meaning only a
physical introduction of a conditioned participant that has been conditioned in a conditioning
reaction vessel, but should also be understood as meaning that a conditionable participant can
be conditioned in situ in a reaction vessel (or the reaction vessel per se can be conditioned)
and the reaction system is thereafter initiated, activated, or turned on (e.g., initiated by the
application of, for example, temperature, pressure, etc.) once the conditioned participant is
present in the reaction vessel. Thus, the invention provides techniques for achieving such
desirable results without the production of, for example, undesirable transients, intermediates,
activated complexes and/or reaction products by using a conditioned participant. In this
regard, some limited prior art techniques exist which have applied certain forms of energies
directly to reaction systems. These certain forms of energies directly applied to reaction
systems have been limited to direct resonance and harmonic resonance with some electronic
frequencies and/or vibrational frequencies of some reactants in the reaction system. These
limited forms of energies used by the prior art were due to the fact that the prior ait lacked an
adequate understanding of the spectral energy mechanisms and techniques disclosed herein.
Moreover, it has often been the case in the prior art that at least some undesirable
intermediate, transient, activated complex and/or reaction product was formed, and/or a less
than optimum reaction rate for a desired reaction pathway occurred. The present invention
overcomes the limitations of the prior art by specifically targeting, for example, various
forms of conditionable matter (and/or components thereof) to form conditioned matter prior
to the conditioned matter being involved with reactions in a reaction system. Heretofore,
such selective conditioning targeting of the invention was never disclosed or suggested.
Specifically, at best, the prior art has been reduced to using random, trial and error or
feedback-type analyses in various reactions which, although may result in the identification
of a single spectral energy conditioning provider, such approach may be very costly and very
time-consuming, not to mention potentially unreproducible under a slightly different set of
reaction conditions and further, not to mention the simplicity of the application of a
conditioning energy to a conditionable participant that eventually becomes involved in a
reaction system. Such trial and error techniques for determining appropriate conditioning
providers also have the added drawback, that having once identified a particular conditioning
provider that works, one is left with no idea of what it means. If one wishes to modify the
reaction, including simple reactions using size and shape, another trial and error analysis
becomes necessary rather than a simple, quick calculation offered by the techniques of the
present invention.
Accordingly, whenever use of the word "conditioning targeting" is made herein, it
should be understood that conditioning targeting does not correspond to undisciplined energy
bands being applied to a conditionable participant to form a conditioned participant which
then becomes involved in a reaction system; but rather to well defined, targeted, applied
spectral energy conditioning patterns, each of which has a particular desirable purpose to
form a conditioned participant so that the conditioned participant can, for example, permit a
desired reaction pathway to be followed, and/or achieve a desired result and/or a desired
result at a desired reaction rate in a reaction system. These results include conditioning
targeting a single form of conditionable participant matter to form conditioned matter which,
when such conditioned matter is activated or initiated in a reaction system, causes the
conditioned matter to behave favorably, or conditioning targeting multiple forms of
conditionable participant matter to achieve desirable results.
V. ENVIRONMENTAL REACTION CONDITIONS
Environmental reaction conditions are important to understand because they can
influence, positively or negatively, reaction pathways in a reaction system. Traditional
environmental reaction conditions include temperature, pressure, surface area of catalysts,
catalyst size and shape, solvents, suppoit materials, poisons, promoters, concentrations,
electromagnetic radiation, electric fields, magnetic fields, mechanical forces, acoustic fields,
reaction vessel size, shape and composition and combinations thereof, etc
The following reaction can be used to discuss the effects of environmental reaction
conditions which may need to be taken into account in order to cause the reaction to proceed
along the simple reaction pathway shown below.
C
a?b
Specifically, in some instances, reactant A will not form into reaction product B in the
presence of any catalyst C unless the environmental reaction conditions in the reaction
system include certain maximum or minimum conditions of environmental reaction
conditions such as pressure and/or temperature. In this regard, many reactions will not occur
in the presence of a physical catalyst unless the environmental reaction conditions include,
for example, an elevated temperature and/or an elevated pressure. In the present invention,
such environmental reaction conditions should be taken into consideration when applying a
particular spectral energy catalyst (e.g., a spectral catalyst). Many specifics of the various

environmental reaction conditions are discussed in greater detail in the Section herein entitled
'"Description of the Preferred Embodiments".
VI. CONDITIONING ENVIRONMENTAL REACTION CONDITIONS
Conditioning environmental reaction conditions are also important to understand
because they can also influence, positively or negatively, the energy dynamics and
conditioning of a conditionable participant and can ultimately lead to different reaction
pathways in a reaction system when a conditioned participant is introduced into, or activated
in, the reaction system. The same traditional environmental reaction conditions listed above
also apply here, namely temperature, pressure, surface area of catalysts, catalyst size and
shape, solvents, support materials, poisons, promoters, concentrations, electromagnetic
radiation, electric fields, magnetic fields, mechanical forces, acoustic fields, reaction vessel
size, shape and composition and combinations thereof, etc.
In the present invention, such conditioning environmental reaction conditions should
be taken into consideration when applying a particular spectral energy conditioning catalyst
(e.g., a spectral conditioning catalyst) to a conditionable participant. Similar environmental
considerations to those discussed above need to be taken into account when the conditioned
participant is introduced into a reaction system. Many specifics of the various environmental
and/or conditioning environmental reaction conditions are discussed in greater detail in the
Section herein entitled "Description of the Preferred Embodiments".
VII. SPECTRAL ENVIRONMENTAL REACTION CONDITIONS
If it is known that certain reaction pathways will not occur within a reaction system
(or not occur at a desirable rate) even when a catalyst is present unless, for example, certain
minimum or maximum environmental reaction conditions are present (e.g., the temperature
and/or pressure is/are elevated), then an additional frequency or combination of frequencies
(i.e., an applied spectral energy pattern) can be applied to the reaction system. In this regard,
spectral environmental reaction condition(s) can be applied instead of, or to supplement,
those environmental reaction conditions that are naturally present, or need to be present, in
order for a desired reaction pathway and/or desired reaction rate to be followed. The
environmental reaction conditions that can be supplemented or replaced with spectral
environmental reaction conditions include, for example, temperature, pressure, surface area
of catalysts, catalyst size and shape, solvents, support materials, poisons, promoters,
concentrations, electric fields, magnetic fields, etc.

Still further, a particular frequency or combination of frequencies and/or fields that
can produce one or more spectral environmental reaction conditions can be combined with
one or more spectral energy catalysts and/or spectral catalysts to generate an applied spectral
energy pattern which can be focussed on a particular area in a reaction system. Accordingly,
various considerations can be taken into account for what particular frequency or
combination of frequencies and/or fields may be desirable to combine with (or replace)
various environmental reaction conditions, for example.
As an example, in a simple reaction, assume that a first reactant "A" has a frequency
or simple spectral pattern of 3 THz and a second reactant "B" has a frequency or simple
spectral pattern of 7 THz. At room temperature, no reaction occurs. However, when
reactants A and B are exposed to high temperatures, their frequencies, or simple spectral
patterns, both shift to 5 THz. Since their frequencies match, they transfer energy and a
reaction occurs. By applying a frequency of 2 THz, at room temperature, the applied 2 THz
frequency will heterodyne with the 3 THz pattern to result in, both 1 Thz and 5 THz
heterodyned frequencies; while the applied frequency of 2 THz will heterodyne with the
spectral pattern of 7 THz of reactant "B" and result in heterodyned frequencies of 5 THz and
9 THz in reactant "B". Thus, the heterodyned frequencies of 5 THz are generated at room
temperature in each of the reactants "A" and "B". Accordingly, frequencies in each of the
reactants match and thus energy can transfer between the reactants "A" and "B". When the
energy can transfer between such reactants, all desirable reactions along a reaction pathway
may be capable of being achieved. However, in certain reactions, only some desirable
reactions along a reaction pathway are capable of being achieved by the application of a
singular frequency. In these instances, additional frequencies and/or fields may need to be
applied to result in all desirable steps along a reaction pathway being met, including but not
limited to, the formation of all required reaction intermediates and/or transients.
Thus, by applying a frequency, or combination of frequencies and/or fields (i.e.,
creating an applied spectral energy pattern) which corresponds to at least one spectral
environmental reaction condition, the spectral energy patterns (e.g., spectral patterns of, for
example, reactant(s), intermediates, transients, catalysts, etc.) can be effectively modified
which may result in broader spectral energy patterns (e.g., broader spectral patterns), in some
cases, or narrower spectral energy patterns (e.g., spectral patterns) in other cases. Such
broader or narrower spectral energy patterns (e.g., spectral patterns) may correspond to a
broadening or narrowing of line widths in a spectral energy pattern (e.g., a spectral pattern).
As stated throughout herein, when frequencies match, energy transfers. In this particular
embodiment, frequencies can be caused to match by, for example, broadening the spectral
pattern of one or more participants in a reaction system. For example, as discussed in much
greater detail later herein, the application of temperature to a reaction system typically causes
the broadening of one or more spectral patterns (e.g., line width broadening) of, for example,
one or more reactants in the reaction system. It is this broadening of spectral patterns that can
cause spectral patterns of one or more reactants to, for example, overlap. The overlapping of
the spectral patterns can cause frequencies to match, and thus energy to transfer. When
energy is transferred, reactions can occur. The scope of reactions which occur, include all of
those reactions along any particular reaction pathway. Thus, the broadening of spectral
pattem(s) can result in, for example, formation of reaction product, formation of and/or
stimulation and/or stabilization of reaction intermediates and/or transients, catalyst
frequencies, poisons, promoters, etc. All of the environmental reaction conditions that are
discussed in detail in the section entitled "Detailed Description of the Preferred
Embodiments" can be at least partially simulated in a reaction system by the application of a
spectral environmental reaction condition.
Similarly, spectral patterns can be caused to become non-overlapping by changing,
for example, at least one spectral environmental reaction condition, and thus changing the
applied spectral energy pattern. In this instance, energy will not transfer (or the rate at which
energy transfers can be reduced) and reactions will not occur (or the rates of reactions can be
slowed).
Finally, by controlling spectral environmental reaction conditions, the energy
dynamics within a holoreaction system may be controlled. For example, with a first spectral
environmental reaction condition, a first set of frequencies may match and hence energy may
transfer at a first set of energy levels and types. When the spectral environmental reaction
condition is changed, a second set of frequencies may match, resulting in transfer of energy at
different levels or types.
Spectral environmental reaction conditions can be utilized to start and/or stop
reactions in a reaction pathway. Thus, certain reactions can be started, stopped, slowed
and/or speeded up by, for example, applying different spectral environmental reaction
conditions at different times during a reaction and/or at different intensities. Thus, spectral

environmental reaction conditions are capable of influencing, positively or negatively,
reaction pathways and/or reaction rates in a reaction system.
VIII. SPECTRAL CONDITIONING ENVIRONMENTAL REACTION CONDITIONS
Similarly, spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions considerations
apply in a parallel manner in this section as well. Specifically, if it is known that certain
conditioning of a conditioned participant will not occur (or not occur at a desirable rate),
unless for example, certain minimum or maximum conditioning environmental reaction
conditions are present (e.g., the temperature and/or pressure is/are elevated), then an
additional frequency or combination of frequencies (i.e., an applied spectral energy
conditioning pattern) can be applied to the conditionable participant. In this regard, spectral
conditioning environmental reaction condition(s) can be applied instead of, or to supplement,
those conditioning environmental reaction conditions that are naturally present, or need to be
present, in order for a desired conditioning of a conditionable participant to occur (i.e., to
form a desired conditioned participant). The conditioning environmental reaction conditions
that can be supplemented or replaced with spectral conditioning environmental reaction
conditions include, for example, temperature, pressure, surface area of catalysts, catalyst size
and shape, solvents, support materials, poisons, promoters, concentrations, electric fields,
magnetic fields, etc.
Still further, a particular frequency or combination of frequencies and/or fields that
can produce one or more spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions can be
combined with one or more spectral energy conditioning catalysts and/or spectral
conditioning catalysts to generate an applied spectral energy conditioning pattern.
Accordingly, various considerations can be taken into account for what particular frequency
or combination of frequencies and/or fields may be desirable to combine with (or replace)
various conditioning environmental reaction conditions, for example.
Thus, by applying a frequency, or combination of frequencies and/or fields (i.e.,
creating an applied spectral energy conditioning pattern) which corresponds to at least one
spectral environmental conditioning reaction condition, the spectral energy conditioning
patterns of a conditionable participant can be effectively modified which may result in
broader spectral energy conditioning patterns (e.g., broader spectral conditioning patterns), in
some cases, or narrower spectral energy conditioning patterns (e.g., spectral conditioning
patterns) in other cases. Such broader or narrower spectral energy conditioning patterns (e.g.,

spectral conditioning patterns) may correspond to a broadening or narrowing of line widths in
a spectral conditioning energy pattern (e.g., a spectral conditioning pattern). As stated
throughout herein, when frequencies match, energy transfers. In this particular embodiment,
frequencies can be caused to match by, for example, broadening the spectral conditioning
pattern of one or more participants in a holoreaction system. For example, as discussed in
much greater detail later herein, the application of temperature to a conditioning reaction
system typically causes the broadening of one or more spectral conditioning patterns (e.g.,
line width broadening) of, for example, one or more conditionable participants in a
conditioning reaction system. It is this broadening of spectral conditioning patterns that can
cause spectral conditioning patterns of one or more constituents in a conditioning reaction
system to, for example, overlap. The overlapping of the spectral conditioning patterns can
cause frequencies to match, and thus energy to transfer to result in a conditioned participant.
The same conditionable participant may be conditioned with different spectral energy
patterns or amounts to result in conditioned participants with different energy dynamics (e.g.,
energized electronic level versus energized rotation). The scope of reactions which occur
once a conditioned participant is introduced into a reaction system, include all of those
reactions along any particular reaction pathway. Thus, the broadening of spectral conditioned
pattern(s) in a conditioned participant can result in, for example, formation of reaction
product, formation of and/or stimulation and/or stabilization of reaction intermediates and/or
transients, catalyst frequencies, poisons, promoters, etc., in a reaction system. All of the
conditioning environmental reaction conditions that are discussed in detail in the section
entitled "Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments" can be at least partially
simulated in a conditioning reaction system by the application of a spectral conditioning
environmental reaction condition.
Spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions can be utilized to start direct,
contain and/or appropriately condition a conditionable participant so that the conditioned
participant can stop reactions or reaction pathways in a reaction system. Thus, certain
reactions can be started, stopped, slowed and/or speeded up in a reaction system by. for
example, applying different spectral conditioning environmental reaction conditions to a
conditionable participant and introducing the conditioned participant into a reaction system at
different times during a reaction and/or at different intensities. Thus, spectral conditioning
environmental reaction conditions are capable of influencing, positively or negatively,
reaction pathways and/or reaction rates in a reaction system by providing different spectral
energy patterns in one or more conditioned participants.
IX. DESIGNING PHYSICAL AND SPECTRAL CATALYSTS
Moreover, by utilizing the above techniques to design (e.g., calculate or determine) a
desirable spectral energy pattern, such as a desirable spectral pattern for a spectral energy
catalyst rather than applying the spectral energy catalyst (e.g., spectral catalyst) per se, for
example, the designed spectral pattern can be used to design and/or determine an optimum
physical and/or spectral catalyst that could be used in the reaction system to obtain a
particular result. Further, the invention may be able to provide a recipe for a physical and/or
spectral catalyst for a particular reaction where no catalyst previously existed. For example in
a reaction where:
A?I?B
where A = reactant, B = product and I = known intermediate, and there is no known catalyst,
either a physical or spectral catalyst could be designed which, for example, resonates with the
intermediate "I", thereby catalyzing the formation of one or more desirable reaction
produces).
As a first step, the designed spectral pattern could be compared to known spectral
patterns for existing materials to determine if similarities exist between the designed spectral
pattern and spectral patterns of known materials. If the designed spectral pattern at least
partially matches against a spectral pattern of a known material, then it is possible to utilize
the known material as a physical catalyst to obtain a desired reaction and/or desired reaction
pathway or rate in a reaction system. In this regard, it may be desirable to utilize the known
material alone or in combination with a spectral energy catalyst and/or a spectral catalyst.
Still further, it may be possible to utilize environmental reaction conditions and/or spectral
environmental reaction conditions to cause the known material to behave in a manner which
is even closer to the designed energy pattern or spectral pattern. Further, the application of
different spectral energy patterns may cause the designed catalyst to behave in different
manners, such as, for example, encouraging a first reaction pathway with the application of a
first spectral energy pattern and encouraging a second reaction pathway with the application
of a second spectral energy pattern. Likewise, the changing of one or more environmental
reaction conditions could have a similar effect.
Further, this designed catalyst has applications in all types of reactions including, but
not limited to, chemical (organic and inorganic), biological, physical, energy reactions, etc.
Still further, in certain cases, one or more physical species could be used or combined
in a suitable manner, for example, physical mixing or by a chemical reaction, to obtain a
physical catalyst material exhibiting the appropriate designed spectral energy pattern (e.g.,
spectral pattern) to achieve a desired reaction pathway. Accordingly, a combination of
designed catalyst(s) (e.g., a physical catalyst which is known or manufactured expressly to
function as a physical catalyst), spectral energy catalyst(s) and/or spectral catalyst(s) can
result in a resultant energy pattern (e.g., which in this case can be a combination of physical
catalyst(s) and/or spectral catalyst(s)) which is conducive to forming desired reaction
product(s) and/or following a desired reaction pathway at a desired reaction rate. In this
regard, various line width broadening and/or narrowing of spectral energy pattern(s) and/or
spectral pattern(s) may occur when the designed catalyst is combined with various spectral
energy patterns and/or spectral patterns.
It is important to consider the energy interactions between all components involved in
the desired reaction in a reaction system when calculating or determining an appropriate
designed catalyst. There will be a particular combination of specific energy pattern(s) (e.g.,
electromagnetic energy) that will interact with the designed catalyst to form an applied
spectral energy pattern. The particular frequencies, for example, of electromagnetic radiation
that should be caused to be applied to a reaction system should be as many of those
frequencies as possible, when interacting with the frequencies of the designed catalyst, that
can result in desirable effects to one or more participants in the reaction system, while
eliminating as many of those frequencies as possible which result in undesirable effects
within the reaction system.
X. DESIGNING CONPITIONABLE PARTICIPANTS
Moreover, by utilizing the above techniques to design (e.g., calculate or determine) a
desirable spectral energy pattern, such as a desirable spectral pattern for a spectral energy
catalyst (e.g., spectral catalyst) rather than applying the spectral energy catalyst (e.g., spectral
catalyst) per se, for example, the designed spectral pattern can be achieved in a conditioned
participant (e.g., appropriately conditioning a conditionable participant) which may function
as an optimum physical and/or spectral catalyst that could be used in the reaction system
when the conditioned participant is introduced into or activated m the reaction system.
Further, the invention may be able to provide a recipe for a conditioned physical participant
for a particular reaction system where no catalyst previously existed. For example in a
reaction where:
A? I? B
where A = reactant, B = product and I = known intermediate, and there is no known catalyst,
a conditionable physical participant could be conditioned which, for example, resonates with
the intermediate "I", when the conditioned participant is, for example, introduced into the
reaction system. Thus, the conditioned physical participant could catalyze the reaction when
the conditioned physical participant is introduced to the reaction system.
As a first step, the desired spectral pattern for resonating with known intermediate "I"
could be compared to known spectral patterns for existing conditionable materials to
determine if similarities exist between the desired spectral pattern and spectral patterns of
known conditionable materials. If the desired spectral pattern at least partially matches
against a spectral pattern of a known conditionable material, then it may be possible to
condition the known conditionable material to form a conditioned material which then could
function as, for example, a physical catalyst, in a reaction system. In this regard, it may be
desirable to utilize the conditioned material(s) alone or in combination with a spectral energy
catalyst and/or a spectral catalyst in a reaction system. Still further, it may be possible to
utilize, environmental reaction conditions and/or spectral environmental reaction conditions to
cause the conditioned material to behave in a manner which is even closer to the desired
energy pattern or spectral pattern required in a reaction system. Further, the application of
different spectral energy patterns may cause the conditioned material to behave in different
manners, such as, for example, encouraging a first reaction pathway with the application of a
first spectral energy pattern and encouraging a second reaction pathway with the application
of a second spectral energy pattern once the conditioned material is introduced to the reaction
system. Thus, various phases, compositions, products, etc., could be achieved from the same
or similar reaction system(s) merely by altering the spectral energy conditioning pattern
which is exposed to the conditionable participant prior to the conditionable participant being
introduced into the reaction system as a conditioned participant. In addition, various
desirable results may occur when the conditioned participant is introduced into the reaction
system and thereafter various spectral energy patterns and/or spectral patterns are introduced
into the reaction system along with the conditioned participant.
Further, this designed conditioned participant has applications in all types of reactions
including, but not. limited to, chemical (organic and inorganic), biological, physical, energy,
etc.
Still further, in certain cases, one or more physical species could be used or combined
in a suitable manner, for example, physical mixing or by a chemical reaction, to obtain a
physical conditionable material exhibiting the appropriate designed spectral energy
conditioned pattern (e.g., once suitably conditioned) to achieve a desired reaction pathway
once the conditioned matter is introduced into a reaction system. Accordingly, a combination
of designed conditionable participant(s) (e.g., a physical conditionable material which is
known or manufactured expressly to function as a physical catalyst once it is suitably targeted
with a conditioning energy), spectral energy conditioning catalyst(s) and/or spectral
conditioning catalyst(s) can result in a resultant conditioned energy pattern (e.g., which in this
case can be a combination of physical material(s) and/or spectral conditioned catalyst(s))
which is conducive to forming desired reaction product(s) and/or following a desired reaction
pathway at a desired reaction rate once the conditioned material is introduced into the
reaction system. In this regard, various line width broadening and/or narrowing of spectral
energy pattem(s) and/or spectral pattem(s) may occur when the designed conditionable
participant is combined with various spectral energy conditioning patterns and/or spectral
conditioning patterns to form a conditioned participant.
It is important to consider the energy interactions between all components of the
holoreaction system when calculating or determining an appropriate designed conditionable
participant. There will be a particular combination of specific energy pattern(s) (e.g.,
electromagnetic energy) that will interact with the conditioned participant to result in an
applied spectral energy pattern once the conditioned participant is introduced into the reaction
system. The particular frequencies, for example, of electromagnetic radiation that should be
caused to be applied to a conditioning reaction system should be as many of those
frequencies as possible, when interacting with the frequencies of the conditionable
participant, that can result in desirable effects in the reaction system when the conditioned
participant is introduced therein, while eliminating as many of those frequencies as possible
which result in undesirable effects within the reaction system.
XI. SPECTRAL PHARMACEUTICALS
Many pharmaceutical agents act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. While there
are several types of exceptions, the effects of the preponderance of drugs result from their
interaction with functional macromolecular components of the host organism. Such
interaction alters the function of the pertinent cellular components and thereby initiates the
series of biochemical and physiological changes that are characteristic of the response to the
drug.
A drug is usually described by its prominent effect or by the action thought to be the
basis of that effect. However, such descriptions should not obscure the fact that no drug
produces only a single effect. Morphine is correctly described as an analgesic, but it also
suppresses the cough reflex, causes sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, bronchiolar
constriction, release of histamine, antiduresis, and a variety of other side effects. A drug is
adequately characterized only in terms of its full spectrum of effects and few drugs are
sufficiently selective to be described as specific.
One of the objects of this invention is to provide a more targeted mode for achieving a
desired response from a biological system by introducing a spectral energy catalyst (e.g., a
spectral catalyst) in place of, or to augment, pharmaceutical agents which may mimic the
effect or mechanism of action of a given enzyme, and thereby, limit the occurrence of
unwanted side effects commonly associated with pharmaceutical agents. Moreover, certain
reactions can be achieved with spectral catalysts that are not achievable with any specific
physical catalyst pharmaceutical.
A first embodiment of this aspect of the invention involves DHEA and melatonin
which are both pharmaceuticals thought to be involved in slowing and/or reversing the aging
process. The electromagnetic spectral pattern for DHEA and melatonin could be emitted
from light bulbs present in the home or the workplace. The resultant EM radiation can be
absorbed directly into the central nervous system via the optic nerves and tracts, producing
anti-aging effects at the site of the genesis of the aging phenomenon, namely, the central
nervous system and the pineal-hypothalamus-pituitary system.
A second embodiment of this aspect of the invention involves a lowering of LDL
cholesterol levels with pharmaceutical spectral patterns emitted by, for example, coils in the
mattress of a bed or in a mattress pad that negatively catalyzes HMG CoA reductase. Thus,
desirable effects can be achieved by targeting appropriate biologies with unique spectral
patterns designed to produce a desired reaction product.
A third embodiment of this aspect of the invention involves the treatment of bacterial,
fungal, parasitic, and viral illnesses using spectral pharmaceuticals. Specifically, by
generating the catalytic spectral pattern of known drug catalysts, similar effects to physical
drug catalysts can be achieved.
Another embodiment of this aspect of the invention provides a treatment for asthma
which involves the autonomic nervous system playing a key role in the control of
bronchometer tone both in normal airways and in those of individuals with bronchospastic
disease. The effects of the autonomic nervous system are thought to be mediated through
their action on the stores of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and cyclic guanosine
monophosphate (GMP) in bronchial smooth muscle cells. Further, acetylcholine, or
stimulation by the vagus nerve, is thought to provide an increase in the amounts of cyclic
GMP relative to cyclic AMP, leading to smooth muscle contraction and asthma attacks.
Conversely, an increase within bronchial smooth muscle cells in the levels of cyclic AMP
relative to cyclic GMP leads to relaxation of the bronchial muscles and thus provides a
treatment for asthma. The enzyme, adenylate cyclase, catalyses the formation of cyclic AMP.
Accordingly, by applying (e.g. a pendant worn around the neck) the catalytic spectral pattern
for adenylate cyclase, relief from asthma could be achieved.
Some of the most amazing physical catalysts are enzymes and antibodies which
catalyze the multitudinous reactions in living organisms. Enzymes can increase the rate of
biochemical reactions by factors ranging from 10b to 1012, and enzymes, as well as
antibodies, are also highly specific. Enzymes and antibodies act only on certain molecules
while leaving the rest of the system unaffected. Some enzymes have been found to have a
high degree of specificity while others can catalyze a number of reactions. If a biological
reaction can be catalyzed by only one enzyme, then the loss of activity or reduced activity of
that enzyme could greatly inhibit the specific reaction and could be detrimental to a living
organism. If this situation occurs, a catalytic spectral energy pattern could be determined for
the exact enzyme or mechanism, then genetic deficiencies could be augmented by providing
the spectral energy catalyst to replace the enzyme. Many enzymes contain active sites,
typically, with metal atoms bonded in the active sites. It is not necessary to use the catalytic
spectral energy pattern for the entire enzyme, but rather the spectral energy pattern for the
active site, or a portion of it, may sufficiently catalyze the reaction.
XII. SPECTRAL CONDITIONING FOR PHARMACEUTICALS
Many pharmaceutical agents act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. While there
are several types of exceptions, the effects of the preponderance of drugs result from their
interaction with functional macromolecular components of the host organism. Such
interaction alters the function of the pertinent cellular components and thereby initiates the
series of biochemical and physiological changes that are characteristic of the response to the
drug.
A drug is usually described by its prominent effect or by the action thought to be the
basis of that effect. However, such descriptions should not obscure the fact that no drug
produces only a single effect. Morphine is correctly described as an analgesic, but it also
suppresses the cough reflex, causes sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, bronchiolar
constriction, release of histamine, antiduresis, and a variety of other side effects. A drug is
adequately characterized only in terms of its full spectrum of effects and few drugs are
sufficiently selective to be described as specific.
One of the objects of this embodiment of the invention is to provide a more targeted
mode for achieving a desired response from a biological system by introducing a spectral
conditioning pattern (e.g., a spectral conditioning catalyst) to augment pharmaceutical agents,
and thereby limit the occurrence of unwanted side effects commonly associated with
pharmaceutical agents. Moreover, certain reactions can be achieved with conditioned
participants that are not achievable with any specific physical catalyst pharmaceutical. For
example, it may be possible to condition at least a portion of a biological organism prior to
introducing a drug or treatment therapy into the biological system.
XIII. OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
All of the above information disclosing the invention should provide a comprehensive
understanding of the main aspects of the invention. However, in order to understand the
invention further, the invention shall now be discussed in terms of some of the representative
objects or goals to be achieved.
1. One object of this invention is to control or direct a reaction pathway in a reaction
system by applying a spectral energy pattern in the form of a spectral catalyst having at least
one electromagnetic energy frequency which may initiate, activate, and/or affect at least one
of the participants involved in the reaction system.
2. Another object of the invention is to provide an efficient, selective and economical
process for replacing a known physical catalyst in a reaction system comprising the steps of:
duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst (e.g., at least
one frequency of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst) to form a catalytic spectral pattern;
and
applying to at least a portion of the reaction system at least a portion of the catalytic
spectral pattern.
3. Another object of the invention is to provide a method to augment a physical
catalyst in a reaction system with its own catalytic spectral pattern comprising the steps of:
determining an electromagnetic spectral pattern of the physical catalyst; and
duplicating at least one frequency of the spectral pattern of the physical catalyst with
at least one electromagnetic energy emitter source to form a catalytic spectral pattern; and
applying to at least a portion of the reaction system at least one frequency of the
catalytic spectral pattern at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze the
formation of reaction product(s) in a desired portion of the reaction system. Said at least one
frequency can be applied by at least one of: (1) an electromagnetic wave guide: (2) an optical
fiber array; (3) at least one element added to the reaction system which permits
electromagnetic energy to be radiated therefrom; (4) an electric field; (5) a magnetic field;
and/or (6) an acoustic field.
4. Another object of the invention is to provide an efficient, selective and economical
process for replacing a known physical catalyst in a reaction system comprising the steps of:
duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst (e.g., at least
one frequency of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst) to form a catalytic spectral pattern;
and
applying to the reaction system at least a portion of the catalytic spectral pattern; and,
applying at least one additional spectral energy pattern which forms an applied
spectral energy pattern when combined with said catalytic spectral pattern.
5. Another object of the invention is to provide a method to replace a physical catalyst
in a reaction system comprising the steps of:
determining an electromagnetic spectral pattern of the physical catalyst;
duplicating at least one frequency of the electromagnetic spectral pattern of the
physical catalyst with at least one electromagnetic energy emitter source to form a catalytic
spectral pattern;
applying to the reaction system at least one frequency of the catalytic spectral pattern;
and
applying at least one additional spectral energy pattern to form an applied spectral
energy pattern, said applied spectral energy pattern being applied at a sufficient intensity and
for a sufficient duration to catalyze the formation of at least one reaction product in the
reaction system.
6. Another object of this invention is to provide a method to affect and/or direct a
particular reaction pathway in a reaction system with a spectral catalyst by augmenting a
physical catalyst comprising the steps of:
duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst (e.g., at least
one frequency of a spectral pattern of the physical catalyst) with at least one energy emitter
source to form a catalytic spectral pattern;
applying to the reaction system, (e.g., irradiating) at least a portion of the catalytic
spectral pattern (e.g., an electromagnetic spectral pattern having a frequency range of from
about radio frequency to about ultraviolet frequency) at a sufficient intensity and for a
sufficient duration to catalyze one or more particular reactions in the reaction system; and
introducing the physical catalyst into the reaction system.
The above method may be practiced by introducing the physical catalyst into the
reaction system before, and/or during, and/or after applying said catalytic spectral pattern to
the reaction system.
7. Another object of this invention is to provide a method to affect and/or direct a
particular reaction in a reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst by augmenting a
physical catalyst comprising the steps of:
applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a sufficient intensity and for a
sufficient duration to catalyze the particular reaction in the reaction system;
introducing the physical catalyst into the reaction system.
The above method may be practiced by introducing the physical catalyst into the
reaction system before, and/or during, and/or after applying the spectral energy catalyst to the
reaction system.
8. Another object of this invention is to provide a method to affect and/or direct a
desired reaction pathway in a reaction system with a spectral catalyst and a spectral energy
catalyst by augmenting a physical catalyst comprising the steps of:
applying at least one spectral catalyst at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient
duration to at least partially catalyze the desired reaction system;
applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a sufficient intensity and for a
sufficient duration to at least partially catalyze the desired reaction system; and
introducing the physical catalyst into the reaction system.
The above method may be practiced by introducing the physical catalyst into the
reaction system before, and/or during, and/or after applying the spectral catalyst and/or the
spectral energy catalyst to the reaction system. Moreover, the spectral catalyst and spectral
energy catalyst may be applied simultaneously to form an applied spectral energy pattern or
they may be applied sequentially either at the same time or at different times from when the
physical catalyst is introduced into the reaction system.
9. Another object of this invention is to provide a method to affect and/or direct a
desired reaction into a reaction system with a spectral catalyst and a spectral energy catalyst
and a spectral environmental reaction condition, with or without a physical catalyst,
comprising the steps of:
applying at least one spectral catalyst at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient
duration to catalyze a reaction pathway;
applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a sufficient intensity and for a
sufficient duration to catalyze a reaction pathway;
applying at last one spectral environmental reaction condition at a sufficient intensity
and for a sufficient duration to catalyze a reaction pathway, whereby when any of said at least
one spectral catalyst, said at least one spectral energy catalyst and/or at least one spectral
environmental reaction condition are applied at the same time, they form an applied spectral
energy pattern; and
introducing the physical catalyst into the reaction system.
The above method may be practiced by introducing the physical catalyst into the
reaction system before, and/or during, and/or after applying any one of, or any combination
of, the spectral catalyst and/or the spectral energy catalyst and/or the spectral environmental
reaction condition to the reaction system. Likewise, the spectral catalyst and/or the spectral

energy catalyst and/or the spectral environmental reaction condition can be provided
sequentially or continuously.
10. Another object of this invention is to provide a method to affect and direct a
reaction system with an applied spectral energy pattern and a spectral energy catalyst
comprising the steps of:
applying at least one applied spectral energy pattern at a sufficient intensity and for a
sufficient duration to catalyze a particular reaction in a reaction system, whereby said at least
one applied spectral energy pattern comprises at least two members selected from the group
consisting of catalytic spectral energy pattern, catalytic spectral pattern, spectral catalyst,
spectral energy catalyst, spectral energy pattern, spectral environmental reaction condition
and spectral pattern; and
applying at least one spectral energy catalyst to the reaction system.
The above method may be practiced by introducing the applied spectral energy
pattern into the reaction system before, and/or during, and/or after applying the spectral
energy catalyst to the reaction system. Moreover, the spectral energy catalyst and the applied
spectral energy pattern can be provided sequentially or continuously. If applied continuously,
a new applied spectral energy pattern is formed.
11. Another object of this invention is to provide a method to affect and/or direct a
reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst comprising the steps of:
determining at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern for starting reactant(s) in a
particular reaction in said reaction system;
determining at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern for reaction product(s) in
said particular reaction in said reaction system;
calculating an additive and/or subtractive spectral energy pattern (e.g., at least one
electromagnetic frequency) from said reactant(s) and reaction produces) spectral energy
patterns to determine a required spectral energy catalyst (e.g., a spectral catalyst);
generating at least a portion of the required spectral energy catalyst (e.g., at least one
electromagnetic frequency of the required spectral catalyst); and
applying to the particular reaction in said reaction system (e.g., irradiating with
electromagnetic energy) said at least a portion of the required spectral energy catalyst (e.g.,
spectral catalyst) to form at least one desired reaction product(s).

12. Another object of the invention is to provide a method to affect and/or direct a
reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst comprising the steps of:
targeting at least one participant in said reaction system with at least one spectral
energy catalyst to cause the formation and/or stimulation and/or stabilization of at least one
transient and/or at least one intermediate to result in desired reaction produces).
13. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for catalyzing a reaction
system with a spectral energy pattern to result in at least one reaction product comprising:
applying at least one spectral energy pattern for a sufficient time and at a sufficient
intensity to cause the formation and/or stimulation and/or stabilization of at least one
transient and/or at least one intermediate to result in desired reaction product(s) at a desired
reaction rate.
14. Another object of the invention is to provide a method to affect and direct a
reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst and at least one of the spectral environmental
reaction conditions comprising the steps of:
applying at least one applied spectral energy catalyst to at least one participant in said
reaction system; and
applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition to said reaction system
to cause the formation and/or stimulation and/or stabilization of at least one transient and/or
at least one intermediate to permit desired reaction product(s) to form.
15. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for catalyzing a reaction
system with a spectral energy catalyst to result in at least one reaction product comprising:
applying at least one frequency (e.g., electromagnetic) which heterodynes with at least
one reactant frequency to cause the formation of and/or stimulation and/or stabilization of at
least one transient and/or at least one intermediate to result in desired reaction product(s).
16. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for catalyzing a reaction
system with at least one spectral energy pattern resulting in at least one reaction product
comprising:
applying a sufficient number of frequencies (e.g., electromagnetic) and/or fields (e.g.,
electric, magnetic and/or acoustic) to result in an applied spectral energy pattern which
stimulates all transients and/or intermediates required in a reaction pathway to result in
desired reaction product(s).
17. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for catalyzing a reaction
system with a spectral energy catalyst resulting in at least one reaction product comprising:
targeting at least one participant in said reaction system with at least one frequency
and/or field to form, indirectly, at least one transient and/or at least one intermediate,
whereby formation of said at least one transient and/or at least one intermediate results in the
formation of an additional at least one transient and/or at least one additional intermediate.
18. It is another object of the invention to provide a method for catalyzing a reaction
system with a spectral energy catalyst resulting in at least one reaction product comprising:
targeting at least one spectral energy catalyst to at least one participant in said reaction
system to form indirectly at least one transient and/or at least one intermediate, whereby
formation of said at least one transient and/or at least one intermediate results in the
formation of an additional at least one transient and/or at least one additional intermediate.
19. It is a further object of the invention to provide a method for directing a reaction
system along a desired reaction pathway comprising:
applying at least one targeting approach selected from the group of approaches
consisting of direct resonance targeting, harmonic targeting and non-harmonic heterodyne
targeting.
In this regard, these targeting approaches can cause the formation and/or stimulation
and/or stabilization of at least one transient and/or at least one intermediate in at least a
portion of said reaction system to result in desired reaction product(s).
20. It is another object of the invention to provide a method for catalyzing a reaction
system comprising:
applying at least one frequency to at least one participant and/or at least one
component in said reaction system to cause the formation and/or stimulation and/or
stabilization of at least one transient and/or at least one intermediate to result in desired
reaction product(s), whereby said at least one frequency comprises at least one frequency
selected from the group consisting of direct resonance frequencies, harmonic resonance
frequencies, non-harmonic heterodyne resonance frequencies, electronic frequencies,
vibrational frequencies, rotational frequencies, rotational-vibrational frequencies, librational
frequencies, translational frequencies, gyrational frequencies, fine splitting frequencies,
hyperfine splitting frequencies, electric field induced frequencies, magnetic field induced
frequencies, cyclotron resonance frequencies, orbital frequencies, acoustic frequencies and/or
nuclear frequencies.
In this regard, the applied frequencies can include any desirable frequency or
combination of frequencies which resonates directly, harmonically or by a non-harmonic
heterodyne technique, with at least one participant and/or at least one component in said
reaction system.
21. It is another object of the invention to provide a method for directing a reaction
system along with a desired reaction pathway with a spectral energy pattern comprising:
applying at least one frequency and/or field to cause the spectral energy pattern (e.g.,
spectral pattern) of at least one participant and/or at least one component in said reaction
system to at least partially overlap with the spectral energy pattern (e.g., spectral pattern) of at
least one other participant and/or at least one other component in said reaction system to
permit the transfer of energy between said at least two participants and/or components.
22. It is another object of the invention to provide a method for catalyzing a reaction
system with a spectral energy pattern resulting in at least one reaction product comprising:
applying at least one spectral energy pattern to cause the spectral energy pattern of at
least one participant and/or component in said reaction system to at least partially overlap
with a spectral energy pattern of at least one other participant and/or component in said,
reaction system to permit the resonant transfer of energy between the at least two participants
and/or components, thereby causing the formation of said at least one reaction product.
23. It is a further object of the invention to provide a method for catalyzing a reaction
system with a spectral energy catalyst resulting in at least one reaction product comprising:
applying at least one frequency and/or field to cause spectral energy pattern (e.g.,
spectral pattern) broadening of at least one participant (e.g., at least one reactant) and/or
component in said reaction system to cause a transfer of energy to occur resulting in
transformation (e.g., chemically, physically, phase, property or otherwise) of at least one
participant and/or at least one component in said reaction system.
In this regard, the transformation may result in a reaction product which is of a
different chemical composition and/or different physical or crystalline composition and/or
phases than any of the chemical and/or physical or crystalline compositions and/or phases of
any starting reactant. Thus, only transients may be involved in the conversion of a reactant
into a reaction product.
24. It is a further object of the invention to provide a method for catalyzing a reaction
system with a spectral energy catalyst resulting in at least one reaction product comprising:
applying an applied spectral energy pattern to cause spectral energy pattern (e.g.,
spectral pattern) broadening of at least one participant (e.g., at least one reactant) and/or
component in said reaction system to cause a resonant transfer of energy to occur resulting in
transformation (e.g., chemically, physically, phase, property or otherwise) of at least one
participant and/or at least one component in said reaction system.
In this regard, the transformation may result in a reaction product which is of a
different chemical composition and/or different physical or crystalline composition and/or
phase and/or exhibits different properties than the chemical and/or physical or crystalline
compositions and/or phases of any starting reactant. Thus, only transients may be involved in
the conversion of a reactant into a reaction product.
25. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for controlling a reaction
and/or directing a reaction pathway in a reaction system by utilizing at least one spectral
environmental reaction condition, comprising:
forming a reaction system; and
applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition to direct said reaction
system along at least one desired reaction pathway.
In this regard, the applied spectral environmental reaction condition can be used alone
or in combination with other environmental reaction conditions to achieve desired results.
Further, additional spectral energy patterns may also be applied, simultaneously and/or
continuously with said spectral environmental reaction condition.
26. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for designing a catalyst
where no catalyst previously existed (e.g., a physical catalyst and/or spectral energy catalyst),
to be used in a reaction system, comprising:
determining a required spectral pattern to obtain a desired reaction and/or desired
reaction pathway and/or desired reaction rate; and
designing a catalyst (e.g., material or combination of materials, and/or spectral energy
catalysts) that exhibit(s) a spectral pattern that approximates the required spectral pattern.
In this regard, the designed catalyst material may comprise a physical admixing of
one or more materials and/or more materials that have been combined by an appropriate
reaction, such as a chemical reaction. The designed material may be enhanced in function by
one or more spectral energy patterns that may also be applied to the reaction system.
Moreover, the application of different spectral energy patterns may cause the designed
material to behave in different manners, such as, for example, encouraging a first reaction
pathway with the application of a first spectral energy pattern and encouraging a second
reaction pathway with the application of a second spectral energy pattern. Likewise, the
changing of one or more environmental reaction conditions could have a similar effect.
Further, this designed material has applications in all types of reactions including, but
not limited to, chemical (organic and inorganic), biological, physical, etc.
27. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for controlling a reaction
and/or directing a reaction pathway in a reaction system by preventing at least a portion of
certain undesirable spectral energy from interacting with a reaction system comprising:
providing at least one control means for absorbing, filtering, trapping, reflecting, etc.,
spectral energy incident thereon;
permitting desirable spectral energy emitted from said control means and contacting
at least a portion of a reaction system with said emitted spectral energy; and
causing said emitted spectral energy from said control means to desirably interact
with said reaction system thereby directing said reaction system along at least one desired
reaction pathway.
28. It should be understood that in each of the aforementioned 27 Objects of the
Invention, that reaction systems also include preventing certain reaction phenomena from
occurring, when desirable.
29. One object of this invention is to control or direct a reaction pathway in a reaction
system with a conditioned participant, and forming the conditioned participant by applying a
spectral energy conditioning pattern (e.g., a spectral conditioning catalyst) to at least one
conditionable participant, said conditionable participant thereafter having at least one
conditioned energy frequency (e.g., electromagnetic energy frequency) which may initiate,
activate, and/or affect at least one of the participants involved in the reaction system and/or
may itself be affected by a subsequent application of spectral energy in the reaction system.
30. Another object of the invention is to provide an efficient, selective and
economical process for replacing a known physical catalyst in a reaction system comprising
the steps of.
duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst (e.g., at least
one frequency of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst) by modifying a conditionable
participant so that the conditionable participant forms a catalytic spectral pattern; and
applying or introducing to the reaction system the conditioned participant.
31. Another object of the invention is to provide a method to augment a physical
catalyst in a reaction system with its own catalytic spectral pattern comprising the steps of:
determining an electromagnetic spectral pattern of the physical catalyst; and
duplicating at least one frequency of the spectral pattern of the physical catalyst by
conditioning a conditionable participant with at least one electromagnetic energy emitter
source to form a catalytic spectral pattern in the conditioned participant; and
applying or introducing to the reaction system the conditioned participant.
32. Another object of the invention is to provide an efficient, selective and
economical process for replacing a known physical catalyst in a reaction system comprising
the steps of:
duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst (e.g., at least
one frequency of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst) by conditioning a conditionable
participant to form a catalytic spectral pattern in the conditioned participant;
applying to the reaction system the conditioned participant; and,
applying at least one additional spectral energy pattern which forms an applied
spectral energy pattern when combined with said catalytic spectral pattern of the conditioned
participant.
33. Another object of the invention is to provide a method to replace a physical
catalyst in a reaction system comprising the steps of:
determining an electromagnetic spectral pattern of the physical catalyst;
duplicating at least one frequency of the electromagnetic spectral pattern of the
physical catalyst by conditioning a conditionable participant with at least one electromagnetic
energy emitter conditioning source to form a catalytic spectral pattern in the conditioned
participant;
applying or introducing to the reaction system the conditioned participant; and
applying at least one additional spectral energy pattern to form an applied spectral
energy pattern, said applied spectral energy pattern being applied at a sufficient intensity and
for a sufficient duration to catalyze the formation of at least one reaction product in the
reaction system.
34. Another object of this invention is to provide a method to affect and/or direct a
holoreaction system with a spectral catalyst by augmenting a physical catalyst comprising the
steps of:
duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst (e.g., at least
one frequency of a spectral pattern of the physical catalyst) by conditioning a conditionable
participant with at least one electromagnetic energy emitter source to form a catalytic spectral
pattern in the conditioned participant;
applying or introducing to the holoreaction system, the conditioned participant; and
introducing the physical catalyst into the reaction system.
The above method may be practiced by introducing the physical catalyst into the
reaction system before, and/or during, and/or after applying said conditioned participant to
the reaction system.
35. Another object of this invention is to provide a method to affect and/or direct a
reaction system with a conditioned participant by augmenting a physical catalyst comprising
the steps of:
applying or introducing at least one conditioned participant to the reaction system;
and
introducing the physical catalyst into the reaction system.
The above method may be practiced by introducing the physical catalyst into the
reaction system before, and/or during, and/or after applying the conditioned participant to the
reaction system.
36. Another object of this invention is to provide a method to affect and/or direct a
reaction system with a conditioned participant and a spectral energy catalyst by augmenting a
physical catalyst comprising the steps of:
applying or introducing at least one conditioned participant to the reaction system;
applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a sufficient intensity and for a
sufficient duration to at least partially catalyze the reaction system; and
introducing the physical catalyst into the reaction system.
The above method may be practiced by introducing the physical catalyst into the
reaction system before, and/or during, and/or after applying the conditioned participant
and/or the spectral energy catalyst to the reaction system. Moreover, the conditioned
participant and spectral energy catalyst may be applied simultaneously to form an applied
spectral energy pattern or they may be applied sequentially either at the same time or at
different times from when the physical catalyst is introduced into the reaction system.
37. Another object of this invention is to provide a method to affect and/or direct a
reaction system with a conditioned participant and a spectral energy catalyst and a spectral
environmental reaction condition, with or without a physical catalyst, comprising the steps of:
applying or introducing at least one conditioned participant to the reaction system;
applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a sufficient intensity and for a
sufficient duration to catalyze a reaction pathway;
applying at last one spectral environmental reaction condition at a sufficient intensity
and for a sufficient duration to catalyze a reaction pathway, whereby when any of said at least
one conditioned participant, said at least one spectral energy catalyst and/or at least one
spectral environmental reaction condition are applied at the same time, they form an applied
spectral energy pattern; and
introducing the physical catalyst into the reaction system.
The above method may be practiced by introducing the physical catalyst into the
reaction system before, and/or during, and/or after applying any one of, or any combination
of, the conditioned participant and/or the spectral energy catalyst and/or the spectral
environmental reaction condition to the reaction system. Likewise, the conditioned
participant and/or the spectral energy catalyst and/or the spectral environmental reaction
condition can be provided sequentially or continuously.
38. Another object of this invention is to provide a method to condition a
conditionable participant with an applied spectral energy conditioning pattern and/or a
spectral energy conditioning catalyst comprising the steps of:
applying at least one applied spectral energy conditioning pattern at a sufficient
intensity and for a sufficient duration to condition the conditionable participant, whereby said
at least one applied spectral energy conditioning pattern comprises at least one member
selected from the group consisting of catalytic spectral energy conditioning pattern, catalytic
spectral conditioning pattern, spectral conditioning catalyst, spectral energy conditioning
catalyst, spectral energy conditioning pattern, spectral conditioning environmental reaction
condition and spectral conditioning pattern.

The above method may be combined with introducing an applied spectral energy
pattern into a reaction system before, and/or during, and/or after introducing a conditioned
participant into the reaction system. Moreover, the conditioned participant and the applied
spectral energy pattern can be provided sequentially or continuously. If applied continuously,
a new applied spectral energy pattern is formed.
The above method may also comprise conditioning the conditionable participant in a
conditioning reaction vessel and/or in a reaction vessel. If the conditionable participant is
first conditioned in a reaction vessel, the conditioning occurs prior to some or all other
components comprising the reaction system being introduced into the reaction system.
Further, the reaction vessel and/or conditioning reaction vessel per se may be treated
with conditioning energy. In the case of the reaction vessel being treated with conditioning
energy, such conditioning treatment occurs prior to some or all other components comprising
the reaction system being introduced into the reaction vessel.
39. Another object of this invention is to provide a method to affect and direct a
reaction system with a conditioned participant comprising the steps of:
determining at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern for starting reactant(s) in
said reaction system;
determining at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern for reaction product(s) in
said reaction system;
calculating an additive spectral energy pattern (e.g., at least one electromagnetic
frequency) from said reactant(s) and reaction product(s) spectral energy patterns to determine
a required conditioned participant (e.g., a spectral conditioned catalyst);
generating at least a portion of the required spectral energy conditioning catalyst (e.g.,
at least one electromagnetic frequency of the required spectral conditioning catalyst); and
applying to the conditionable participant (e.g., irradiating with electromagnetic
energy) said at least a portion of the required spectral energy conditioning catalyst (e.g.,
spectral conditioning catalyst) to form desired conditioned participant; and
introducing the conditioned participant to the reaction system to form a desired
reaction product and/or desired reaction product at a desired reaction rate.
40. Another object of the invention is to provide a method to affect and direct a
reaction system with a conditioned participant comprising the steps of:
targeting at least one conditionable participant in said conditioning reaction system
with at least one spectra] conditioning pattern to cause the formation and/or stimulation
and/or stabilization of at least one conditioned participant; and
applying or introducing the conditioned participant to the reaction system to result in
at least one desired reaction product and/or a desired or controlled reaction rate in said
reaction system.
41. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for catalyzing a reaction
system with a conditioned participant to result in at least one reaction product comprising:
applying at least one spectral energy conditioning pattern for a sufficient time and at a
sufficient intensity to cause the formation and/or stimulation and/or stabilization of at least
one conditioned participant, so as to result in desired reaction product(s) at a desired reaction
rate when said conditioned participant communicates with said reaction system.
42. Another object of the invention is to provide a method to affect and direct a
reaction system with a conditioned participant and at least one spectral environmental
reaction condition comprising the steps of:
applying or introducing at least one conditioned participant to the reaction system;
and
applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition to said reaction system
to cause the formation and/or stimulation and/or stabilization of at least one transient and/or
at least one intermediate to permit desired reaction product(s) to form.
43. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for forming a conditioned
participant with a spectral energy conditioning pattern to result an at least one conditioned
participant comprising:
applying at least one frequency (e.g., electromagnetic) which heterodynes with at least
one conditionable participant frequency to cause the formation of and/or stimulation and/or
stabilization of at least one conditioned participant.
44. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for forming a conditioned
participant with at least one spectral energy conditioning pattern resulting in at least one
conditioned participant comprising:
applying a sufficient number of frequencies (e.g., electromagnetic) and/or fields (e.g.,
electric and/or magnetic) to result in an applied spectral energy conditioning pattern which
results in the formation of at least one conditioned participant.
45. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for forming a conditioned
participant with a spectral energy conditioning catalyst resulting in at least one conditioned
participant comprising:
conditioning targeting at least one conditionable participant prior to being introduced
to said reaction system with at least one frequency and/or field to form a conditioned
participant, whereby formation of said at least one conditioned participant results in the
formation of at least one transient and/or at least one intermediate when said conditioned
participant is introduced into said reaction system.
46. It is another object of the invention to provide a method for catalyzing a
holoreaction system with a conditioned participant resulting in at least one reaction product
comprising:
conditioning targeting at least one spectral energy conditioning catalyst to form at
least one conditionable participant (e.g., at least one spectral energy catalyst) which is present
in said reaction system when at least one reaction in said reaction system is initiated, such
that at least one transient and/or at least one intermediate, and/or at least one reaction product
is formed in the reaction system.
47. It is a further object of the invention to provide a method for directing a reaction
system along a desired reaction pathway comprising:
applying at least one conditioning targeting approach to at least one conditionable
participant, said at least one conditioning targeting approach being selected from the group
of approaches consisting of direct resonance conditioning targeting, harmonic conditioning
targeting and non-harmonic heterodyne conditioning targeting.
In this regard, these conditioning targeting approaches can result in the formation of a
conditioned participant which can cause the formation and/or stimulation and/or stabilization
of at least one transient and/or at least one intermediate to result in desired reaction product(s)
at a desired reaction rate.
48. It is another object of the invention to provide a method for conditioning at least
one conditionable participant comprising:
applying at least one conditioning frequency to at least one conditionable participant
to cause the formation and/or stimulation and/or stabilization of at least one conditioned
participant, whereby said at least one frequency comprises at least one frequency selected
from the group consisting of direct resonance conditioning frequencies, harmonic resonance
conditioning frequencies, non-harmonic heterodyne conditioning resonance frequencies,
electronic conditioning frequencies, vibrational conditioning frequencies, rotational
conditioning frequencies, rotational-vibrational conditioning frequencies, fine splitting
conditioning frequencies, hyperfine splitting conditioning frequencies, electric field splitting
conditioning frequencies, magnetic field conditioning splitting frequencies, cyclotron
resonance conditioning frequencies, orbital conditioning frequencies and nuclear
conditioning frequencies.
In this regard, the applied conditioning frequencies can include any desirable
frequency or combination of conditioning frequencies which resonates directly, harmonically
or by a non-harmonic heterodyne technique, with at least one conditionable participant and/or
at least one component of said conditionable participant.
49. It is another object of the invention to provide a method for directing a reaction
system along a desired reaction pathway with a conditioned participant comprising:
applying at least one conditioning frequency and/or conditioning field to cause the
conditioned spectral energy pattern (e.g., spectral conditioning pattern) of at least one
conditioned participant to at least partially overlap with the spectral energy pattern (e.g.,
spectral pattern) of at least one participant and/or at least one other component in said
holoreaction system to permit the transfer of energy between said conditioned participant and
said participant and/or other component(s).
50. It is another object of the invention to provide a method for catalyzing a reaction
system with a conditioned participant resulting in at least one reaction product comprising:
applying at least one spectral energy conditioning pattern to at least one conditionable
participant to cause the conditioned spectral energy pattern of at least one conditioned
participant in said reaction system to at least partially overlap with a spectral energy pattern
of at least one other participant and/or component in said reaction system to permit the
transfer of energy between the said conditioned participant and said participant and/or
components, thereby causing the formation of said at least one reaction product.
51. It is a further object of the invention to provide a method for catalyzing a reaction
system with a conditioned participant resulting in at least one reaction product comprising:
applying at least one frequency and/or field to cause a conditioned spectral energy
pattern (e.g., conditioned spectral pattern) broadening of said conditioned participant to cause
a transfer of energy to occur between the conditioned participant and at least one participant

in the holoreaction system, resulting in transformation (e.g., chemically, physically, phase or
otherwise) of at least one participant and/or at least one component in said reaction system.
In this regard, the transformation may result in a reaction product which is of a
different chemical composition and/or different physical composition and/or phases than any
of the chemical and/or physical compositions and/or phases of any starting reactant and/or
conditioned participant. Thus, only transients may be involved in the conversion of a reactant
into a reaction product.
52. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for controlling a reaction
and/or directing a reaction pathway by utilizing at least one conditioned participant and at
least one spectral environmental reaction condition, comprising:
forming a reaction system comprising said conditioned participant; and
applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition to direct said reaction
system along a desired reaction pathway.
In this regard, the applied spectral environmental reaction condition can be used alone
or in combination with other environmental reaction conditions to achieve desired results.
Further, additional spectral energy patterns may also be applied, simultaneously and/or
continuously with said spectral environmental reaction condition.
53. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for designing a
conditionable participant to be used as a catalyst, once conditioned, in a reaction system
where no catalyst previously existed (e.g., a physical catalyst and/or spectral energy catalyst),
to be used in a reaction system, comprising:
determining a required spectral pattern to obtain a desired reaction and/or desired
reaction pathway and/or desired reaction rate; and
designing a conditionable participant (e.g., material or combination of materials), that
exhibit(s) a conditioned spectral pattern that approximates the required spectral pattern, when
exposed to a suitable spectral energy conditioning pattern.
In this regard, the designed conditionable participant may comprise a physical
admixing of one or more materials and/or more materials that have been combined by an
appropriate reaction, such as a chemical reaction. The designed conditionable participant
material may be enhanced in function by one or more spectral energy conditioning patterns
that may also be applied to the conditioning reaction system. Moreover, the application of
different spectral energy conditioning patterns may cause the designed conditionable
material, once conditioned, to behave in different manners in a reaction system, such as, for
example, encouraging a first reaction pathway in a reaction system with the application of a
first spectral energy conditioning pattern in a conditioning reaction system and encouraging a
second reaction pathway in a reaction system with the application of a second spectral energy
conditioning pattern in a conditioning reaction system. Likewise, the changing of one or
more environmental conditioning reaction conditions could have a similar effect.
Further, this designed conditionable participant or material has applications in all
types of reactions (once conditioned) including, but not limited to, chemical (organic and
inorganic), biological, physical, etc.
54. It should be understood that in each of 29-53 Objects of the Invention, that
reaction systems also include preventing certain reaction phenomena from occurring, when
desirable.
55. Another object of the invention is to use at least one conditioned participant with
each of the techniques set forth in Objects 1-28 above; and to use at least one additional
spectral energy pattern with each of the techniques set forth in Objects 29-54 above.
In each of the above-mentioned 55 Objects of the Invention, the particular energy or
energies can be applied by at least one of the following techniques: (1) a waveguide; (2) an
optical fiber array; (3) at least one element added adjacent to, on and/or in at least one of the
participants in a reaction system which permits energy t be radiated therefrom; and/or a
transducer, etc.
While not. wishing to be bound by any particular theory or explanation of operation, it
is believed that when frequencies match, energy transfers. The transfer of energy can be a
sharing of energy between two entities and, for example, a transfer of energy from one entity
into another entity. The entities may both be, for example, matter, or one entity may be matter
and the other energy (e.g. energy may be a spectral energy pattern such as electromagnetic
frequencies, and/or an electric field and/or a magnetic field). Reactions and transformation of
matter may be controlled and directed, by controlling the resonant exchange of energy within
a holoreaction system.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Figures 1a and 1b show a graphic representation of an acoustic or electromagnetic
wave.
Figure 1c shows the combination wave which results from the combining of the
waves in Figure la and Figure 1b.
Figures 2a and 2b show waves of different amplitudes but the same frequency. Figure
2a shows a low amplitude wave and Figure 2b shows a high amplitude wave.
Figures 3a and 3b show frequency diagrams. Figure 3a shows a time vs. amplitude
plot and Figure 3b shows a frequency vs. amplitude plot.
Figure 4 shows a specific example of a heterodyne progression.
Figure 5 shows a graphical example of the heterodyned series from Figure 4.
Figure 6 shows fractal diagrams.
Figures 7a and 7b show hydrogen energy level diagrams.
Figures 8a-8c show three different simple reaction profiles.
Figures 9a and 9b show fine frequency diagram curves for hydrogen.
Figure 10 shows various frequencies and intensities for hydrogen.
Figures 11a and 11b show two light amplification diagrams with stimulated
emission/population inversions.
Figure 12 shows a resonance curve where the resonance frequency is fo, an upper
frequency = f2 and a lower frequency = f1, wherein f 1 and f2 are at about 50% of the amplitude
of fo.
Figures 13a and 13b show two different resonance curves having different quality
factors. Figure 13a shows a narrow resonance curve with a high Q and Figure 13b shows a
broad resonance curve with a low Q.
Figure 14 shows two different energy transfer curves at fundamental resonance
frequencies (curve A) and a harmonic frequency (curve B).
Figures 15a-c show how a spectral pattern vanes at three different temperatures.
Figure 15a is at a low temperature, Figure 15b is at a moderate temperature and Figure 15c is
at a high temperature.
Figure 16 is spectral curve showing a line width which corresponds to f2 — f1.
Figures 17a and 17b show two amplitude vs. frequency curves. Figure 17a shows
distinct spectral curves at low temperature; and Figure 17b shows overlapping of spectral
curves at a higher temperature.
Figure 18a shows the influence of temperature on the resolution of infrared absorption
spectra; Figure 18b shows blackbody radiation; and Figure 18c shows curves A and C at low
temperature, and broadened curves A and C* at higher temperature, with C* also shifted.
Figure 19 shows spectral patterns which exhibit the effect of pressure broadening on
the compound NH3.
Figure 20 shows the theoretical shape of pressure-broadened lines at three different
pressures for a single compound.
Figures 21a and 21b are two graphs which show experimental confirmation of
changes in spectral patterns at increased pressures. Figure 21a corresponds to a spectral
pattern representing the absorption of water vapor in air and Figure 21b is a spectral pattern
which corresponds to the absorption of NH3 at one atmosphere pressure.
Figure 22a shows a representation of radiation from a single atom and Figure 22b
shows a representation of radiation from a group of atoms.
Figures 23a-d show four different spectral curves, three of which exhibit self-
absorption patterns. Figure 23a is a standard spectral curve not showing any self-absorption;
Figure 23b shows the shifting of resonant frequency due to self absorption; Figure 23c shows
a self-reversal spectral pattern due to self-absorption; and Figure 23d shows an attenuation
example of a self-reversal spectral pattern.
Figures 24a shows an absorption spectra of alcohol and phthalic acid in hexane;
Figure 24b shows an absorption spectra for the absorption of iodine in alcohol and carbon
tetrachloride; and Figure 24c shows the effect of mixtures of alcohol and benzene on the
solute phenylazophenol.
Figure 25a shows a tetrahedral unit representation of aluminum oxide and Figure 25b
shows a representation of a tetrahedral unit for silicon dioxide.
Figure 26a shows a truncated octahedron crystal structure for aluminum or silicon
combined with oxygen and Figure 26b shows a plurality of truncated octahedrons joined
together to represent zeolite. Figure 26c shows truncated octahedrons for zeolites "X" and
"Y" which are joined together by oxygen bridges.
Figure 27 is a graph which shows the influence of copper and bismuth on
zinc/cadmium line ratios.
Figure 28 is a graph which shows the influence of magnesium on copper/aluminum
intensity ratio.
Figure 29 shows the concentration effects on the atomic spectra frequencies of N-
meihyl urethane in carbon tetrachloride solutions at the following concentrations: a) O.OIM;
b) 0.03M; c) 0.06M; d) 0.10M; 3) 0.15M.
Figure 30 shows plots corresponding to the emission spectrum of hydrogen.
Specifically, Figure 30a corresponds to Balmer Series 2 for hydrogen; and Figure 30b
. corresponds to emission spectrum for the 456 THz frequency of hydrogen.
Figure 31 corresponds to a high resolution laser saturation spectrum for the 456 THz
frequency of hydrogen.
Figure 32 shows fine splitting frequencies which exist under a typical spectral curve.
Figure 33 corresponds to a diagram of atomic electron levels (n) in fine structure
frequencies (a).
Figure 34 shows fine structures of the n=1 and n=2 levels of a hydrogen atom.
Figure 35 shows multiplet splittings for the lowest energy levels of carbon, oxygen
and fluorine: 43.5 cm = 1.3 THz; 16.4cm-1 = 490 GHz; 226.5 cm-1 = 6.77 THz; 158.5 cm-1 =
4.74 THz; 404 cm-1 = 12.1 THz.
Figure 36 shows a vibration band of SF6 at a wavelength of 10µm2.
Figure 37a shows a spectral pattern similar to that shown in Figure 36, with a
particular frequency magnified. Figure 37b shows fine structure frequencies in greater detail
for the compound SF6.
Figure 38 shows an energy level diagram which corresponds to different energy levels
for a molecule where rotational corresponds to "J", vibrational corresponds to "v" and
electronic levels correspond to "n".
Figures 39a and 39b correspond to pure rotational absorption spectrum of gaseous
hydrogen chloride as recorded with an interferometer; Figure39b shows the same spectrum of
Figure 39a at a lower resolution (i.e., not showing any fine frequencies).
Figure 40 corresponds to the rotational spectrum for hydrogen cyanide. 'T'
corresponds to the rotational level.
Figure 41 shows a spectrum corresponding to the additive heterodyne of vj and v5in
the spectral band showing the frequency band at A (v1 - v 5), B = v 1 - 2v5.
Figure 42 shows a graphical representation of fine structure spectrum showing the
first four rotational frequencies for CO in the ground state. The difference (heterodyne)
between the molecular fine structure rotational frequencies is 2X the rotational constant B
(i.e., f2- f1 = 2B). In this case, B= 57.6 GHz (57,635.970 MHz).
Figure 43a shows rotational and vibrational frequencies (MHz) for LiF. Figure 43b
shows differences between rotational and vibrational frequencies for LiF.
Figure 44 shows the rotational transition J = 1? 2 for the triatomic molecule OCS.
The vibrational state is given by vibrational quantum numbers in brackets (Vi, V2, v3), v2 have
a superscript [l]. In this case, / = 1. A subscript 1 is applied to the lower-frequency
component of the /-type doublet, and 2 to the higher-frequency components. The two lines at
(0110) and (0110) are an /-type doublet, separated by q1%
Figure 45 shows the rotation-vibration band and fine structure frequencies for SF6.
Figure 46 shows a fine structure spectrum for SF6 from zero to 300 being magnified.
Figures 47a and 47b show the magnification of two curves from fine structure of SF6
showing hyperfine structure frequencies. Note the regular spacing of the hyperfine structure
curves. Figure 47a shows magnification of the curve marked with a single asterisk (*) in
Figure 46 and Figure 47b shows the magnification of the curved marked with a double
asterisk (**) in Figure 46.
Figure 4S shows an energy level diagram corresponding to the hyperfine splitting for
the hyperfine structure in the n = 2 to n = 3 transition for hydrogen.
Figure 49 shows the hyperfine structure in the J - 1? 2 to rotational transition of
CH3I.
Figure 50 shows the hyperfine structure of the J = 1? 2 transition for CICN in the
ground vibrational state.
Figure 51 shows energy level diagrams and hyperfine frequencies for the NO
molecule.
Figure 52 shows a spectrum corresponding to the hyperfine frequencies for NH3.
Figure 53 shows hyperfine structure and doubling of the NH3 spectrum for rotational
level J = 3. The upper curves in Figure 53 show experimental data, while the lower curves
are derived from theoretical calculations. Frequency increases from left to right in 60 KHz
intervals.
Figure 54 shows a hyperfine structure and doubling of NH3 spectrum for rotational
level J=4. The upper curves in each of Figures 54 show experimental data, while the lower
curves are derived from theoretical calculations. Frequency increases from left to right in 60
KHz intervals.
Figure 55 shows a Stark effect for potassium. In particular, the schematic dependence
of the 4S and 5P energy levels on the electric field.
Figure 56 shows a graph plotting the deviation from zero-field positions of the
5p2P1/2?4s2S 1/2 .3 /2transition wavenumbers against the square of the electric field.
Figure 57 shows the frequency components of the J = 0 ? 1 rotational transition for
CH3Cl, as a function of field strength. Frequency is given in megacycles (MHz) and electric
field strength (esu cm) is given as the square of the field E2, in esu2/cm2.
Figure 58 shows the theoretical and experimental measurements of Stark effect in the
J=l ? 2 transition of the molecule OCS. The unaltered absolute rotational frequency is
plotted at zero, and the frequency splitting and shifting is denoted as MHz higher or lower
than the original frequency.
Figure 59 shows patterns of Stark components for transitions in the rotation of an
asymmetric top molecule. Specifically, Figure 59a shows the J = 4 ? 5 transitions; and
Figure 59b shows the J = 4 ? 4 transitions. The electric field is large enough for complete
spectral resolution.
Figure 60 shows the Stark effect for the OCS molecule on the J = 1 ? 2 transition
with applied electric fields at various frequencies. The "a" curve represents the Stark effect
with a static DC electric field; the "b" curve represents broadening and blurring of the Stark
frequencies with a 1 KHz electric field; and the "c" curve represents normal Stark type effect
with electric field of 1,200 KHz.
Figure 61a shows a construction of a Stark waveguide and Figure 61b shows a
distribution of fields in the Starck waveguide.
Figure 62a shows the Zeeman effect for sodium '"D" lines; and Figure 62b shows the
energy level diagram for transitions in the Zeeman effect for sodium "D" lines.
Figure 63 is a graph which shows the splitting of the ground term of the oxygen atom
as a function of magnetic field.
Figure 64 is a graphic which shows the dependence of the Zeeman effect on magnetic
field strength for the "3P" state of silicon.
Figure 65a is a pictorial which shows a normal Zeeman effect and Figure 65b is a
pictorial which shows an anomolous Zeeman effect.
Figure 66 shows anomalous Zeeman effect for zinc 3P ? 3S.
Figure 67a shows a graphic representation of four Zeeman splitting frequencies and
Figure 67b shows a graphic representation of four new heterodyned differences.
Figures 6Sa and 68b show graphs of typical Zeeman splitting patterns for two
different transitions in a paramagnetic molecule.
Figure 69 shows the frequencies of hydrogen listed horizontally across the Table; and
the frequencies of platinum listed vertically on the Table.
Figure 70 shows a schematic of the apparatus used to prepare classical saturated
solution.
Figure 71 shows a schematic of the apparatus used to prepare spectrally conditioned
solution.
Figure 72 shows a schematic of the apparatus used to grow crystals from an overhead
cone delivery system
Figure 73 shows a schematic of the apparatus used to grow crystals from an
underneath cone delivery system.
Figure 74 shows a schematic of the apparatus used to grow crystals from an overhead
cylinder delivery system
Figures 75 a-g show various schematic representations of different apparatus used to
grow crystals by causing spectral energy to be incident from different locations (and
combinations of locations) according to various examples of the present invention.
Figure 76 shows a schematic of the experimental set-up which corresponds to a
Bunsen burner heating a solution of sodium chloride and water on a hot plate, which is
discussed in Example 24a.
Figure 77 shows a schematic of the experimental set-up which corresponds to a
Bunsen burner heating a solution of sodium chloride and water on a hot plate, and a sodium
lamp emitting an electromagnetic spectral pattern into the side of a beaker, which is discussed
in Example 24b.
Figure 78 shows a schematic of the experimental set-up which corresponds to a
sodium lamp heating a solution of sodium chloride and water from the bottom of a beaker,
which is discussed in Example 24c.
Figure 79 shows a schematic of the pH electrode 109 used with the Accumet AR20
meter 107.
Figure 80a is a graph of the experimental data which shows pH as a function of time
and corresponds to the experimental set-up of Example 24a.
Figure 80b is a graph of the experimental data which shows pH as a function of time
and corresponds to the experimental set-up of Example 24b.
Figure 80c is a graph of the experimental data which shows pH as a function of time
and corresponds to the experimental set-up of Example 24c.
Figure 80d is a graph which shows the averages of the three (3) different experimental
conditions of experiments 24a, 24b and 24c, all superimposed on a single plot.
Figure 80e is a graph of the experimental data which shows pH as a function of time
and corresponds to the experimental set-up of Example 24d.
Figure 80f is a graph of the experimental data which shows pH as a function of time
and corresponds to the experimental set-up of Example 24e.
Figure 80g is a graph which shows the averages, of the three (3) different experimental
conditions of experiments 24a, 24b and 24e, all superimposed on a single plot.
Figure 80h is a graph which shows the results of three (3) separate experiments (#'s 3,
4 and 5) and represent decay curves generated by the experimental apparatus shown in Figure
77.
Figure 80i is a graph which shows the results of three (3) separate experiments (#'s 1,
2 and 3) and represent activation curves generated by the experimental apparatus shown in
Figure 77.
Figure 80j is a graph which shows pH as a function of time for two sets of
experiments where sodium chloride solid was conditioned prior to being dissolved in water.
Figures 81a and 81b are photomicrographs showing crystallization results
corresponding to Example 14.
Figures 82a and 82b are graphical representations of metal alloy crystals grown
according to Example 26a.
Figures 83a and 83b are graphical representations of metal alloy crystals grown
according to Example 26b.
Figure 84a is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of time for three separate sets of Bunsen bumer-only data.
Figure 84b is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of temperature (two separate data points only) for Bunsen burner-only data.
Figure 84c is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of time for three separate sets of Bunsen burner-only data, the plot beginning with the data
point generated two minutes after sodium chloride was added to the water.
Figure 84d is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to the water being conditioned by the
sodium lamp for about 40 minutes before the sodium chloride was dissolved therein.
Figure 84e is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of temperature (two separate data points only), corresponding to the water being conditioned
by the sodium lamp for about 40 minutes before the sodium chloride was dissolved therein.
Figure 84f is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to the water being conditioned by the
sodium lamp for about 40 minutes before the sodium chloride was dissolved therein.
Figure 84g is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to the solution of sodium chloride and
water being irradiated with a spectral energy pattern of a sodium lamp beginning when the
sodium chloride was added to the water.
Figure 84h is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of temperature (two separate data points only) corresponding to the solution of sodium
chloride and water being irradiated with a spectral energy pattern of a sodium lamp beginning
when the sodium chloride was added to the water.
Figure 84i is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to the solution of sodium chloride and
water being irradiated with a spectral energy pattern of a sodium lamp beginning when the
sodium chloride was added to the water.
Figure 84j is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to the water being conditioned by the
sodium lamp spectral conditioning pattern for about 40 minutes before the sodium chloride
was added to the water; and continually irradiating the water with the sodium light spectral
pattern while sodium chloride is added thereto and remaining on while all conductivity
measurements were taken.
Figure 84k is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of temperature (two separate data points only) for three sets of data, corresponding to the
water being conditioned by the sodium lamp spectral conditioning pattern for about 40
minutes before the sodium chloride was dissolved; and continually irradiating the water with
the sodium light spectral pattern while sodium chloride is added thereto and remaining on
while all conductivity measurements were taken.
Figure 841 is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to the water being conditioned by the
sodium lamp spectral conditioning pattern for about 40 minutes before the sodium chloride
was dissolved; and continually irradiating the water with the sodium light spectral pattern
while sodium chloride is added thereto and remaining on while all conductivity
measurements were taken.
Figure 84m is a graph of the experimental data which superimposes averages from the
data in Figures S4a, 84d, 84g and 84j.
Figure 84n is a graph of the experimental data which superimposes averages from the
data in Figures 84b, 84e, 84h and 84k.
Figure 84o is a graph of the experimental data which superimposes averages from the
data in Figures 84c, 84f, 84i and 84j.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In general, thermal energy is used to drive chemical reactions by applying heat and
increasing the temperature. The addition of heat increases the kinetic (motion) energy of the
chemical reactants. A reactant with more kinetic energy moves faster and farther, and is
more likely to take part in a chemical reaction. Mechanical energy likewise, by stirring and
moving the chemicals, increases their kinetic energy and thus their reactivity. The addition of
mechanical energy often increases temperature, by increasing kinetic energy.
Acoustic energy is applied to chemical reactions as orderly mechanical waves.
Because of its mechanical nature, acoustic energy can increase the kinetic energy of chemical
reactants, and can also elevate their temperature(s). Electromagnetic (EM) energy consists of
waves of electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic en erg)' may also increase the kinetic
energy and heat in holoreaction systems. It may energize electronic orbitals or vibrational
motion in some reactions.
Both acoustic and electromagnetic energy may consist of waves. The number of
waves in a period of time can be counted. Waves are often drawn, as in Figure la. Usually,
time is placed on the horizontal X-axis. The vertical Y-axis shows the strength or intensity of

the wave. This is also called the amplitude. A weak wave will be of weak intensity and will
have iow amplitude (see Figure 2a). A strong wave will have high amplitude (see Figure 2b).
Traditionally, the number of waves per second is counted, to obtain the frequency.
Frequency = Number of waves/time = Waves/second = Hz.
Another name for "waves per second", is "hertz" (abbreviated "Hz"). Frequency is
drawn on wave diagrams by showing a different number of waves in a period of time (see
Figure 3a which shows waves having a frequency of 2 Hz and 3 Hz). It is also drawn by
placing frequency itself, rather than time, on the X-axis (see Figure 3b which shows the same
2 Hz and 3Hz waves plotted differently).
Energy waves and frequency have some interesting properties, and may interact in
some interesting ways. The manner in which wave energies interact, depends largely on the
frequency. For example, when two waves of energy interact, each having the same
amplitude, but one at a frequency of 400 Hz and the other at 100 Hz, the waves will add their
frequencies, to produce a new frequency of 500 Hz (i.e., the "sum" frequency). The
frequency of the waves will also subtract to produce a frequency of 300 HZ (i.e., the
"difference" frequency). All wave energies typically add and subtract in this manner, and
such adding and subtracting is referred to as heterodyning. Common results of heterodyning
are familiar to most as harmonics in music.
There is a mathematical, as well as musical basis, to the harmonics produced by
heterodyning. Consider, for example, a continuous progression of heterodyned frequencies.
As discussed above, beginning with 400 Hz and 100 Hz, the sum frequency is 500 Hz and the
difference frequency is 300 Hz. If these frequencies are further heterodyned (added and
subtracted) then new frequencies of 800 (i.e.. 500 + 300) and 200 (i.e., 500-300) are obtained.
The further heterodyning of 800 and 200 results in 1,000 and 600 Hz as shown in Figure 4.
A mathematical pattern begins to emerge. Both the sum and the difference columns
contain alternating series of numbers that double with each set of heterodynes. In the sum
column, 400 Hz, 800 Hz, and 1,600 Hz, alternates with 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, and 2000 Hz. The
same sort of doubling phenomenon occurs in the difference column.
Heterodyning of frequencies is the natural process that occurs whenever waveform
energies interact. Heterodyning results in patterns of increasing numbers that are
mathematically derived. The number patterns are integer multiples of the original
frequencies. These multiples are called harmonics. For example, 800 Hz and 1600 Hz are
harmonics of 400 Hz. In musical terms, 800 Hz is one octave above 400 Hz, and 1600 Hz is
two octaves higher. It is important to understand the mathematical heterodyne basis for
harmonics, which occurs in all waveform energies, and thus in all of nature.
The mathematics of frequencies is very important. Frequency heterodynes increase
mathematically in visual patterns (see Figure 5). Mathematics has a name for these visual
patterns of Figure 5. These patterns are called fractals. A fractal is defined as a mathematical
function which produces a series of self-similar patterns or numbers. Fractal patterns have
spurred a great deal of interest historically because fractal patterns are found everywhere in
nature. Fractals can be found in the patterning of large expanses of coastline, all the way
down to microorganisms. Fractals are found in the behavior of organized insects and in the
behavior of fluids. The visual patterns produced by fractals are very distinct and
recognizable. A typical fractal pattern is shown in Figure 6.
A heterodyne is a mathematical function, governed by mathematical equations, just
like a fractal. A heterodyne also produces self-similar patterns of numbers, like a fractal. If
graphed, a heterodyne series produces the same familiar visual shape and form which is so
characteristic of fractals. It is interesting to compare the heterodyne series in Figure 5, with
the fractal series in Figure 6.
Heterodynes are fractals; the conclusion is inescapable. Heterodynes and fractals are
both mathematical functions which produce a series of self-similar patterns or numbers.
Wave energies interact in heterodyne patterns. Thus, all wave energies interact as fractal
patterns. Once it is understood that the fundamental process of interacting energies is itself a
fractal process, it becomes easier to understand why so many creatures and systems in nature
also exhibit fractal patterns. The fractal processes and patterns of nature are established at a
fundamental or basic level.
Accordingly, since energy interacts by heterodyning, matter should also be capable of
interacting by a heterodyning process. All matter whether in large or small forms, has what is
called a natural oscillatory frequency. The natural oscillatory frequency ("NOF') of an
object, is the frequency at which the object prefers to vibrate, once set in motion. The NOF
of an object is related to many factors including size, shape, dimension, and composition.
The smaller an object is, the smaller the distance it has to cover when it oscillates back and
forth. The smaller the distance, the faster it can oscillate, and the higher its NOF.

For example, consider a wire composed of metal atoms. The wire has a natural
oscillatory frequency. The individual metal atoms also have unique natural oscillatory
frequencies. The NOF of the atoms and the NOF of the wire heterodyne by adding and
subtracting, just the way energy heterodynes.

If the wire is stimulated with the Difference Frequencyatom-wire, the difference
frequency will heterodyne (add) with the NOFwire to produce NOFatom, (natural oscillatory
frequency of the atom) and the atom will absorb with the energy, thereby becoming
stimulated to a higher energy level. Cirac and Zoeller reported this phenomenon in 1995, and
they used a laser to generate the Difference Frequency.

Matter heterodynes with matter in a manner similar to the way in which wave
energies heterodyne with other wave energies. This means that matter in its various states
may also interact in fractal processes. This interaction of matter by fractal processes assists
in explaining why so many creatures and systems in nature exhibit fractal processes and
patterns. Matter, as well as energy, interacts by the mathematical equations of heterodynes,
to produce harmonics and fractal patterns. That is why there are fractals everywhere around
us.
Thus, energy heterodynes with energy, and matter heterodynes with matter.
However, perhaps even more important is that matter can heterodyne with energy (and visa
versa). In the metal wire discussion above, the Difference Frequencyatom-wire in the
experiment by Cirac and Zoeller was provided by a laser which used electromagnetic wave
energy at a frequency equal to the Difference Frequencyatom-wire. The matter in the wire, via
its natural oscillatory frequency, heterodyned with the electromagnetic wave energy
frequency of the laser to produce the frequency of an individual atom of matter. This shows
that energy and matter do heterodyne with each other.
In general, when energy encounters matter, one of three possibilities occur. The
energy either bounces off the matter (i.e., is reflected energy), passes through the matter (i.e.,
is transmitted energy), or interacts and/or combines with the matter (e.g., is absorbed or
heterodynes with the matter). If the energy heterodynes with the matter, new frequencies of
enevgy and/or matter will be produced by mathematical processes of sums and differences. If
the frequency thus produced matches an NOF of the matter, the energy will be, at least
partially, absorbed, and the matter will be stimulated to, for example, a higher energy level,
(i.e., it possesses more energy). A crucial factor which determines which of these three
possibilities will happen is the frequency of the energy compared to the frequency of the
matter. If the frequencies do not match, the .energy will either be reflected, or will pass on
through as transmitted energy. If the frequencies of the energy and the matter match either
directly (e.g., are close to each other, as discussed in greater detail later herein), or match
indirectly (e.g., heterodynes), then the energy is capable of interacting and/or combining with
the matter.
Another term often used for describing the matching of frequencies is resonance. In
this invention, use of the term resonance will typically mean that frequencies of matter and/or
energy match. For example, if the frequency of energy and the frequency of matter match,
the energy and matter are in resonance and the energy is capable of combining with the
matter. Resonance, or frequency matching, is merely an aspect of heterodyning that permits
the coherent transfer and combination of energy with matter.
In the example above with the wire and atoms, resonance could have been created
with the atom, by stimulating the atom with a laser frequency exactly matching the NOF of
the atom. In this case, the atom would be energized with its own resonant frequency and the
energy would be transferred to the atom directly. Alternatively, as was performed in the
actual wire/laser experiment, resonance could also have been created with the atom by using
the heterodyning that naturally occurs between differing frequencies. Thus, the resonant
frequency of the atom (NOFatom) can be produced indirectly, as an additive (or subtractive)
heterodyned frequency, between the resonant frequency of the wire (NOFwire) and the applied
frequency of the laser. Either direct resonance, or indirect resonance through heterodyned
frequency matching, produces resonance and thus permits the combining of matter and
energy. When frequencies match, energy transfers and amplitudes may increase.
Heterodyning produces indirect resonance. Heterodyning also produces harmonics,
(i.e., frequencies that are integer multiples of the resonant (NOF) frequency. For example,
the music note "A" is approximately 440 Hz. If that frequency is doubled to about 880 Hz,
the note "A" is heard an octave higher. This first octave is called the first harmonic.
Doubling the note or frequency again, from 880 Hz to 1,760 Hz (i.e., four times the

frequency of the original note) results in another "A", two octaves above the original note.
This is called the third harmonic. Every time the frequency is doubled another octave is
achieved, so these are the even integer multiples of the resonant frequency.
In between the first and third harmonic is the second harmonic, which is three times
the original note. Musically, this is not an octave like the first and third harmonics. It is an
octave and a fifth, equal to the second "E" above the original "A". All of the odd integer
multiples are fifths, rather than octaves. Because harmonics are simply multiples of the
fundamental natural oscillatory frequency, harmonics stimulate the NOF or resonant
frequency indirectly. Thus by playing the high "A" at 880 Hz on a piano, the string for
middle "A" at 440 Hz should also begin to vibrate due to the phenomenon of harmonics.
Matter and energy in chemical reactions respond to harmonics of resonant frequencies
much the way musical instruments do. Thus, the resonant frequency of the atom (NOFatom)
can be stimulated indirectly, using one or more of its' harmonic frequencies. This is because
the harmonic frequency heterodynes with the resonant frequency of the atom itself (NOFatom).
For example, in the wire/atom example above, if the laser is tuned to 800 THz and the atom
resonates at 400 THz, heterodyning the two frequencies results in:
800 THz - 400 THz = 400 THz
The 800 THz (the atom's first harmonic), heterodynes with the resonant frequency of
the atom, to produce the atom's own resonant frequency. Thus the first harmonic indirectly
resonates with the atom's NOF, and stimulates the atom's resonant frequency as a first
generation heterodyne.
Of course, the two frequencies will also heterodyne in the other direction, producing:
800 THz + 400 THz = 1,200 THz
The 1,200 THz frequency is not the resonant frequency of the atom. Thus, part of the
energy of the laser will heterodyne to produce the resonant frequency of the atom. The other
part of the energy of the laser heterodynes to a different frequency, that does not itself
stimulate, the resonant frequency of the atom. That is why the stimulation of an object by a
harmonic frequency of particular strength of amplitude, is typically less than the stimulation
by its' own resonant (NOF) frequency at the same particular strength.
Although it appears that half the energy of a harmonic is wasted, that is not
necessarily the case. Referring again to the exemplary atom vibrating at 400 THz, exposing

the atom to electromagnetic energy vibrating at 800 THz will result in frequencies subtracting
and adding as follows:
800 THz - 400 THz = 400 THz
and
800 THz + 400 THz = 1,200 THz
The 1,200 THz heterodyne, for which about 50% of the energy appears to be wasted,
will heterodyne with other frequencies also, such as 800 THz. Thus,
1,200 THz - 800 THz = 400 THz
Also, the 1,200 THz will heterodyne with 400 THz:
1,200 THz - 400 THz = 800 THz,
thus producing 800 THz, and the 800 THz will heterodyne with 400 THz:
800 THz - 400 THz = 400 THz,
thus producing 400 THz frequency again. When other generations of heterodynes of the
seemingly wasted energy are taken into consideration, the amount of energy transferred by a
first harmonic frequency is much greater than the previously suggested 50% transfer of
energy. There is not as much energy transferred by this approach when compared to direct
resonance, but this energy transfer is sufficient to produce a desired effect (see Figure 14).
As stated previously, Ostwald's theories on catalysts and bond formation were based
on the kinetic theories of chemistry from the turn of the century. However, it should now be
understood that chemical reactions are interactions of matter, and that matter interacts with
other matter through resonance and heterodyning of frequencies; and energy can just as easily
interact with matter through a similar processes of resonance and heterodyning. With the
advent of spectroscopy (discussed in more detail elsewhere herein), it is evident that matter
produces, for example, electromagnetic energy at the same or substantially the same
frequencies at which it vibrates. Energy and matter can move about and recombine with
other energy or matter, as long as their frequencies match, because when frequencies match,
energy transfers. In many respects, both philosophically and mathematically, both matter and
energy can be fundamentally construed as corresponding to frequency. Accordingly, since
chemical reactions are recombinations of matter driven by energy, chemical reactions are in
effect, driven just as much by frequency.
Analysis of a typical chemical reaction should be helpful in understanding the normal
processes disclosed herein. A representative reaction to examine is the formation of water

from hydrogen and oxygen gases, catalyzed by platinum. Platinum has been known for some
time to be a good hydrogen catalyst, although the reason for this has not been well
understood.

This reaction is proposed to be a chain reaction, depending on the generation and
stabilization of the hydrogen and hydroxy intermediates. The proposed reaction chain is:

Generation of the hydrogen and hydroxy intermediates are thought to be crucial to
this reaction chain. Under normal circumstances, hydrogen and oxygen gas can be mixed
together for an indefinite amount of time, and they will not form water. Whenever the
occasional hydrogen molecule splits apart, the hydrogen atoms do not have adequate energy
to bond with an oxygen molecule to form water. The hydrogen atoms are very short-lived as
they simply re-bond again to form a hydrogen molecule. Exactly how platinum catalyzes this
reaction chain is a mystery to the prior art.
The present invention teaches that an important step to catalyzing this reaction is the
understanding now provided that it is crucial not only to generate the intermediates, but also
to energize and/or stabilize (i.e., maintain the intermediates for a longer time), so that the
intermediates have sufficient energy to, for example, react with other components in the
reaction system. In the case of platinum, the intermediates react with the reactants to form
product and more intermediates (i.e., by generating, energizing and stabilizing the hydrogen
intermediate, it has sufficient energy to react with the molecular oxygen reactant, forming
water and the hydroxy intermediate, instead of falling back into a hydrogen molecule).
Moreover, by energizing and stabilizing the hydroxy intermediates, the hydroxy
intermediates can react with more reactant hydrogen molecules, and again water and more
intermediates result from this chain reaction. Thus, generating energizing and/or stabilizing
the intermediates, influences this reaction pathway. Paralleling nature in this regard would be
desirable (e.g., nature can be paralleled by increasing the energy levels of the intermediates).
Specifically, desirable, intermediates can be energized and/or stabilized by applying at least
one appropriate electromagnetic frequency resonant with the intermediate, thereby
stimulating the intermediate to a higher energy level. Interestingly, that is what platinum
does (e.g., various platinum frequencies resonate with the intermediates on the reaction
pathway for water formation). Moreover, in the process of energizing and stabilizing the
reaction intermediates, platinum fosters the generation of more intermediates, which allows
the reaction chain to continue, and thus catalyzes the reaction.
As a catalyst, platinum takes advantage of many of the ways that frequencies interact
with each other. Specifically, frequencies interact and resonate with each other: 1) directly,
by matching a frequency; or 2) indirectly, by matching a frequency through harmonics or
heterodynes. In other words, platinum vibrates at frequencies which both directly match the
natural oscillatory frequencies of the intermediates, and which indirectly match their
frequencies, for example, by heterodyning harmonics with the intermediates.
Further, in addition to the specific intermediates of the reaction discussed above
herein, it should be understood that in this reaction, like in all reactions, various transients or
transient states also exist. In some cases, transients or transient states may only involve
different bond angles between similar chemical species or in other cases transients may
involve completely different chemistries altogether. In any event, it should be understood that
numerous transient states exist between any particular combination of reactant and reaction
product.
It should now be understood that physical catalysts produce effects by generating,
energizing and/or stabilizing all manner of transients, as well as intermediates. In this regard,
Figure 8a shows a single reactant and a single product. The point "A" corresponds to the
reactant and the point "B" corresponds to the reaction product. The point "C" corresponds to
an activated complex. Transients correspond to all those points on the curve between
reactant "A" and product "B", and can also include the activated complex "C".
In a more complex reaction which involves formation of at least one intermediate, the
reaction profile looks somewhat different. In this regard, reference is made to Figure Sb,
which shows reactant "A", product "B", activated complex "C and C", and intermediate
"D". In this particular example, the intermediate "D" exists as a minimum in the energy
reaction profile of the reaction, while it is surrounded by the activated complexes C and C".
However, again, in this particular reaction, transients correspond to anything between the
reactant "A" and the reaction product "B", which in this particular example, includes the two
activated complexes "C" and "C"," as well as the intermediate "D". In the particular
example of hydrogen and oxygen combining to form water, the reaction profile is closer to
that shown in Figure 8c. In this particular reaction profile, "D"' and "D"" could correspond
generally to the intermediates of the hydrogen atom and hydroxy molecule.
Now, with specific reference to the reaction to form water, both intermediates are
good examples of how platinum produces resonance in an intermediate by directly matching
a frequency. Hydroxy intermediates vibrate strongly at frequencies of 975 THz and 1,060
THz. Platinum also vibrates at 975 THz and 1,060 THz. By directly matching the
frequencies of the hydroxy intermediates, platinum can cause resonance in hydroxy
intermediates, enabling them to be energized, stimulated and/or stabilized long enough to
take part in chemical reactions. Similarly, platinum also directly matches frequencies of the
hydrogen intermediates. Platinum resonates with about 10 out of about 24 hydrogen
frequencies in its electronic spectrum (see Figure 69). Specifically, Figure 69 shows the
frequencies of hydrogen listed horizontally across the Table and the frequencies of platinum
listed vertically on the Table. Thus, by directly resonating with the intermediates in the
above-described reaction, platinum facilitates the generation, energizing, stimulating, and/or
stabilizing of the intermediates, thereby catalyzing the desired reaction.
Platinum's interactions with hydrogen are also a good example of matching
frequencies through heterodyning. It is disclosed herein, and shown clearly in Figure 69, that
many of the platinum frequencies resonate indirectly as harmonics with the hydrogen atom
intermediate (e.g., harmonic heterodynes). Specifically, fifty-six (56) frequencies of
platinum (i.e., 33 % of all its frequencies) are harmonics of nineteen (19) hydrogen
frequencies (i.e., 80% of its 24 frequencies). Fourteen (14) platinum frequencies are first
harmonics (2X) of seven (7) hydrogen frequencies. And, twelve (12) platinum frequencies
are third harmonics (4X) of four (4" hydrogen frequencies. Thus, the presence of platinum

causes massive indirect harmonic resonance in the hydrogen atom, as well as significant
direct resonance.
Further focus on the individual hydrogen frequencies is even more informative.
Figures 9-10 show a different picture of what hydrogen looks like when the same information
used to make energy level diagrams is plotted as actual frequencies and intensities instead.
Specifically, the X-axis shows the frequencies emitted and absorbed by hydrogen, while the
Y-axis shows the relative intensity for each frequency. The frequencies are plotted in
terahertz (THz, 1012 Hz) and are rounded to the nearest THz. The intensities are plotted on a
relative scale of 1 to 1,000. The highest intensity frequency that hydrogen atoms produce is
2,466 THz. This is the peak of curve I to the far right in Figure 9a. This curve I shall be
referred to as the first curve. Curve I sweeps down and to the right, from 2,466 THz at a
relative intensity of 1,000 to 3,237 THz at a relative intensity of only about 15.
The second curve in Figure 9a, curve II, starts at 456 THz with a relative intensity of
about 300 and sweeps down and to the right. It ends at a frequency of 781 THz with a
relative intensity of five (5). Every curve in hydrogen has this same downward sweep to the
right. Progressing from right to left in Figure 9, the curves are numbered I through V; going
from high to low frequency and from high to low intensity.
The hydrogen frequency chart shown in Figure 10 appears to be much simpler than
the energy level diagrams. It is thus easier to visualize how the frequencies are organized
into the different curves shown in Figure 9. In fact, there is one curve for each of the series
described by Rydberg. Curve "I" contains the frequencies in the Lyman series, originating
from what quantum mechanics refers to as the first energy level. The second curve from the
right, curve "II", equates to the second energy level, and so on.
The curves in the hydrogen frequency chart of Figure 9 are composed of sums and
differences (i.e., they are heterodyned). For example, the smallest curve at the far left,
labeled curve "V", has two frequencies shown, namely 40 THz and 64 THz; with relative
intensities of six (6) and four (4), respectively (see also Figure 10). The next curve, IV,
begins at 74 THz, proceeds to 114 THz and ends with 138 THz. The summed heterodyne
calculations are thus:
40 + 74 = 114
64 + 74 + 138.
The frequencies in curve IV are the sum of the frequencies in curve V plus the peak
intensity frequency in curve IV.
Alternatively, the frequencies in curve IV, minus the frequencies in curve V, yield the
peak of curve IV:
114 -40 = 74
138 - 64 = 74.
This is not just a coincidental set of sums or differences in curves IV and V. Every
curve in hydrogen is the result of adding each frequency in any one curve, with the highest
intensity frequency in the next curve.
These hydrogen frequencies are found in both the atom itself, and in the
electromagnetic energy it radiates. The frequencies of the atom and its energy, add and
subtract in regular fashion. This is heterodyning. Thus, not only matter and energy
heterodyne interchangeably, but matter heterodynes its' own energy within itself.
Moreover, the highest intensity frequencies in each curve are heterodynes of
heterodynes. For example, the peak frequency in Curve I of Figure 9 is 2,466 THz, which is
the third harmonic of 616 THz;
4 x 616 THz = 2,466 THz.
Thus, 2,466 THz is the third harmonic of 616 THz (Recall that for heterodyned
harmonics, the result is even multiples of the starting frequency, i.e., for the first harmonic
2X the original frequency and the third harmonic is 4X the original frequency. Multiplying a
frequency by four (4) is a natural result of the heterodyning process.) Thus, 2,466 THz is a
fourth generation heterodyne, namely the third harmonic of 616 THz.
The peak of curve II of Figure 9, a frequency corresponding to 456 THz, is the third
harmonic of 114 THz in curve IV. The peak of curve HI, corresponding to a frequency of
160 THz, is the third harmonic of 40 THz in curve V. The peaks of the curves shown in
Figure 9 are not only heterodynes between the curves but are also harmonics of individual
frequencies which are themselves heterodynes. The whole hydrogen spectrum turns out to be
an incestuously heterodyned set of frequencies and harmonics.
Theoretically, this heterodyne process could go on forever. For example, if 40 is the
peak of a curve, that means the peak is four (4) times a lower number, and it also means that
the peak of the previous curve is 24 (64-40 = 24). It is possible to mathematically extrapolate
backwards and downwards this way to derive lower and lower frequencies. Peaks of

successive curves to the left are 24.2382, 15.732, and 10.786 THz, all generated from the
heterodyne process. These frequencies are in complete agreement with the Rydberg formula
for energy levels 6, 7 and S, respectively. Not much attention has historically been given by
the prior art to these lower frequencies and their heterodyning.
This invention teaches that the heterodyned frequency curves amplify the vibrations
and energy of hydrogen. A low intensity frequency on curve IV or V has a very high
intensity by the time it is heterodyned out to curve I. In many respects, the hydrogen atom is
just one big energy amplification system. Moving from low frequencies to high frequencies,
(i.e., from curve V to curve I in Figure 9), the intensities increase dramatically. By
stimulating hydrogen with 2,466 THz at an intensity of 1,000, the result will be 2,466 THz at
1,000 intensity. However, if hydrogen is stimulated with 40 THz at an intensity of 1,000, by
the time it is amplified back out to curve I of Figure 9, the result will be 2,466 THz at an
intensity of 167,000. This heterodyning turns out to have a direct bearing on platinum, and
on how platinum interacts with hydrogen. It all has to do with hydrogen being an energy
amplification system. That is why the lower frequency curves are perceived as being higher
energy levels. By understanding this process, the low frequencies of low intensity suddenly
become potentially very significant.
Platinum resonates with most, if not all, of the hydrogen frequencies with one notable
exception, the highest intensity curve at the far right in the frequency chart of Figure 9 (i.e.,
curve I) representing energy level 1, and beginning with 2,466 THz. Platinum does not
appear to resonate significantly with the ground state transition of the hydrogen atom.
However, it does resonate with multiple upper energy levels of lower frequencies.
With this information, one ongoing mystery can be solved. Ever since lasers were
developed, the prior art chemists believed that there had to be some way to catalyze a
reaction using lasers. Standard approaches involved using the single highest intensity
frequency of an atom (such as 2,466 THz of hydrogen) because it was apparently believed
that the highest intensity frequency would result in the highest reactivity. This approach was
taken due to considering only the energy level diagrams. Accordingly, prior art lasers are
typically tuned to a ground state transition frequency. This use of lasers in the prior art has
been minimally successful for catalyzing chemical reactions. It is now understood why this
approach was not successful. Platinum, the quintessential hydrogen catalyst, does not
resonate with the ground state transition of hydrogen. It resonates with the upper energy

level frequencies, in fact, many of the upper level frequencies. Without wishing to be bound
by any particular theory or explanation, this is probably why platinum is such a good
hydrogen catalyst.
Platinum resonates with multiple frequencies from the upper energy levels (i.e., the
lower frequencies). There is a name given to the process of stimulating many upper energy
levels, it is called a laser.
Einstein essentially worked out the statistics on lasers at the turn of the century when
atoms at the ground energy level (E1) are resonated to an excited energy level (E2). Refer to
the number of atoms in the ground state as "N1" and the number of excited atoms as "N2",
with the total "Ntotal. Since there are only two possible states that atoms can occupy.

After all the mathematics are performed, the relationship which evolves is:

In a two level system; it is predicted that there will never by more than 50% of the
atoms in the higher energy level, E2, at the same time.
If, however, the same group of atoms is energized at three (3) or more energy levels
(i.e., a multi-level system), it is possible to obtain more than 50% of the atoms energized
above the first level. By referring to the ground and energized levels as E1, E2, and E3,
respectively, and the numbers of atoms as Ntotal, N1, N2, and N3, under certain circumstances,
the number of atoms at an elevated energy level (N3) can be more than the number at a lower
energy level (N2). When this happens, it is referred to as a "population inversion".
Population inversion means that more of the atoms are at higher energy levels that at the
lower energy levels.
Population inversion in lasers is important. Population inversion causes amplification
of light energy. For example, in a two-level system, one photon in results in one photon out.
In a system with three (3) or more energy levels and population inversion, one photon in may
result in 5, 10, or 15 photons out (see Figure 11). The amount of photons out depends on the
number of levels and just how energized each level becomes. All lasers are based on this
simple concept of producing a population inversion in a group of atoms, by creating a multi-
level energized system among the atoms. Lasers are simply devices to amplify
electromagnetic wave energy (i.e., light). Laser is actually an abbreviation for Light
Amplification System for Emitting Radiation.
By referring back to the interactions discussed herein between platinum and
hydrogen, platinum energizes 19 upper level frequencies in hydrogen (i.e., 80% of the total
hydrogen frequencies). But only three frequencies are needed for a population inversion.
Hydrogen is stimulated at 19. This is a clearly multi-level system. Moreover, consider that
seventy platinum frequencies do the stimulating. On average, every hydrogen frequency
involved is stimulated by three or four (i.e., 70/19) different platinum frequencies; both
directly resonant frequencies and/or indirectly resonant harmonic frequencies. Platinum
provides ample stimulus, atom per atom, to produce a population inversion in hydrogen.
Finally, consider the fact that every time a stimulated hydrogen atom emits some
electromagnetic energy, that energy is of a frequency that matches and stimulates platinum in
return.
Platinum and hydrogen both resonate with each other in their respective multi-level
systems. Together, platinum and hydrogen form an atomic scale laser (i.e., an energy
amplification system on the atomic level). In so doing, platinum and hydrogen amplify the
energies that are needed to stabilize both the hydrogen and hydroxy intermediates, thus
catalyzing the reaction pathway for the formation of water. Platinum is such a good
hydrogen catalyst because it forms a lasing system with hydrogen on the atomic level,
thereby amplifying their respective energies.
Further, this reaction hints that in order to catalyze a reaction system and/or control
the reaction pathway in a reaction system it is possible for only a single transient and/or
intermediate to be formed and/or energized by an applied frequency (e.g., a spectral catalyst)
and that by forming and/or stimulating at least one transient and/or at least one intermediate
that is required to follow for a desired reaction pathway (e.g., either a complex reaction or a
simple reaction), then a frequency, or combination of frequencies, which result in such
formation or stimulation of only one of such required transients and/or intermediates may be
all that is required. Accordingly, the present invention recognizes that in some reaction
systems, by determining at least one required transient and/or intermediate, and by applying
at least one frequency which generates, energizes and/or stabilizes said at least one transient
and/or intermediate, then all other transients and/or intermediates required for a reaction to
proceed down a desired reaction pathway may be self-generated. However, in some cases,
the reaction could be increased in rate by applying the appropriate frequency or spectral
energy pattern, which directly stimulates all transients and/or intermediates that are required
in order for a reaction to proceed down a desired reaction pathway. Accordingly, depending
upon the particulars of any reaction system, it may be desirable for a variety of reasons,
including equipment, environmental reaction conditions, etc., to provide or apply a frequency
or spectral energy pattern which results in the formation and/or stimulation and/or
stabilization of any required transients and/or intermediates. Thus, in order to determine an
appropriate frequency or spectral energy pattern, it is first desirable to determine which
transients and/or intermediates are present in any reaction pathway. Similarly, a conditioned
participant could be formulated to accomplish a similar task.
Specifically, once all known required transients and/or intermediates are determined,
then, one can determine experimentally or empirically which transients and/or intermediates
are essential to a reaction pathway and then determine, which transients and or intermediates
can be self-generated by the stimulation and/or formation of a different transient or
intermediate. Once such determinations are made, appropriate spectral energies (e.g.,
electromagnetic frequencies) can then be applied to the reaction system to obtain the
desirable reaction product and/or desirable reaction pathway.
It is known that an atom of platinum interacts with an atom of hydrogen and/or a
hydroxy intermediate. And, that is exactly what modern chemistry has taught for the last one
hundred years, based on Ostwald's theory of catalysis. However, the prior art teaches that
catalysts must participate in the reaction by binding to the reactants, in other words, the prior
art teaches a matter:matter bonding interaction is required for physical catalysts. As
previously stated, these reactions follow these steps:
1. Reactant diffusion to the catalyst site;
2. Bonding of reactant to the catalyst site;
3. Reaction of the catalyst-reactant complex;
4. Bond rupture at the catalytic site (product); and
5. Diffusion of the product away from the catalyst site.
However, according to the present invention, for example, energy:energy frequencies
can interact as well as energy: matter frequencies. Moreover, matter radiates energy, with the
energy frequencies being substantially the same as the matter frequencies. So platinum
vibrates at the frequency of 1,060 THz, and it also radiates electromagnetic energy at 1,060
THz. Thus, according to the present invention, the distinction between energy frequencies
and matter frequencies starts to look less important.
Resonance can be produced in, for example, the reaction intermediates by permitting
them to come into contact with additional matter vibrating at substantially the same
frequencies, such as those frequencies of a platinum atom (e.g., platinum stimulating the
reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to form water). Alternatively, according to the
present invention, resonance can be produced in the intermediates by introducing
electromagnetic energy corresponding to one or more platinum energies, which also vibrate
at the same frequencies, thus at least partially mimicking (an additional mechanism of
platinum is resonance with the H2 molecule, a pathway reactant) the mechanism of action of a
platinum catalyst. Matter, or energy, it makes no difference as far as the frequencies are
concerned, because when the frequencies match, energy transfers. Thus, physical catalysts
are not required. Rather, the application of at least a portion of the spectral pattern of a
physical catalyst may be sufficient (i.e. at least a portion of the catalytic spectral pattern).
However, in another preferred embodiment, substantially all of a spectral pattern can be
applied.
Still further, by understanding the catalyst mechanism of action, particular frequencies
can be applied to, for example, one or more reactants in a reaction system and, for example,
cause the applied frequencies to heterodyne with existing frequencies in the matter itself to
result in frequencies which correspond to one or more platinum catalyst or other relevant
spectral frequencies. For example, both the hydrogen atom and the hydrogen molecule have
unique frequencies. By heterodyning the frequencies a subtractive frequency can be
determined:
The Difference hatom-molecule frequency applied to the H2 molecule reactant will
heterodyne with the molecule and energize the individual hydrogen atoms as intermediates.
Similarly, any reaction participant can serve as the heterodyning backboard for stimulation of
another participant. For example,

This approach enables greater flexibility for choice of appropriate equipment to apply
appropriate frequencies. However, the key to this approach is understanding catalyst
mechanisms of action and the reaction pathway so that appropriate choices for application of
frequencies can be made.
Specifically, whenever reference is made to, for example, a spectral catalyst
duplicating at least a portion of a physical catalyst's spectral pattern, this reference is to all
the different frequencies produced by a physical catalyst; including, but not necessarily
limited to, electronic, vibrational, rotational, and NOF frequencies. To catalyze, control,
and/or direct a chemical reaction then, all that is needed is to duplicate one or more
frequencies from a physical catalyst, with, for example, an appropriate electromagnetic
energy. The actual physical presence of the catalyst is not necessary. A spectral catalyst can
substantially completely replace a physical catalyst, if desired.
A spectra] catalyst can also augment or promote the activity of a physical catalyst.
The exchange of energy at particular frequencies, between hydrogen, hydroxy, and platinum
is primarily what drives the conversion to water. These participants interact and create a
miniature atomic scale lasing system that amplify their respective energies. The addition of
these same energies to a holoreaction system, using a spectral catalyst, does the same thing.
The spectral catalyst amplifies the participant energies by resonating with them and when
frequencies match, energy transfers and the chemicals (matter) can absorb the energy. Thus, a
spectral catalyst can augment a physical catalyst, as well as replace it. In so doing, the
spectral catalyst may increase the reaction rate, enhance specificity, and/or allow for the use
of less physical catalyst.
Figure 12 shows a basic bell-shaped curve produced by comparing how much energy
an object absorbs, as compared to the frequency of the energy. This curve is called a
resonance curve. As elsewhere herein stated, the energy transfer between, for example,
atoms or molecules, reaches a maximum at the resonant frequency (fo). The farther away an
applied frequency is from the resonant frequency, fo, the lower the energy transfer (e.g.,
matter to matter, energy to matter, etc.). At some point the energy transfer will fall to a value
representing only about 50% of that at the resonant frequency fo. The frequency higher than
the resonant frequency, at which energy transfer is only about 50% is called "f2." The
frequency lower than the resonant frequency, at which about 50% energy transfer occurs, is
labeled "f1."
The resonant characteristics of different objects can be compared using the
information from the simple exemplary resonance curve shown in Figure 12. One such
useful characteristic is called the "resonance quality" or "Q" factor. To determine the
resonance quality for an object the following equation is utilized:

Accordingly, as shown from the equation, if the bell-shaped resonance curve is tall and
narrow, then (f2 - f1) will be a very small number and Q, the resonance quality, will be high
(see Figure 13a). An example of a material with a high "Q" is a high quality quartz crystal
resonator. If the resonance curve is low and broad, then the spread or difference between f2
and f1 will be relatively large. An example of a material with a low "Q" is a marshmallow.
The dividing of the resonant frequency by this large number will produce a much lower Q
value (see Figure 13b).
Atoms and molecules, for example, have resonance curves which exhibit properties
similar to larger objects such as quartz crystals and marshmallows. If the goal is to stimulate
atoms in a reaction (e.g., hydrogen in the reaction to produce water as mentioned previously)
a precise resonant frequency produced by a holoreaction system component or environmental
reaction condition (e.g., hydrogen) can be used. It is not necessary to use the precise
frequency, however. Use of a frequency that is near a resonant frequency of, for example,
one or more holoreaction system components or environmental reaction conditions is
adequate. There will not be quite as much of an effect as using the exact resonant frequency,
because less energy will be transferred, but there will still be an effect. The closer the applied
frequency is to the resonant frequency, the more the effect. The farther away the applied
frequency is from the resonant frequency, the less effect that is present (i.e., the less energy
transfer that occurs).
Harmonics present a similar situation. As previously stated, harmonics are created by
the heterodyning (i.e., adding and subtracting) of frequencies, allowing the transfer of
significant amounts of energy. Accordingly, for example., desirable results can be achieved in
chemical reactions if applied frequencies (e.g., at least a portion of a spectral catalyst) are
harmonics (i.e., matching heterodynes) with one or more resonant frequency(ies) of one or
more holoreaction system components or environmental reaction conditions.
Further, similar to applied frequencies being close to resonant frequencies, applied
frequencies which are close to the harmonic frequency can also produce desirable results.
The amplitude of the energy transfer will be less relative to a harmonic frequency, but an
effect will still occur. For example, if the harmonic produces 70% of the amplitude of the
fundamental resonant frequency and by using a frequency which is merely close to the
harmonic, for example, about 90% on the harmonic's resonance curve, then the total effect
will be 90% of 70%, or about 63% total energy transfer in comparison to a direct resonant
frequency. Accordingly, according to the present invention, when at least a portion of the
frequencies of one or more holoreaction system components or environmental reaction
conditions at least partially match, then at least some energy will transfer and at least some
reaction will occur (i.e., when frequencies match, energy transfers).
DUPLICATING THE CATALYST MECHANISMS OF ACTION
As stated previously, to catalyze, control, and/or direct a chemical reaction, a spectral
catalyst can be applied. The spectral catalyst may correspond to at least a portion of a
spectral pattern of a physical catalyst or the spectral catalyst may correspond to frequencies
which form or stimulate required participants (e.g., heterodyned frequencies) or the spectral
catalyst may substantially duplicate environmental reaction conditions such as temperature or
pressure. Thus, as now taught by the present invention, the actual physical presence of a
catalyst is not required to achieve the desirable chemical reactions. The removal of a
physical catalyst is accomplished by understanding the underlying mechanism inherent in
catalysis, namely that desirable energy can be exchanged (i.e., transferred) between, for
example, (1) at least one participant (e.g., reactant, transient, intermediate, activated complex,
reaction product, promoter and/or poison) and/or at least one component in a reaction system
and (2) an applied electromagnetic energy (e.g., spectral catalyst) when such energy is
present at one or more specific frequencies. In other words, the targeted mechanism that
nature has built into the catalytic process can be copied according to the teachings of the
present invention. Nature can be further mimicked because the catalyst process reveals
several opportunities for duplicating catalyst mechanisms of action, and hence improving the
use of spectral catalysts, as well as the control of countless chemical reactions.
For example, the previously discussed reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to produce
water, which used platinum as a catalyst, is a good starting point for understanding catalyst
mechanisms of action. For example, this invention discloses that platinum catalyzes the
reaction in several ways not contemplated by the prior an:
Platinum directly resonates with and energizes reaction intermediates and/or
transients (e.g., atomic hydrogen and hydroxy radicals);
Platinum harmonically resonates with and energizes at least one reaction
intermediate and or transient (e.g., atomic hydrogen); and
Platinum energizes multiple upper energy levels of at least one reaction intermediate
and or transient (e.g., atomic hydrogen).
This knowledge can be utilized to improve the functioning of the spectral catalyst
and/or spectral energy catalyst to design spectral catalysts and spectral energy catalysts which
differ from actual catalytic spectral patterns, and to design physical catalysts, (or
conditionable participants that can be conditioned to function as physical catalysts) and to
optimize environmental reaction conditions. For example, the frequencies of atomic
platinum are in the ultraviolet, visible light, and infrared regions of the electromagnetic
spectrum. The electronic spectra of virtually all atoms are in these same regions. However,
these very high electromagnetic frequencies can be a problem for large-scale and industrial
applications because wave energies having high frequencies typically do not penetrate matter
very well (i.e., do not penetrate far into matter). The tendency of wave energy to be absorbed
rather than transmitted, can be referred to as attenuation. High frequency wave energies
have a high attenuation, and thus do not penetrate far into a typical industrial scale reaction
vessel containing typical reactants for a chemical reaction. Thus, the duplication and
application of at least a portion of the spectral pattern of platinum into a commercial scale
reaction vessel will typically be a slow process because a large portion of the applied spectral
pattern of the spectral catalysts may be rapidly absorbed near the edges of the reaction vessel.
Thus, in order to input energy into a large industrial-sized commercial reaction vessel,
a lower frequency energy could be used that would penetrate farther into the reactants housed
within the reaction vessel. The present invention teaches that this can be accomplished in a
unique manner by copying nature. As discussed herein, the spectra of atoms and molecules
are broadly classified into three (3) different groups: electronic, vibrational, and rotational.
The electronic spectra of atoms and small molecules are said to result from transitions of
electrons from one energy level to another, and have the corresponding highest frequencies,
typically occuring in the ultraviolet (UV), visible, and infrared (IR) regions of the EM
spectrum. The vibrational spectra are said to result primarily from this movement of bonds
between individual atoms within molecules, and typically occur in the infrared and
microwave regions. Rotational spectra occur primarily in the microwave and radiowave
regions of the EM spectrum due, primarily, to the rotation of the molecules.
Microwave or radiowave radiation could be an acceptable frequency to be used as a
spectral catalyst because it would penetrate well into a large reaction vessel. Unfortunately,
platinum atoms do not produce frequencies in the microwave or radiowave portions of the
electromagnetic spectrum because they do not have vibrational or rotational spectra.
However, by copying the mechanism of action platinum, selected platinum frequencies can
be used as a model for a spectral catalyst in the microwave portion of the spectrum.
Specifically, as previously discussed, one mechanism of action of platinum in the
holoreaction system to produce water involves energizing at least one reaction intermediate
and/or transient. Reaction intermediates in this reaction are atomic hydrogen and the hydroxy
radical. Atomic hydrogen has a high frequency electronic spectrum without vibrational or
rotational spectra. The hydroxy radical, on the other hand, is a molecule, and has vibrational
and rotational spectra as well as an electronic spectrum. Thus, the hydroxy radical emits,
absorbs and heterodynes frequencies in the microwave portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
Thus, to copy the mechanism of action of platinum in the reaction to form water,
namely resonating with at least one reaction intermediate and/or transient, the hydroxy
intermediate can be specifically targeted via resonance. However, instead of resonating with
the hydroxy radical in its electronic spectrum, as physical platinum catalyst does, at least one
hydroxy frequency in the microwave portion of the EM spectrum can be used to resonate
with the hydroxy radical. Hydroxy radicals heterodyne at a microwave frequency of about
21.4 GHz. Energizing a reaction system of hydrogen and oxygen gas with a spectral
catalyst at about 21.4 GHz will catalyze the formation of water. In this instance, the
mechanism of action of the physical catalyst platinum has been partially copied and the
mechanism has been shifted to a different region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The second method discussed above for platinum catalyzing a reaction, involves
harmonically energizing at least one reaction intermediate in the reaction system. For
example, assume that one or more lasers was available to catalyze the hydrogen-oxygen
reaction to form water, however, the frequency range of such lasers was only from, for
example, 1,500 to 2,000 THz. Platinum does not produce frequencies in that portion of the
EM spectrum. Moreover, the two hydroxy frequencies that platinum resonates with, 975 and
1,060 THz, are outside the frequency range that the lasers, in this example, can generate.
Likewise, the hydrogen spectrum does not have any frequencies between 1,500 and 2,000
THz (see Figures 9-10).
However, according to the present invention, by again copying the mechanism of
action of platinum, frequencies can be adapted or selected to be convenient and/or efficient
for the equipment available. Specifically, harmonic frequencies corresponding to the reaction
intermediates and/or transients, and also corresponding to frequencies capable of being
generated by the lasers of this example, can be utilized. For the hydroxy radical, having a
resonant frequency of 975 THz, the first harmonic is 1,950 THz. Thus, a laser of this
example could be tuned to 1,950 THz to resonate harmonically with the hydroxy
intermediate. The first harmonics of three different hydrogen frequencies also fall within the
operational range of the lasers of this example. The fundamental frequencies are 755, 770
and 781 THz and the first harmonics are 1,510, 1,540, and 1,562 THz, respectively. Thus, a
laser of this example could be tuned to the first harmonics 1,510, 1,540, and 1,562 THz in
order to achieve a heterodyned matching of frequencies between electromagnetic energy and
matter and thus achieve a transfer and absorption of said energy.
Thus, depending on how many lasers are available and the frequencies to which the
lasers can be tuned, third or fourth harmonics could also be utilized. The third harmonic of
the hydrogen frequency, 456 THz, occurs at 1,824 THz, which is also within the operating
range of the lasers of this example. Similarly, the fourth harmonic of the hydrogen
frequency, 314 THz, occurs at 1,570 THz, which again falls within the operating range of the
lasers of this example. In summary, a mechanism of action of a physical catalyst can be
copied, duplicated or mimicked while moving the relevant spectral catalyst frequencies, to a
portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that matches equipment available for the reaction
system and the application of electromagnetic energy.
The third method discussed above for platinum catalyzing this reaction involves
energizing at least one reaction intermediate and/or transient at multiple upper energy levels
and setting up, for example, an atomic scale laser system. Again, assume that the same lasers
discussed above are the only electromagnetic energy sources available and assume that there
are a total of ten (10) lasers available. There are four (4) first harmonics available for
targeting within the operating frequency range of 1,500 to 2,000 THz. Some portion of the
lasers should be adjusted to four (4) first harmonics and some should be adjusted to the third,
fourth, and higher harmonics. Specifically, the present invention has discovered that a
mechanism of action that physical platinum uses is to resonate with multiple upper energy
levels of at least one reaction participant. It is now understood that the more upper energy
levels that are involved, the better. This creates an atomic scale laser system with
amplification of the electromagnetic energies being exchanged between the atoms of
platinum and hydrogen. This amplification of energy catalyzes the reaction at a much faster
rate than the reaction would ordinarily proceed. This mechanism of action can also be
exploited to catalyze, for example, the reaction with the available lasers discussed above.
For example, rather than setting all ten (10) lasers to the four (4) first harmonics and
energizing only four (4) levels, it should now be understood that it would be desirable to
energize as many different energy levels as possible. This task can be accomplished by
setting each of the ten (10) lasers to a different frequency. Even though the physical catalyst
platinum is not present, the energizing of multiple upper energy levels in the hydrogen will
amplify the energies being exchanged between the atoms, and the reaction system will form
its' own laser system between the hydrogen atoms. This will permit the reaction to proceed
at a much faster rate than it ordinarily would. Once again, nature can be mimicked by
duplicating one of her mechanisms of action by specifically targeting multiple energy levels
with a spectral catalyst to achieve energy transfer in a novel manner.
The preceding discussion on duplicating catalyst mechanisms of action is just the
beginning of an understanding of many variables associated with the use of spectral catalysts.
These additional variables should be viewed as potentially very useful tools for enhancing the
performance of spectral energy, and/or physical catalysts. There are many factors and
variables that affect both catalyst performance, and chemical reactions in general. For
example, when the same catalyst (or conditioned participant) is mixed with the same reactant,
but exposed to different environmental reaction conditions such as temperature or pressure,
different products can be produced. Consider the following example:
The same catalyst with the same reactant, produces quite different products in these
two reactions, namely molecular hydrogen or cyclohexane, depending on the reaction
temperature.
Many factors are known in the art which affect the direction and intensity with which
a physical catalyst guides a reaction or with which a reaction proceeds in general.
Temperature is but one of these factors. Other factors include pressure, volume, surface area
of physical catalysts, solvents, support materials, contaminants, catalyst size and shape and
composition, reactor vessel size, shape and composition, electric fields, magnetic fields, and
acoustic fields, whether a conditioning energy was introduced to a conditionable participant
prior to the conditioned participant being involved or activated in a reaction system, etc.. The
present invention teaches that these factors all have one thing in common. These factors are
capable of changing the spectral patterns (i.e., frequency pattern) of, for example, participants
and/or reaction system components. Some changes in spectra are very well studied and thus
much information is available for consideration and application thereof. The prior art does
not contemplate, however, the spectral chemistry basis for each of these factors, and how
they relate to catalyst mechanisms of action, and chemical reactions in general. Further,
alternatively, effects of the aforementioned factors can be enhanced or diminished by the
application of additional spectral, spectral energy, and/or physical catalyst frequencies.
Moreover, these environmental reaction conditions can be at least partially simulated in a
holoreaction system by the application of one or more corresponding spectral environmental
reaction conditions (e.g., a spectral energy pattern which duplicates at least a portion of one
or more environmental reaction conditions). Alternatively, one spectral environmental
reaction condition (e.g., a spectral energy pattern corresponding to temperature) could be
substituted for another (e.g., spectral energy pattern corresponding to pressure) so long as the
goal of matching of frequencies was met.
TEMPERATURE
At very low temperatures, the spectral pattern of an atom or molecule has clean, crisp
peaks (see Figure 15a). As the temperature increases, the peaks begin to broaden, producing
a bell-shaped curve of a spectral pattern (see Figure 15b). At even higher temperatures, the
bell-shaped curve broadens even more, to include more and more frequencies on either side
of the primary frequency (see Figure 15c). This phenomenon is called "broadening".
These spectral curves are very much like the resonance curves discussed in the
previous section. Spectroscopists use resonance curve terminology to describe spectral
frequency curves for atoms and molecules (see Figure 16). The frequency at the top of the
curve, fo, is called the resonance frequency. There is a frequency (f2) above the resonance
frequency and another (f1) below it (i.e., in frequency), at which the energy or intensity (i.e.,
amplitude) is 50% of that for the resonance frequency fo. The quantity f2 - f1 is a measure of
how wide or narrow the spectral frequency curve is. This quantity (f2 - f1) is the "line
width". A spectrum with narrow curves has a small line width, while a spectrum with wide
curves has a large line width.
Temperature affects the line width of spectral curves. Line width can affect catalyst
performance, chemical reactions and/or reaction pathways. At low temperatures, the spectral
curves of chemical species will be separate and distinct, with a lesser possibility for the
transfer of resonant energy between potential holoreaction system components (see Figure
17a). However, as the line widths of potentially reactive chemical species broaden, their
spectral curves may start to overlap with spectral curves of other chemical species (see Figure
17b). When frequencies match, or spectral energy patterns overlap, energy transfers. Thus,
when temperatures are low, frequencies do not match and reactions are slow. At higher
temperatures, resonant transfer of energy can take place and reactions can proceed very
quickly or proceed along a different reaction pathway than they otherwise would have at a
lower temperature.
Besides affecting the line width of the spectral curves, temperature also can change,
for example, the resonant frequency of holoreaction system components. For some chemical
species, the resonant frequency will shift as temperature changes. This can be seen in the
infrared absorption spectra in Figure 18a and blackbody radiation graphs shown in Figure
18b. Further, atoms and molecules do not all shift their resonant frequencies by the same
amount or in the same direction, when they are at the same temperature. This can also affect
catalyst performance. For example, if a catalyst resonant frequency shifts more with
increased temperature than the resonant frequency of its targeted chemical species, then the
catalyst could end up matching the frequency of a chemical species, and resonance may be
created where none previously existed (see Figure 18c). Specifically, Figure 18c shows
catalyst "C" at low temperature and "C*" at high temperature. The catalyst "C*" resonates
with reactant "A" at high temperatures, but not at low temperatures.
The amplitude or intensity of a spectral line may be affected by temperature also. For
example, linear and symmetric rotor molecules will have an increase in intensity as the
temperature is lowered while other molecules will increase intensity as the temperature is
raised. These changes of spectral intensity can also affect catalyst performance. Consider the
example where a low intensity spectral curve of a catalyst is resonant with one or more
frequencies of a specific chemical target. Only small amounts of energy can be transferred
from the catalyst to the target chemical (e.g., a hydroxy intermediate). As temperature
increases, the amplitude of the catalyst's curve increases also. In this example, the catalyst
can transfer much larger amounts of energy to the chemical target when the temperature is
raised.
If the chemical target is the intermediate chemical species for an alternative reaction
route, the type and ratio of end products may be affected. By examining the above
cyclohexene/palladium reaction again, at temperatures below 300°C, the products are
benzene and hydrogen gas. However, when the temperature is above 300°C, the products are
benzene and cyclohexane. Temperature is affecting the palladium and/or other constituents
in the holoreaction system (including, for example, reactants, intermediates, and/or products)
in such a way that an alternative reaction pathway leading to the formation of cyclohexane is
favored above 300°C. This could be a result of, for example, increased line width, altered
resonance frequencies, or changes in spectral curve intensities for any of the components in
the holoreaction system.
It is important to consider not only the spectral catalyst frequencies one may wish to
use to catalyze a reaction, but also the reaction conditions under which those frequencies are
supposed to work. For example, in the palladium/cyclohexene reaction at low temperatures,
the palladium may match frequencies with an intermediate for the formation of hydrogen
molecules (H2). At temperatures above 300ºC the reactants and transients may be unaffected,
but the palladium may have an increased line width, altered resonant frequency and/or
increased intensity. The changes in the line width, resonant frequency and/or intensity may
cause the palladium to match frequencies and transfer energy to an intermediate in the
formation of cyclohexane instead. If a spectral catalyst was to be used to assist in the
formation of cyclohexane at room temperature, the frequency for the cyclohexane
intermediate would be more effective if used, rather than the spectral catalyst frequency used
at room temperature.
Thus, it may be important to understand the holoreaction system dynamics in
designing and selecting an appropriate spectral catalyst. The transfer of energy between
different reaction system components will vary, depending on temperature. Once understood,
this allows one to knowingly adjust temperature to optimize a reaction, reaction product,
interaction and/or formation of reaction product at a desirable reaction rate, without the trial
and error approaches of prior art. Further, it allows one to choose catalysts such as physical
catalysts, spectral catalysts, and/or spectral energy patterns to optimize a desired reaction
pathway. This understanding of the spectral impact of temperature allows one to perform
customarily high temperature (and, sometimes high danger) chemical processes at safer,
room temperatures. It also allows one to design physical catalysts which work at much
broader temperature ranges (e.g., frigid arctic temperatures or hot furnace temperatures), as
desired.
PRESSURE
Pressure and temperature are directly related to each other. Specifically, from the
ideal gas law, we know that
PV = nRT
where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant, and
T is the absolute temperature. Thus, at equilibrium, an increase in temperature will result in a
corresponding increase in pressure. Pressure also has an effect on spectral patterns.
Specifically, increases in pressure can cause broadening and changes in spectral curves, just
as increases in temperature do (see Figure 19 which shows the pressure broadening effects on
the NH3 3.3 absorption line).
Mathematical treatments of pressure broadening are generally grouped into either
collision or statistical theories. In collision theories, the assumption is made that most of the
time an atom or molecule is so far from other atoms or molecules that their energy fields do
not interact. Occasionally, however, the atoms or molecules come so close together that they
collide. In this case, the atom or molecule may undergo a change in wave phase (spectral)
function, or may change to a different energy level. Collision theories treat the matter's
emitted energy as occurring only when the atom or molecule is far from others, and is not
involved in a collision. Because collision theories ignore spectral frequencies during
collisions, collision theories fail to predict accurately chemical behavior at more than a few
atmospheres of pressure, when collisions are frequent.
Statistical theories, however, consider spectral frequencies before, during and after
collisions. They are based on calculating the probabilities that various atoms and/or
molecules are interacting with, or perturbed by other atoms or molecules. The drawback with
statistical treatments of pressure effects is that the statistical treatments do not do a good job
of accounting for the effects of molecular motion. In any event, neither collision nor
statistical theories adequately predict the rich interplay of frequencies and heterodynes that
take place as pressure is increased. Experimental work has demonstrated that increased
pressure can have effects similar to those produced by increased temperature, by:
1) broadening of the spectral curve, producing increased line width; and
2) shifting of the resonant frequency (fo).
Pressure effects different from those produced by temperatures are: (1) pressure
changes typically do not affect intensity, (see Figure 20 which shows a theoretical set of
curves exhibiting an unchanged intensity for three applied different pressures) as with
temperature changes; and (2) the curves produced by pressure broadening are often less
symmetric than the temperature-affected curves. Consider the shape of the three theoretical
curves shown in Figure 20. As the pressure increases, the curves become less symmetrical,
A tail extending into the higher frequencies develops. This upper frequency extension is
confirmed by the experimental work shown in Figure 21. Specifically, Figure 21a shows a
pattern for the absorption by water vapor in air (10g of H2O per cubic meter); and Figure 21b
shows the absorption in NH3 at 1 atmosphere pressure
Pressure broadening effects on spectral curves are broadly grouped into two types:
resonance or "Holtsmark" broadening, and "Lorentz" broadening. Holtsmark broadening is
secondary to collisions between atoms of the same element, and thus the collisions are
considered to be symmetrical. Lorentz broadening results from collisions between atoms or
molecules which are different. The collisions are asymmetric, and the resonant frequency, fo,
is often shifted to a lower frequency. This shift in resonant frequency is shown in Figure 20.
The changes in spectral curves and frequencies that accompany changes in pressure can
affect catalysts, both physical and spectral, and chemical reactions and/or reaction pathways.
At low pressures, the spectral curves tend to be fairly narrow and crisp, and nearly
symmetrical about the resonant frequency. However, as pressures increase, the curves may
broaden, shift, and develop high frequency tails.
At low pressures the spectral frequencies in the holoreaction system might be so
different for the various atoms and molecules that there may be little or no resonant effect,
and thus little or no energy transfer. At higher pressures, however, the combination of
broadening, shifting and extension into higher frequencies can produce overlapping between
the spectral curves, resulting in the creation of resonance, where none previously existed, and
thus, the transfer of energy. The holoreaction system may proceed down one reaction
pathway or another, depending on the changes in spectral curves produced by various
pressure changes. One reaction pathway may be resonant and proceed at moderate pressure,
while another reaction pathway may be resonant and predominate at higher pressures. As
with temperature, it is important to consider the holoreaction system frequencies and
mechanisms of action of various catalysts under the environmental reaction conditions one
wishes to duplicate. Specifically, in order for an efficient transfer of energy to occur
between, for example, a spectral catalyst and at least one reactant in a holoreaction system,
there must be at least some overlap in frequencies.
For example, a reaction with a physical catalyst at 400 THz and a key transient at 500
THz may proceed slowly at atmospheric pressure. Where the frequency pressure is raised to
about five (5) atmospheres, the catalyst broadens out through the 500 THz, for example, of
the transient. This allows the transfer of energy between the catalyst and transient by, for
example, energizing and stimulating the transient. The reaction then proceeds very quickly.
Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory or explanation, it appears that, the
speed of the reaction has much less to do with the number of collisions (as taught by the prior
art) than it has to do with the spectral patterns of the holoreaction system components. In the
above example, the reaction could be energized at low pressures by applying the 500 THz
frequency to directly stimulate the key transient. This could also be accompanied indirectly
using various heterodynes, (e.g., @ 1,000 THz harmonic, or a 100 THz non-harmonic
heterodyne between the catalyst and transient (500 THz - 400 THz = 100 THz.).
As shown herein, the transfer of energy between different holoreaction system
components will vary, depending on pressure. Once understood, this allows one to
knowingly adjust pressure to optimize a reaction, without the trial and error approaches of
prior art. Further, it allows one to choose catalysts such as physical catalysts, spectral
catalysts, and/or spectral energy patterns to optimize one or more desired reaction pathways.
This understanding of the spectral impact of pressure allows one to perform customarily high
pressure (and thus, typically, high danger) chemical processes at safer, room pressures. It
also allows one to design physical catalysts which work over a large range of acceptable
pressures (e.g., low pressures approaching a vacuum to several atmospheres of pressure).
SURFACE AREA
Traditionally, the surface are of a catalyst has been considered to be important
because the available surface area controls the number of available binding sites.
Supposedly, the more exposed binding sites, the more catalysis. In light of the spectral
mechanisms disclosed in the present invention, surface area may be important for another
reason.
Many of the spectral catalyst frequencies that correspond to physical catalysts are
electronic frequencies in the visible light and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. These high
frequencies have relatively poor penetrance into, for example, large reaction vessels that
contain one or more reactants. The high frequency spectral emissions from a catalyst such as
platinum or palladium (or the equivalent spectral catalyst) will thus not travel very far into
such a holoreaction system before such spectral emissions (or spectral catalysts) are
absorbed. Thus, for example, an atom or molecule must be fairly close to a physical catalyst
so that their respective electronic frequencies can interact.
Thus, surface area primarily affects the probability that a particular chemical species,
will be close enough to the physical catalyst to interact with its electromagnetic spectra
emission(s). With small surface area, few atoms or molecules will be close enough to
interact. However, as surface area increases, so too does the probability that more atoms or
molecules will be within range for reaction. Thus, rather than increasing the available
number of binding sites, larger surface area probably increases the volume of the reaction
system exposed to the spectral catalyst frequencies or patterns. This is similar to the concept
of assuring adequate penetration of a spectral catalyst into a holoreaction system (e.g.,
assuming that there are adequate opportunities for species to interact with each other).
An understanding of the effects of surface area on catalysts and reaction system
components allows one to knowingly adjust surface area and other reaction system
components to optimize a reaction, reaction pathway and/or formation of reaction product(s),
at a desirable reaction rate, without the drawbacks of the prior art. For instance, surface area
is currently optimized by making catalyst particles as small as possible, thereby maximizing
the overall surface area. The small particles have a tendency to, for example, sinter (merge or
bond together) which decreases the overall surface area and catalytic activity. Rejuvenation
of a large surface area catalyst can be a costly and time-consuming process. This process can
be avoided with an understanding of the herein presented invention in the field of spectral
chemistry. For example, assume a reaction is quickly catalyzed by a 3 m2 catalyst bed (in a
transfer of energy from catalyst to a key reactant and product). After sintering takes place,
however, the surface area is reduced to 1 m". Thus, the transfer of energy from the catalyst is
dramatically reduced, and the reaction slows down. The costly and time-consuming process
of rejuvenating the surface area can be avoided (or at least delayed) by augmenting the
reaction system with one or more desirable spectral energy patterns. In addition, because
spectral energy patterns can affect the final physical form or phase of a material, as well as its
chemical formula, the sintering process itself may be reduced or eliminated.
CATALYST SIZE AND SHAPE
In a related line of reasoning, catalyst size and shape are classically thought to affect
physical catalyst activity. Selectivity of reactions controlled by particle size has historically
been used to steer catalytic pathways. As with surface area, certain particle sizes are thought
to provide a maximum number of active binding sites and thus maximize the reaction rate.
The relationship between size and surface area has been previously discussed.
In light of the current understanding of the spectral mechanisms underlying the
activity of physical catalysts and reactions in general, catalyst size and shape may be
important for other reasons. One of those reasons is a phenomenon called "self absorption".
When a single atom or molecule produces its' classical spectral pattern it radiates
electromagnetic energy which travels outward from the atom or molecule into neighboring
space. Figure 22a shows radiation from a single atom versus radiation from a group of atoms
as shown in Figure 22b. As more and more atoms or molecules group together, radiation
from the center of the group is absorbed by its' neighbors and may never make it out into
space. Depending on the size and shape of the group of atoms, self absorption can cause a
number of changes in the spectral emission pattern (see Figure 23). Specifically, Figure. 23a
shows a normal spectral curve produced by a single atom; Figure 23b shows a resonant
frequency shift due to self absorption; Figure 23c shows a self-reversal spectral pattern
produced by self absorption in a group of atoms and Figure 23d shows a self-reversal spectral
pattern produced by self absorption in a group of atoms. These changes include a shift in
resonant frequency and self-reversal patterns.
The changes in spectral curves and frequencies that accompany changes in catalyst
size and shape can affect catalysts, chemical reactions and/or reaction pathways. For
example, atoms or molecules of a physical catalyst may produce spectral frequencies in the
reaction system which resonate with a key transient and/or reaction product. With larger
groups of atoms, such as in a sintered catalyst, the combination of resonant frequency shifting
and self-reversal may eliminate overlapping between the spectral curves of chemical species,
thereby minimizing or destroying conditions of resonance.
A reaction system may proceed down one reaction pathway or another, depending on
the changes in spectral curves produced by the particle sizes. For example, a catalyst having
a moderate particle size may proceed down a first reaction pathway while a larger size
catalyst (or a conditioned participant) may direct the reaction down another reaction pathway.
The changes in spectral curves and frequencies that accompany changes in catalyst
size and shape are relevant for practical applications. Industrial catalysts are manufactured in
a range of sizes and shapes, depending on the design requirements of the process and the type
of reactor used. Catalyst activity is typically proportional to the. surface area of the catalyst
bed in the reactor. Surface area increases as the size of the catalyst particles decreases.
Seemingly, the smaller the catalyst particles, the better for industrial applications. This is not
always the case, however. When a very fine bed of catalyst particles is used, high pressures
may be required to force the reacting chemicals across or through the catalyst bed. The
chemicals enter the catalyst bed under high pressure, and exit the bed (e.g., the other side) at
a lower pressure. This large difference between entry and exit pressures is called a "pressure
drop". A compromise is often required between catalyst size, catalyst activity, and pressure
drop across the catalyst bed.
The use of spectral catalysts according to the present invention allows for much finer
tuning of this compromise. For example, a large catalyst size can be used so that pressure
drops across the catalyst bed are minimized. At the same time, the high level of catalyst
activity obtained with a smaller catalyst size can still be obtained by, for example,
augmenting the physical catalyst with at least a portion of one or more spectral catalyst(s).
For example, assume that a 10mm average particle size catalyst has 50% of the
activity of a 5mm average particle size catalyst. With a 5mm-diameter catalyst, however, the
pressure drop across the reactor may be so large that the reaction cannot be economically
performed. The compromise in historical processes has typically been to use twice as much
of the 10mm catalyst, to obtain the same, or approximately the same, amount of activity as
with the original amount of 5mm catalyst. However, an alternative desirable approach is to
use the original amount of 10mm physical catalyst and augment the physical catalyst with at
least a portion of at least one spectral catalyst. Catalyst activity can be effectively doubled
(or increased even more) by the spectral catalyst, resulting in approximately the same degree
of activity (or perhaps even greater activity) as with the 5mm catalyst. Thus, the present
invention permits the size of the catalyst to be larger, while retaining favorable reactor vessel
pressure conditions so that the reaction can be performed economically, using half as much
(or less) physical catalyst as compared to traditional prior art approaches.
Another manner to approach the problem of pressure drops in physical catalyst beds,
is to eliminate the physical catalyst completely. For example, in another embodiment of the
invention, a fiberoptic sieve, (e.g., one with very large pores) can be used in a flow-through
reactor vessel. If the pore size is designed to be large enough there can be virtually no
pressure drop across the sieve, compared to a pressure drop accompanying the use of a 5 mm
diameter or even a 10 mm diameter physical catalyst discussed above. According to the
present invention, the spectral catalyst can be emitted through the fiberoptic sieve, thus
catalyzing the reacting species as they flow by. This improvement over the prior art
approaches has significant processing implications including lower costs, higher rates and
improved safety, to mention only a few.
Industrial catalysts are also manufactured in a range of shapes, as well as sizes.
Shapes include spheres, irregular granules, pellets, extrudate, and rings. Some shapes are
more expensive to manufacture than others, while some shapes have superior properties (e.g.,
catalyst activity, strength, and less pressure drop) than others. While spheres are inexpensive
to manufacture, a packed bed of spheres produces high-pressure drops and the spheres are
typically not very strong. Physical catalyst rings on the other hand, have superior strength
and activity and produce very little pressure drop, but they are also relatively expensive to
produce.
"Spectral energy catalysts permit a greater flexibility in choosing catalyst shape. For
example, instead of using a packed bed of inexpensive spheres, with the inevitable high
pressure drop and resulting mechanical damage to the catalyst particles, a single layer of
spheres augmented, for example, with a spectral energy catalyst can be used. This catalyst is
inexpensive, activity is maintained, and large pressure drops are not produced, thus
preventing mechanical damage and extending the useful life of physical catalyst spheres.
Similarly, far smaller numbers of catalyst rings can be used while obtaining the same or
greater catalyst activity by, for example, supplementing with at least a portion of a spectral
catalyst. The process can proceed at a faster flow-through rate because the catalyst bed will
be smaller relative to a bed that is not augmented with a spectral catalyst.
The use of spectral energy catalysts and/or spectral environmental reaction conditions
to augment existing physical catalysts has the following advantages:
- permit: the use of less expensive shaped catalyst particles;
- permit the use of fewer catalyst particles overall;
- permit the use of stronger shapes of catalyst particles; and
- permit the use of catalyst particle shapes with better pressure drop characteristics.
Their use to replace existing physical catalysts has similar advantages:
- eliminate the use and expense of catalyst particles altogether;
- allow use of spectral catalyst delivery systems that are stronger; and
- delivery systems can be designed to incorporate superior pressure drop
characteristics.
Catalyst size and shape are also important to spectral emission patterns because all
objects have an NOF depending on their size and shape. The smaller an object is in
dimension, the higher its NOF will be in frequency (because speed = length x frequency).
Also, two (2) objects of the same size, but different shape will have different NOF's (e.g., the
resonant NOF frequency of a 1.0 m diameter sphere, is different from the NOF for a 1.0 m
edged cube). Wave energies (both acoustic and EM) will have unique resonant frequencies
for particular objects. The objects, such as physical catalyst particles or powder granules of
reactants in a slurry, will act like antennas, absorbing and emitting energies at their
structurally resonant frequencies. With this understanding, one is further able to manipulate

and control the size and shape of holoreaction system components (e.g., physical catalysts,
reactants, etc.) to achieve desired effects. For example, a transient for a desired reaction
pathway may produce a spectral rotational frequency of 30 GHz. Catalyst spheres lcm in
diameter with structural EM resonant frequency of 30 GHz (3x108m/s lx10-2m = 30x109Hz),
can be used to catalyze the reaction. The catalyst particles will structurally resonate with the
rotational frequency of the transient, providing energy to the transient and catalyzing the
reaction. Likewise, the structurally resonant catalyst particles may be further energized by a
spectral energy catalyst, such as, for example, 30 GHz microwave radiation. Thus
understood, the spectral dynamics of chemical reactions can be much more precisely
controlled than in prior art trial and error approaches.
SOLVENTS
Typically, the term solvent is applied to mixtures for which the solvent is a liquid,
however, it should be understood that solvents may also comprise solids, liquids, gases or
plasmas and/or mixtures and/or components thereof. The prior art typically groups liquid
solvents into three broad classes: aqueous, organic, and non-aqueous. If an aqueous solvent
is used, it means that the solvent is water. Organic solvents include hydrocarbons such as
alcohols and ethers. Non-aqueous solvents include inorganic non-water substances. Many
catalyzed reactions take place in solvents.
Because solvents are themselves composed of atoms, molecules and/or ions they can
have pronounced effects on chemical reactions. Solvents are comprised of matter and they
emit their own spectral frequencies. The present invention teaches that these solvent
frequencies undergo the same basic processes discussed earlier, including heterodyning,
resonance, and harmonics. Spectroscopists have known for years that a solvent can
dramatically affect the spectral frequencies produced by its' solutes. Likewise, chemists have
known for years that solvents can affect catalyst activity. However, the spectroscopists and
chemists in the prior art have apparently not associated these long studied changes in solute
frequencies with changes in catalyst activity. The present invention recognizes that these
changes in solute spectral frequencies can affect catalyst activity and chemical reactions
and/or reaction pathways in general, changes include spectral curve broadening. Changes of
curve intensity, gradual or abrupt shifting of the resonant frequency fo, and even abrupt
rearrangement of resonant frequencies.
Further, the present invention recognizes that one or more spectral frequencies in a
solvent may be targeted by a spectral energy pattern or spectral energy conditioning pattern to
change one or more properties of the solvent, and hence may change the reaction and energy
dynamics in a holoreaction system. Similarly, a spectral energy pattern or a spectral energy
conditioning pattern may be applied to a solute, causing a change in one or more properties of
the solute, solvent, or solute/solvent system, and hence may change the reaction and energy
dynamics in a holoreaction system.
When reviewing Figure 24a, the solid line represents a portion of the spectral pattern
of phthalic acid in alcohol while the dotted line represents phthalic acid in the solvent hexane.
Consider a reaction taking place in alcohol, in which the catalyst resonates with phthalic acid
at a frequency of 1,250, the large solid curve in the middle. If the solvent is changed to
hexane, the phthalic acid no longer resonates at a frequency of 1,250 and the catalyst can not
stimulate and energize it. The change in solvent will render the catalyst ineffective.
Similarly, in reference to Figure 24b, iodine produces a high intensity curve at 580
when dissolved in carbon tetrachloride, as shown in curve B. In alcohol, as shown by curve
A the iodine produces instead, a moderate intensity curve at 1,050 and a low intensity curve
at 850. Accordingly, assume that a reaction uses a spectral catalyst that resonates directly
with the iodine in carbon tetrachloride at 580. If the spectral catalyst does not change and the
solvent is changed to alcohol, the spectral catalyst will no longer function because
frequencies no longer match and energy will not transfer. Specifically, the spectral catalyst's
frequency of 580 will no longer match and resonate with the new iodine frequencies of 850
and 1,050.
However, there is the possibility that the catalyst will change its spectral pattern with
a change in the solvent. The catalyst could change in a similar manner to the iodine, in which
case the catalyst may continue to catalyze the reaction regardless of the change in solvent.
Conversely, the spectral catalyst pattern could change in a direction opposite to the spectral
pattern of the iodine. In this instance, the catalyst will again fail to catalyze the original
reaction. There is also the possibility that the change in the catalyst could bring the catalyst
into resonance with a different chemical species and help the reaction proceed down an
alternative reaction pathway.
Finally, consider the graph in Figure 24c, which shows a variety of solvent mixtures
ranging from 100% benzene at the far left, to a 50:50 mixture of benzene and alcohol in the
center, to 100% alcohol at the far right. The solute is phenylazophenol. The
phenylazophenol has a frequency of S55-860 for most of the solvent mixtures. For a 50:50
benzene:alcohol mixture the frequency is 855; or for a 98:2 benzene:alcohol mixture the
frequency is still 855. However, at 99.5:0.5 benzene:alcohol mixture, the frequency abruptly changes to about 865. A catalyst active in 100% benzene by resonating with the
phenylazophenol at 865, will lose its activity if there is even a slight amount of alcohol (e.g.,
0.5%) in the solvent.
Thus understood, the principles of spectral chemistry presented herein can be applied
to catalysis, and reactions and/or reaction pathways in general. Instead of using the prior art
trial and error approach to the choice of solvents and/or other holoreaction system
components, solvents can be tailored and/or modified to optimize the spectral environmental
reaction conditions. For example, a reaction may have a key reaction participant which
resonates at 400 THz, while the catalyst resonates at 800 THz transferring energy
harmonically. Changing the solvent may cause the resonant frequencies of both the
participant and the catalyst to abruptly shift to 600 THz. There the catalyst would resonate
directly with the participant, transferring even more energy, and catalyzing the holoreaction
system more efficiently.
Fuither, the properties of solvents, solutes, and solvent/solute systems may be affected
by spectral energy providers. Water is the universal solvent It is commonly known and
understood that if water is heated, its kinetic energy increases, and hence, the rate at which
solutes dissolve also increases. After a solute has been added to a solvent, such as water,
physical properties such as pH and conductivity change at a rate related to their kinetic
energy and the temperature of the solute/solvent system.
A novel aspect of the present invention is the understanding that the properties of
solvents, solutes and solvent/solute systems may be affected and controlled by spectral
energy providers outside the realm of simple thermal or kinetic mechanisms. For example,
water at about 28°C will dissolve salt (sodium chloride) at a particular rate. Water at about
28°C which has been conditioned with its own vibrational overtones will dissolve salt faster,
even though there is no apparent difference in temperature. Similarly, if salt is added to
water, there is a predictable rate of change in the pH and conductivity of the solution. If the
water is conditioned or spectrally activated with its own vibrational overtones, either before
or after, respectively, the addition of the salt, the rate of change of pH and conductivity is
enhanced even though there is no difference in temperature. These effects are shown in
greater detail in the Examples section herein.
Further, if the salt is conditioned with some of its own electronic frequencies prior to
adding it to water, the rate of change of conductivity is again enhanced, even though there is
again no apparent difference in temperature. These effects are shown in greater detail in the
Examples section herein.
In general, delivery of spectral energy patterns and/or spectral energy conditioning
patterns to solvents, solutes, and solvents/solute systems change the energy conditioning
patterns to solvents, solutes; and solvent/solute systems may change the energy dynamics of
the solvent and/or solute and hence their properties in a holoreaction system. These spectral
techniques disclosed herein can be used to control many aspects of matter transformations
such as chemical reactions, phase changes, and material properties (all of which are described
in the Examples section herein).
SUPPORT MATERIALS
Catalysts can be either unsupported or supported. An unsupported catalyst is a
formulation of the pure catalyst, with substantially no other molecules present. Unsupported
catalysts are rarely used industrially because these, catalysts generally have low surface area
and hence low activity. The low surface area can result from, for example, sintering, or
coalescence of small molecules of the catalyst into larger particles in a process which reduces
surface tension of the particles. An example of an unsupported catalyst is platinum alloy
gauze, which is sometimes used for the selective oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide.
Another example is small silver granules, sometimes used to catalyze the reaction of
methanol with air, to form formaldehyde. When the use of unsupported catalysts is possible,
their advantages include straightforward fabrication and relatively simple installation in
various industrial processes.
A supported catalyst is a formulation of the catalyst with other particles, the other
particles acting as a supporting skeleton for the catalyst. Traditionally, the support particles
are thought to be inert, thus providing a simple physical scaffolding for the catalyst
molecules. Thus, one of the traditional functions of the support material is to give the
catalyst shape and mechanical strength. The support material is also said to reduce sintering
rates. If the catalyst support is finely divided similar to the catalyst, the support will act as a
"spacer" between the catalyst particles, and hence prevent sintering. An alternative theory
holds that an interaction takes place between the catalyst and support, thereby preventing
sinteiing. This theory is supported by the many observations that catalyst activity is altered
by changes in support material structure and composition.
Supported catalysts are generally made by one or more of the following three
methods: impregnation, precipitation, and/or crystallization. Impregnation techniques use
preformed support materials, which are then exposed to a solution containing the catalyst or
its precursors. The catalyst or precursors diffuse into the pores of the support. Heating, or
another conversion process, drives off the solvent and transforms the catalyst or precursors
into the final catalyst. The most common support materials for impregnation are refractory
oxides such as aluminas and aluminum hydrous oxides. These support materials have found
their greatest use for catalysts that must operate under extreme conditions such as steam
reforming, because they have reasonable mechanical strengths.
Precipitation techniques use concentrated solutions of catalyst salts (e.g., usually
metal salts). The salt solutions are rapidly mixed and then allowed to precipitate in a finely
divided form. The precipitate is then prepared using a variety of processes including
washing, filtering, drying, heating, and pelleting. Often a graphitic lubricant is added.
Precipitated catalysts have high catalytic activity secondary to high surface area, but they are
generally not as strong as impregnated catalysts.
Crystallization techniques produce support materials called zeolites. The structure of
these crystallized catalyst zeolites is based on SiO4 and AlO4 (see Figure 25 a which shows
the tetrahedral units of silicon; and Figure 25b which shows the tetrahedral units of
aluminum). These units link in different combinations to form structural families, which
include rings, chains, and complex polyhedra. For example, the SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahderal
units can form truncated octahedron structures, which form the building blocks for A, X, and
Y zeolites (see Figure 26a which shows a truncated octahedron structure with lines
representing oxygen atoms and comers are Al or Si atoms; Figure 26b which shows zeolite
with joined truncated octahedrons joined by oxygen bridges between square faces; and Figure
26c which shows zeolites X and Y with joined truncated octahedrons joined by oxygen
bridges between hexagonal faces).
The crystalline structure of zeolites gives them a well defined pore size and structure.
This differs from the varying pore sizes found in impregnated or precipitated support
materials. Zeolite crystals are made by mixing solutions of silicates and aluminates and the
catalyst. Crystallization is generally induced by heating (see spectral effects of temperature
in the Section entitled "Temperature"). The structure of the resulting zeolite depends on the
silicon/aluminum ratio, their concentration, the presence of added catalyst, the temperature,
and even the size of the reaction vessels used, all of which are environmental reaction
conditions. Zeolites generally have greater specificity than other catalyst support materials
(e.g., they do not just speed up the reaction). They also may steer the reaction towards a
particular reaction pathway.
Support materials can affect the activity of a catalyst. Traditionally, the prior art has
attributed these effects to geometric factors. However, according to the present invention,
there are spectral factors to consider as well. It has been well established that solvents affect
the spectral patterns produced by their solutes. Solvents can be liquids, solids, gases and/or
plasmas Support materials can, in many cases, be viewed as nothing more than solid solvents
for catalysts. As such, support materials can affect the spectral patterns produced by their
solute catalysts.
Just as dissolved sugar can be placed into a solid phase solvent (ice), catalysts can be
placed into support materials that are solid phase solvents. These support material solid
solvents can have similar spectral effects on catalysts that liquid solvents have. Support
materials can change spectral frequencies of their catalyst solutes by, for example, causing
spectral curve broadening, changing of curve intensity, gradual or abrupt shifting of the
resonant frequency fo, and even abrupt rearrangement of resonant frequencies.
Further, use of spectral techniques to affect matter transformations are not limited to
solvent/solute or support/catalysts systems, but rather apply broadly to all material systems
and phases of matter, and their respective properties (e.g., chemical, physical, electrical,
magnetic, thermal, etc.).
The use of targeted spectral techniques in numerous materials systems (including
solid, liquid, and gas) to control chemical reactions, phase changes and material properties
(e.g., chemical, physical, electrical, thermal, etc.) is described more fully in the Examples
section later herein.
Support materials can be simply viewed as solid solvents for their catalyst solutes.
The present invention teaches that spectral techniques can be used to control many aspects of
matter transformation in solvent/solute systems such as chemical reactions, phase changes,
and material properties. Similarly, spectral techniques can be used to control many aspects
such as chemical reactions, phase changes, and material properties of support/catalyst
systems. These spectral techniques can be used to affect the synthesis of support/catalyst
systems, or to affect the subsequent properties of the support/catalyst system in a holoreaction
system.
Thus, due to the disclosure herein, it should become clear to an artisan of ordinary
skill that changes in support materials (or conditioning support materials) can have dramatic
effects on catalyst activity. The support materials affect the spectral frequencies produced by
the catalysts. The changes in catalyst spectral frequencies produce varying effects on
chemical reactions and catalyst activity, including accelerating the rate of reaction and also
guiding the reaction on a particular reaction path. Thus support materials can potentially
influence the matching of frequencies and can thus favor the possibility of transferring energy
between reaction system components and/or spectral energy patterns, thus permitting certain
reactions to occur and/or favorably modify reaction rates.
POISONING
Poisoning of catalysts occurs when the catalyst activity is reduced by adding a small
amount of another constituent, such as a chemical species. The prior art has attributed
poisoning to chemical species that contain excess electrons (e.g., electron donor materials)
and to adsorption of poisons onto the physical catalyst surface where the poison physically
blocks reaction sites. However, neither of these theories satisfactorily explains poisoning.
Consider the case of nickel hydrogenation catalysts. These physical catalysts are
substantially deactivated if only 0.1% sulphur compounds by weight are adsorbed onto them.
It is difficult to believe that 0.1% sulphur by weight could contribute so many electrons as to
inactivate the nickel catalyst. Likewise, it is difficult to believe that the presence of 0.1%
sulphur by weight occupies so many reaction sites that it completely deactivates the catalyst.
Accordingly, neither prior art explanation is satisfying.
Poisoning phenomena can be more logically understood in terms of spectral
chemistry. In reference to the example in the Solvent Section using a benzene solvent and
phenylazophenol as the solute, in pure benzene the phenylazophenol had a spectral frequency
of S65 Hz. The addition of just a few drops of alcohol (0.5%) abruptly changed the
phenylazophenol frequency to 855. If the expectation was for the phenylazophenol to
resonate at 865, then the alcohol would have poisoned that particular reaction. The addition
of small quantities of other chemical species can change the resonant frequencies (fo) of
catalysts and reacting chemicals. The addition of another chemical species can act as a
poison to take the catalyst and reacting species out of resonance (i.e., the presence of the
additional species can remove any substantial overlapping of frequencies and thus prevent
any significant transfer of energy).
Besides changing resonant frequencies of chemical species, adding small amounts of
other chemicals can also affect the spectral intensities of the catalyst and, for example, other
atoms and molecules in the holoreaction system by either increasing or decreasing the
spectral intensities. Consider cadmium and zinc mixed in an alumina-silica precipitate (see
Figure 27 which shows the influences of copper and bismuth on the zinc/cadmium line ratio).
A normal ratio between the cadmium3252.5 spectral line and the zinc 3345.0 spectral line
was determined. The addition of sodium, potassium, lead, and magnesium had little or no
effect on the Cd/Zn intensity ratio. However, the addition of copper reduced the relative
intensity of the zinc line and increased the cadmium intensity. Conversely, addition of
bismuth increased the relative intensity of the zinc line while decreasing cadmium.
Also, consider the effect of small amounts of magnesium on a copper-aluminum
mixture (see Figure 28 which shows the influence of magnesium on the copper aluminum
intensity ratio). Magnesium present at 0.6%, caused significant reductions in line intensity
for copper and for aluminum. At 1.4% magnesium, the spectral intensities for both copper
and aluminum were reduced by about a third. If the copper frequency is important for
catalyzing a reaction, adding this small amount of magnesium would dramatically reduce the
catalyst activity. Thus, it could be concluded that the copper catalyst had been poisoned by
the magnesium.
In summary, poisoning effects on catalysts are due to spectral changes. Adding a
small amount of another chemical species to a physical catalyst and/or reaction system can
change the resonance frequencies or the spectral intensities of one or more chemical species
(e.g., reactant). The catalyst might remain the same, while a crucial intermediate is changed.
Likewise, the catalyst might change, while the intermediate stays the same. They might both
change, or they might both stay the same and be oblivious to the added poison species. This
understanding is important to achieving the goals of the present invention which include
targeting species to cause an overlap in frequencies, or in this instance, specifically targeting
one or more species so as to prevent any substantial overlap in frequencies and thus prevent
reactions from occurring by blocking the transfer of energy.
PROMOTERS
Just as adding a small amount of another chemical species to a catalyst and
holoreaction system can poison the activity of the catalyst, the opposite can also happen.
When an added species enhances the activity of a catalyst, it is called a promoter. For
instance, adding a few percent calcium and potassium oxide to iron-alumina compounds
promotes activity of the iron catalyst for ammonia synthesis. Promoters act by all the
mechanisms discussed previously in the Sections entitled Solvents, Support Materials, and
Poisoning. Not surprisingly, some support materials actually are promoters. Promoters
enhance catalysts and specific reactions and/or reaction pathways by changing spectral
frequencies and intensities. While a catalyst poison takes the reacting species out of
resonance (i.e., the frequencies do not overlap), the promoter brings them into resonance (i.e.,
the frequencies do overlap). Likewise, instead of reducing the spectral intensity of crucial
frequencies, the promoter may increase the crucial intensities.
Thus, if it was desired for phenylazophenol to react at 85.5 in a benzene solvent,
alcohol could be added and the alcohol would be termed a promoter. If it was desired for the
phenylazophenol too react at 865, alcohol could be added and the alcohol could be
considered a poison. Thus understood, the differences between poisons and promoters are a
matter of perspective, and depend on which reaction pathways and/or reaction products are
desired. They both act by the same underlying spectral chemistry mechanisms of the present
invention.
CONCENTRATIONS
Concentrations of chemical species are known to affect reaction rates and dynamics.
Concentration also affects catalyst activity. The prior art explains these effects by the
probabilities that various chemical species will collide with each other. At high
concentrations of a particular species, there are many individual atoms or molecules present.
The more atoms or molecules present, the more likely they are to collide with something else.
However, this statistical treatment by the prior art does not explain the entire situation.
Figure 29 shows various concentrations of N-methyl urethane in a carbon tetrachloride
solution. At low concentrations, the spectral lines have a relatively low intensity. However,
as the concentration is increased, the intensities of the spectral curves increase also. At 0.01
molarity, the spectral curve at 3,460 cm-1 is the only prominent frequency. However, at 0.15
molarity, the curves at 3,370 and 3,300 cm-1 are also prominent.
As the concentration of a chemical species is changed, the spectral character of that
species in the reaction mixture changes also. Suppose that 3,300 and 3,370 cm-1 are
important frequencies for a desired reaction pathway. At low concentrations the desired
reaction pathway will not occur. However, if the concentrations are increased (and hence the
intensities of the relevant frequencies) the reaction will proceed down the desired pathway.
Concentration is also related to solvents, support structures, poisons and promoters, as
previously discussed.
FINE STRUCTURE FREQUENCIES
The field of science concerned generally with measuring the frequencies of energy
and matter, known as spectroscopy, has already been discussed herein. Specifically, the three
broad classes of atomic and molecular spectra were reviewed. Electronic spectra, which are
due to electron transitions, have frequencies primarily in the ultraviolet (UV), visible, and
infrared (IR) regions, and occur in atoms and molecules. Vibrational spectra, which are due
to, for example, bond motion between individual atoms within molecules, are primarily in the
IR, and occur in molecules. Rotational spectra are due primarily to rotation of molecules in
space and have microwave or radiowave frequencies, and also occur in molecules.
The previous discussion of various spectra and spectroscopy has been oversimplified.
There are actually at least three additional sets of spectra, which comprise the spectrum
discussed above herein, namely, the fine structure spectra and the hyperfine structure spectra
and the superfine structure spectra. These spectra occur in atoms and molecules, and extend,
for example, from the ultraviolet down to the low radio regions. These spectra are often
mentioned in prior art chemistry and spectroscopy books typically as an aside, because prior
art chemists typically focus more on the traditional types of spectroscopy, namely, electronic,
vibrational, and rotational.
The fine and hyperfine spectra are quite prevalent in the areas of physics and radio
astronomy. For example, cosmologists map the locations of interstellar clouds of hydrogen,
and collect data regarding the origins of the universe by detecting signals from outerspace,
for example, at 1.420 GHz, a microwave frequency which is one of the hyperfine splitting
frequencies for hydrogen. Most of the large databases concerning the microwave and radio
frequencies of molecules and atoms have been developed by astronomers and physicists,
rather than by chemists. This apparent gap between the use by chemists and physicists, of the
fine and hyperfine spectra in chemistry, has apparently resulted in pnor art chemists not
giving much, if any, attention to these portentially useful spectra.
Referring again to Figures 9a and 9b, the Balmer series (i.e., frequency curve II),
begins with a frequency of 456 THz (see Figure 30a). Closer examination of this individual
frequency shows that instead of there being just one crisp narrow curve at 456 THz, there are
really seven different curves very close together that comprise the curve at 456 THz. The
seven (7) different curves are fine structure frequencies. Figure 30b shows the emission
spectrum for the 456 THz curve in hydrogen. A high-resolution laser saturation spectrum,
shown in Figure 31, gives even more detail. These seven different curves, which are
positioned very close together, are generally referred to as a multiplet.
Although there are seven different fine structure frequencies shown, these seven
frequencies are grouped around two major frequencies. These are the two, tall, relatively
high intensity curves shown in Figure 30b. These two high intensity curves are also shown in
Figure 31 at zero cm-1 (456.676 THz), and at relative wavenumber 0.34 cm-1 (456.686 THz).
What appears to be a single frequency of (456 THz), is actually composed predominantly of
two slightly different frequencies (456.676 and 456.686 THz), and the two frequencies are
typically referred to as doublet and the frequencies are said to be split. The difference or split
between the two predominant frequencies in the hydrogen 456 THz doublet is 0.010 THz
(100 THz) or 0.34 cm-1 wavnumbers. This difference frequency, 10 GHz, is called the fine
splitting frequency for the 456 THz frequency of hydrogen.
Thus, the individual frequencies that are typically shown in ordinary electronic
spectra are composed of two or more distinct frequencies spaced very close together. The
distinct frequencies spaced very close together are called fine structure frequencies. The
difference, between two fine structure frequencies that are split apart by a very slight amount,
is a fine splitting frequency (see Figure 32 which shows f1 and f2 which comprise fo and
which are shown as underneath fo. The difference between f1 and f2 is known as the fine
splitting frequency). This "difference" between two fine structure frequencies is important
because such a difference between any two frequencies is a heterodyne.
Almost all the hydrogen frequencies shown in Figures 9a and 9b are doublets or
multiplets. This means that almost all the hydrogen electronic spectrum frequencies have
fine structure frequencies and fine splitting frequencies (which means that these heterodynes
are available to be used as spectral catalysts, if desired). The present invention discloses that
these "(differences" or heterodynes can be quite useful for certain reactions. However, prior
to discussing the use of these heterodynes, in the present invention, more must be understood
about these heterodynes. Some of the fine splitting frequencies (i.e., heterodynes) for
hydrogen are listed in Table 3. These fine splitting heterodynes range from the microwave
down into the upper reaches of the radio frequency region.
There are more than 23 fine splitting frequencies (i.e , heterodynes) for just the first
series or curve I in hydrogen. Lists of the fine splitting heterodynes can be found, for
example, in the classic 1949 reference "Atomic Energy Levels" by Charlotte Moore. This
reference also lists 133 fine splitting heterodyned intervals for carbon, whose frequencies
range from 14.1 THz (473.3 cm-1) down to 12.2. GHz (0.41 cm-1). Oxygen has 287 fine
splitting heterodynes listed from 15.9 THz (532.5 cm-1) down to 3.88 GHz (0.13 cm-1). The
23 platinum fine splitting intervals detailed are from 23.3 THz (775.9 cm-1) to 8.62 THz in
frequency (287.9 cm-1).
Diagrammatically, the magnification and resolution of an electronic frequency into
several closely spaced fine frequencies is depicted in Figure 33. The electronic orbit is
designated by the orbital number n = 0, 1, 2. etc. The fine structure is designated as a. A
quantum diagram for the hydrogen fine structure is shown in Figure 34. Specifically, shown
is the fine structure of the n = 1 and n = 2 levels of the hydrogen atom. Figure 35 shows the
multiplet splittings for the lowest energy levels of carbon, oxygen, and fluorine, as
represented by "C", "O" and "F", respectively.
In addition to the fine splitting frequencies for atoms (i.e., heterodynes), molecules
also have similar fine structure frequencies. The origin and derivation for molecular fine
structure and splitting is different from that for atoms, however, the graphical and practical
results are quite similar. In atoms, the fine structure frequencies are said to result from the
interaction of the spinning electron with its' own magnetic field. Basically, this means the
electron cloud of a single atomic sphere, rotating and interacting with its' own magnetic field,
produces the atomic fine structure frequencies. The prior art refers to this phenomena as
"spin-orbit coupling". For molecules, the fine structure frequencies correspond to the actual
rotational frequencies of the electronic or vibrational frequencies. So the fine structure
frequencies for atoms and molecules both result from rotation. In the case of atoms, it is the
atom spinning and rotating around itself, much the way the earth rotates around its axis. In
the case of molecules, it is the molecule spinning and rotating through space.
Figure 36 shows the infrared absorption spectrum of the SF6 vibration band near 28.3
THz (10.6 um wavelength, wavenumber 948 cm-1) of the SF6 molecule. The molecule is
highly symmetrical and rotates somewhat like a top. The spectral tracing was obtained with a
high resolution grating spectrometer. There is a broad band between 941 and 952 cm"1 (28.1
and 23.5 THz) with three sharp spectral curves at 946, 947, and 948 cm-1 (28.3, 28.32, and
23.834 THz).
Figure 37 a shows a narrow slice bemg taken from between 949 and 950 cm" , which
is blown up to show more detail in Figure 37b. A tunable semiconductor diode laser was
used to obtain the detail. There are many more spectral curves which appear when the
spectrum is reviewed in finer detail. These curves are called the fine structure frequencies for
this molecule. The total energy of an atom or molecule is the sum of its' electronic,
vibrational, and rotational energies. Thus, the simple Planck equation discussed previously
herein:
E = hv
can be rewritten as follows:
E = Ee + Ev + E r
where E is the total energy, Ee is the electronic energy, E? is the vibrational energy, and Er is
the rotational energy. Diagrammatically, this equation is shown in Figure 38 for molecules.
The electronic energy, Ee, involves a change in the orbit of one of the electrons in the
molecule. It is designated by the orbital number n = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. The vibrational energy,
Ev, is produced by a change in the vibration rate between two atoms within the molecule, and
is designated by a vibrational number v = 1, 2, 3, etc. Lastly, the rotational energy, Er, is the
energy of rotation caused by the molecule rotating around its' center of mass. The rotational
energy is designated by the quantum number J = 1, 2, and 3, etc., as determined from angular
momentum equations.
Thus, by examining the vibrational frequencies of SF6 in more detail, the fine
structure molecular frequencies become apparent. These fine structure frequencies are
actually produced by the molecular rotations, "J", as a subset of each vibrational frequency.
Just as the rotational levels "J" are substantially evenly separated in Figure 38, they are also
substantially evenly separated when plotted as frequencies.
This concept may be easier to understand by viewing some additional frequency
diagrams. For example, Figure 39a shows the pure rotational absorption spectrum for
gaseous hydrogen-chloride and Figure 39b shows the same spectrum at low resolution. In
Figure 39a, the separate waves, that look something like teeth on a "comb", correspond to the
individual rotational frequencies. The complete wave (i.e.. that wave comprising the whole
comb) that extends in frequency from 20 to 500 cm-1 corresponds to the entire vibrational
frequency. At low resolution or magnification, this set of rotational frequencies appear to be
a single frequency peaking at about 20 cm-1 (598 GHz) (see Figure 39b). This is very similar
to the way atomic frequencies such as the 456 THz hydrogen frequency appear (i.e., just one
frequency at low resolution, that turn out to be several different frequencies at higher
magnification).
In Figure 40, the rotational spectrum (i.e., fine structure) of hydrogen cyanide is
shown, where "J" is the rotational level. Note again, the regular spacing of the rotational
levels. (Note that this spectrum is oriented opposite of what is typical). This spectrum uses
transmission rather than emission on the horizontal Y-axis, thus, intensity increases
downward on the Y-axis, rather than upwards.
Additionally, Figure 41 shows the v1 - v5 vibrational bands for FCCF (where v1 is
vibrational level 1 and V5 vibrational level 5) which includes a plurality of rotational
frequencies. All of the fine sawtooth spikes are the fine structure frequencies which
correspond to the rotational frequencies. Note the substantially regular spacing of the
rotational frequencies. Also note, the undulating pattern of the rotational frequency intensity,
as well as the alternating pattern of the rotational frequency intensities.
Consider the actual rotational frequencies (i.e., fine structure frequencies) for the
ground state of carbon monoxide listed in Table 4.
Each of the rotational frequencies is regularly spaced at approximately 115 GHz
apart. Prior art quantum theorists would explain this regular spacing as being due to the fact
that the rotational frequencies are related to Planck's constant and the moment of inertia (i.e.,
center of mass for the molecule) by the equation:

where B is the rotational constant, h is Planck's constant, and I is the moment of inertia for
the molecule. From there the prior art established a frequency equation for the rotational
levels that corresponds to:
where f is the frequency, B is the rotational constant, and J is the rotational level. Thus, the
rotational spectrum (i.e., fine structure spectrum) for a molecule turns out to be a harmonic
series of lines with the frequencies all spaced or split (i.e., heterodyned) by the same amount.
This amount has been referred to in the prior art as "2B", and "B" has been referred to as the
"rotational constant". In existing charts and databases of molecular frequencies, "B" is
usually listed as a frequency such as MHz. This is graphically represented for the first four
rotational frequencies for CO in Figure 42.
This fact is interesting for several reasons. The rotational constant "B", listed in many
databases, is equal to one half of the difference between rotational frequencies for a molecule.

That means that B is the first subharmonic frequency, to the fundamental frequency "2JB",
which is the heterodyned difference between all the rotational frequencies. The rotational
constant B listed for carbon monoxide is 57.6 GHz (57,635.970 MHz). This is basically half
of the 115 GHz difference between the rotational frequencies. Thus, according to the present
invention, if it is desired to stimulate a molecule's rotational levels, the amount "2B" can be
used, because it is the fundamental first generation heterodyne. Alternatively, the same "B"
can be used because "B" corresponds to the first subharmonic of that heterodyne.
Further, the prior art teaches that if it is desired to use microwaves for stimulation, the
microwave frequencies used will be restricted to stimulating levels at or near the ground state
of the molecule (i.e., n = 0 in Figure 38). The prior art teaches that as you progress upward in
Figure 38 to the higher electronic and vibrational levels, the required frequencies will
correspond to the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet: regions. However, the prior art is wrong
about this point.
By referring to Figure 38 again, it is clear that the rotational frequencies are evenly
spaced out no matter what electronic or vibrational level is under scrutiny. The even spacing
shown in Figure 3S is due to the rotational frequencies being evenly spaced as progression is
made upwards through all the higher vibrational and electronic levels. Table 5 lists the
rotational frequencies for lithium fluoride (LiF) at several different rotational and vibrational
levels.
It is clear from Table 5 that the differences between rotational frequencies, no matter
what the vibrational level, is about 86,000 to about 89,000 MHz (i.e., 86-89 GHz). Thus,
according to the present invention, by using a microwave frequency between about 86,000
MHz and 89,000 MHz, the molecule can be stimulated from the ground state level all the way
up to its' highest energy levels. This effect has not been even remotely suggested by the prior
art. Specifically, the rotational frequencies of molecules can be manipulated in a unique
manner. The first rotational level has a natural oscillatory frequency (NOF) of 89,740 MHz.
The second rotational level has an NOF of 179,470 MHz. Thus,

Thus, the present invention has discovered that the NOF's of the rotational
frequencies heterodyne by adding and subtracting in a manner similar to the manner that all
frequencies heterodyne. Specifically, the two rotational frequencies heterodyne to produce a
subtracted frequency. This subtracted frequency happens to be exactly twice as big as the
derived rotational constant "B" listed in nuclear physics and spectroscopy manuals. Thus,
when the first rotational frequency in the molecule is stimulated with the Subtracted
Frequency rotational 2-1, the first rotational frequency will heterodyne (i.e., in this case add) with
the NOFrotational o?1 (i.e., first rotational frequency) to produce NOFrotationai1?2, which is the
natural oscillatory frequency of the molecule's second rotational level. In other words:

Since the present invention has disclosed that the rotational frequencies are actually
evenly spaced harmonics, the subtracted frequency will also add with the second level NOF
to produce the third level NOF. The subtracted frequency will add with the third level NOF
to produce the fourth level NOF. This procedure can be repeated over and over. Thus,
according to the present invention, by using one single microwave frequency, it is possible to
stimulate all the rotational levels in a vibratory band.
Moreover, if all the rotational levels for a vibrational frequency are excited, then the
vibrational frequency will also be correspondingly excited. Further, if all the vibrational
levels for an electronic level are excited, then the electronic level will be excited as well.
Thus, according to the teachings of the present invention, it is possible to excite the highest
levels of the electronic and vibrational structure of a molecule by using a single microwave
frequency. This is contrary to the prior art teachings that the use of microwaves is restricted
to the ground state of the molecule. Specifically, if the goal is to resonate directly with an
upper vibrational or electronic level, the prior art teaches that microwave frequencies can not
be used. If, however, according to the present invention, a catalytic mechanism of action is
initiated by, for example, resonating with target species indirectly through heterodynes, then
one or more microwave frequencies can be used to energize at least one upper level
vibrational or electronic state. Accordingly, by using the teachings of the present invention in
conjunction with the simple processes of heterodyning it becomes readily apparent that
microwave frequencies are not limited to the ground state levels of molecules.
The present invention has determined that catalysts cam actually stimulate target
species indirectly by utilizing at least one heterodyne frequency (e.g., harmonic). However,
catalysts can also stimulate the target species by direct resonance with at least one
fundamental frequency of interest. However, the rotational frequencies can result in use of
both mechanisms. For example, Figure 42 shows a graphical representation of fine structure
spectrum showing the first four rotational frequencies for CO in the ground state. The first
rotational frequency for CO is 115 GHz. The heterodyned difference between rotational
frequencies is also 115 GHz. The first rotational frequency and the heterodyned difference
between frequencies are identical. All of the upper level rotational frequencies are harmonics
of the first frequency. This relationship is not as apparent when one deals only with the
rotational constant "B" of the prior art. However, frequency-based spectral chemistry
analyses, like those of the present invention, makes such concepts easier to understand.
Examination of the first level rotational frequencies for LiF shows that it is nearly
identical to the heterodyned difference between it and the second level rotational frequency.
The rotational frequencies are sequential harmonics of the first rotational frequency.
Accordingly, if a molecule is stimulated with a frequency equal to 2B (i.e., a heterodyned
harmonic difference between rotational frequencies) the present invention teaches that energy
will resonate with all the upper rotational frequencies indirectly through heterodynes, and
resonate directly with the first rotational frequency. This is an important discovery.
The prior art discloses a number of constants used in spectroscopy that relate in some
way or another to the frequencies of atoms and molecule, just as the rotational constant "B"
relates to the harmonic spacing of rotational fine structure molecular frequencies. The alpha
(a) rotation-vibration constant is a good example of this. The alpha rotation-vibration
frequency constant is related to slight changes in the frequencies for the same rotational level,
when the vibrational level changes. For example, Figure 43a shows the frequencies for the
same rotational levels, but different vibrational levels for LiF. The frequencies are almost the
same, but vary by a few percent between the different vibrational levels.
Referring to Figure 43b, the differences between all the frequencies for the various
rotational transitions at different vibrational levels of Figure 43a are shown. The rotational
transition 0? 1 in the top line of Figure 43b has a frequency of 89,740.46 MHz at
vibrational level 0. At vibrational level 1, the 0 -» 1 transition is 88,319.18 MHz. The
difference between these two rotational frequencies is 1,421.28 MHz. At vibrational level 2,
the 0 ? 1 transition is 86,921.20 MHz. The difference between it and the vibrational level 1
frequency (88,319.18 MHz) is 1,397.98 MHz. These slight differences for the same J
rotational level between different vibrational levels are nearly identical. For the J = 0 ? 1
rotational level they center around a frequency of 1,400 MHz.
For the J = 1 ? 2 transition, the differences center around 2,800 Hz, and for the
J = 2 ? 3 transition, the differences center around 4,200 Hz. These different frequencies of
1,400, 2,800 and 4,200,Hz etc., are all harmonics of each other. Further, they are all
harmonics of the alpha rotation-vibration constant. Just as the actual molecular rotational
frequencies are harmonics of the rotational constant B, the differences between the rotational
frequencies are harmonics of the alpha rotation-vibration constant. Accordingly, if a
molecule is stimulated with a frequency equal to the alpha vibration-rotation frequencies, the
present invention teaches that energy will resonate with all the rotational frequencies
indirectly through heterodynes. This is an important discovery.
Consider the rotational and vibrational states for the triatomic molecule OCS shown
in Figure 44. Figure 44 shows the same rotational level (J - 1 ? 2) for different vibrational
states in the OCS molecule. For the ground vibrational (000) level, J = 1 ? 2 transition; and
the excited vibrational state (100) J = 1 ? 2 transition, the difference between the two
frequencies is equal to 4 X alphal (4a1). In another excited state, the frequency difference
between the ground vibrational (000) level, J = 1 ? 2 transition, and the center of the two l-
type doublets is 4 X alphas (4a1). In a higher excited vibrational state, the frequency
difference between (000) and (02°0) is 8 X alpha2 (8a2). Thus, it can be seen that the
rotation-vibration constants "a" are actually harmonics of molecular frequencies. Thus,
according to the present invention, stimulating a molecule with an "a" frequency, or a
harmonic of "a", will either directly resonate with or indirectly heterodyne harmonically
with various rotational-vibrational frequencies of the molecule.
Another interesting constant is the l-type doubling constant. This constant is also
shown in Figure 44. Specifically, Figure 44 shows the rotational transition J = 1? 2 for the
triatomic molecule OCS. Just as the atomic frequencies are sometimes split into doublets or
multiplets, the rotational frequencies are also sometimes split into doublets. The difference
between them is called the l-type doubling constant. These constants are usually smaller (i.e.,
of a lower frequency) than the a constants. For the OCS molecule, the a constants are 20.56
and 10.56 MHz while the l-type doubling constant is 6.3 MHz. These frequencies are all in
the radiowave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
As discussed previously herein, energy is a-ansferred by two fundamental frequency
mechanisms. If frequencies are substantially the same or match, then energy transfers by
direct resonance. Energy can also transfer indirectly by heterodyning, (i.e., the frequencies
substantially match after having been added or subtracted with another frequency). Further,
as previously stated, the direct or indirect resonant frequencies do not have to match exactly.
If they are merely close, significant amounts of energy will still transfer. Any of these
constants or frequencies that are related to molecules or other matter via heterodynes, can be
used to transfer, for example, energy to the matter and hence can directly interact with the
matter.
In the reaction in which hydrogen and oxygen are combined to form water, the
present invention teaches that the energizing of the reaction intermediates of atomic hydrogen
and the hydroxy radical are crucial to sustaining the reaction. In this regard, the physical
catalyst platinum energizes both reaction intermediates by directly and indirectly resonating
with them. Platinum also energizes the intermediates at multiple energy levels, creating the
conditions for energy amplification. The present invention also teaches how to copy
platinum's mechanism of action by making use of atomic fine structure frequencies.
The invention has previously discussed resonating with the fine structure frequencies
with only slight variations between the frequencies (e.g., 456.676 and 456.686 THz).
However, indirectly resonating with the fine structure frequencies, is a significant difference.
Specifically, by using the fine splitting frequencies, which are simply the differences or
heterodynes between the fine structure frequencies, the present invention teaches that indirect
resonance can be achieved. By examining the hydrogen 456 THz fine structure and fine
splitting frequencies (see, for example, Figures 30 and 31 and Table 3 many heterodynes are
shown). In other words, the difference between the fine structure frequencies can be
calculated as follows:
456.686 THz - 456.676 THz = 0.0102 THz = 10.2 GHz
Thus, if hydrogen atoms are subjected to 10.2 GHz electromagnetic energy (i.e., energy
corresponding to microwaves), then the 456 THz electronic, spectrum frequency is energized
by resonating with it indirectly. In other words, the 10.2 GHz, will add to 456.676 THz to
produce the resonant frequency of 456.686 THz. The 10.2 GHz will also subtract from the
456.686 THz to produce the resonant frequency of 456.676 THz. Thus, by introducing 10.2
GHz to a hydrogen atom, the hydrogen atom is excited at the 456 THz frequency. A
microwave frequency can be used to stimulate an electronic level.
According to the present invention, it is also possible to use a combination of
mimicked catalyst mechanisms. For example, it is possible to: 1) resonate with the hydrogen
atom frequencies indirectly through heterodynes (i.e., fine splitting frequencies); and/or 2)
resonate with the hydrogen atom at multiple frequencies. Such multiple resonating could
occur using a combination of microwave frequencies either simultaneously, in sequence,
and/or in chirps or bursts. For example, the individual microwave fine splitting frequencies
for hydrogen of 10.87 GHz, 10.2 GHz, 3.23 GHz, 1.38 GHz, and 1.06 GHz could be used in
a sequence. Further, there are many fine splitting frequencies for hydrogen that have not
been expressly included herein, thus, depending on the frequency range of equipment
available, the present invention provides a means for tailoring the chosen frequencies to the
capabilities of the available equipment. Thus, the flexibility according to the teachings of the
present invention is enormous.
Another method to deliver multiple electromagnetic; energy frequencies according to
the present invention, is to use a lower frequency as a carrier wave for a higher frequency.
This can be done, for example, by producing 10.2 GHz EM energy in short bursts, with the
bursts coming at a rate of about 239 MHz. Both of these frequencies are fine splitting
frequencies for hydrogen. This can also be achieved by continuously delivering EM energy
and by varying the amplitude at a rate of about 239 MHz. These techniques can be used
alone or in combination with the various other techniques disclosed herein.
Thus, by mimicking one or more mechanisms of action of catalysts and by making
use of the atomic fine structure and splitting frequencies, it is possible to energize upper
levels of atoms using microwave and radiowave frequencies. Accordingly, by selectively
energizing or targeting particular atoms, it is possible to catalyze and guide desirable
reactions to desired end products. Depending on the circumstances, the option to use lower
frequencies may have many advantages. Lower frequencies typically have much better

penetration into large reaction spaces and volumes, and may be better suited to large-scale
industrial applications. Lower frequencies may be easier to deliver with portable, compact
equipment, as opposed to large, bulky equipment which delivers higher frequencies (e.g.,
lasers). The choice of frequencies of a spectral catalyst may be for as simple a reason as to
avoid interference from other sources of EM energy. Thus, according to the present
invention, an understanding of the basic processes of heterodyning and fine structure splitting
frequencies confers greater flexibility in designing and applying spectral energy catalysts in a
targeted manner. Specifically, rather than simply reproducing the spectral pattern of a
physical catalyst, the present invention teaches that is possible to make full use of the entire
range of frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum, so long as the teachings of the present
invention are followed. Thus, certain desirable frequencies can be applied while other not so
desirable frequencies could be left out of an applied spectral energy catalyst targeted to a
particular participant and/or component in the reaction system.
As a further example, reference is again made to the hydrogen and oxygen reaction
for the formation of water. If it is desired to catalyze the water reaction by duplicating the
catalyst's mechanism of action in the microwave region, the present invention teaches that
several options are available. Another such option is use of the knowledge that platinum
energizes the reaction intermediates of the hydroxy radical. In addition to the hydrogen atom,
the B frequency for the hydroxy radical is 565.8 GHz. That means that the actual
heterodyned difference between the rotational frequencies is 2B, or 1,131.6 GHz.
Accordingly, such a frequency could be utilized to achieve excitement of the hydroxy radical
intermediate.
Further, the a constant for the hydroxy radical is 21.4 GHz. Accordingly, this
frequency could also be applied to energizing the hydroxy radical. Thus, by introducing
hydrogen and oxygen gases into a chamber and irradiating the gases with 21.4 GHz, water
will be formed. This particular gigahertz energy is a harmonic heterodyne of the rotational
frequencies for the same rotational level but different vibrational levels. The heterodyned
frequency energizes all the rotational frequencies, which energize the vibrational levels,
which energize the electronic frequencies, which catalyze the reaction. Accordingly, the
aforementioned reaction could be catalyzed or targeted with a spectral catalyst applied at
several applicable frequencies, all of which match with one or more frequencies in one or
more participants and thus permit energy to transfer.
Still further, delivery of frequencies of 565.8 GHz, or even L131.6 GHz, would result
in substantially all of the rotational levels in the molecule becoming energized, from the
ground state all the way up. This approach copies a catalyst mechanism of action in two
ways. The first way is by energizing the hydroxy radical and sustaining a crucial reaction
intermediate to catalyze the formation of water. The second mechanism copied from the
catalyst is to energize multiple levels in the molecule. Because the rotational constant "B"
relates to the rotational frequencies, heterodynes occur at all levels in the molecule. Thus,
using the frequency "B" energizes all levels in the molecule. This potentiates the
establishment of an energy amplification system such as that which occurs with the physical
catalyst platinum.
Still further, if a molecule was energized with a frequency corresponding to an Z-type
doubling constant, such frequency could be used in a substantially similar manner in which a
fine splitting frequency from an atomic spectrum is used. The difference between the two
frequencies in a doublet is a heterodyne, and energizing the doublet with its' heterodyne
frequency (i.e., the splitting frequency) would energize the basic frequency and catalyze the
reaction.
A still further example utilizes a combination of frequencies for atomic fine structure.
For instance, by utilizing a constant central frequency of 1,131.6 GHz (i.e., the heterodyned
difference between rotational frequencies for a hydroxy radical) with a vibrato varying
around the central frequency by ± 21.4 GHz (i.e., the a constant harmonic for variations
between rotational frequencies), use could be made of 1.131.6 GHz EM energy in short
bursts, with the bursts coming at a rate of 21.4 GHz.
Since there is slight variation between rotational frequencies for the same level, that
frequency range can be used to construct bursts. For example, if the largest "B" is 565.8
GHz, then a rotational frequency heterodyne corresponds to 1,131.6 GHz. If the smallest "B"
is 551.2 GHz, this corresponds to a rotational frequency heterodyne of 1,102 GHz. Thus,
"chirps" or bursts of energy starting at 1,100 GHz and increasing in frequency to 1,140 GHz,
could be used. In fact, the transmitter could be set to "chirp" or burst at a rate of 21.4 GHz.
In any event, there are many ways to make use of the atomic and molecular fine
structure frequencies, with their attendant heterodynes and harmonics. An understanding of
catalyst mechanisms of action enables one of ordinary skill armed with the teachings of the
present invention to utilize a spectral catalyst from the high frequency ultraviolet and visible
light regions, down into the sometimes more manageable microwave and radiowave regions.
Moreover, the invention enables an artisan of ordinary skill to calculate and/or determine the
effects of microwave and radiowave energies on chemical reactions and/or reaction
pathways.
HYPERFINE FREQUENCIES
Hyperfine structure frequencies are similar to the fine structure frequencies. Fine
structure frequencies can be seen by magnifying a portion of a standard frequency spectrum.
Hyperfine frequencies can be seen by magnifying a portion of a fine structure spectrum. Fine
}
structure splitting frequencies occur at lower frequencies than the electronic spectra,
primarily in the infrared and microwave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Hypeifine
splitting frequencies occur at even lower frequencies than the fine structure spectra, primarily
in the microwave and radio wave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Fine structure
frequencies are generally caused by at least the electron interacting with its' own magnetic
field. Hyperfine frequencies are generally caused by at least the electron interacting with the
magnetic field of the nucleus.
Figure 36 shows the rotation-vibration band frequency spectra for an SF6 molecule.
The rotation-vibration band and fine structure are shown again in Figure 45. However, the
fine structure frequencies are seen by magnifying a small section of the standard vibrational
band spectrum (i.e., the lower portion of Figure 45 shows some of the fine structure
frequencies). In many respects, looking at fine structure frequencies is like using a
magnifying glass to look at a standard spectrum. Magnification of what looks like a flat and
uninteresting portion of a standard vibrational frequency band shows many more curves with
lower frequency splitting. These many other curves are the fine structure curves. Similarly,
by magnifying a small and seemingly uninteresting portion of the fine structure spectrum of
the result is yet another spectrum of many more curves known as the hyperfine spectrum.
A small portion (i.e., from zero to 300) of the SF6 fine structure spectrum is magnified
in Figure 46. The hyperfine spectrum includes many curves split part by even lower
frequencies. This time the fine structure spectrum was magnified instead of the regular
vibrational spectrum. What is found is even more curves, even closer together. Figures 47a
and 47b show a further magnification of the two curves marked with asterisks (i.e., "*" and
"**") in Figure 46.
What appears to be a single crisp curve in Figure 46, turns out to be a series of several
curves spaced very close together. These are the hyperfine frequency curves. Accordingly,
the fine structure spectra is comprised of several more curves spaced very close together.
These other curves spaced even closer together correspond to the hyperfine frequencies.
Figures 47a and 47b show that the spacing of the hyperfine frequency curves are very
close together and at somewhat regular intervals. The small amount that the hyperfine curves
are split apart is called the hyperfine splitting frequency. The hyperfine splitting frequency is
also a heterodyne. This concept is substantially similar to the concept of the fine splitting
frequency. The difference between two curves that are split apart is called a splitting
frequency. As before, the difference between two curves is referred to as a heterodyne-
frequency. So, hyperfine splitting frequencies are all heterodynes of hyperfine frequencies.
Because the hyperfine frequency curves result from a magnification of the fine
structure curves, the hyperfine splitting frequencies occur at only a fraction of the fine
structure splitting frequencies. The fine structure splitting frequencies are really just several
curves, spaced very close together around the regular spectrum frequency. Magnification of
fine structure splitting frequencies results in hyperfine splitting frequencies. The hyperfine
splitting frequencies are really just several more curves, spaced very close together. The
closer together the curves are, the smaller the distance or frequency separating them. Now
the distance separating any two curves is a heterodyne frequency. So, the closer together any
two curves are, the smaller (lower) is the heterodyne frequency between them. The distance
between hyperfine splitting frequencies
(i.e., the amount that hyperfine frequencies are split apart) is the hypeifine splitting
frequency. It can also be called a constant or interval.
The electronic spectrum frequency of hydrogen is 2,466 THz. The 2,466 THz
frequency is made up of fine structure curves spaced 10.87 GHz (0.01087 THz) apart. Thus,
the fine splitting frequency is 10.87 GHz. Now the fine stracture curves are made up of
hyperfine curves. These hyperfine curves are spaced just 23.68 and 59.21 MHz apart. Thus,
23 and 59 MHz are both hyperfine splitting frequencies for hydrogen. Other hyperfine
splitting frequencies for hydrogen include 2.71, 4.21, 7.02, 17.55, 52.63, 177.64, and 1,420.0
MHz. The hyperfine splitting frequencies are spaced even closer together than the fine
structure splitting frequencies, so the hyperfine splitting frequencies are smaller and lower
than the fine splitting frequencies.
Thus, the hyperfine splitting frequencies are lower than the fine splitting frequencies.
This means that rather than being in the infrared and microwave regions, as the fine splitting
frequencies can be, the hyperfine splitting frequencies are ir. the microwave and radiowave
regions. These lower frequencies are in the MHz (106 hertz) and Khz (103 hertz) regions of
the electromagnetic spectrum. Several of the hyperfine splitting frequencies for hydrogen are
shown in Figure 4S. (Figure 48 shows hyperfine structure in the n = 2 to n = 3 transition of ¦
hydrogen).
Figure 49 shows the hyperfine frequencies for CH3I. These frequencies are a
magnification of the fine structure frequencies for that molecule. Since fine structure
frequencies for molecules are actually rotational frequencies, what is shown is actually the
hyperfine splitting of rotational frequencies. Figure 49 shows the hyperfine splitting of just
the J = 1? 2 rotational transition. The splitting between the two tallest curves is less than
100 MHz.
Figure 50 shows another example of the molecule ClCN. This set of hyperfine
frequencies is from the J = 1 ? 2 transition of the ground vibrational state for ClCN. Notice
that the hyperfine frequencies are separated by just a few megahertz, (MHz) and in a few
places by less than even one megahertz.
The energy-level diagram and spectrum of the J = ½ ? 3/2 rotational transition for
NO is shown if Figure 51.
In Figure 52, the hyperfine splitting frequencies for NH3 are shown. Notice that the
frequencies are spaced so close together that the scale at the bottom is in kilohertz (Kc/sec).
The hyperfine features of the lines were obtained using a beam spectrometer.
Just as with fine splitting frequencies, the hyperfine splitting frequencies are
heterodynes of atomic and molecular frequencies. Accordingly, if an atom or molecule is
stimulated with a frequency equal to a hyperfine splitting frequency (a heterodyned
difference between hyperfine frequencies), the present invention teaches that the energy will
equal to a hyperfine splitting frequency will resonate with the hyperfine frequencies
indirectly through heterodynes. The related rotational, vibrational, and/or electronic energy
levels will, in turn, be stimulated. This is an important discovery. It allows one to use more
radio and microwave frequencies to selectively stimulate and target specific holoreaction
system components (e.g., atomic hydrogen intermediates can be stimulated with, for example.
(2.55, 23.68 59.2 and/or 1,420 MHz).
Hyperfine frequencies, like fine frequencies, also contain features such as doublets.
Specifically, in a region where one would expect to find only a single hyperfine frequency
curve, there are two curves instead, typically, one on either side of the location where a single
hyperfine frequency was expected. Hyperfine doubling is shown in Figures 53 and 54. This
hyperfine spectrum is also from NH3. Figure 53 corresponds to the J = 3 rotational level and
Figure 54 corresponds to the J = 4 rotational level. The doubling can be seen most easily in
the J = 3 curves (i.e., Figure 53). There are two sets of short curves, a tall one, and then two
more short sets. Each of the short sets of curves is generally located where one would expect
to find just one curve. There are two curves instead, one on either side of the main curve
location. Each set of curves is a hyperfine doublet.
There are different notations to indicate the source of the doubling such as l-type
doubling, K doubling, and A doubling, etc., and they all have their own constants or intervals.
Without going into the detailed theory behind the formation of various types of doublets, the
interval between any two hyperfine multiplet curves is also a heterodyne, and thus all of these
doubling constants represent frequency heterodynes. Accordingly, those frequency
heterodynes (i.e., hyperfine constants) can also be used as spectral energy catalysts according
to the present invention.
Specifically, a frequency in an atom or molecule can be stimulated directly or
indirectly. If the goal was to stimulate the 2,466 THz frequency of hydrogen for some
reason, then, for example, an ultraviolet laser could irradiate the hydrogen with 2,466 THz
electromagnetic radiation. This would stimulate the atom directly. However, if such a laser
was unavailable, then hydrogen's fine structure splitting frequency of 10.87 GHz could be
achieved with microwave equipment. The gigahertz frequency would heterodyne (i.e., add or
subtract) with the two closely spaced fine structure curves at 2,466, and stimulate the 2,466
THz frequency band. This would stimulate the atom indirectly.
Still further, the atom could be stimulated by using the hyperfine splitting frequency
for hydrogen at 23.68 MHz as produced by radiowave equipment. The 23.68 MHz frequency
would heterodyne (i.e., add or subtract) with the two closely spaced hyperfine frequency
curves at 2,466, and stimulate the fine structure curves at the 2,466 THz. Stimulation of the
fine structure curves would in turn lead to stimulation of the 2,466 THz electronic frequency
for the hydrogen atom.
Still further, additional hyperfine splitting frequencies for hydrogen in the radio wave
and microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum could also be used to stimulate the
atom. For example, a radio wave pattern with 2.7 MHz, 4.2 MHz, 7 MHz, 18 MHz, 23 MHz,
52 MHz, and 59 MHz could be used. This would stimulate several different hyperfine
frequencies of hydrogen, and it would stimulate them essentially all at the same time. This
would cause stimulation of the fine structure frequencies, which in turn would stimulate the
electronic frequencies in the hydrogen atom.
Still further, depending on available equipment and/or design, and/or processing
constraints, some delivery mode variations can also be used. For example, one of the lower
frequencies could be a carrier frequency for the upper frequencies. A continuous frequency
of 52 MHz could be varied in amplitude at a rate of 2.7 MHz. Or, a 59 MHz frequency could
be pulsed at a rate of 4.2 MHz. There are various ways in v/hich these frequencies can be
combined and/or delivered, including different wave shapes durations, intensity shapes, duty
cycles, etc. Depending on which of the hyperfine splitting frequencies are stimulated, the
evolution of, for example, various and specific transients may be precisely tailored and
controlled, allowing precise control over holoreaction systems using the fine and/or hyperfine
splitting frequencies.
Accordingly, a major point of the present invention is once it is understood the energy
transfers when frequencies match, then determining which frequencies are available for
matching is the next step. This invention discloses precisely how to achieve that goal.
Interactions between equipment limitations, processing constraints, etc., can decide which
frequencies are best suited for a particular purpose. Thus, both direct resonance and indirect
resonance are suitable approaches for the use of spectral energy catalysts.
ELECTRIC FIELDS
Another means for modifying the spectral pattern of substances, is to expose a
substance to an electric field. Specifically, in the presence of an electric field, spectral
frequency lines of atoms and molecules can be split, shifted, broadened, or changed in
intensity. The effect of an electric field on spectral lines is known as the "Stark Effect", in
honor of its' discoverer, J. Stark. In 1913, Stark discovered that the Balmer series of
hydrogen (i.e., curve II of Figures 9a and 9b) was split into several different components,
while Stark was using a high electric field in the presence of a hydrogen flame. In the
intervening years, Stark's original observation has evolved into a separate branch of
spectroscopy, namely the study of the structure of atoms and molecules by measuring the
changes in their respective spectral lines caused by an electric field.
The electric field effects have some similarities to fine and hyperfine splitting
frequencies. Specifically, as previously discussed herein, fine structure and hyperfine
structure frequencies, along with their low frequency splitting or coupling constants, were
caused by interactions inside the atom or molecule, between the electric field of the electron
and the magnetic field of the electron or nucleus. Electric field effects are similar, except that
instead of the electric field coming from inside the atom, the electric field is applied from
outside the atom. The Stark effect is primarily the interaction of an external electric field,
from outside the atom or molecule, with the electric and magnetic fields already established
within the atom or molecule.
When examining electric field effects on atoms, molecules, ions and/or components
thereof, the nature of the electric field should also be considered (e.g., such as whether the
electric field is static or dynamic). A static electric field may be produced by a direct current.
A dynamic electric field is time varying, and may be produced by an alternating current. If
the electric field is from an alternating current, then the frequency of the alternating current
compared to the frequencies of the, for instance atom or molecule, should also be considered.
In atoms, an external electric field disturbs the charge distribution of the atom's
electrons. This disturbance of the electron's own electric field induces a dipole moment in it
(i.e., slightly lopsided charge distribution). This lopsided electron dipole moment then
interacts with the external electric field. In other words, the external electric field first
induces a dipole moment in the electron field, and then interacts with the dipole. The end
result is that the atomic frequencies become split into several different frequencies. The
amount the frequencies are split apart depends on the strength of the electric field. In other
words, the stronger the electric field, the farther apart the splitting.
If the splitting varies directly with the electric field strength, then it is called first
order splitting (i.e., Av = AF where Av is the splitting frequency, A is a constant and F is the
electric field strength. When the splitting varies with the square of the field strength, it is
called a second order or quadriatic effect (i.e., Dv = BF2). One or both effects may be seen in
various forms of matter. For example, the hydrogen atom exhibits first order Stark effects at
low electric field strengths, and second order effects at high field strengths. Other electric
field effects which vary with the cube or the fourth power, etc., of the electric field strength
are less -studied, but produce splitting frequencies nonetheless. A second order electric field
effect for potassium is shown in Figures 55 and 56. Figure 55 shows the schematic
dependence of the 4s and 5p energy levels on the electric field. Figure 56 shows a plot of the
deviation from zero-field positions of the 5p2 Pl/2.3/2 +- 4s2 Sl/2 transition wavenumbers
against the square of the electric field. Note that the frequency splitting or separation of the
frequencies (i.e., deviation from zero-field wavenumber) varies with the square of the electric
field strength (v/cm)2.
The mechanism for the Stark effect in molecules is simpler than the effect is in atoms.
Most molecules already have an electric dipole moment (i.e., a slightly uneven charge
distribution). The external electric field simply interacts with the electric dipole moment
already inside the molecule. The type of interaction, a first or a second order Stark effect, is
different for differently shaped molecules. For example, most symmetric top molecules have
first-order Stark effects. Asymmetric rotors typically have second-order Stark effects. Thus,
in molecules, as in atoms, the splitting or separation of the frequencies due to the external
electric field, is proportional either to the electric field strength itself, or to the square of the
electric field strength.
An example of this is shown in Figure 57, which diagrams how frequency
components of the J = 0? 1 rotational transition for the molecule CH3Cl respond to an
external electric field. When the electric field is very small (e.g., less than 10 E2 esu2/cm2),
the primary effect is shifting of the three rotational frequencies to higher frequencies. As the
field strength is increased (e.g., between 10 and 20 E2 esu2/crn2), the three rotational
frequencies split into five different frequencies. With continued increases in the electric field
strength, the now five frequencies continue to shift to even higher frequencies. Some of the
intervals or differences between the five frequencies remain the same regardless of the
electric field strength, while other intervals become progressively larger and higher. Thus, a
heterodyned frequency might stimulate splitting frequencies at one electric field strength, but
not at another.
Another molecular example is shown in Figure 58. (This is a diagram of the Stark
Effect in the same OCS molecule shown in Figure 44 for the J = 1 ? 2). The J= 1 ? 2
rotational transition frequency is shown centered at zero on the horizontal frequency axis in
Figure 58. That frequency centered at zero is a single frequency when there is no external
electric field. When an electric field is added, however, the single rotational frequency splits
into two- The stronger the electric field is, the wider the splitting is between the two
frequencies. One of the new frequencies shifts up higher and higher, while the other
frequency shifts lower and lower. Because the difference between the two frequencies
changes when the electric field strength changes, a heterodyned splitting frequency might
stimulate the rotational level at one electric field strength, but not at another. An electric field
can effect the spectral frequencies of reaction participants, and thus impact the spectral
chemistry of a reaction.
Broadening and shifting of spectral lines also occurs with the intermolecular Stark
effect. The intermolecular Stark effect is produced when the electric field from surrounding
atoms, ions, or molecules, affects the spectral emissions of the species under study. In other
words, the external electric field comes from other atoms and molecules rather than from a
DC or AC current. The other atoms and molecules are in constant motion, and thus their
electric fields are inhomogeneous in space and time. Instead of a frequency being split into
several easily seen narrow frequencies, the original frequency simply becomes much wider,
encompassing most, if not all, of what would have been the split frequencies, (i.e., it is
broadened). Solvents, support materials, poisons, promoters, etc., are composed of atoms and
molecules and components thereof. It is now understood that many of their effects are the
result of the intermolecular Stark effect.
The above examples demonstrate how an electric field splits, shifts, and broadens
spectral frequencies for matter. However, intensities of the lines can also be affected. Some
of these variations in intensity are shown in Figures 59a and 59b. Figure 59a shows patterns
of Stark components for transitions in the rotation of an asymmetric top molecule for the J =
4 ? 5 transition; whereas Figure 59b corresponds to J = 4 ? 4. The intensity variations
depend on rotational transitions, molecular structure, etc., and the electric field strength.
An interesting Stark effect is shown in a structure such as a molecule, which has
hyperfine (rotational) frequencies. The general rule for the creation of hyperfine frequencies
is that the hyperfine frequencies result from an interaction between electrons and the nucleus.
This interaction can be affected by an external electric field. If the applied external electric
field is weak, then the Stark energy is much less than the energy of the hyperfine. energy (i.e.,
rotational energy). The hyperfine lines are split into various new lines, and the separation
(i.e., splitting) between the lines is very small (i.e., at radio frequencies and extra low
frequencies).
If the external electric field is very strong, then the Stark energy is much larger than
the hyperfine energy, and the molecule is tossed, sometimes violently, back and forth by the
electric field. In this case, the hyperfine structure is radically changed. It is almost as though
there no longer is any hyperfine structure. The Stark splitting is substantially the same as that
which would have been observed if there were no hyperfine frequencies, and the hyperfine
frequencies simply act as a small perturbation to the Stark splitting frequencies.
If the external electric field is intermediate in strength, then the Stark and hyperfine
energies are substantially equivalent. In this case, the calculations become very complex.
Generally, the Stark splitting is close to the same frequencies as the hyperfine splitting, but
the relative intensities of the various components can vary rapidly with slight changes in the
strength of the external electric field. Thus, at one electric field strength one splitting
frequency may predominate, while at an electric field strength just 1% higher, a totally
different Stark frequency could predominate in intensity.
All of the preceding discussion on the Stark effect has concentrated on the effects due
to a static electric field, such as one would find with a direct current. The Stark effects of a
dynamic, or time-varying electric field produced by an alternating current, are quite
interesting and can be quite different. Just which of those affects appear, depends on the
frequency of the electric field (i.e., alternating current) compared to the frequency of the
matter in question. If the electric field is varying very slowly, such as with 60 Hz wall outlet
electricity, then the normal or static type of electric field effect occurs. As the electric field
varies from zero to maximum field strength, the matter frequencies vary from their unsplit
frequencies to their maximally split frequencies at the rate of the changing electric field.
Thus, the electric field frequency modulates the frequency of the splitting phenomena.
However, as the electrical frequency increases, the first frequency measurement it will
begin to overtake is the line width (see Figure 16 for a diagram of line width). The line width
of a curve is its' distance across, and the measurement is actually a very tiny heterodyne
frequency measurement from one side of the curve to the othsr side. Line width frequencies
are typically around 100 KHz at room temperature. In practical terms, line width represents a
relaxation time for molecules, where the relaxation time is the time required for any transient
phenomena to disappear. So, if the electrical frequency is significantly smaller than the line
width frequency, the molecule has plenty of time to adjust to the slowly changing electric
field, and the normal or static-type Stark effects occur.
If the electrical frequency is slightly less than the line width frequency, the molecule
changes its' frequencies substantially in rhythm with the frequency of the electric field (i.e., it
entrains "to the frequency of the electric field). This is shown in Figure 60 which shows the
Stark effect for OCS on the J = 1 ? 2 transition with applied electric fields at various
frequencies. The letter "a" corresponds to the Stark effect with a static DC electric field; "b"
corresponds to a broadening and blurring of the Stark frequencies with a 1 KHz electric field;
and "c" corresponds to a normal Stark effect with an electric field of 1,200 KHz. As the
electric field frequency approaches the KHz line width range, the Stark curves vary their
frequencies with the electric field frequency and become broadened and somewhat blurred.
When the electric field frequency moves up and beyond the line width range to about 1,200
KHz, the normal Stark type curves again become crisp and distinguishable. In many
respects, the molecule cannot keep up with the rapid electrical field variation and simply
averages the Stark effect. In all three cases, the cyclic splitting of the Stark frequencies is
modulated with the electrical field frequency, or its' first harmonic (i.e., 2X the electrical
field frequency).
The next frequency measurement that an ever-increasing electrical frequency will
overtake in a molecule is the transitional frequency between two rotational levels (i.e.,
hyperfine frequencies). As the electric field frequency approaches a transitional frequency
between two levels, the radiation of the transitional frequency in the molecule will induce
transitions back and forth between the levels. The molecule oscillates back and forth
between both levels, at the frequency of the electric field. When the electric field and
transition level frequencies are substantially the same (i.e., in resonance), the molecule will
be oscillating back and forth in both levels, and the spectral lines for both levels will appear
simultaneously and at approximately the same intensity. Normally, only one frequency level
is seen at a time, but a resonant electric field causes the molecule to be at both levels at
essentially the same time, and so both transitional frequencies appear in its' spectrum.
Moreover, for sufficiently large electric fields (e.g., those used to generate plasmas)
additional transition level frequencies can occur at regular spacings substantially equal to the
electric field frequency. Also, splitting of the transition level frequencies can occur, at
frequencies of the electric field frequency divided by odd numbers (e.g., electric field
frequency "fs" divided by 3, or 5, or 7, i.e., fE/3 or fE/5, etc.).
All the varied effects of electric fields cause new frequencies, new splitting
frequencies and new energy level states.
Further, when the electric field frequency equals a transition level frequency of for
instance, an atom or molecule, a second component with an opposite frequency charge and
equal intensity can develop. This is negative Stark effect, with the two components of equal
and opposite frequency charges destructively canceling each other. In spectral chemistry
terms this amounts to a negative catalyst or poison in the holoreaction system, if the transition
thus targeted was important to the reaction pathway. Thus, electric fields cause the Stark
effect, which is the splitting, shifting, broadening, or changing intensity and changing
transitional states of spectral frequencies for matter, (e.g., atoms and molecules). As with
many of the other mechanisms that have been discussed herein, changes in the spectral
frequencies of holoreaction systems can affect the reaction rate and/or reaction pathway. For
example, consider a holoreaction system like the following:

where A&B are reactants, C is a physical catalyst, I stands for the intermediates, and D&F
are the products.
Assume arguendo that the reaction normally progresses at only a moderate rate, by
virtue of the fact that the physical catalyst produces several frequencies that are merely close
to harmonics of the intermediates. Further assume that when an electric field is added, the
catalyst frequencies are shifted so that several of the catalyst frequencies are now exact or
substantially exact harmonics of the intermediates. This will result in, for example, the
reaction being catalyzed at a faster rate. Thus, the Stark effect can be used to obtain a more
efficient energy transfer through the matching of frequencies (i.e., when frequencies match,
energies transfer).
If a reaction normally progresses at only a moderate rate, many "solutions" have
included subjecting the reaction system to extremely high pressures. The high pressures
result in a broadening of the spectral patterns, which improves the transfer of energy through
a matching of resonant frequencies. By understanding the underlying catalyst mechanisms of
action, high-pressure systems could be replaced with, for example, a simple electric field
which produces broadening. Not only would this be less costly to an industrial manufacturer,
it could be much safer for manufacturing due to the removal of, for example, high-pressure
equipment.
Some reactants when mixed together do not react very quickly at all but when an
electric field is added they react rather rapidly. The prior art may refer to such a reaction as
being catalyzed by an electric field and the equations would look like this:

where E is the electric field. In this case, rather than applying a catalyst "C" (as discussed
previously) to obtain the products "D + F", an electric: field "E" can be applied. In this
instance, the electric field works by changing the spectral frequencies (or spectral pattern) of
one or more components in the reaction system so that the frequencies come into resonance,
and the reaction can proceed along a desired reaction pathway (i.e., when frequencies match,
energy is transferred). Understood in this way, the electric field becomes just another tool to
change spectral frequencies of atoms and molecules, and thereby affect reaction rates in
spectral chemistry.
Reaction pathways are also important. In the absence of an electrical field, a reaction
pathway will progress to one set of products:

However, if an electrical field is added, at some particular strength of the field, the
spectral frequencies may change so much, that a different intermediate is energized and the
reaction proceeds down a different reaction pathway:

This is similar to the concept discussed earlier herein, regarding the formation of different
products depending on temperature. The changes in temperature caused changes in spectral
frequencies, and hence different reaction pathways were favored at different temperatures.
Likewise, electric fields cause changes in spectral frequencies, and hence different reactions
pathways are favored by different electric fields. By tailoring an electric field to a particular
holoraaction system, one can control not only the raie of the reaction but also the reaction
products produced.
The ability to tailor reactions, with or without a physical catalyst, by varying the
strength of an electric field should be useful in many manufacturing situations. For example,
it might be more cost effective to build only one physical set-up for a reaction system and to
use one or more electric fields to change the reaction dynamics and products, depending on
which product is desired. This would save the expense of having a separate physical set-up
for production of each group of products.
Besides varying the strength of an electric field, the frequency of an electric field can
also be varied. Assuming that a reaction will proceed at a much faster rate if a particular
strength static electric field (i.e., direct current) is added as in the following:

But further assume, that because of reactor design and location, it is much easier to
deliver a time-varying electric field with alternating current. A very low frequency field,
such as with a 60 Hz wall outlet, can produce the normal or static-type Stark effect. Thus, the
reactor could be adapted to the 60 Hz electric field and enjoy the same increase in reaction
rate that would occur with the static electric field.
If a certain physical catalyst produces spectral frequencies that are close to
intermediate frequencies, but are not exact, it is possible that the activity of the physical
catalyst in the past may have been improved by using higher temperatures. As disclosed
earlier herein, the higher temperatures actually broadened the physical catalyst's spectral
pattern to cause the frequency of the physical catalyst to be at least a partial match for at least
one of the intermediates. What is significant here is that high temperature boilers can be
minimized, or eliminated altogether, and in their stead a moderate frequency electric field
which, for example, broadened the spectral frequencies, could be used. For example, a
frequency of around 100 Khz, equivalent to the typical line width frequencies at room
temperature, could broaden substantially all of the spectral curves and cause the physical
catalyst's spectral curves to match those of, for example, required intermediates. Thus, the
electric field could cause the matter to behave as though the temperature had been raised,
even though it had not been. (Similarly, any spectral manipulation, (e.g., electric fields
acoustics, heterodynes, etc., that cause changes in the spectral line width, may cause a
material to behave as though its temperature had been changed).
The cyclic splitting of the Stark frequencies can be modulated with the electrical field
frequency or its' first harmonic (i.e., first-order Stark effects are modulated with the electrical
field frequency, while second-order Stark effects are modulated by two times the electrical
field, frequency). Assume that a metallic platinum catalyst is used in a hydrogen reaction and
it is desired to stimulate the 2.7 MHz hyperfine frequency of the hydrogen atoms. Earlier
herein it was disclosed that electromagnetic radiation could be used to deliver the 2.7 MHz
frequency. However, use of an alternating electric field at 2.7 MHz could be used instead.
Since platinum is a metal and conducts electricity well, the platinum can be considered to be
a part of the alternating current circuit. The platinum will exhibit a Stark effect, with all the
frequencies splitting at a rate of 2.7 MHz. At sufficiently strong electric fields, additional
transition frequencies or "sidebands" will occur at regular spacings equal to the electric field
frequency. There will be dozens of split frequencies in the platinum atoms that are
heterodynes of 2.7 MHz. This massive heterodyned output may stimulate the hydrogen
hyperfine frequency of 2.7 MHz and direct the reaction.
Another way to achieve this reaction, of course, would be to leave the platinum out of
the reaction altogether. The 2.7 MHz field will have a resonant Stark effect on the hydrogen,
separate and independent of the platinum catalyst. Copper is not normally catalytic for
hydrogen, but copper could be used to construct a reaction vessel like a Stark waveguide to
energize the hydrogen. A Stark waveguide is used to perform Stark spectroscopy. It is
shown as Figures 61a and 61b. Specifically, Figure 61a shows the construction of the Stark
waveguide, whereas Figure 61b shows the distribution of fields in the Stark waveguide. The
electrical field is delivered through the conducting plate. A reaction vessel could be made for
the flow-through of gases and use an economical metal such as copper for the conducting
plate. When the 2.7 MHz alternating current is delivered through the electrical connection to
the copper conductor plate, the copper spectral frequencies, none of which are particularly
resonant with hydrogen, will exhibit a Stark effect with normal-type splitting. The Stark
frequencies will be split at a rate of 2.7 MHz. At a sufficiently strong electric field strength,
additional sidebands will appear in the copper, with regular spacings (i.e., heterodynes) of 2.7
MHz even though none of the actual copper frequencies matches the hydrogen frequencies,
the Stark splitting or heterodynes will match the hydrogen frequency. Dozens of the copper
split frequencies may resonate indirectly with the hydrogen hyperfine frequency and direct
the reaction (i.e., when frequencies match, energies transfer).
With sophisticated equipment and a good understanding of a particular system, Stark
resonance can be used with a transition level frequency. For example, assume that to achieve
a particular reaction pathway, a molecule needs to be stimulated with a transition level
frequency of 500 MHz. By delivering the 500 MHz electrical field to the molecule, this
resonant electrical field may cause the molecule to oscillate back and forth between the two
levels at the rate of 500 MHz. This electrically creates the conditions for light amplification
(i.e., laser via stimulation of multiple upper energy levels) and any added electromagnetic
radiation at this frequency will be amplified by the molecule. In this manner, an electrical
field may substitute for the laser effects of physical catalysts.
In summary, by understanding the underlying spectral mechanisms of chemical
reactions, electric fields can be used as yet another tool to catalyze and modify those
chemical reactions and/or reaction pathways by modifying the spectral characteristics, for
example, at least one participant and/or one or more components in the holoreaction system.
Thus, another tool for mimicking catalyst mechanisms of reactions can be utilized.
MAGNETIC FIELDS
In spectral terms, magnetic fields behave similar to electric fields in their effect.
Specifically, the spectral frequency lines, for instance of atoms and molecules, can be split
and shifted by a magnetic field. In this case, the external magnetic field from outside the
atom or molecule, interacts with the electric and magnetic fields already inside the atom or
molecule.
This action of an external magnetic field on spectral lines is called the "Zeeman
Effect", in honor of its' discoverer, Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman. In 1896, Zeeman
discovered that the yellow flame spectroscopy "D" lines of sodium were broadened when the
flame was held between strong magnetic poles. It was later discovered that the apparent,
broadening of the sodium spectral lines was actually due to their splitting and shifting.
Zeeman's original observation has evolved into a separate branch of spectroscopy, relating to
the study of atoms and molecules by measuring the changes in their spectral lines caused by a
magnetic field. This in turn has evolved into the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
and magnetic resonance imaging used in medicine, as well as the laser magnetic resonance
and electron spin resonance spectroscopy used in physics and chemistry.
The Zeeman effect for the famous "D" lines of sodium is shown in Figures 62a and
62b. Figure 62a shows the Zeeman effect for sodium "D" lines; whereas Figure 62b shows
the energy level diagram for the transitions in the Zeeman effect for the sodium "D" lines.
The "D" lines are traditionally said to result from transition between the 3p2P and 3s2S
electron orbitals. As is shown, each of the single spectral frequencies is split into two or
more slightly different frequencies, which center around the original unsplit frequency.
In the Zeeman effect, the amount that the spectral frequencies are split apart depends
on the strength of the applied magnetic field. Figure 63 shows Zeeman splitting effects for
the oxygen atom as a function of magnetic field. When there is no magnetic field, there are
two single frequencies at zero and 4.8. When the magnetic field is at low strength (e.g., 0.2
Tesla) there is just slight splitting and shifting of the original two frequencies. However, as
the magnetic field is increased, the frequencies are split and shifted farther and farther apart.
The degree of splitting and shifting in the Zeeman effect, depending on magnetic field
strength, is shown in Figure 64 for the 3P state of silicon.
As with the Stark effect generated from an external electric field, the Zeeman effect,
generated from an external magnetic field, is slightly different depending on whether an atom
or molecule is subjected to the magnetic field. The Zeeman effect on atoms can be divided
into three different magnetic field strengths: weak; moderate; and strong. If the magnetic
field strength is weak, the amount that the spectral frequencies will be shifted and split apart
will be very small. The shifting away from the original spectral frequency will still stimulate
the shifted frequencies. This is because they will be so close to the original spectral
frequency that they will still be well within its resonance curve. As for the splitting, it is so
small, that it is even less than the hyperfine splitting that normally occurs. This means that in
a weak magnetic field, there will be only very slight splitting of spectral frequencies,
translating into very low splitting frequencies in the lower regions of the radio spectrum and
down into the very low frequency region. For example, the Zeeman splitting frequency for
the hydrogen atom, which is caused by the earth's magnetic field, is around 30 KHz. Larger
atoms have even lower frequencies in the lower kilohertz and even hertz regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
Without a magnetic field, an atom can be stimulated by using direct resonance with a
spectral frequency or by using its fine or hyperfine splitting frequencies in the infrared
through/microwave, or microwave through radio regions, respectively. By merely adding a
very weak magnetic field, the atom can be stimulated with an even lower radio or very low
frequency matching the Zeeman splitting frequency. Thus, by simply using a weak magnetic
field, a spectral catalyst range can be extended even lower into the radio frequency range.
The weak magnetic field from the Earth causes Zeeman splitting in atoms in the hertz and
kilohertz ranges. This means that all atoms, including those in biological organisms, are
sensitive to hertz and kilohertz EM frequencies, by virtue of being subjected to the Earth's
magnetic field.
At the other end of magnetic field strength, is the very strong magnetic field. In this
case, the splitting apart and shifting of the spectral frequencies will be very wide. With this
wide shifting of frequencies, the difference between the split frequencies will be much larger
than the difference between the hyperfine splitting frequencies. This translates to Zeeman
effect splitting frequencies at higher frequencies than the hyperfine splitting frequencies. This
splitting occurs somewhere around the microwave region. Although the addition of a strong
magnetic field does not extend the reach in the electromagnetic spectrum at one extreme or
the other, as a weak magnetic field does, it still does provide an option of several more
potential spectral catalyst frequencies that can be used in the microwave region.
The moderate magnetic field strength case is more complicated. The shifting and
splitting caused by the Zeeman effect from a moderate magnetic field will be approximately
equal to the hyperfine splitting. Although not widely discussed in the prior art, it is possible
to apply a moderate magnetic field to an atom, to produce Zeeman splitting which is
substantially equivalent to its' hyperfine splitting. This presents interesting possibilities.
Methods for guiding atoms in chemical reactions were disclosed earlier herein by stimulating
atoms with hyperfine splitting frequencies. The Zeeman effect provides a way to achieve
similar effects without introducing any spectral frequencies at all. For example, by
introducing a moderate magnetic field, resonance may be set-up within the atom itself, that
stimulates and/or energizes and/or stabilizes the atom.
The moderate magnetic field causes low frequency Zeeman splitting that matches and
hence energizes the low frequency hyperfine splitting frequency in the atom. However, the
low hyperfine splitting frequencies actually correspond to the heterodyned difference
between two vibrational or fine structure frequencies. When the hyperfine splitting frequency
is stimulated, the two electronic frequencies will eventually be stimulated. This in turn
causes the atom to be, for example, stimulated. Thus, the Zeeman effect permits a spectral
energy catalyst stimulation of an atom by exposing that atom to a precise strength of a
magnetic field, and the use of spectral EM frequencies is not required (i.e., so long as
frequencies match, energies will transfer). The possibilities are quite interesting because an
inert holoreaction system may suddenly spring to life upon the application of the proper
moderate strength magnetic field.
There is also a difference between the "normal" Zeeman effect and the "anomalous"
Zeeman effect. With the "normal" Zeeman effect, a spectral frequency is split by a magnetic
field into three frequencies, with expected even spacing between them (see Figure 65a which
shows the "normal" Zeeman effects and Figure 65b which shows the "anomalous" Zeeman
effects). One of the new split frequencies is above the original frequency, and the other new
split frequency is below the original frequency. Both new frequencies are split the same
distance away from the original frequency. Thus, the difference between the upper and
original and the lower and original frequencies is about the same. This means that in terms of
heterodyne differences, there are at most, two new heterodyned differences with the normal
Zeeman effect. The first heterodyne or splitting difference is the difference between one of
the new split frequencies and the original frequency. The other splitting difference is
between the upper and lower new split frequencies. It is, of course, twice the frequency
difference between either of the upper or lower frequencies and the original frequency.
In many instances the Zeeman splitting produced by a magnetic field results in more
than three frequencies, or in splitting that is spaced differently than expected. This is called
the "anomalous" Zeeman effect (see Figures 65 and 66; wherein Figure 66 shows an
anomalous Zeeman effect for zinc 3p ? 3s.
If there are still just three frequencies, and the Zeeman effect is anomalous because
the spacing is different than expected, the situation is similar to the normal effect. However,
there are at most, two new splitting frequencies that can be used. If, however, the effect is
anomalous because more than three frequencies are produced, then there will be a much more
richly varied situation. Assume an easy case where there are four Zeeman splitting
frequencies (see Figures 67a and Figure 67b). Figure 67a shows four Zeeman splitting
frequencies and Figure 67b shows four new heterodyned differences.
In this example of anomalous Zeeman splitting, there are a total of four frequencies,
where once existed only one frequency. For simplicity's sake, the new Zeeman frequencies
will be labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4. Frequencies 3 and 4 are also split apart by the same difference
"w". Thus, "w" is a heterodyned splitting frequency. Frequencies 2 and 3 are also split apart
by a different amount "x". So far there are two heterodyned splitting frequencies, as in the
normal Zeeman effect.
However, frequencies 1 and 3 are split apart by a third amount "y", where "y" is the
sum of "w" and "x". And, frequencies 2 and 4 are also split apart by the same third amount
"y". Finally, frequencies 1 and 4 are split even farther apart by an amount "z". Once again,
"z" is a summation amount from adding "w + x + w". Thus, the result is four heterodyned
frequencies: w, x, y, and z in the anomalous Zeeman effect.
If there were six frequencies present from the anomalous Zeeman effect, there would
be even more heterodyned differences. Thus, the anomalous Zeeman effect results in far
greater flexibility in the choice of frequencies when compared to the normal Zeeman effect.
In the normal Zeeman effect the original frequency is split into three evenly spaced
frequencies, with a total of just two heterodyned frequencies. In the anomalous Zeeman
effect the original frequency is split into four or more unevenly spaced frequencies, with at
least four or more heterodyned frequencies.
Similar Zeeman effects can occur in molecules. Molecules come in three basic
varieties: ferromagnetic; paramagnetic; and diamagnetic. Ferromagnetic molecules are
typical magnets. The materials typically hold a strong magnetic field and are composed of
magnetic elements such as iron, cobalt, and nickel.
Paramagnetic molecules hold only a weak magnetic field. If a paramagnetic material
is put into an external magnetic field, the magnetic moment of the molecules of the material
are lined up in the same direction as the external magnetic field. Now, the magnetic moment
of the molecules is the direction in which the molecules own magnetic field is weighted.
Specifically, the magnetic moment of a molecule will tip to whichever side of the molecule is
more heavily weighted in terms of its own magnetic field. Thus, paramagnetic molecules
will typically tip in the same direction as an externally applied magnetic field. Because
paramagnetic materials line up with an external magnetic field, they are also weakly attracted
to sources of magnetic fields.
Common paramagnetic elements include oxygen, aluminum, sodium, magnesium,
calcium and potassium. Stable molecules such as oxygen (O2) and nitric oxide (NO) are also
paramagnetic. Molecular oxygen makes up approximately 20% of our planet's atmosphere.
Both molecules play important roles in biologic organisms. In addition, unstable molecules,
more commonly known as free radicals, chemical reaction intermediates or plasmas, are also
paramagnetic. Paramagnetic ions include hydrogen, manganese, chromium, iron, cobalt, and
nickel. Many paramagnetic substances occur in biological organisms. For instance the blood
flowing in our veins is an ionic solution containing red blood cells. The red blood cells
contain hemoglobin, which in turn contains ionized iron. The hemoglobin, and hence the red
blood cells, are paramagnetic. In addition, hydrogen ions can be found in a multitude of
organic compounds and reactions. For instance, the hydrochloric acid in a stomach contains
hydrogen ions. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy system of nearly all biological
organisms, requires hydrogen and manganese ions to function properly. Thus, the very
existence of life itself depends on paramagnetic materials.
Diamagnetic molecules, on the other hand, are repelled by a magnetic field, and line
up what little magnetic moments they have away from the direction of an external magnetic
field. Diamagnetic substances do not typically hold a magnetic field. Examples of
diamagnetic elements include hydrogen, helium, neon, argon, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus,
chlorine, copper, zinc, silver, gold, lead, and mercury. Diamagnetic molecules include water,
most gases, organic compounds, and salts such as sodium chloride. Salts are really just
crystals of diamagnetic ions. Diamagnetic ions include lithium, sodium, potassium,
rubidium, caesium, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, ammonium, and sulphate. Ionic
crystals usually dissolve easily in water, and as such the ionic water solution is also
diamagnetic. Biologic organisms are filled with diamagnetic materials, because they are
carbon-based life forms. In addition, the blood flowing in our veins is an ionic solution
containing blood cells. The ionic solution (i.e., blood plasma) is made of water molecules,
sodium ions, potassium ions, chlorine ions, and organic protein compounds. Hence, our blood
is a diamagnetic solution carrying paramagnetic blood cells.
With regard to the Zeeman effect, first: consider the case of paramagnetic molecules.
As with atoms, the effects can be categorized on the basis of magnetic field strength. If the
external magnetic field applied to a paramagnetic molecule is weak, the Zeeman effect will
produce splitting into equally spaced levels. In most cases, the amount of splitting will be
directly proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, a "first-order" effect. A general
rule of thumb is that a field of one (1) oersted (i.e., slightly larger than the earth's magnetic
field) will produce Zeeman splittings of approximately 1.4 MHz in paramagnetic molecules.
Weaker magnetic fields will produce narrower splittings, at lower frequencies. Stronger
magnetic fields will produce wider splittings, at higher frequencies. In these first order
Zeeman effects, there is usually only splitting, with no shifting of the original or center
frequency, as was present with Zeeman effects on atoms.
In many paramagnetic molecules there are also second-order effects where the
Zeeman splitting is proportional to the square of the magnetic field strength. In these cases,
the splitting is much smaller and of much lower frequencies. In addition to splitting, the
original or center frequencies shift as they do in atoms, proportional to the magnetic field
strength.
Sometimes the direction of the magnetic field in relation to the orientation of the
molecule makes a difference. For instance, p frequencies are associated with a magnetic field
parallel to an exciting electromagnetic field, while o frequencies are found when it is
perpendicular. Both n and a frequencies are present with a circularly polarized
electromagnetic field. Typical Zeeman splitting patterns for a paramagnetic molecule in two
different transitions are shown in Figure 68a and 68b. The p frequencies are seen when AM
= 0, and are above the long horizontal line. The a frequencies are seen when AM = ± 1, and
are below the long horizontal line. If a paramagnetic molecule was placed in a weak
magnetic field, circularly polarized light would excite both sets of frequencies in the
molecule. Thus, it is possible to control which set of frequencies are excited in a molecule by
controlling its orientation with respect to the magnetic field.
When the magnetic field strength is intermediate, the interaction between the
paramagnetic molecule's magnetic moments and the externally applied magnetic field
produces Zeeman effects equivalent to other frequencies and energies in the molecule. For
instance, the Zeeman spitting may be near a rotational frequency and disturb the end-over-
end rotational motion of the molecule. The Zeeman splitting and energy may be particular or
large enough to uncouple the molecule's spin from its molecular axis.
If the magnetic field is very strong, the nuclear magnetic moment spin will uncouple
from the molecular angular momentum. In this case, the Zeeman effects overwhelm the
hyperfine structure, and are of much higher energies at much higher frequencies. In spectra
1 £TO
of molecules exposed to strong magnetic fields, hyperfine splitting appears as a small
perturbation of the Zeeman splitting.
Next, consider Zeeman effects in so called "ordinary molecules" or diamagnetic
molecules. Most molecules are of the diamagnetic variety, hence the designation "ordinary".
This includes, of course, most organic molecules found in biologic organisms. Diamagnetic
molecules have rotational magnetic moments from rotation of the positively charged nucleus,
and this magnetic moment of the nucleus is only about 1/1000 of that from the paramagnetic
molecules. This means that the energy from Zeeman splitting in diamagnetic molecules is
much smaller than the energy from Zeeman splitting in paramagnetic molecules. The
equation for the Zeeman energy in diamagnetic molecules is:

where J is the molecular rotational angular momentum, I is the nuclear-spin angular
momentum, gj is the rotational g factor, and g1 is the nuclear-spin g factor. This Zeeman
energy is much less, and of much lower frequency, than the paramagnetic Zeeman energy. In
terms of frequency, it falls in the hertz and kilohertz regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Finally, consider the implications of Zeeman splitting for catalyst and chemical
reactions and for spectral chemistry. A weak magnetic field will produce hertz and kilohertz
Zeeman splitting in atoms and second order effects in paramagnetic molecules. Virtually any
land of magnetic field will produce hertz and kilohertz Zeeman splitting in diamagnetic
molecules. All these atoms and molecules will then become sensitive to radio and very low
frequency (VLF) electromagnetic waves. The atoms and molecules will absorb the radio or
VLF energy and become stimulated to a greater or lesser degree. This could be used to add
spectral energy to, for instance, a particular molecule or intermediate in a chemical
holoreaction system. For instance, for hydrogen and oxygen gases turning into water over a
platinum catalyst, the hydrogen atom radical is important for maintaining the reaction. In the
earth's weak magnetic field, Zeeman splitting for hydrogen is around 30 KHz. Thus, the
hydrogen atoms in the holoreaction system, could be energized by applying to them a
Zeeman splitting frequency for hydrogen (e.g., 30 KHz). Energizing the hydrogen atoms in
the holoreaction system will duplicate the mechanisms of action of platinum, and catalyze the
reaction. If the reaction was moved into outer space, away from the earth's weak magnetic
field, hydrogen would no longer have a 30 KHz Zeeman splitting frequency, and the 30 KHz
would no longer as effectively catalyze the reaction.
The vast majority of materials on this planet, by virtue of existing within the earth's
weak magnetic field, will exhibit Zeeman splitting in the hertz and kilohertz regions. This
applies to biologies and organics as well as inorganic or inanimate materials. Humans are
composed of a wide variety of atoms, diamagnetic molecules, and second order effect
paramagnetic molecules. These atoms and molecules all exist in the earth's weak magnetic
field. These atoms and molecules in humans all have Zeeman splitting in the hertz and
kilohertz regions, because they are in the earth's magnetic; field. Biochemical and
biocatalytic processes in humans are thus sensitive to hertz and kilohertz electromagnetic
radiation, by virtue of the fact that they are in the earth's weak magnetic field. As long as
humans continue to exist on this planet, they will be subject to spectral energy catalyst effects,
from hertz and kilohertz EM waves because of the Zeeman effect from the planet's magnetic
field. This has significant implications for low frequency communications, as well as
chemical and biochemical reactions, diagnostics, and treatment of diseases.
A strong magnetic field will produce splitting greater than the hyperfine frequencies,
in the microwave and infrared regions of the EM spectrum in atoms and paramagnetic
molecules. In the hydrogen/oxygen reaction, a strong field could be added to the
holoreaction system and transmit MHz and/or GHz frequencies into the reaction to energize
the hydroxy radical and hydrogen reaction intermediates. If physical platinum was used to
catalyze the reaction, the application of a particular magnetic field strength could result in
both the platinum and the reaction intermediate spectra having frequencies that were split and
shifted in such a way that even more frequencies matched than without the magnetic field. In
this way, Zeeman splitting can be used to improve the effectiveness of a physical catalyst, by
copying its mechanism of action (i.e., more frequencies could be caused to match and thus
more energy could transfer).
A moderate magnetic field will produce Zeeman splitting in atoms and paramagnetic
molecules at frequencies on par with the hyperfine and rotational splitting frequencies. This
means that a holoreaction system can be energized without even adding electromagnetic
energy. Similarly, by placing the holoreaction system in a moderate magnetic field that
produces Zeeman splitting equal to the hyperfine or rotational splitting, increased reaction
would occur. For instance, by using a magnetic field that causes hyperfine or rotational
splitting in hydrogen and oxygen gas, that matches the Zeeman splitting in hydrogen atom or
hydroxy radicals, the hydrogen or hydroxy intermediate would be energized and would

proceed through the reaction cascade to produce water. By using the appropriately tuned
moderate magnetic field, the magnetic field could be used to turn the reactants into catalysts
for their own reaction, without the addition of physical catalyst platinum or the spectral
catalyst of platinum. Although the magnetic field would simply be copying the mechanism
of action of platinum, the reaction would have the appearance of being catalyzed solely by an
applied magnetic field.
Finally, consider the direction of the magnetic field in relation to the orientation of the
molecule. When the magnetic field is parallel to an exciting electromagnetic field, n
frequencies are produced. When the magnetic field is perpendicular to an exciting
electromagnetic field, s frequencies are found. Assume that there is an industrial chemical
holoreaction system that uses the same (or similar) starting reactants, but the goal is to be
able to produce different products at will. By using magnetic fields combined with spectral
energy or physical catalysts, the reaction can be guided to one set of products or another. For
the first set of products, the electromagnetic excitation is oriented parallel to the magnetic
field, producing one set of p frequencies, which leads to a first set of products. To achieve a
different product, the direction of the magnetic field is changed so that it is perpendicular to
the exciting electromagnetic field. This produces a different set of a frequencies, and a
different reaction pathway is energized, thus producing a different set of products. Thus,
according to the present invention, magnetic field effects, Zeeman splitting, splitting and
spectral energy catalysts can be used to fine-tune the specificity of many holoreaction
systems.
In summary, by understanding the underlying spectral mechanism to chemical
reactions, magnetic fields can be used as yet another tool to catalyze and modify those
chemical reactions by modifying the spectral characteristics of at least one participant and/or
at least one component in the holoreaction system.
REACTION VESSEL AND CONDITIONING REACTION VESSEL SIZE. SHAPE AND
COMPOSITION
An important consideration in the use of spectral chemistry is the reaction vessel size,
shape and composition. The reaction vessel size and shape can affect the vessel's NOF to
various wave energies (e.g., electromagnetic, acoustic, electrical current, etc). This in turn
may affect holoreaction system dynamics. For instance, a particularly small bench-top
reaction vessel may have an electromagnetic NOF of 1,420 MHz related to a 25 cm
dimension, When a reaction with an atomic hydrogen intermediate is performed in the small
bench-top reaction the reaction proceeds quickly, due in part to the fact that the reactor vessel
and the hydrogen hyperfine splitting frequencies match (1,420 MHz). This allows the
reaction vessel and hydrogen intermediates to resonate, thus transferring energy to the
intermediate and promoting the reaction pathway.
When the reaction is scaled up for large industrial production, the reaction would
occur in a much larger reaction vessel with an electromagnetic NOF of, for example, 100
MHz. Because the reaction vessel is no longer resonating with the hydrogen intermediate,
the reaction proceeds at a slower rate. This deficiency in the larger reaction vessel can be
compensated for, by, for example, supplementing the reaction with 1,420 MHz radiation,
thereby restoring the faster reaction rate.
Likewise, reaction vessel (or conditioning reaction vessel) composition may play a
similar role in holoreaction system dynamics. For example, a stainless steel bench-top
reaction vessel may produce vibrational frequencies which resonate with vibrational
frequencies of a reactant, thus, for example, promoting disassociation of a reactant into
reactive intermediates. When the reaction is scaled up for industrial production, it may be
placed into, for example, a ceramic-lined metal reactor vessel. The new reaction vessel
typically will not produce the reactant vibrational frequency, and the reaction will proceed at
a slower rate. Once again, this deficiency in the new reaction vessel, caused by its different
composition, can be compensated for either by returning the reaction to a stainless steel
vessel, or by supplementing, for example, the vibrational frequency of the reactant into the
ceramic-lined vessel; and/or conditioning the reaction vessel with a suitable conditioning
energy prior to some or all of the other components of the reaction system being introduced
into the reaction vessel.
It should now be understood that all the aspects of spectral chemistry previously
discussed (resonance, targeting, poisons, promoters, supporters, electric and magnetic-fields
both endogenous and exogenous to holoreaction system components, etc.) apply to the
reaction vessel (or conditioning reaction vessel), as well as to. for example, any participant
(or conditionable participant) placed inside it. The reaction vessel (or conditioning reaction
vessel) may be comprised of matter (e.g.. stainless steel, plastic, glass, and/or ceramic, etc.)
or it may be comprised of a field or energy (e.g., magnetic bottle, light trapping, etc.) A
reaction vessel (or conditioning reactor vessel), by possessing inherent properties such as
frequences, waves, and/or fields, may interact with other components in the holoreaction
system and/or at least one participant. Likewise, holding vessels, conduits, etc., some of
which may interact with the holoreaction system, but in which the reaction does not actually
take place, may interact with one or more components in the holoreaction system and may
potentially affect them, either positively or negatively. Accordingly, when reference is made
to the reaction vessel, it should be understood that all portions associated therewith may also
be involved in desirable reactions.
EXAMPLES
The invention will be more clearly perceived and better understood from the
following specific examples.
EXAMPLE 1
REPLACING A PHYSICAL CATALYST WITH A SPECTRAL CATALYST
IN A GAS PHASE REACTION
2H2 + O2 »» platinum catalyst»» 2H2O
Water can be produced by the method of exposing H2 and O2 to a physical platinum
(Pt) catalyst but there is always the possibility of producing a potentially dangerous explosive
risk. This experiment replaced the physical platinum catalyst with a spectral catalyst
comprising the spectral pattern of the physical platinum catalyst, which resonates with and
transfers energy to the hydrogen and hydroxy intermediates.
To demonstrate that oxygen and hydrogen can combine to form water utilizing a
spectral catalyst, electrolysis of water was performed to provide stoichiometric amounts of
oxygen and hydrogen starting gases. A triple neck flask was fitted with two (2) rubber
stoppers on the outside necks, each fitted with platinum electrodes encased in glass for a four
(4) inch length. The flask was filled with distilled water and a pinch of salt so that only the
glass-encased portion of the electrode was exposed to air, and the unencased portion of the
electrode was completely under water. The central neck was connected via a rubber stopper
to vacuum tubing, which led to a Drierite column to remove any water from the produced
gases.
After vacuum removal of all gases in the system (to about 700 mm Hg), electrolysis
was conducted using a 12 V power source attached to the two electrodes. Electrolysis was
commenced with the subsequent production of hydrogen and oxygen gases in stoichiometric
amounts. The gases passed through the Drierite column, through vacuum tubing connected

to positiye and negative pressure gauges and into a sealed 1,000 ml, round quartz flask. A
strip of filter paper, which contained dried cobalt, had been placed in the bottom of the sealed
flask. Initially the cobalt paper was blue, indicating the absence of water in the flask. A
similar cobalt test strip exposed to the ambient air was also blue.
- The traditional physical platinum catalyst was replaced by spectral catalyst platinum
electronic frequencies (with their attendant fine and hyperfine frequencies) from a Fisher
Scientific Hollow Cathode Platinum Lamp which was positioned approximately one inch
(about 2 cm) from the flask. This allowed the oxygen and hydrogen gases in the round quartz
flask to be irradiated with emissions from the spectral catalyst. A Cathodeon Hollow
Cathode Lamp Supply C610 was used to power the Pt lamp at 80% maximum current (12
mAmps). The reaction flask was cooled using dry ice in a Styrofoam container positioned
directly beneath the round quartz flask, offsetting any effects of heat from the Pt lamp. The
Pt lamp was turned on and within two days of irradiation, a noticeable pink color was evident
on the cobalt paper strip indicating the presence of water in the round quartz flask. The
cobalt test strip exposed to ambient air in the lab remained blue. Over the next four to five
days, the pink colored area on the cobalt strip became brighter and larger. Upon
discontinuation of the Pt emission, H2O diffused out of the cobalt strip and was taken up by
the Drierite column. Over the next four to five days, the pink coloration of the cobalt strip in
the quartz flask faded. The cobalt strip exposed to the ambient air remained blue.
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to affect chemical reactions in a
gas phase.
EXAMPLE 2
REPLACING A PHYSICAL CATALYST WITH A SPECTRL CATALYST
IN A LIQUID PHASE REACTION
H2O2 »» platinum catalyst»» H2O + O2
The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is an extremely slow reaction in the absence
of catalysts. Accordingly, an experiment was performed which showed that the physical
catalyst, finely divided platinum, could be replaced with the spectral catalyst having the
spectral pattern of platinum. Hydrogen peroxide, 3%, filled two (2) nippled quartz tubes,
(the nippled quartz tubes consisted of a lower portion about 17 mm internal diameter and
about 150 mm in length, narrowing over about a 10 mm length to an upper capillary portion
being about 2.0 mm internal diameter and about 140 mm m length and were made from
Photo Vac Laser quartz tubing). Both quartz tubes were inverted in 50 ml beaker reservoirs
filled with (3%) hydrogen peroxide to about 40 ml and were shielded from incident light
(cardboard cylinders covered with aluminum foil). One of the light shielded tubes was used
as a control. The other shielded tube was exposed to a Fisher Scientific Hollow Cathode
Lamp for platinum (Pt) using a Cathodeon Hollow Cathode Lamp Supply C610, at 80%
maximum current (12 mA). The experiment was performed several times with an exposure
time ranging from about 24 to about 96 hours. The shielded tubes were monitored for
increases in temperature (there was none) to assure that any reaction was not due to thermal
effects. In a typical experiment the nippled tubes were prepared with hydrogen peroxide
(3%) as described above herein. Both tubes were shielded from light, and the Pt tube was
exposed to platinum spectral emissions, as described above, for about 24 hours. Gas
production in the control tube A measured about four (4) mm in length in the capillary (i.e.,
aboutl2.5 mm3), while gas in the Pt (tube B) measured about 50 mm (i.e.. about 157 mm3).
The platinum spectral catalyst thus increased the reaction rate about 12.5 times.
The tubes were then switched and tube A was exposed to the platinum spectral
catalyst, for about 24 hours, while tube B served as the control. Gas production in the control
(tube B) measured about 2 mm in length in the capillary (i.e., about 6 mm3) while gas in the
Pt tube (tube A) measured about 36 mm (i.e., about 113 mm3), yielding about a 19 fold
difference in reaction rate.
As a negative control, to confirm that any lamp would not cause the same result, the
experiment was repeated with a sodium lamp at 6 mA (80% of the maximum current). Na in
a traditional reaction would be a reactant with water releasing hydrogen gas, not a catalyst of
hydrogen peroxide breakdown. The control tube measured gas to be about 4 mm in length
(i.e., about 12 mm3) in the capillary portion, while the Na tube gas measured to be about
1 mm in length (i.e., about 3 mm3). This indicated that while spectral emissions can
substitute for catalysts, they cannot yet substitute for reactants. Also, it indicated that the
simple effect of using a hollow cathode tube emitting heat and energy into the hydrogen
peroxide, was not the cause of the gas bubble formation, but instead, the spectral pattern of Pt
replacing the physical catalyst caused the reaction.
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to affect a chemical reaction in a
liquid phase and subsequent transformation to a gas phase.
EXAMPLE 3
REPLACING A PHYSICAL CATALYST WITH A SPECTRAL CATALYST
IN A SOLID PHASE REACTION
It is well known that certain microorganisms have a toxic reaction to silver (Ag). The
silver electronic spectrum consists of essentially two ultraviolet frequencies that fall between
UV-A and UV-B. It is now understood through this invention, that the high intensity spectral
frequencies produced in the silver electronic spectrum are ultraviolet frequencies that inhibit
bacterial growth (by creation of free radicals and by causing bacterial DNA damage). These
UV frequencies are essentially harmless to mammalian cells. Thus, it was theorized that the
known medicinal and anti-microbial uses of silver are due to a spectral catalyst effect. In this
regard, an experiment was conducted which showed that the spectral catalyst emitting the
spectrum of silver demonstrated a toxic or inhibitory effect on microorganisms.
Bacterial cultures were placed onto standard growth medium in two petri dishes (one
control and one Ag) using standard plating techniques covering the entire dish. Each dish
was placed at the bottom of a light shielding cylindrical chamber. A light shielding foil-
covered, cardboard disc with a patterned slit was placed over each culture plate. A Fisher
Scientific Hollow Cathode Lamp for Silver (Ag) was inserted through the top of the Ag
exposure chamber so that only the spectral emission pattern from the silver lamp was
irradiating the bacteria on the Ag culture plate (i.e., through the patterned slit). A Cathodeon
Hollow Cathode Lamp Supply C610 was used to power the Ag lamp at about 80% maximum
current (3.6 mA). The control plate was not exposed to emissions of an Ag lamp, and
ambient light was blocked. Both control and Ag plates were maintained at room temperature
(e.g., about 70 - 74T) during the silver spectral emission exposure time, which ranged from
about 12-24 hours in the various experiments. Afterwards, both plates were incubated using
standard techniques (37°C, aerobic Forma Scientific Model 3157. Water-Jacketed Incubator)
for about 24 hours.
The following bacteria (obtained from the Microbiology Laboratory at People's
Hospital in Mansfield, Ohio, US), were studied for effects of the Ag lamp spectral emissions:
1. E. coli;
2. Strep, pneumoniae;
3. Staph, aureus; and
4. Salmonella typhi.
This group included both Gram+ and Gram- species, as well as cocci and rods.
Results were as follows:
1. Controls - all controls showed full growth covering the culture plates;
2. The Ag plates
- areas unexposed to the Ag spectral emission pattern showed full growth.
- areas exposed to the Ag spectral emission pattern showed:
a. E. coli - no growth;
b. Strep, pneumoniae - no growth;
c. Staph, aureus - no growth; and
d. Salmonella tyhli - inhibited growth.
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to catalyze chemical reactions in
in biological organisms. These reactions inhibited growth of the biological organisms.
EXAMPLE 4
REPLACING A PHYSICAL CATALYST WITH A SPECTRAL CATALYST, AND
COMPARING RESULTS TO PHYSICAL CATALYST RESULTS IN A BIOLOGIC
PREPARATION
To further demonstrate that certain susceptible organisms which have a toxic reaction
to silver would have a similar reaction to the spectral catalyst emitting the spectrum of silver,
cultures were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) which included
Escherichia coli #25922, and Klebsiella pneumonia, subsp Pneumoniae, # 13883. Control
and Ag plate cultures were performed as described above. After incubation, plates were
examined using a binocular microscope. The E. coli exhibited moderate resistance to the
bactericidal effects of the spectral silver emission, while the Klebsiella exhibited moderate
sensitivity. All controls exhibited full growth.
Accordingly, an experiment was performed which demonstrated a similar result using
the physical silver catalyst as was obtained with the Ag spectral catalyst. Sterile test discs
were soaked in an 80 ppm, colloidal silver solution. The same two (2) organisms were again
plated, as described above. Colloidal silver test discs were placed on each Ag plate, while the
control plates had none. The plates were incubated as described above and examined under
the binocular microscope. The colloidal silver E. coli. exhibited moderate resistance to the
bactericidal effects of the physical colloidal silver, while the Klebsiella again exhibited
moderate sensitivity. All controls exhibited full growth.
EXAMPLE 5
AUGMENTING A PHYSICAL CATALYST WITH A SPECTRAL CATALYST
To demonstrate that oxygen and hydrogen can combine to form water utilizing a
spectral catalyst to augment a physical catalyst, electrolysis of water was performed to
provide the necessary oxygen and hydrogen starting gases, as in Example 1.
Two quartz flasks (A and B) were connected separately after the Drierite column,
each with its own set of vacuum and pressure gauges. Platinum powder (about 31 mg) was
placed in each flask. The flasks were filled with electrolytically produced stoichiometric
amounts of H2 and O2 to 120 mm Hg. The flasks were separated by a stopcock from the
electrolysis system and from each other. The pressure in each flask was recorded over time
as the reaction proceeded over the physical platinum catalyst. The reaction combines three
(3) moles of gases, (i.e., two (2) moles H2 and one (1) mole O2), to produce two (2) moles
H2O. This decrease in molarity, and hence progress of the reaction, can be monitored by a
decrease in pressure "P" which is proportional, via the ideal gas law, (PV = nRT), to molarity
"n". A baseline rate of reaction was thus obtained. Additionally, the test was repeated filling
each flask with H2 and O2 to 220 mm Hg. Catalysis of the reaction by only the physical
catalyst yielded two baseline reaction curves which were in good agreement between flasks A
and B, and for both the 110 mm and 220 mm Hg tests.
Next, the traditional physical platinum catalyst in flask A was augmented with
spectral catalyst platinum emissions from two (2) parallel Fisher Scientific Hollow Cathode
Platinum Lamps, as in Example 1, which were positioned approximately two (2) cm from
flask A. The test was repeated as described above, separating the two (2) flasks from each
other and monitoring the rate of the reaction via the pressure decrease in each. Flask B
served as a control flask. In flask A, the oxygen and hydrogen gases, as well as the physical
platinum catalyst, were directly irradiated with emissions from the Pt lamp spectral catalyst.
Rate of reaction in the control flask B, was in good agreement with previous baseline
rates. Rate of reaction in flask "A", wherein physical platinum catalyst was augmented with
the platinum spectral pattern, exhibited an overall mean increase of 60%, with a maximal
increase of 70% over the baseline and flask B.
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to change the chemical reaction
properties of a solid catalyst in a gas phase (heterogeneous) reaction system.
EXAMPLE 6
REPLACING A PHYSICAL CATALYST WITH A FINE STRUCTURE HETERODYNED
FREQUENCY
AND
REPLACING A PHYSICAL CATALYST WITH A FINE STRUCTURE FREQUENCY
THE ALPHA ROTATION-VIBRATION CONSTANT
Water was electrolyzed to produce stoichiometric amounts of hydrogen and oxygen
gases as described above herein. Additionally, a dry ice cooled stainless steel coil was placed
immediately after the Drierite column. After vacuum removal of all gases in the system,
electrolysis was accomplished using a 12 V power source attached to the two electrodes,
resulting in a production of hydrogen and oxygen gases. After passing through the Drierite
column, the hydrogen and oxygen gases passed through vacuum tubing connected to positive
and negative pressure gauges, through the dry ice cooled stainless steel coil and then to a
1,000 ml round, quartz flask. A strip of filter paper impregnated with dry (blue) cobalt was in
the bottom of the quartz flask, as an indicator of the presence or absence of water.
The entire system was vacuum evacuated to a pressure of about 700 mm Hg below
atmospheric pressure. Electrolysis was performed, producing hydrogen and oxygen gases in
stoichiometric amounts, to result in a pressure of about 220 mm Hg above atmospheric
pressure. The center of the quartz flask, now containing hydrogen and oxygen gases, was
irradiated for approximately 12 hours with continuous microwave electromagnetic radiation
emitted from a Hewlett Packard microwave spectroscopy system which included an HP
83350B Sweep Oscillator, an HP 851 OB Network Analyzer and an HP 8513A Reflection
Transmission Test Set. The frequency used was 21.4 GHz, which corresponds to a fine
splitting constant, the alpha rotation-vibration constant, of the hydroxy intermediate, and is
thus a harmonic resonant heterodyne for the hydroxy radical. The cobalt strip changed
strongly in color to pink which indicated the presence of water in the quartz flask, whose
creation was catalyzed by a harmonic resonant heterodyne frequency for the hydroxy radical.
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to control a gas phase chemical
reaction.
EXAMPLE 7
REPLACING A PHYSICAL CATALYST WITH A HYPERFINE SPLITTING FREQUENCY
An experimental dark room was prepared, in which there is no ambient light, and
which can be totally darkened. A shielded, ground room (Ace Shielded Room, Ace,
Philadelphia, PA, US, Model A6H3-16; 8 feet wide, 17 feet long, and 8 feet high (about 2.
meters x 5.2 meters x 2.4 meters) copper mesh) was installed inside the dark room.
Hydrogen peroxide (3%) was placed in nippled quartz tubes, which were then
inverted in beakers filled with (3%) hydrogen peroxide, as described in greater detail herein.
The tubes were allowed to rest for about 18 hours in the dark room, covered with non-
metallic light blocking hoods (so that the room could be entered without exposing the tubes
to light). Baseline measurements of gases in the mppled tubes were then performed.
Three nippled RF tubes were placed on a wooden grid table in the shielded room, in
the center of grids 4, 54, and 127; corresponding to distances of about 107 cm, 187 cm, and
312 cm respectively, from a frequency-emitting antenna (copper tubing 15 mm diameter,
4.7 m octagonal circumference, with the center frequency at approximately 6.5 MHz. A 25
watt, 17 MHz signal was sent to the antenna. This frequency corresponds to a hyperfine
splitting frequency of the hydrogen atom, which is a transient in the dissociation of hydrogen
peroxide. The antenna was pulsed continuously by a BK Precision RF Signal Generator
Model 2005A, and amplified by an Amplifier Research amplifier, Model 25A-100. A control
tube was placed on a wooden cart immediately adjacent to the shielded room, in the dark
room. All tubes were covered with non-metallic light blocking hoods.
After about 18 hours, gas production from dissociation of hydrogen peroxide and
resultant oxygen formation in the nippled tubes was measured The RF tube closest to the
antenna produced 11 mm length gas in the capillary (34 mm3), the tube intermediate to the
antenna produced a 5 mm length (10 mm3) gas, and the RF tube farthest from the antenna
produced no gas. The control tube produced 1 mm gas. Thus, it can be concluded that the. RF
hyperfine splitting frequency for hydrogen increased the reaction rate approximately five (5)
to ten (10) times.
In this Example, targeted spectral energy was used to control a chemical reaction in a
liquid phase, resulting in a transformation to a gas phase.
EXAMPLE 8
REPLACING A PHYSICAL CATALYST WITH A MAGNETIC FIELD
Hydrogen peroxide (15%) was placed in nippled quartz tubes, which were then
inverted in beakers filled with (15%) hydrogen peroxide, as described above. The tubes were
allowed to rest for about four (4) hours on a wooden table in a shielded cage, in a dark room.
Baseline measurements of gases in the nippled tubes were then performed.
Remaining in the shielded cage, in the dark room, two (2) control tubes were left on a
wooden table as controls. Two (2) magnetic field tubes were placed on the center platform of
an ETS Helmholtz single axis coil, Model 6402, 1.06 gauss/Ampere, pulsed at about S3 Hz
by a BK Precision 20 MHz Sweep/Function Generator, Model 4040. The voltage output of
the function generator was adjusted to produce an alternating magnetic field of about 19.5
milliGauss on the center platform of the Helmholtz Coil, as measured by a Holaday Model
HI-3627, three (3) axis ELF magnetic field meter and probe. Hydrogen atoms, which are a
transient in the dissociation of hydrogen peroxide, exhibit nuclear magnetic resonance via
Zeeman splitting at this applied frequency and applied magnetic field strength. Thus,
frequency of the alternating magnetic field was resonant with the hydrogen transients.
After about 18 hours, gas production from dissociation of hydrogen peroxide and
resultant oxygen formation in the nippled tubes was measured. The control tubes averaged
about 180 mm gas formation (540mm3) while the tubes exposed to the alternating magnetic
field produced about 810 mm gas (2,430 mm3), resulting in an increase in the reaction rate of
approximately four (4) times.
EXAMPLE 9
NEGATIVELY CATALYZING A REACTION WITH AN ELECTRIC FIELD
Hydrogen peroxide (15%) was placed in four (4) nippled quartz tubes which were
inverted in hydrogen peroxide (15%) filled beakers, as described in greater detail above
herein. The tubes were placed on a wooden table, in a shielded room, in a dark room. After
four (4) hours, baseline measurements were taken of the gas in the capillary portion of the
tubes.
An Amplifier Research self-contained electromagnetic mode cell ("TEM") Model
TC1510A had been placed in the dark, shielded room. A sine wave signal of about 133 MHz
was provided to the TEM cell by a BK Precision RF Signal Generator, Model 2005 A, and an
Amplifier Research amplifier, Model 25A100. Output levels on the signal generator and
amplifier wave adjusted to produce an electric field (E-field) of about five (5) V/m in the
center of the TEM cell, as measured with a Holaday Industries electric field probe, Model HI-
4433GRE, placed in the center of the lower chamber.
Two of the hydrogen peroxide filled tubes were placed- in the center of the upper
chamber of the TEM cell, about 35 cm from the wall of the shielded room. The other two (2)
tubes served as controls and were placed on a wooden table, also about 35 cm from the same
wall of the shielded, dark room, and removed from the immediate vicinity of the TEM cell,
so that there was no ambient electric field, as confirmed by E-field probe measurements.
The 133 MHz alternating sine wave signal delivered to the TEM cell was well above
the typical line width frequency at room temperature (e.g., about 100 KHz) and was theorized
to be resonant with an n=20 Rydberg state of the hydrogen atom as derived from

where E is the change in energy in cm-1, c is 7.51 +/- 0.02 for the hydrogen state n = 20 and E
is the electric field intensity in (Kv/cm)2.
After about five (5) hours of exposure to the electric field, the mean gas production in
the tubes subjected to the E-field was about 17.5 mm, while mean gas production in the
control tubes was about 58 mm.
While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory or explanation, it is believed
that the alternating electric field resonated with an upper energy level in the hydrogen atoms,
producing a negative Stark effect, and thereby negatively catalyzing the reaction.
EXAMPLE 10
AUGMENTATION OF A PHYSICAL CATALYST BY IRRADIATING
REACTANTS/TRANSIENTS WITH A SPECTRAL CATALYST
Hydrogen and oxygen gases were produced in stoichiometric amounts by electrolysis,
as previously described in greater detail above herein. A stainless steel coil cooled in dry ice
was placed immediately after the Drierite column. Positive and negative pressure gauges
were connected after the coil, and then a 1,000 ml round quartz flask was sequentially
connected with a second set of pressure gauges.
At the beginning of each experimental run, the entire, system was vacuum evacuated
to a pressure of about minus 650 mm Hg. The system was sealed for about 15 minutes to
confirm the maintenance of the generated vacuum and integrity of the connections.
Electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen and oxygen gases was performed, as described
previously.
Initially, about 10 mg of finely divided platinum was placed into the round quartz
flask. Reactant gases were allowed to react over the platinum and the reaction rate was
monitored by increasing the rate of pressure drop over time, as previously described. The
starting pressure was approximately in the mid-90's mm Hg positive pressure, and the ending
pressure was approximately in the low 30's over the amount of time that measurements were
taken. Two (2) control runs were performed, with reaction rates of about 0.47 mm Hg/minute
and about 0.48 mm Hg/minute.
For the third run, a single platinum lamp was applied, as previously described, except
that the operating current was reduced to about eight (8) mA and the lamp was positioned
through the center of the flask to irradiate only the reactant/transient gases, and not the
physical platinum catalyst. The reaction rate was determined, as described above, and was
found to be about 0.63 mm Hg/minute, an increase of 34%.
EXAMPLE 11
APPARENT POISONING OF A REACTION BY THE SPECTRAL PATTERN
OF A PHYSICAL POISON
The conversion of hydrogen and oxygen gases to water, over a stepped platinum
physical catalyst, is known to be poisoned by gold. Addition of gold to this platinum
catalyzed reaction reduces reaction rates by about 95%. The gold blocks only about one sixth
of the platinum binding sites, which according to prior art, would need to be blocked to
poison the physical catalyst to this degree. Thus, it was theorized that a spectral interaction
of the physical gold with the physical platinum and/or reaction system could also be
responsible for the poisoning effects of gold on the reaction It was further theorized that
addition of the gold spectral pattern to the reaction catalyzed by physical platinum could also
poison the reaction.
Hydrogen and oxygen gases were produced by electrolysis, as described above in
greater detail. Finely directed platinum, about 15 mg, was added to the round quartz flask.
Starting pressures were about in the 90's mm Hg positive pressure, and ending pressures
were about in the 2O's mm Hg over the amount of time that measurements were taken.
Reaction rates were determined as previously described. The first control run revealed a
reaction rate of about 0.81 mm Hg/minute.
In the second run, a Fisher Hollow Cathode Gold lamp was applied, as previously
described, at an operating frequency of about eight (8) niA, (S0% maximum current),
through about the center of the round flask. The reaction rate increased to about 0.S7 mm
Hg/minute.
A third run was then performed on the same reaction flask and physical platinum that
had been in the flask exposed to the gold spectral pattern. The reaction rate decreased to
about 0.75 mm Hg/minute.
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to control an environmental
reaction condition (poison) and change the chemical reaction properties of a physical catalyst
in a heterogeneous catalyst reaction system.
EXAMPLES 12 - 23
VARIOUS SODIUM CHLORIDE CRYSTALLIZATION EXPERIMENTS
For the following Examples 12-23, the below-listed Equipment, materials and
experimental procedures were utilized (unless stated differently in each Example).
a) Equipment and Materials
- Sterile water - Bio Whittaker, contained in one liter clear, plastic bottles, processed
by ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, deionization, and distillation.
- Sodium Chloride, Fisher Chemicals, Lot No. 025149, packaged in gray plastic 3 Kg
bottles. The sodium chloride, in crystalline form, is characterized as follows:
Sodium Chloride; Certified A.C.S.
Certificate of Lot Analysis
Barium (Ba) (about 0.001%) - P.T.
Bromide (Br)-0.01%
Calcium (Ca) - 0.0007%
Chlorate and Nitrate (as NO3) - 0.0006%
Heavy Metals (as Pb) - 0.4ppm
Insoluble Matter - 0.001%
Iodide (I) - 0.0004%
Iron (Fe) - 0.4ppm
Magnesium (Mg) - 0.0003%
Nitrogen Compounds (as N) - 0.0003%
pH of 5% solution at 25°C - 6.8
Phosphate (PO3) - 1ppm
Potassium (K) - 0.001%
Sulfate (SO4)- 0.003%
- Potassium Chloride, Fisher Chemicals, packaged in gray plastic 3 Kg bottles. The
potassium chloride, in crystalline form, is characterized as follows;:
Potassium Chloride. Certified A. C. S.
Certificate of Lot Analysis
Bromide-0.01%
Chlorate and Nitrate (as NO3) - less than 0.003%
Nitrogen Compounds (as N) - less than 0.001%
Phosphate - less than 5ppm
Sulfate - less than 0.001%
Barium 0.001%
Calcium and R2O3 Precipitate - less than 0.002%
Heavy Metals (as Pb) - less than 5ppm
Iron - less than 2ppm
Sodium - less than 0.005%
Magnesium - less than 0.001%
Iodide - less than 0.002%
pH of 5% solution at 25°C - 5.4 to 8.6
Insoluable Matter - less than 0.005%
- Sodium Bromide, Fisher Chemicals, packaged in small (e.g., pint-sized) brown
glass jars. The sodium bromide, in crystalline form; is charazterized as follows:
Sodium Bromide, Certified A. C. S.
Certified Lot Analysis
Barium - less than 0.002%
Bromate - less than 0.001%
Calcium - less than 0.002%
Magnesium - less than 0.001%
Chloride - less than 0.2%
Heavy Metals (as Pb) - less than 5ppm
Insoluble Matter- less than 0.005%
Iron - less than 5ppm
Nitrogen Compounds (as N) — less than 5ppm
pH of a 5% solution at 25°C - 5.5 to 8.8
Potassium - less than 0.1%
Sulfate - less than 0.002%
- Humboldt Bunsen burner, with Coleman propane fuel.
- One or more sodium lamps, Stonco 70Watt high-pressure sodium security wall light,
fitted with a parabolic aluminum reflector directing the light away from the housing. The
sodium bulb was a Type S62 lamp, 120V, 60Hz, 1.5A made in Hungary by Jemanamjjasond.
One or more sodium lamps was/were mounted at various angles, and location^) as specified
in each experiment. Unless stated differently in the Example, the lamp was located at about
15 inches (about 38 cm) from the beakers or dishes to maintain substantially consistent
intensities.
- Potassium lamp, Thermo Oriel, 10 W spectral line potassium lamp #65070 with
Thermo Oriel lamp mount #65160 and Thermo Oriel spectral lamp power supply #65150.
The potassium lamp was mounted overhead with the bulb oriented horizontally and about 9
inches (about 23 cm) from the crystallization dishes.
- Full spectrum lamp, 75 W, frosted Chromalux full spectrum lamp (containing full
visible spectra of sodium, potassium, chlorine, and bromine). The full spectrum lamp was
mounted overhead with the bulb oriented vertically and also, typically, about 15inches from
the beakers or dishes used in the various Examples, unless stated differently in each Example.
- Shielded room in a darkened room, Ace Shielded Room Ace, Philadelphia, PA,
U. S. Model A6H3-16, copper mesh, with a width of about eight feet, a length of about 17
feet and a height of about eight feet (about 2.4 meters x 5.2 meters x 2.4 meters).
b) Preparation of Solutions
i) Classical Solution - The apparatus used to make a classical solution is shown
schematically in Figure 70. Water (about 800 ml) was placed into a glass Beaker 104 and
was heated with a Bunsen burner 101 from room temperature to about 55°C in about 6-12
minutes. Salt was added in about 50 gram amounts and the solution 105 was stirred with a
glass stir rod (not shown) until no more salt would dissolve and undissolved salt remained on
the bottom of the Beaker 104. The solution 105 was then allowed to equilibrate overnight
(about 16 hours) before being decanted for use in the various crystallization experiments
discussed later herein.
ii) Conditioned Solution - The apparatus used to make a conditioned solution is
shown in Figure 71. Water (about 800 ml) was heated by the sodium lamp 112 and housing
111, which together were positioned below the Beaker 104. The light from the bulb 112 was
made to be incident on the bottom of the Beaker 104 through an aluminum foil cylinder 110
which functioned as a light guide. The temperature of the solution 105 was raised to about
55°C in about 40 minutes. Salt was added in about 50 gram amounts and the solution 105
was stirred with a glass stir rod until no more salt would dissolve and undissolved salt
remained on the bottom of the Beaker 104. The solution 105 was allowed to equilibrate
overnight (about 16 hours) before being decanted for use in the various crystallization
experiments discussed later herein.
The D lines in the sodium electronic spectrum are resonant with vibrational overtones
of water. Engineering, these vibrational overtones of water changes its material properties as
a solvent. Thus, the sodium lamp can be used to condition the water and change its material
properties before it is used in a crystallization solution.
c) Crystallization Procedures
i) Classical Crystallization - Saturated solution was placed in a beaker or in a
crystallization dish and left undisturbed in the presence of ambient overhead fluorescent
lighting.
ii) Spectral Crystallization - Prepared solution (both saturated and slightly diluted
solutions - depending on the specific example) was placed in a beaker or in a crystallization
dish and left undisturbed in the presence of irradiation from one or more positioned sodium
or potassium lamps (as discussed in each Example). The sodium electronic spectrum
produced by the sodium lamp affected NaCl phase changes.
d) Spectral Delivery Configurations
i) Cone - Aluminum foil cone light guide fitted around a sodium light bulb, extending
about 23 cm from the bulb, with the distal end formed around a uniform diameter of about
1.8 cm.
ii) Cylinder - Aluminum foil cylinder light guide fitted around a sodium light bulb,
extending about 23 cm from the bulb, with a uniform diameter of about 6 cm.
iii) Parabolic - Aluminum dish (e.g., from a small stove-top burner) fitted around a
sodium light bulb without a foil light guide.
e) Ambient Lighting
All experimental conditions described in the Examples occurred in the presence of
standard fluorescent lighting. The fluorescent lamps were Sylvania Cool White Deluxe
Fluorescent Lamps, 75 watts, and were each about eight (8) feet long (about 2.4 meters long).
The lamps were suspended in pairs approximately 3.5 meters above the laboratory counter on
which the experimental set-up was located. There were six (6) pairs of lamps present in a
room which measured approximately 25 feet by 40 feet (7.6 meters x 12.1 meters).
EXAMPLE 12
Classical saturated NaCl solution (about 100 ml) at room temperature (22°C) was
placed into Beaker #1. A spectral saturated NaCl solution (about 100 ml) at room
temperature (22°C) was placed into Beaker #2. Beaker #3 with about 100 ml classical
solution and Beaker #4 with about 100 ml of spectral solution were placed into an aluminum
foil-wrapped bucket as controls. Beakers #1 and #2 were eacn placed under a single
overhead sodium lamp 112 with a cone delivery configuration 120 (as shown in Figure 72).
Crystallization proceeded overnight (about 20 hours) under ambient overhead fluorescent
lighting.
Results: Beakers #1 and #2 showed increased primary nucleation, and increased
growth rate compared to the controls. Beaker #2, with a spectral solution, showed
substantially increased primary nucleation and more overall crystallization (about 3.8 grams
total) compared to the classical solution in Beaker #1 (about 3.3 grams total). In addition,
crystals from the spectral solution had an altered morphology which included glass sheets,
pyramid structures, and hollow pyramids inside cubic structures.
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to control phase changes and
material properties in liquid and solid materials.
EXAMPLE 13
Classical saturated NaCl solution (about 50 ml) made about seven 7 days before and
made on a counter about 10 feet away from the nearest sodium lamp during Example 12, was
placed into each of three separate beakers in a dark, shielded room. Spectral cone
crystallization in various configurations, with no ambient light, proceeded overnight as
follows: 1) single horizontal sodium lamp (Figure 75a); 2) two horizontal sodium lamps at
right angles to each other (Figure 75b); and 3) two horizontal lamps at right angles to each
other and one overhead lamp (Figure 75c).
Results: Compared to classical solutions not exposed to ambient sodium spectral
irradiation, this solution grew crystals that exhibited substantially increased primary
nucleation and all crystals were small (e.g., less than 1 mm) sand-like crystals.
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to control phase changes and
material properties in liquid and solid materials.
EXAMPLE 14
Classical saturated NaCl solution prepared as above was; filtered and about 50 ml was
placed into each of three beakers which were then placed into the aforementioned shielded
room. Beaker #1 had four horizontal sodium lamps with cones (Figure 75d), and all at
approximate right angles to each other. Beaker #2 had four overhead sodium lamps with
cones, and positioned at right angles to each other and at about a 45 degree angle from the
horizontal (Figure 75e). Beaker #3 was placed in a control bucket. Crystallization proceeded
overnight (about 18 hours) with no ambient light present in the shielded room.
Results: Beaker #1 (four horizontal sodium lamps at right angles and as shown in
Figure 75d) grew cubes (about 4-11 mm on a side) and large crystals with significant
twinning (about 16 mm on a side). Four overhead sodium lamps at approximate 45° angles
(Figure 75e), grew twinned cubes (about 5-10 mm) and large hoppers (with the largest
measuring about 13x13x7 mm). Figures 81a and 81b show some of the crystals grown
according to this Example, with Figure 81b showing the largest crystal grown. The control in
total darkness showed no growth.
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to control phase changes,
structures, and material properties in solid and liquid materials.
EXAMPLE 15
The experimental procedure was identical to the experimental procedure of Example
14, except that spectral NaCl solution was used rather than classical NaCl solution.
Results: Beaker #1 (four horizontal sodium lamps at approximate right angles
(Figure 75d), grew many small twinned cubes (about 3-4 mm on a side). Beaker #2 (four
overhead sodium lamps at approximately 45° angles from horizontal and substantially equally
spaced from each other (Figure 75e), grew many small twinned cubes (about 4-5 mm on a
side) and a few twinned crystals. The control maintained in total darkness showed no
growth. The spectral solution exhibited increased nucleation.
Twinned cubic crystals from Beakers 1 and 2 were removed and placed in fresh
spectral, saturated, filtered NaCl solution in the shielded room with the same spectral cone
crystallization overnight.
Results: Crystals in both Beakers #1 and #2 grew pyramidal corners and rims onto
the twinned cubes with substantially increased primary nucleation.

In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to control phase changes,
structure, and material properties in solid and liquid materials.
Example 16
Classical saturated NaCl solution was both prepared and stored in the dark. Beakers
with 100 ml filtered solution were placed into the dark, shielded room with the following setup:
1) four horizontal sodium lamps with cones at approximate right angles (Figure 75d); 2)
four overhead sodium lamps with cones at about 45° angles (Figure 75e); 3) on a table about
8 feet from the sodium lamps; and 4) in an aluminum foil-covered bucket. Crystallization
proceeded overnight (about 20 hours) with no ambient light present.
Results: - Beaker #1 (four horizontal sodium lamps), "Figure 75d, grew many
twinned cubes (about 3-4 mm), pyramids, rods, twinned crystals, and a cubic corner, with a
total weight of 6.1 grams. Beaker #2 (four sodium lamps at about 45°), Figure 75e, grew
twinned cubes and crystals (about 4-5 mm on a side), and a large twinned crystal (about 18 x
11 mm) with a total weight of about 9.5 grams. Beaker #3 (i.e., on the table 8 feet away)
grew many small (about 1 mm) crystals, with a total weight of about 2.7 grams. Beaker #4
(aluminum foil-covered bucket) grew about 0.2 grams of very small crystals (less than about
1 mm).
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to control phase changes,
structure, and material properties in solid and liquid materials.
EXAMPLE 17
The experimental procedure was identical to the experimental procedure of Example
14, except that a spectral NaCl solution prepared in the dark was used.
Results: Beaker #1 (four horizontal sodium lamps), Figure 75d, grew many (greater
than 50) small cubes (about 2-4 mm on a side). Beaker #2 (four sodium lamps oriented at
about 45°), Figure 75e, grew fewer (approximately 30) but larger cubes (about 5-7 mm on a
side) and pyramids. The crystals in both Beakers #1 and #2 were growing above a layer of
more than 100 sandy consistency crystals. The control, maintained in total darkness in the
aluminum foil-wrapped bucket, showed no crystallization. The crystals grown from the
spectral solutions appear to produce many more nucleations and this solution preparation
technique should be applicable when a polycrystalline phase or thin film may be useful.
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to control phase changes,
structure, and material properties in solid and liquid materials.
EXAMPLE 18
A spectral NaCl solution was prepared and filtered and about 50 ml of solution was
placed into each of five different sized beakers #'s 1-5 as follows: 1) 50 ml beaker; 2) 150 ml
beaker; 3) 250 ml beaker; 4) 400 ml beaker; and 5) 600 ml beaker. About 50 ml of solution
was also placed into each of control Beakers #'s 6-10 as follows: 6) 50 ml beaker: 7) 150 ml
beaker; 8) 250 ml beaker; 9) 400 ml beaker; and 10) 600 ml beaker. Beakers #'sl-5 were
placed under overhead sodium lamps 112 with cone delivery configuration 120, as shown in
Figure 94. Beakers #'s 6-10 were placed in a cabinet with the doors covered with aluminum
foil to block light from entering into the cabinet. Crystallization proceeded overnight (about
16 hours) with no ambient light present.
Results, For the spectral crystallizations, the following results were achieved:
1) approximately 25 cubes (about 1.5-2 mm); 2) approximately 12 cubes (about 3-5 mm);
3) approximately 25 cubes (about 3-6 mm); 4) approximately 20 cubes (up to about 9 mm);
5) approximately 25 cubes (about 3-6 mm).
For the controls, the following results were achieved: 6) approximately 15 cubes
(most about 1 mm); 7) approximately 10 cubes (about 1.5 mm); 8) approximately 4 cubes
(about 3 mm) and a rod (about 1.5 x 9 mm); 9) approximately 8 cubes (about 2-4 mm);
10) approximately 12 cubes (about 3-6 mm). Thus, with the same solution and amount and
crystallization process, crystal yields and growth are affected by the size and/or shape of the
beaker (e.g., container or reaction vessel effects).
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to affect phase changes, material
properties, and structure in solid and liquid materials.
EXAMPLE 19
Classical NaCl solution prepared in the dark was filtered and about 100 ml placed into
three separate beakers (about 600 ml in size) in the dark, shielded room. Beaker #1 was
illuminated by two horizontal sodium lamps and one overhead sodium lamp (Figure 75c).
Beaker #2 was illuminated by one horizontal lamp, one overhead lamp at about 90 degrees to
the horizontal lamp, and one lamp at about 45 degrees between the horizontal and overhead
lamps (Figure 75g). The control Beaker #3 was placed in an aluminum foil-wrapped bucket.
Crystallization proceeded overnight (about 20 hours) with no ambient light present.
Results: The control in the aluminum, foil-wrapped bucket showed no crystallization.
Beaker #1 (2 horizontal/1 overhead; Figure 75c) grew more than 50 cubes (2 about 4 mm)
and approximately 10 rods (about 3-11 mm in length). Beaker #2 (horizontal, 45 degrees,
overhead; Figure 75g) grew approximately 15 cubes (about 5-12 mm) many of which were
twinned and/or hoppers, a few rods (up to about 22 x 2 mm) and two polycrystalline clusters.
Thus, it appears that direction and orientation of the spectral input during crystallization
affects crystal growth and morphology.
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to affect phase changes,
structure, and material properties of solid and liquid materials.
EXAMPLE 20
Water in its original clear plastic packaging was conditioned overnight (about 19
hours) by irradiation with a sodium lamp. Classic NaCl solution was prepared using the
conditioned water under ambient fluorescent lighting. The saturated classic solution was
filtered and about 100 ml was placed into three beakers (about 600 ml in size) in a dark,
shielded room at about 24°C. Beaker #1 was illuminated by two horizontal sodium lamps
and one overhead sodium lamp (Figure 75c). Beaker #2 was illuminated by one horizontal
lamp, one overhead lamp at about 90 degrees to the horizontal lamp, and one lamp at about
45 degrees between the horizontal and overhead lamp (Figure 75g). The control Beaker #3
was placed in an aluminum foil-wrapped bucket. Crystallization proceeded with no ambient
light for Beakers 1-3.
Results: The control in the aluminum foil-wrapped bucket showed a few pinpoints
of crystallization (too little to collect and weigh). Beaker #1 (two horizontal/one overhead;
Figure 75c) grew hundreds of small cubic (about 1.5 mm) crystals and some small rods,
about 5.9 grams. Beaker #1 fluid level was about 90 ml and the solution temperature was
about 27°C. Beaker #2 (horizontal, 45 degrees, overhead; Figure 75g) grew hundreds of
small cubic (about 1.5 mm) crystals with some rods, total weight about 5.6 grams. The
solution level was approximately 80 ml and the solution temperature was about 27°C. Thus,
solutions prepared classically from irradiated water showed an increase in nucleation.
In this Example, water was conditioned with a spectral conditioning pattern and a
spectral pattern (both comprising sodium lamp) and crystal growth was affected relative to
the control.
EXAMPLE 21
Classical NaCl solution, prepared under ambient fluorescent lights and stored in
aluminum foil, was filtered and about 100 ml was placed into two beakers (about 600 ml in

size) in a shielded, dark room at about 25°C. Beaker #1 was placed under an overhead
sodium lamp with cone (Figure 72), and Beaker #2 was placed into an aluminum foil-
wrapped bucket. Classic NaCl solution, prepared with sodium lamp-conditioned water under
ambient fluorescent lights and stored in aluminum foil, was also filtered and about 100 ml
was placed into two beakers (about 600 ml in size) in a shielded room at about 24°C. Beaker
#3 was placed under an overhead sodium lamp with cone (Figure 72). and Beaker #4 was
placed into an aluminum foil-wrapped bucket. Crystallization proceeded overnight (about 21
hours) with no ambient light present
Results: Beaker #1 with classic solution grew about 7.0 grams total of about 1 mm
cubic crystals. Beaker #3 with conditioned water solution grew about 6.2 grams total of
about 1.5 mm crystals. Control Beakers #2 and #4 had essentially no growth.
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to affect phase changes,
structure, and material properties of solid and liquid materials.
EXAMPLE 22
The procedure in Example 21 was repeated. Results were similar.
Results: Beaker #1 with classic solution grew about 2.5 grams of about 1 mm cubic
crystals. Beaker #3 with conditioned water solution grew about 2.3 grams of about 1.5 mm
crystals. Control Beakers #2 and #4 had essentially no growth. Both solutions crystallized
the same weight of NaCl, but the crystals from the irradiated water solution were larger (and
hence fewer in number). Thus, it appears that sodium spectral conditioning of water prior to
preparing classical saturated NaCl solutions affects subsequent crystal size and nucleation.
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to affect phase change,
structure, and material properties of solid and liquid materials.
EXAMPLE 23
Classical NaCl solution stored in aluminum foil was filtered and about 100 ml was
placed into Beakers #1 and #2 (about 600 ml in size). Classical NaCl solution stored
wrapped in a black plastic bag was filtered and about 100 ml was placed into Beakers #3 and
#4 (about 600 ml in size). Classical NaCl solution stored wrapped in clear plastic was
filtered and about 100 ml was placed into Beakers #5 and #6 (about 600 ml in size). Beakers
#1, #3, and #5 were placed under an overhead sodium lamp with cone Figure 72). Control
Beakers #2, #4, and #6 were placed in a light-tight cabinet. Crystallization proceeded
overnight (about 20 hours) with no ambient light present.

Results:
1. (foil, sodium lamp) - about 1 mm crystals, about 0.8 grams total weight
2. (foil, control) - no growth
3. (black plastic, sodium lamp) - about 3-7 mm cubic crystals, some twinning, about
1.2 grams total weight
4. (black plastic, control) - less than 0.4 mm crystals, about 0.25 grams total weight
5. (clear plastic, sodium lamp) - about 3-4 mm cubic crystals, no twinning, about 1.7
grams total weight
6. (clear plastic, control) - about 1.5 mm crystals, about 0.38 g total weight
Thus, aluminum foil coverings on the outside of the Pyrex beaker during storage conditioned
the saturated solution and inhibited subsequent NaCl crystal nucleation and growth.
Solutions exposed to ambient light during solution equilibration overnight have more crystal
growth by weight. Accordingly, it appears that storage containers and/or spectral conditions
and/or conditioning of solutions preparation before, during, and after affect subsequent
crystallization from solutions.
In this Example, targeted spectral energies and environmental reaction conditions
were used to affect phase changes in solid and liquid materials.
EXAMPLE 24
INCREASE IN MEASURED pH IN A NaCl/WATER SOLUTION
DUE TO A SODIUM SPECTRAL PATTERN
This Example demonstrates the effects of conditioning a conditionable participant
(distilled water) with a conditioning energy (sodium lamp) by dissolving crystalline sodium
chloride (NaCl) into the water and monitoring pH changes,
a) Equipment and Materials
The following reference numerals refer to those items shown schematically in Figures
76, 77 and 78, which correspond to Examples 24a, 24b and 24c, respectively. Figure 79
shows the pH electrode 109 in greater detail. Like reference numerals have been used
whenever possible.
100 - Bemzomatic propane fuel.
101 - Humboldt Bunsen burner.
102 - Ring stand.
103 - Cast iron hot plate from Fisher Scientific.
104 -1000 ml Pyrex™ cylindrical beaker.
105 - A solution of water, or of sodium chloride and water.
- Sodium Chloride, Fisher Chemicals, Lot No. 025149, packaged in gray plastic 3 Kg
bottles. The sodium chloride, in crystalline form, is characterized as follows:
Sodium Chloride: Certified A.C.S.
Certificate of Lot Analysis
Barium (Ba) (about 0.001%) - P.T.
Bromide (Br) -0.01%
Calcium (Ca) - 0.0007%
Chlorate and Nitrate (as NO3) - 0.0006%
Heavy Metals (as Pb) - 0.4ppm
Insoluble Matter - 0.001%
Iodide (I) - 0.0004%
Iron (Fe) - 0.4ppm
Magnesium (Mg) - 0.0003%
Nitrogen Compounds (as N) - 0.0003%
pH of 5% solution at 25°C - 6.8
Phosphate (PO3) - lppm
Potassium (K) - 0.001%
Sulfate (SO4)-0.003%
- Distilled Water - American Fare, contained in one (1) gallon translucent, colorless,
plastic jugs, processed by distillation, microfiltration and ozonation. Source, Greeneville
Municipal Water supply, Greeneville, Tennessee. Stored in cardboard boxes in a dark,
shielded room prior to use in the experiments described in Examples 24a, 24b and 24c.
106 - Support structure for pH meter.
107 -An AR20 "pH/mV/'C/Conductivity" meter from Accumet Research (Fisher
Catalog No. 13-636-AR20 2000/2001 Catalog).
108 - Temperature probe for pH meter.
109 - pH Electrode for AR20 pH meter (Fisher 2000-2001 Catalog #13-620-285); and
shown in greater detail in Figure 79.
110 - Aluminum foil tube made from kitchen grade aluminum foil, medium duty.
111 - Stonco 70 watt high-pressure sodium security wall fixture (TLW Series
Twilighter Wallprism model) fitted with a parabolic aluminum, reflector which directs the
light from the housing.
112 - One or more sodium lamps, Stonco 70Watt high-pressure sodium security wall
light, fitted with a parabolic aluminum reflector directing the light away from the housing.
The sodium bulb was a Type S62 lamp, 120V, 60Hz, 1.5A made in Hungary by
Jemanamjjasond. One or more sodium lamps was/were mounted at various angles, and
location(s) as specified in each experiment. Unless stated differently in the Example, the
lamp was located at about 15 inches (about 38 cm) from the beakers or dishes to maintain
substantially consistent intensities.
113-Ring stand.
114-Chain clamp.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
EXAMPLE 24a
Figure 76 is a schematic of the experimental apparatus used to generate baseline
measured pH information at about 55°C as a function of time. In this Example 24a, the
Bunsen burner 101 was supplied with propane fuel from the fuel source 100 via a flexible
rubber tube 115. The flame from the Bunsen burner 101 was caused to be incident upon a
cast iron hot plate 103 which was attached to a ring stand 102. A 1000 ml Pyrex
cylindrical beaker 104 was placed on top of the cast iron hot plate 103. The beaker 104
contained approximately 800 ml of distilled water obtained from American Fare. An AR20
pH/mV/ºc/Conductivity meter 107 from Accumet Research communicated with the 800 ml
of distilled water and later with the solution 105 through a temperature probe 108 and a pH
electrode 109. More details of the pH electrode can be seen ir. Figure 79. The pH meter was
elevated to a convenient height by the use of a support structure 106.
The pH of the distilled water in the beaker 104 was first measured at room
temperature and then heated to about 55°C in about 15-20 minutes by use of the Bunsen
burner heating the hot plate 103 and the hot plate 103 radiating its conditioning energy to the
beaker 104 containing the distilled water. The water temperature was monitored by the
Accumet meter 107. Once a temperature of about 55°C was obtained, about 50 grams of
sodium chloride (certified A. C. S. and as discussed above herein), were added to the 800 ml
of distilled water in the beaker 104 to form the solution 105. The sodium chloride was stirred
into the 800 ml of distilled water by use of glass stirring rod and complete dissolution of the
sodium chloride occurred within about 30-45 seconds. The temperature, of the solution 105
was reduced by approximately 1/2 to 1°C, but was quickly brought back to about 55°C by the
Bunsen burner 101 and cast iron hot plate 103 in a matter of a few seconds. The electrodes
108 and 109 were temporarily removed from the solution 105 to permit the stilling, mixing
and dissolution of the sodium chloride into the distilled water. However, the electrodes 10S
and 109 were immediately reinserted into the solution 105 upon completion of the stirring.
Figure 80a shows the results of three (3) separate experiments corresponding to the
experimental apparatus of Figure 76. The plotted data show the change in measured pH of the solution 105 as a function of time at a temperature of about 55ºC. In particular, the pH of
the distilled water alone was first measured at room temperature and then measured at about
55°C, and thereafter the pH of the solution 105 was measured about every two minutes after
the addition and dissolution of sodium chloride. The time measurements were all at intervals
of about two minutes with a final measurement after about 40 minutes.
The AR20 meter 107, which used the pH electrode 109 (the electrode being shown in
more detail in Figure 79), were together calibrated by using two different buffer solutions.
The first buffer solution had a pH of 4.00 +/- 0.01 at 25"C, and was a solution of potassium
bipthalate. A second buffer solution had a pH of 7.00 +/- 0.01 at 25°C, and was a solution of
potassium phosphate monobasic-sodium hydroxide. Both solutions were 0.05 Molar, both
were certified and both were obtained from Fisher Chemicals. The use of these buffer
solutions was intended to insure accuracy of the readings from the pH electrode.
All experimental conditions described in the Example occurred in the presence of
standard fluorescent lighting. The fluorescent lamps were Sylvania Cool White Deluxe
Fluorescent Lamps, 75 watts and were each eight (8) feet (about 2.4 meters) long. The lamps
were suspended in pairs approximately 3.5 meters above the laboratory counter on which the
experimental set-up was located. There were six (6) pairs of lamps present in a room which
measured approximately 25 feet by 40 feet (about 7.6 meters x 12.1 meters).
EXAMPLE 24b
Figure 77 is a schematic of the experimental apparatus used to generate measured pH
information at about 55°C as a function of time. In this Example 24b, the Bunsen burner 101
was supplied with propane fuel from the fuel source 100 via a flexible rubber tube 115. The
flame from the Bunsen burner 101 was caused to be incident upon a cast iron hot plate 103
which was attached to a ring stand 102. A 1000 ml Pyrex™ cylindrical beaker 104 was
placed on top of the cast iron hot plate 103. The beaker 104 contained approximately 800 ml
of distilled water obtained from American Fare. An AR20 pH/mV/ºC/Conductivity meter
107 from Accumet Research communicated with the 800 ml of distilled water and later with
the solution 105 through a temperature probe 108 and a pH electrode 109. More details of
the pH electrode can be seen in Figure 79. The pH meter was elevated to a convenient height
by the use of a support structure 106.
The pH of the distilled water in the beaker 104 was first measured at room
temperature and then heated to about 55°C in about 15-20 minutes by use of the Bunsen
burner heating the hot plate 103. The water temperature was monitored by the Accumet
meter 107. Once a temperature of about 55°C was obtained, about 50 grams of sodium
chloride (certified A. C. S. and discussed above herein), were added to the 800 ml of distilled
water in the beaker 104 to form the solution 105. The sodium chloride was stirred into the
800 ml of distilled water by use of glass stirring rod and complete dissolution of the sodium
chloride occurred within about 30-45 seconds. The temperature of the solution 105 was
reduced by approximately 1/2 to 1°C, but was quickly brought back to about 55ºC by the
Bunsen burner 101 and cast iron hot plate 103 in a matter of a few seconds. The electrodes
108 and 109 were temporarily removed from the solution 105 to permit the stirring, mixing
and dissolution of the sodium chloride into the distilled water. However, the electrodes 108
and 109 were immediately reinserted upon completion of the stirring.
A ring stand 113 was positioned adjacent to the ring stand 102 such that a high
pressure sodium light 112 contained within a housing 111, and surrounded by an aluminum
foil tube 110 permitted light emitted from the bulb 112 to be transmitted through the
aluminum foil tube 110 and become incident upon a side of the beaker 104. The ring stand
113 was positioned such that the end of the aluminum tube 110 adjacent to the side of the
beaker 104 was about 1/2 inch to 3/4 inch away from the side of the beaker 104. The tube
110 measured about eight (8) inches long and was about 3 1/2 inches in diameter. The top
end of the sodium light bulb 112 was about five (5) inches from the end of the tube 110. In
this Example 24b, the sodium light bulb 112 was actuated at about the same time that the
electrodes 108 and 109 were reinserted into the solution 105 which is after the sodium
chloride had been mixed into and dissolved in the distilled water. The light fixture 111 was
fixed to the ring stand 113 by use of a chain clamp 114.
Figure 80b shows the results of three (3) separate experiments corresponding to the
experimental apparatus of Figure 77. The plotted data show the change in measured pH of
the solution 105 as a function of time at a temperature of about 55 ºC. In particular, the pH of
the distilled water alone was first measured at room temperature and then measured at about
55°C, and thereafter measured about every two minutes after the addition and dissolution of
sodium chloride and the activation of the high pressure sodium light 112. The time
measurements were all at intervals of about two minutes.
The AR20 meter 107, which used the pH electrode 109 (the electrode being shown in
more detail in Figure 79) were together calibrated by using two different buffer solutions.
The first buffer solution had a pH of 4.00 +/- 0.01 at about 25°C, and was a solution of
potassium bipthalate. A second buffer solution had a pH of 7.00 +/- 0.01 at about 25°C, and
was a solution of potassium phosphate monobasic-sodium hydroxide. Both solutions were
0.05 Molar, both were certified and both were obtained from Fisher Chemicals. The use of
these buffer solutions was intended to insure accuracy of the pH readings from the pH
electrode.
All experimental conditions described in the Example occurred in the presence of
standard fluorescent lighting. The fluorescent lamps were Sylvania Cool White Deluxe
Fluorescent Lamps, 75 watts and were each about eight (8) feet (about 2.4 meters) long. The
lamps were suspended in pairs approximately 3.5 meters above the laboratory counter on
which the experimental set-up was located. There were six (6) pairs of lamps present in a
room which measured approximately 25 feet by 40 feet (about 7.6 meters x 12.1 meters).
EXAMPLE 24c
Figure 78 is a schematic of the experimental apparatus used to generate measured pH
information where the temperature of the distilled water in the beaker 104, and later in the
solution 105, in the beaker 104 was heated exclusively by use of a high pressure sodium bulb
112 contained in a fixture 111.
This Example 24c differs from the previous Examples 24a and 24b in that no Bunsen
burner was provided for heating. In this regard, the only heat that was generated from the
energy emitted by the combination of the high pressure sodium bulb 112, and the fixture 111.
In particular, the energy was transmitted to the bottom of the beaker 104 initially containing
the distilled water, and later to the solution 105, through the use of the aluminum foil tube
110. Specifically, the ring stand 102 supported the beaker 104 by the use of the chain clamp
114. The beaker 104 was initially lowered into the aluminum foil tube 110 such that
approximately 150-200 ml of the distilled water contained in the beaker 104 was physically
located inside of the aluminum foil tube 110. The tube 110 measured about seven (7) inches
long and was about four (4) inches in diameter. The top end of the sodium light bulb 112 was
about four (4) inches from the end of the tube 110. Once the distilled water temperature
achieved about 55°C after about 11/4-1 1/2 hours, the sodium chloride was added, as
discussed above. The chain clamp 114 was then raised vertically slightly upon the ring stand
102 so that the bottom of the beaker 104 was now positioned slightly outside of the aluminum
foil tube 110 (as shown in Figure 78). Experience caused (he precise final location of the
bottom of the beaker 104 to be about 1/2 inch - 3/4 inch above the end of the aluminum foil
tube 110. The primary difference between this Example 24c and the previous two Examples
24a and 24b is that the only energy provided to the distilled water and the solution 105 came
from the combination of the sodium bulb 112 and the fixture 111.
Figure 80c shows the results of three (3) separate experiments corresponding to the
experimental apparatus of Figure 78. The plotted data show the change in measured pH of
the solution 105 as a function of time at a temperature of about 55°C. In particular, the pH of
the distilled water alone was first measured at room temperature and then measured at about
55°C, and thereafter the pH of the solution 105 was measured about every two minutes after
the addition and dissolution of sodium chloride. The time measurements were all at intervals
of about two minutes.
The AR20 meter 107, which used the pH electrode 109 (the electrode being shown in
more detail in Figure 79) were together calibrated by using two different buffer solutions.
The first buffer solution had a pH of 4.00 +/- 0.01 at about 25ºC, and was a solution of
potassium bipthalate. A second buffer solution had a pH of 7.00 +/- 0.01 at about 25°C, and
was a solution of potassium phosphate monobasic-sodium hydroxide. Both solutions were
0.05 Molar, both were certified and both were obtained from Fisher Chemicals. The use of
these buffer solutions was intended to insure accuracy of the pH readings from the pH
electrode.
All experimental conditions described in the Example occurred in the presence of
standard fluorescent lighting. The fluorescent lamps were Sylvania Cool White Deluxe
Fluorescent Lamps, 75 watts and were each about eight (8) feet (about 2.4 meters) long. The
lamps were suspended in pairs approximately 3.5 meters above the laboratory counter on
which the experimental set-up was located. There were six (6) of lamps present in a room
which measured approximately 25 feet by 40 feet (about 7.6 meters x 12.1 meters).
EXAMPLE 24d
Figure 71 is a schematic of the experimental apparatus used to generate measured pH
information at about 55°C as a function of time. In this Example 24d, a ring stand 113 was
positioned adjacent to the ring stand 102 such that a high pressure sodium light 112 contained
within a housing 111, and surrounded by an aluminum foil tube 110 permitted light emitted
from the bulb 112 to be transmitted through the aluminum foil tube 110 and become incident
upon a side of the beaker 104. The ring stand 113 was positioned such that the end of the
aluminum tube 110 adjacent to the side of the beaker 104 was about 1/2 inch to 3/4 inch
(about 2.0 cm to about 2.5 cm) away from the side of the beaker 104. The tube 110 measured
about eight (8) inches (about 2.4 meters) long and was about 3 1/2 inches (about 8.5 cm) in
diameter. The top end of the sodium light bulb 112 was about five (5) inches (about 12.5 cm)
from the end of the tube 110. In this Example 24d, the sodium light bulb 112 was actuated
about 40 minutes before heating the water with the Bunsen burner and irradiated the solution
continuously throughout the pH measurements. The light fixture 111 was fixed to the ring
stand 113 by use of a chain clamp 114.
The Bunsen burner 101 was supplied with propane fuel from the fuel source 100 via a
flexible rubber tube 115. The flame from the Bunsen burner 101 was caused to be incident
upon a cast iron hot plate 103 which was attached to a ring stand 102. A 1000 ml Pyrex™
cylindrical beaker 104 was placed on top of the cast iron hot plate 103. The beaker 104
contained approximately 800 ml of distilled water obtained from American Fare. An AR20
pH/mVrC/Conductivity meter 107 from Accumet Research communicated with the 800 ml
of distilled water and later with the solution 105 through a temperature probe 108 and a pH
electrode 109. More details of the pH electrode can be seen in Figure 79. The pH meter was
elevated to a convenient height by the use of a support structure 106.
The pH of the distilled water in the beaker 104 was first measured at room
temperature before actuating the sodium lamp. After the 40 minute Na lamp conditioning,
the water was then heated to about 55°C in about 15-20 minutes by use of the Bunsen burner
heating the hot plate 103. The water temperature was monitored by the Accumet meter 107.
Once a temperature of about 55 °C was obtained, about 50 grams of sodium chloride (certified
A. C. S. and discussed above herein), were added to the 800 ml of distilled water in the
beaker 104 to form the solution 105. The sodium chloride was stirred into the 800 ml of
distilled water by use of glass stirring rod and complete dissolution of the sodium chloride
occurred within about 30-45 seconds. The temperature of the solution 105 was reduced by
approximately 1/2 to 1ºC, but was quickly brought back to about 55°C by the Bunsen burner
101 and cast iron hot plate 103 in a matter of a few seconds. The electrodes 108 and 109
were temporarily removed from the solution 105 to permit the stirring, mixing and
dissolution of the sodium chloride, into the distilled water. However, the electrodes 108 and
109 were immediately reinserted upon completion of the stirring.
Figure 80e shows the results of three (3) separate experiments corresponding to the
experimental apparatus of Figure 77. The plotted data show the change in measured pH of
the solution 105 as a function of time at a temperature of about 55°C. In particular, the pH of
the distilled water alone was first measured at room temperature and then measured at about
55°C, and thereafter measured about every two minutes after the addition and dissolution of
sodium chloride and the activation of the high pressure sodium light 112. The time
measurements were all at intervals of about two minutes.
The AR20 meter 107, which used the pH electrode 109 (the electrode being shown in
more detail in Figure 79) were together calibrated by using two different buffer solutions.
The first buffer solution had a pH of 4.00 +/- 0.01 at about 25ºC, and was a solution of
potassium bipthalate. A second buffer solution had a pH of 7.00 +/- 0.01 at about 25°C, and
was a solution of potassium phosphate monobasic-sodium hydroxide. Both solutions were
0.05 Molar, both were certified and both were obtained from Fisher Chemicals. The use of
these buffer solutions was intended to insure accuracy of the pH readings from the pH
electrode.
All experimental conditions described in the Example occurred in the presence of
standard fluorescent lighting. The fluorescent lamps were Sylvania Cool White Deluxe
Fluorescent Lamps, 75 watts and were each about eight (8) feet (about 2.4 meters) long. The
lamps were suspended in pairs approximately 3.5 feet above the laboratory counter on which
the experimental set-up was located. There were six (6) pairs of lamps present in a room
which measured approximately 25 feet by 40 feet (about 2.6 meters x 12.1 meters).
EXAMPLE 24e
Figure 77 is a schematic of the experimental apparatus used to generate measured pH
information at about 55°C as a function of time. In this Example 24e, a ring stand 113 was
positioned adjacent to the ring stand 102 such that a high pressure sodium light 112 contained
within a housing 111, and surrounded by an aluminum foil tube 110 permitted light emitted
from the bulb 112 to be transmitted through the aluminum foil tube 110 and become incident
upon a side of the beaker 104. The ring stand 113 was positioned such that the end of the
aluminum tube 110 adjacent to the side of the beaker 104 was about 1/2 inch to 3/4 inch
(about 2.0 cm to about 2.5 cm) away from the side of the beaker 104. The tube 110 measured
about eight (8) inches (about 2.4 cm) long and was about 3 1/2 inches (about 8.5 cm) in
diameter. The top end of the sodium light bulb 112 was about five (5) inches (about 12.5 cm)
from the end of the tube 110. In this Example 24e, the sodium light bulb 112 was actuated about 40 minutes and then terminated, before heating the water with the Bunsen burner. The
light fixture 111 was fixed to the ring stand 113 by use of a chain clamp 114.
The Bunsen burner 101 was supplied with propane fuel from the fuel source 100 via a
flexible rubber tube 115. The flame from the Bunsen burner 101 was caused to be incident
upon a cast iron hot plate 103 which was attached to a ring stand 102. A 1000 ml Pyrex™ cylindrical beaker 104 was placed on top of the cast iron hot plate 103. The beaker 104
contained approximately 800 ml of distilled water obtained from American Fare. An AR20
pH/mV/'C/Conductivity meter 107 from Accumet Research communicated with the 800 ml
of distilled water and later with the solution 105 through a temperature probe 108 and a pH
electrode 109. More details of the pH electrode can be seen in Figure 79. The pH meter was elevated to a convenient height by the use of a support structure 106.
The pH of the distilled water in the beaker 104 was first measured at room
temperature, before actuating the sodium lamp conditioning. After the 40 minutes of sodium
lamp conditioning of the water, the water was then heated to about 55°C in about 15-20
minutes by use of the Bunsen burner heating the hot plate 103. The water temperature was monitored by the Accumet meter 107. Once a temperature of about 55°C was obtained, about
50 grams of sodium chloride (certified A. C. S. and discussed above herein), were added to
the 800 ml of distilled water in the beaker 104 to form the solution 105. The sodium chloride
was stirred into the 800 ml of distilled water by use of glass stirring rod and complete
dissolution of the sodium chloride occurred within about 30-45 seconds. The temperature of
the solution 105 was reduced by approximately 1/2 to 1°C, but was quickly brought back to
about 55°C by the Bunsen burner 101 and cast iron hot plate 103 in a matter of a few seconds.
The electrodes 108 and 109 were temporarily removed from the solution 105 to permit the
stirring, mixing and dissolution of the sodium chloride into the distilled water. However, the
electrodes 108 and 109 were immediately reinserted upon completion of the stirring.
Figure 80f shows the results of three (3) separate experiments corresponding to the
experimental apparatus of Figure 77. The plotted data show the change in measured pH of
the solution 105 as a function of time at a temperature of about 55°C. In particular, the pH of

the distilled water alone was first measured at room temperature and then measured at about
55°C, and thereafter measured about every two minutes after the addition and dissolution of
sodium chloride and the activation of the high pressure sodium light 112. The time
measurements were all at intervals of about two minutes.
Figure 80g shows the averages calculated from the data from each of the three (3)
series of experiments from each of Examples 24a, 24b and 24e.
The AR20 meter 107, which used the pH electrode 109 (the electrode being shown in
more detail in Figure 79) were together calibrated by using two different buffer solutions.
The first buffer solution had a pH of 4.00 +/- 0.01 at about 25°C, and was a solution of
potassium bipthalate. A second buffer solution had a pH of about 7.00 +/- 0.01 at about
25 °C, and was a solution of potassium phosphate monobasic-sodium hydroxide. Both
solutions were 0.05 Molar, both were certified and both were obtained from Fisher
Chemicals. The use of these buffer solutions was intended to insure accuracy of the pH
readings from the pH electrode.
All experimental conditions described in the Example occurred in the presence of
standard fluorescent lighting. The fluorescent lamps were Sylvania Cool White Deluxe
Fluorescent Lamps, 75 watts and were each about eight (8) feet (about 2.4 meters) long. The
lamps were suspended in pairs approximately 3.5 meters above the laboratory counter on
which the experimental set-up was located. There were six (6) pairs of lamps present in a
room which measured approximately 25 feet by 40 feet (about 7.6 meters x 12.1 meters).
EXAMPLE 24f
Figure 77 is a schematic of the experimental apparatus used to generate measured pH
information at about 55°C as a function of time. In this Example 24f, a ring stand 113 was
positioned adjacent to the ring stand 102 such that a high pressure sodium light 112 contained
within a housing 111, and surrounded by an aluminum foil tube 110 permitted light emitted
from the bulb 112 to be transmitted through the aluminum foil tube 110 and become incident
upon a side of the beaker 104. The ring stand 113 was positioned such that the end of the
aluminum tube 110 adjacent to the side of the beaker 104 was about 1/2 inch to 3/4 inch
(about 1 cm to about 1.5 cm) away from the side of the beaker 104. The tube 110 measured
about eight (8) inches long (about 20 cm) and was about 3 1/2 inches (about 8.5 cm) in
diameter. The top end of the sodium light bulb 112 was about five (5) inches (about 12.5 cm)
from the end of the tube 110. In this Example 28f, the sodium light bulb 112 was actuated
about 40 minutes, terminated, and pH was measured. The light fixture 111 was fixed to the
ring stand 113 by use of a chain clamp 114.
The Bunsen burner 101 was supplied with propane fuel from the fuel source 100 via a
flexible rubber tube 115. The flame from the Bunsen burner 101 was caused to be incident
upon a cast iron hot plate 103 which was attached to a ring stand 102. A 1000 ml Pyrex™
cylindrical beaker 104 was placed on top of the cast iron hot plate 103. The beaker 104
contained approximately 800 ml of distilled water obtained from American Fare. An AR20
pH/mV/°C/Conductivity meter 107 from Accumet Research communicated with the 800 ml
of distilled water and later with the solution 105 through a temperature probe 108 and a pH
electrode 109. More details of the pH electrode can be seen in Figure 79. The pH meter was
elevated to a convenient height by the use of a support structure 106.
The pH of the distilled water in the beaker 104 was first measured at room
temperature, before actuating the sodium lamp conditioning. After the 40 minutes sodium
lamp conditioning of the water, the following time intervals elapsed before heating the water
to 55°C with the Bunsen burner: 1) 0 minutes; 2) 20 minutes; 3) 40 minutes; 4) 60 minutes;
and 5) 120 minutes. The water was then heated to about 55ºC in about 5 minutes by use of
the Bunsen burner heating the hot plate 103. The water temperature was monitored by the
Accumet meter 107. Once a temperature of about 55°C was obtained, about 50 grams of
sodium chloride (certified A. C. S. and discussed above herein), were added to the 800 ml of
distilled water in the beaker 104 to form the solution 105. The sodium chloride was stirred
into the 800 ml of distilled water by use of glass stirring rod and complete dissolution of the
sodium chloride occurred within about 30-45 seconds. The temperature of the solution 105
was reduced by approximately 1/2 to 1°C, but was quickly brought back to about 55°C by the
Bunsen burner 101 and cast iron hot plate 103 in a matter of a few seconds. The electrodes
108 and 109 were temporarily removed from the solution 105 to permit the stirring, mixing
and dissolution of the sodium chloride into the distilled water. However, the electrodes 108
and 109 were immediately reinserted upon completion of the stirring.
Figure SOh shows the results of three (3) separate experiments (#'s 3, 4, and 5)
corresponding to the experimental apparatus of Figure 77, representing decay curves for the
Na lamp conditioning effect in water. The plotted data show the change in measured pH of
the solution 105 as a function of time at a temperature of about 55°C. In particular, the pH of
the distilled water alone was first measured at room temperature and then measured when the
sodium lamp was terminated, and thereafter measured about every two minutes after the
addition and dissolution of sodium chloride. The time measurements were all at intervals of
about two (2) minutes for 20 minutes, with a final measurement at about 40 minutes.
Figure 80i shows the results of three (3) separate experiments (#'s 1, 2 and 3)
corresponding to the experimental apparatus of Figure 77, representing activation curves for
the Na lamp conditioning effect in water.
The AR20 meter 107, which used the pH electrode 109 (the electrode being shown in
more detail in Figure 79) were together calibrated by using two different buffer solutions.
The first buffer solution had a pH of 4.00 +/- 0.01 at about 25°C, and was a solution of
potassium bipthalate. A second buffer solution had a pH of 7.00 +/- 0.01 at about 25°C. and
was a solution of potassium phosphate monobasic-sodium hydroxide. Both solutions were
0.05 Molar, both were certified and both were obtained from Fisher Chemicals. The use of
these buffer solutions was intended to insure accuracy of the pH readings from the pH
electrode.
All experimental conditions described in the Example occurred in the presence of
standard fluorescent lighting. The fluorescent lamps were Sylvania Cool White Deluxe
Fluorescent Lamps, 75 watts and were each about eight (8) feet (about 2.4 meters) long. The
lamps were suspended in pairs approximately 3.5 meters above the laboratory counter on
which the experimental set-up was located. There were six (6) pairs of lamps present in a
room which measured approximately 25 feet by 40 feet (about 2.6 meters x 12.1 meters).
DISCUSSION OF EXAMPLES 24a. 24h. 24c. 24d. 24e and 24f
Figure 80d shows the averages calculated from the data from each of the three (3)
series of experiments from each of Examples 24a, 24b and 24c. The data show that the
Bunsen burner- only heating corresponding to Example. 24a and Figure 76 had the smallest
overall measured rise in pH after a period of time of approximately 4-6 minutes. The data
generated from Example 24b, and corresponding to Figure 77, showed an intermediate rise in
measured pH with time after about 4-6 minutes. In Example 24b, the sodium spectral pattern
was added only at the point when the solution 105 had attained a temperature of about 55 ºC.
The greatest overall increase in measured pH from a time of about 2-40 minutes was
shown in the data corresponding to Example 24c, which corresponds to the experimental
apparatus shown in Figure 78. In this Example 24c, the distilled water in the beaker 104, was
exposed to the sodium spectral pattern emitted from the sodium light bulb 112 for the longest
amount of time (e.g., energy was provided to the distilled water and the solution 105
exclusively through the combination of the sodium light bulb 112 and the fixture 111) which
was about 1 1/4-1 1/2 hours to heat the water to about 55°C end then for an additional 40
minutes while the pH measurements were made.
Accordingly, the data shown in Figure 80d clearly show the effect of a sodium
spectral pattern upon the measured pH of the sodium chloride/water solution 105, as
measured by an AR20 meter from Accumet Research used in combination with a pH
electrode 109 (as shown in more detail in Figure 79).
Figure 80g shows the averages calculated from the data from each of the three (3)
series of experiments from each of Examples 24a, 24b and 24e. The data show that the
Bunsen burner-only heating corresponding to Example 24a and Figure 76 had the smallest
overall measured rise in pH after a period of time of approximately 4-6 minutes. The data
generated from Example 24b, and corresponding to Figure 77, showed an intermediate rise in
measured pH with time after about 4-6 minutes. In Example 24e, the water was conditioned
by the sodium spectral pattern, after which it was heated to 55°C and the NaCl was added and
dissolved.
The greatest overall increase in measured pH from a time of about 2-40 minutes was
shown in the data corresponding to Example 24e, which corresponds to the experimental
apparatus shown in Figure 77. In this Example 24e, the distilled water in the beaker 104, was
exposed to the conditioning sodium spectral pattern emitted from the sodium light bulb 112
for about forty (40) minutes (e.g., conditioning energy was provided to the distilled water 105
exclusively with the sodium light bulb 112 for about 40 minutes).
Accordingly, the data shown in Figure 80g clearly show the pH effect of a
conditioning sodium spectral pattern upon distilled water, which is later used to make a
sodium chloride/water solution 105, as measured by an AR20 meter from Accumet Research
used in combination with a pH electrode 109 (as shown in more detail in Figure 79).
Figure 80h shows the experimental data from each of the three (3) experiments from
Example 24f3, 24f4, and 24f5. The data (24f5) show that the 120 minute interval between
conditioning of the distilled water and dissolution of the NaCl salt had the smallest overall
measured rise in pH after a period of time of approximately 40 minutes. The data generated
from Example 24f4, after about a 60 minute interval between conditioning of the distilled
water and dissolution of the NaCl salt, showed an intermediate rise in measured pH with time
after about 40 minutes. In Example 24f3, the water was conditioned by the sodium spectral
pattern, and the interval between conditioning and dissolution of the NaCl salt was only about
40 minutes. Example 24f3 showed the greatest rise in pH.
Accordingly, the data shown in Figure 80h clearly show a time-related decay effect of
a conditioning sodium spectral pattern upon distilled water, which is later used to make a
sodium chloride/water solution 105, as measured by an AR20 meter from Accumet Research
used in combination with a pH electrode 109 (as shown in more detail in Figure 79). The
conditioning effects of a sodium spectral pattern upon distilled water remained in the water
for a period of time approximately equal to the conditioning time. After an interval of 1.5
times the conditioning time, the conditioning effects of a sodium spectral pattern upon
distilled water were beginning to decline. Finally, after an interval of 3.0 times the
conditioning time, the conditioning effects of a sodium spectral pattern upon distilled water
declined still further.
Figure 80i shows the experimental data from each of the three (3) experiments from
Example 24f 1 24f2, and 241f3. The data (24f2 and 24f3) shows that the 20 and 40 minute
intervals between conditioning of the distilled water and dissolution of the NaCl salt had the
greatest overall measured rise in pH after a period of time of approximately 40 minutes. The
data generated from Example 24fl, after a zero (0) minute interval between conditioning of
the distilled water, and heating of the water and dissolution of the NaCl salt, showed a lower
rise in measured pH with time after about 40 minutes.
Accordingly, the data shown in Figure 80i clearly show a time-related activation
effect of a conditioning sodium spectral pattern upon distilled water, which is later used to
make a sodium chloride/water solution 105, as measured by an AR20 meter from Accumet
Research used in combination with a pH electrode 109 (as shown in more detail in Figure
79). The conditioning effects of a sodium spectral pattern upon distilled water reach their
peak in the water after a period of time approximately equal to about 0.5-1.0 times the
conditioning time.
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to affect phase change in solid
and material properties of a liquid.
EXAMPLE 24g
Changes in pH Due to Effects of Na Lamp Conditioned NaCl on pH
Sodium chloride (about 50 grams) was spread into a thin layer under a sodium lamp
in an otherwise dark room overnight. The next day the salt was used in a pH experiment.
Overhead fluorescent lighting was present continuously throughout both experiments.
Water (about 800 ml) was placed in a 1000 ml beaker and the pH was measured. The water
was next heated to about 55°C and pH was measured again. The water temperature was
maintained at about 55°C for the remainder of the experiment. NaCl (about 50 grams) was
added and stirred with a glass stir rod. Ten additional pH measurements were taken about
every two (2) minutes after the addition of the NaCl, for a total of about 20 minutes. Final
pH was measured about 40 minutes after addition of the NaCl. Figure SOj shows pH as a
function of time for two sets of experiments where sodium chloride solid was conditioned
prior to being dissolved in water.
One series of pH tests was performed on a solution made with the regular salt (which
had not been conditioned), and one series of tests was performed on the solution made with
the conditioned salt.
Results: The pH increased more when the salt had been conditioned with its own Na
spectral energy pattern. This same effect was seen in other similar experiments. When
significantly larger amounts of salt in a much thicker layer were irradiated with the same
intensity, this effect was not nearly so pronounced, or was not seen at all.
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used to change the material
properties of a solid upon subsequent phase change into a liquid solution.
EXAMPLE 25
Studies of Solubility Rates in Conditioned Water
For the following Examples 25a-d, the below-listed Equipment, materials and
experimental procedures were utilized (unless stated differently in each Example),
a) Equipment and Materials
- Pyrex 1000ml beakers, Corning.
- Pyrex 600ml beakers, Corning.
- Pyrex Petri dishes; model 3160-102, 100 x 20 mm.
- Ohaus portable standard scale LS200, 0.1 to 100.0 grams.
- Toastmaster cool touch griddle (TG15W).
- Distilled Water - American Fare, contained in one (1) gallon translucent, colorless,
plastic jugs, processed by distillation, microfiltration and ozonation. Source, Greeneville
Municipal Water supply, Greeneville, Tennessee. Stored in cardboard boxes in a dark,
shielded room prior to use in the experiments described in Examples 25a, 25b and 25c.
Forma Scientific Incubator; model 3157, Water-jacketed; 28°C internal temperature,
opaque door and walls, nearly completely light blocking with internal light average
0.82 mW/cm2. Chamber capacity about 5.6 cubic feet.
- Fisher brand Salimeters; Models 11-605, 11-606; specialized salinity and sodium
chloride hydrometers; length 12". Calibrated for 60°F.
- Fisher brand Specific Gravity Hydrometer; Model 11-520E. Length 12". Calibrated
for 60°F.
- Ambient Lighting - All experimental conditions described in the Examples occurred
in the presence of standard fluorescent lighting. The fluorescent lamps were Sylvania Cool
White Deluxe Fluorescent Lamps, 75 watts and were each about eight (8) feet long (about 2.4
meters long). The lamps were suspended in pairs approximately 3.5 meters above the
laboratory counter on which the experimental set-up was located. There were six (6) pairs of
lamps present in a room which measured approximately 25 feet by 40 feet (7.6 meters x 12.1
meters).
- Fisher 50ml pipettes TD 20°c serological/Dmmmond pipet-aid.
- Kymex immersion tube (2.3cm x 30cm) tapered bottom with rubber stopper.
- E-Z high purity solvent acetone; contains acetone CAS #67-64-1, E. E. Zimmeman
Co.
- Glass stir rod.
- Sodium Chloride, Fisher Chemicals, Lot No. 025149, packaged in gray plastic 3 Kg
bottles. The sodium chloride, in crystalline form, is characterized as follows:
Sodium Chloride, Certified A. C. S.
Certificate of Lot Analysis
Barium (Ba) (about 0.001%) - P.T.
Bromide (Br)-0.01%
Calcium (Ca)-0.0007%
Chlorate and Nitrate (as NO3) - 0.0006%
Heavy Metals (as Pb) - 0.4ppm
Insoluble Matter - 0.001%
Iodide (I) - 0.0004%
Iron (Fe) - 0.4ppm
Magnesium (Mg) - 0.0003%
Nitrogen Compounds (as N) - 0.0003%
pH of 5% solution at 25°C - 6.8
Phosphate (PO3) - lppm
Potassium (K) - 0.001%
Sulfate (SO4)- 0.003%
Assay - 100.4%
- Sucrose; Table sugar 4g/ltsp, Kroger Brand.
- Sodium lamp, Stonco, 70 Watt high pressure sodium security wall light fitted with a
parabolic aluminum reflector directing the light down and away from the housing, oriented
vertically above a flat, horizontal testing surface, with the bulb about 9 inches (23 cm) from
the horizontal test surface.
EXAMPLE 25a
Sodium Chloride Solubility in Water at Room Temperature (22° C)
Distilled water (about 500 ml, at about 20°C) was placed into each of six beakers
(each about 1000 ml in size). One Beaker "EE" was placed under a sodium lamp 12, as
configured in Figure 75f, while the other Beaker "FF" functioning as the control was placed
in an incubator. Approximately, one hour later, about 500 ml of water was again placed into
two separate beakers. Beaker "CC" was placed under another sodium lamp as Beaker "EE";
and Beaker "DD" was placed into the same incubator as Beaker "FF". The process was
repeated a third time, about one hour later. Specifically, Beaker "AA" was placed under
another sodium lamp as Beakers "EE" and "CC"; and Becker "BB" was placed into the same
incubator as Beaker "FF" and "DD". Thus, the result was three sets of beakers exposed to
the sodium lamp and three sets of beakers in the incubator, one set each for one, two, or three
hours. Water temperatures were as follows:
1) Beaker AA sodium lamp about 1 hour, at about 21°C:
2) Beaker CC sodium lamp about 2 hours, at about 22°C;
3) Beaker EE sodium lamp about 3 hours, at about 23°C;
4) Beaker BB, a control beaker, about 1 hour, at about 21°C;
5) Beaker DD, a control beaker, about 2 hours, at about 22° C; and
6) Beaker FF, a control beaker, about 3 hours, at about 23°C.
Sodium chloride (about 250 grams) was then added to each beaker and stirred. The
beakers were covered with wax paper, placed in a darkened cabinet, and covered with a thick,
black, opaque, light-blocking drape.
Twenty hours later the solutions in the beakers were filtered over their salt into 1000
ml beakers. Two hours later each of the solutions (about 85 ml.) was pipetted into the Kimex
hydrometer testing tube, and temperature and hydrometer measurements were determined.
The solutions were finally pipetted (about 50 ml) into each of five petri dishes, dried, and the
dry sodium chloride weight per 100 ml solution determined.
Results: The rate of NaCl dissolution increased with exposure of the solvent water to
the conditioning sodium lamp, as compared to unconditioned control water. After two hours
exposure to the sodium lamp, the conditioned water dissolved approximately 7 % more NaCl
than the untreated control water. After three hours exposure to the sodium lamp, the
conditioned water dissolved approximately 9% more NaCl than the untreated control water.
The rate of NaCl dissolution also increased with increasing time of exposure to the
sodium lamp from one hour to two hours. After two hours conditioned water dissolved about
3.5% more NaCl than the one hour conditioned water.
Beaker AA Beaker BB
Sodium Lamp 1 Hour Control 1 Hour
Temperature 22°C Temperature 22°C
Salinity 82 Salinity 80%
Specific gravity 1.163 Specific gravity 1.155
NaCl Percent 21.5% NaCl Percent 0.75%
Weight 27.0g/100ml Weight 26.2 g/100 ml
Beaker CC Beaker DP
Na Lamp Two Hours Control 2 Hours
Temperature 22 °C Temperature 22°C
Salinity 83+% Salinity 77%
Specific gravity 1.160 Specific gravity 1.145
NaCl Percent 21.5% NaCl Percent 20.0%
Weight 27.8 g/100 ml Weight 26.2 g/100 ml
Reaker EE Beaker FF
Na Lamp Three Hours Control 3 Hours
Temperature 22 ° C Temperature 22° C
Salinity 80.5% Salinity 74%
Specific gravity 1.155 Specific gravity 1.135
NaCl Percent 21.0% NaCl Percent 19.0%
Weight 26.0g/100ml Weight 23.8 g/100 ml
EXAMPLE 25b
Sodium Chloride Solubility in Water at Elevated Temperature ("55°C)
Distilled water (about 500 ml, at about 20°C) was placed in each of two beakers 104
as shown in Figure 70 (about 1000 ml) and heated to about 55°C on an iron ringplate 103,
over a Bunsen burner 101. One beaker 105 was then irradiated with a sodium lamp 112 from
the side (as shown in Figure 75a), while the other control water beaker 105 was exposed
simply to the ambient laboratory lighting. One hour later, water was placed into a second set
of beakers 105, which were treated exactly the same as the first set of beakers. The process
was repeated a third time with a third set of beakers 105, one hour later, producing three sets
of beakers, each set having been exposed to the sodium lamp and ambient lighting for one
hour, two hours and three hours. Temperatures were maintained at about 55°C for all three
sets of beakers for the entire time prior to sodium chloride being added thereto.
Specifically, sodium chloride (about 250 grams) was added to each beaker and stirred
after the treatments discussed above occurred. Each of the six the beakers were covered with
wax paper, placed in a darkened cabinet, and covered with a thick, black, opaque, light-
blocking, cloth drape.
Twenty hours later the solutions in the beakers were filtered over their salt into 1000
ml beakers. Each of the solutions (about 85 ml) was pipetted into the Kimex hydrometer
testing tube, and temperature and hydrometer measurements were determined.
Results: Results were virtually identical for all six solutions, which were all fully
saturated. Temperature was about 23.5°C , salinity was about 99.5-100%, specific gravity
was about 1.195 and NaCl percent was about 25.5-26%.
EXAMPLE 25c
Sucrose Solubility in Water at Room Temperature (22° C)
Distilled water (about 500 ml, at about 20°C) was placed in each of six beakers (each
about 1000 ml). One beaker "KK" was placed under a sodium lamp 12, as configured in
Figure 75f, while the other Beaker "LL" functioning as the control was placed in an
incubator. Approximately, one hour later, about 500 ml of water was again placed into the
separate beakers. Beaker "II" was placed under another sodium lamp 12 as like Beaker
"KK"; and Beaker "JJ" was placed in the same incubator as Beaker "LL". The process was
repeated a third time, about one hour later. Specifically, Beaker "GG" was placed under
another sodium lamp 12 as like Beaker "KK" and Beaker "II"; and Becker "HFT was placed
into the same incubator as Beaker "LL" and "II". Thus, the result was three sets of beakers
exposed to three sodium lamps and three sets of beakers in the incubator, one each for one,
two, or three hours.
Sucrose (about 300 grams) was then added to each beaker and stirred. The beakers
were covered with wax paper, placed in a darkened cabinet, and covered with a thick, black,
opaque, light-blocking, cloth drape.
Twenty hours later the solutions in the beakers were filtered over their crystals into
1000 ml beakers. Each of the solutions (about 85 ml) was pipetted into the Kimex
hydrometer testing tube, and temperature and hydrometer measurements were determined.
The solutions were finally pipetted (50 ml) into each of 5 petri dishes, dried, and the dry
sucrose weight per 100 ml solution determined.
Results: The rate of sucrose dissolution increased with exposure of the solvent water
to the sodium lamp, as compared to unconditioned control water. After two hours exposure
to the sodium lamp, the conditioned water dissolved about 7% more sucrose than the
untreated control water.
GG HH
Sodium Lamp One Hour Control 1 Hour
Temperature 23.5°C Temperature 23°C
Specific gravity 1.145 Specific gravity 1.145
Weight 49g/100ml Weight 49g/100ml
Sodium Lamp Two Hours Control 2 Hours
Temperature 23.5°C Temperature 23.5DC
Specific gravity 1.150 Specific gravity 1.13
Weight 47g/100ml Weight 44 g/100 ml
KK LL
Na Lamp Three Hours Control 3 Hours
Temperature 23.5°C Temperature 23.5°C
Specific gravity 1.140 Specific gravity 1.14
Weight 46g/100ml Weight 49 g/100 ml
In these Examples, targeted spectral energies were used to change the material
properties of a solvent.
Example 25d
Phenyl Solicvlate Solubility in Acetone at Room Temperature (22°C)
Acetone (about 1 ml) was pipetted into small glass test tubes and stoppers placed in
the tube. Tubes were placed under a neon lam; (about 8m/cm2) in an otherwise dark room
for about 1-5 hours at about 28°C ambient temperature. Tubes were also placed
simultaneously in an incubator at 28°C for about 1.5 hours.
Phenyl solicylate (about 3.50 grams) was added to each tube leaving a layer
undissolved on the bottom of each tube. The solutions were allowed to equilibrate (about 20
hours). Solution was filtered over the crystals and 0.500 ml pipetted into fresh tubes.
After the acetone evaporated, dry weights of phenyl solicylate per ml dissolved in
conditioned and unconditioned acetone were determined.
Results: Average amounts of phenyl salicylate dissolved in conditioned acetone was
0.78g/ml. Average amount dissolved in unconditioned acetone was 0.68 g/ml.
Example 26
For the following Examples 26a-b, the below-listed Equipment, materials and
experimental procedures were utilized (unless stated differently in each Example).
Mercurv-Silver Metal Alloy Crystallization
a) Equipment and Materials
-Distilled water - American Fare, contained in one (1) gallon translucent, colorless,
plastic jugs, processed by distillation, microfillxation and ozonation. Source, Greenville
Municipal Water supply, Greenville, Tennessee. Stored in cardboard boxes in a dark,
shielded room prior to use in the experiments discussed in Examples 26a-b.
- Forma Scientific incubator; Model 3157; Water-jacketed; 28°C internal temperature,
opaque door and walls, nearly completely light blocking with internal light, average 0.82
mW/cm2.
- Silver nitrate (AgNO3) crystals: Fisher chemicals, certified A.C.S, in brown glass
bottle, 100gm, product #S 181-1001; Lot #017010.
- Mercury reagent; Fisher M141, Lot # 014856; ACS mercury metal.
- Test tubes; Fisherbrand, disposable culture tubes; 12 X 75mm; Borosilicate glass;
Cat. #14-961-26.
- Mercury Vapor Lamp; GE; 175 Watts; HR 175D x 39; oriented vertically above a
flat testing surface, with spectral emissions traveling down along the vertical axis of the test
tubes from top to bottom.
- Ambient lighting - All experimental conditions described in the Examples occurred
in the presence of standard fluorescent lighting. The fluorescent lamps were Sylvania Cool
White Deluxe Fluorescent Lamps, 75 watts, and were each about eight (8) feet long (about
2.4 meters long). The lamps were suspended in pairs approximately 3.5 meters above the
laboratory counter on which the experimental set-up was located. There were six (6) pairs of
lamps present in a room which measured approximately 25 fset by 40 feet (7.6 meters x 12.1
meters).
- Radiant Power Energy Meter; ThermoOriel; Model 70260, 190 nm to 10 µm.
- Sodium lamp, Stonco, 70 Watt high pressure sodium security wall light fitted with a
parabolic aluminum reflector directing the light down and away from the housing, oriented
vertically above a flat, horizontal testing surface, with the bulb 8.75 inches (intensity about
14.0 mW/cm) the from horizontal test surface.
Example 26a
Spectral Enhancement of Mercury-Silver Metal Alloy Crystallization
Silver nitrate (about 2.0 grams) was added to about 80 ml distilled water (stored in
white, semi-opaque plastic one-gallon jugs in cardboard boxes with thick black opaque
drapes, in a darkened, shielded room). The solution was allowed to equilibrate for about 1.5
hours in ambient laboratory lighting before pipetting about two (2) ml into each of 36 small
test tubes. Mercury (about 2 drops) was added to each tube. Eighteen of the test tubes were
placed into the incubator as controls at about 28°C. Eighteen test tubes were placed on a
black non-reflective surface about 14 inches (about 35 cm) from the mercury lamp
(47 mW/cm2). Ambient room temperature was about 28°C, in an otherwise dark room.
About four hours later the ambient temperature under the mercury lamp was noted to
be about 30°C and the test tubes on the black non-reflective surface were moved to a distance
of about 29.5 inches (about 75 cm) from the Hg lamp at a light intensity of about 4.5
mW/cm2, where ambient temperature remained at about 28°C. Crystals in test tubes under
the mercury lamp measured up to about 10 mm long at this time, while crystals in the
incubator measured up to about 3 mm long.
Results: The crystals were evaluated after about 20 hours after the addition of the
mercury. Photomicrographs were taken at about 10X magnification (not shown herein).
Heights of the crystals formed were determined from measurements taken from the
photomicrographs and plotted in graphs shown in Figures 82a and 82b. The average height
of the incubator control metal alloy crystals was about 7 mm, with branched dendrites in one
tube. The average height of the mercury spectrally irradiated metal alloy crystals was about
12 mm, with branched dendrites in 7 tubes, six of which contained excessively branched
dendrites. Three of the spectrally grown crystals were about 22-25 mm high. The mercury
spectral pattern catalyzed enhanced growth of the mercury-silver alloy and morphology was
significantly different.
In this Example, targeted spectral energy was used to affect phase change and
structure.
Example 26b
Mercurv-Silver Metal Alloy Crystallization Using Water Conditioned for One Hour
Distilled water (about 40 ml) at about 18°C (stored in a white, semi-opaque plastic
one-gallon jug in a dark, shielded cabinet) was pipetted into a 125 ml Pyrex beaker and was
conditioned by irradiation under a sodium lamp for about one hour. Another 125 ml Pyrex
beaker with distilled water (about 40 ml) at about 1S°C was placed into the incubator at 28°C
at the same time. At the end of about one hour, water temperatures in both beakers were
21°C and the volume unchanged. Silver nitrate (about 1.00 gram) was added to each beaker.
The solutions (about 2 ml) were each pipetted into 16 small test tubes and mercury (about
100 µl) was added to each tube. All of the test tubes were placed in the incubator at about
2S°C.
Results: The crystals were evaluated after about 17 hours after addition of the
mercury. Photomicrographs were taken at about 10X magnification (not shown herein). The
heights of the formed crystals were determined from measurements taken from the
photomicrographs and plotted in graphs shown in Figures 83a and S3b. The average height
of the control metal alloy crystals was about 8 mm, the tallest being about 13 mm, and one
tube contained a simple branched dendritic crystal. The average height of the mercury-silver
metal alloy crystals grown from conditioned water was about 9 mm, the tallest about 25 mm.
Three tubes contained excessively branched dendritic crystals.
Growth of the mercury-silver alloy was slightly greater in the solution made with
sodium lamp conditioned water, and morphology was different compared to the control
solution.
In this Example, targeted spectral energies were used, to change the material
properties of a solvent and influenced phase and structure in formed crystals.
Example 27
Conductivity
For the following Example 26, the below-listed Equipment, materials and
experimental procedures were utilized.
a) Equipment and Materials
-Accumet Research AR20 ph/Conductivity Meter, calibrated with reference solutions
prior to all experiments.
- Traceable Conductivity Calibration Standard - Catalog # 09-328-3
- MicroMHOS/cm - 1,004.
- Microseimens/cm - 1,004.
- OmhS/cm - 99.
-PPMD. S.-669.
- Accuracy @ 25°C ( +/- .25%),,
- Size - 16 oz (473 ml).
-Analysis #-2713.
- Conductivity probe # 13-620-155 with thermocouple.
- Humbolt Bunsen burner with Bernozomatie propane fuel. Ring stand and Fisher
cast iron ring and heating plate.
- One or more sodium lamps, Stonco 70Watt high-pressure sodium security wall light,
fitted with a parabolic aluminum reflector directing the light away from the housing. The
sodium bulb was a Type S62 lamp, 120V, 60Hz, 1.5A made in Hungary by Jemanamjjasond.
One or more sodium lamps was/were mounted at various angles, and location(s) as specified
in each experiment. Unless stated differently in the Example, the lamp was located at about
15 inches (about 38 cm) from the beakers or dishes to maintain substantially consistent
intensities.
- Sterile water - Bio Whittaker, contained in one liter clear, plastic bottles, processed
by ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, deionization, and distillation.
Example 27
Conductivity of Sodium Chloride Aqueous Solution
Procedures similar to those discussed in detail in Example 24 were followed with the
following specific differences.
Water (about 800 ml) was placed in a 1000ml beaker and room temperature
measurements were obtained for conductivity (S/cm), dissolved solids (ppm), and resistance
(kOhms), after allowing about 10 minutes for the probe to equilibrate to the water. The water
was then heated to about 56.1°C, and measurements were repeated. Sodium chloride (about
0.01 gram) was added and stirred with a glass stir rod for about 30 seconds. Measurements
of conductivity were obtained about every 2 minutes for about 20 minutes, and a final
measurement was taken at about 40 minutes. Dissolved solids and resistance measurements
were also obtained at about 4 minutes, at about 14 minutes, and at about 20 minutes after
adding the salt.
The experimental apparatuses used to obtain data are shown in Figures 76 and 77. A
conditioning probe was substituted for the pH probe of Example 24.
Four sets of parameters were evaluated, with three tests within each set:
1. Bunsen burner heating only (apparatus corresponding to Figure 76);
2. Sodium lamp irradiation of water about 40 minutes before adding the salt
(apparatus corresponding to Figure 77);
3. Sodium lamp irradiation of water about 40 minutes after adding the salt (apparatus
corresponding to Figure 77);
4. Sodium lamp irradiation of water about 40 minutes before and after adding the salt
(apparatus corresponding to Figure 77).
Results: Conductivity appeal's to be increased with sodium lamp irradiation after
addition of the sodium chloride.
Figure 84a is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of time for three separate sets of Bunsen burner-only data-
Figure 84b is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of temperature (two separate data points only) for Bunsen burner-only data.
Figure S4c is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of time for three separate sets of Bunsen burner-only data, the plot beginning with the data
point generated two minutes after sodium chloride was added to the water.
Figure 84d is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to the water being conditioned by the
sodium lamp for about 40 minutes before the sodium chloride was dissolved therein.
Figure 84e is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of temperature (two separate data points only), corresponding to the water being conditioned
by the sodium lamp for about 40 minutes before the sodium chloride was dissolved therein.
Figure 84f is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to the water being conditioned by the
sodium lamp for about 40 minutes before the sodium chloride was dissolved therein.
Figure 84g is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to the solution of sodium chloride and
water being irradiated with a spectral energy pattern of a sodium lamp beginning when the
sodium chloride was added to the water.
Figure 84h is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of temperature (two separate data points only) corresponding to the solution of sodium
chloride and water being irradiated with a spectral energy pattern of a sodium lamp beginning
when the sodium chloride was added to the water.
Figure 84i is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to the solution of sodium chloride and
water being irradiated with a spectral energy pattern of a sodium lamp beginning when the
sodium chloride was added to the water.
Figure 84j is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to the water being conditioned by the
sodium lamp spectral conditioning pattern for about 40 minutes before the sodium chloride
was added to the water; and continually irradiating the water with the sodium light spectral
pattern while sodium chloride is added thereto and remaining on while all conductivity
measurements were taken.
Figure 84k is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of temperature (two separate data points only) for three sets of data, corresponding to the
water being conditioned by the sodium lamp spectral conditioning pattern for about 40
minutes before the sodium chloride was dissolved; and continually irradiating the water with
the sodium light spectral pattern while sodium chloride is added thereto and remaining on
while all conductivity measurements were taken.
Figure 841 is a graph of the experimental data which shows conductivity as a function
of time for three separate sets of data corresponding to the water being conditioned by the
sodium lamp spectral conditioning pattern for about 40 minutes before the sodium chloride
was dissolved; and continually irradiating the water with the sodium light spectral pattern
while sodium chloride is added thereto and remaining on while all conductivity
measurements were taken.
Figure 84m is a graph of the experimental data which superimposes averages from the
data in Figures S4a, 84d, 84g and 84j.
Figure 84n is a graph of the experimental data which superimposes averages from the
data in Figures 84b, 84e, 84h and 84k.
Figure 84o is a graph of the experimental data which superimposes averages from the
data in Figures 84c, 84f, 84i and S4j.
In this Example, targeted spectral patterns and/or targeted spectral conditioning
patterns were used to change the material properties of a solvent and/or solvent/solute system.
We claim:
1. A method to direct a reaction pathway such as herein described in a reaction system such as
herein described with a conditioned participant such as herein described comprising:
forming the conditioned participant by applying a spectral energy conditioning pattern
such as herein described to at least one conditionable participant such as herein described, said
conditionable participant thereafter having at least one conditioned energy frequency such as
herein described, which may cause at least one of initiation, activation, and affecting said at
least one participant.
2. A process for replacing a known physical catalyst such as herein described in a reaction
system such as herein described comprising the steps of:
duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern such as herein described of a physical
catalyst such as herein described by modifying a conditionable participant such as herein
described so that the conditionable participant forms a conditioned participant such as herein
described with a catalytic spectral pattern such as herein described; and
applying or introducing to the reaction system said conditioned participant.
3. A method to augment a physical catalyst such as herein described in a reaction system such
as herein described with its own catalytic spectral pattern such as herein described comprising
the steps of:
determining an electromagnetic spectral pattern such as herein described of the physical
catalyst; and
duplicating at least one frequency of the spectral pattern such as herein described of the
physical catalyst by conditioning a conditionable participant such as herein described with at
least one electromagnetic energy emitter source to form a catalytic spectral pattern such as
herein described in the conditioned participant such as herein described; and
applying or introducing to the reaction system the conditioned participant.
4. The process as claimed in claim 2, optionally comprising
applying at least one additional spectral energy partem such as herein described which
forms an applied spectral energy pattern such as herein described when combined with said
catalytic spectral pattern such as herein described of the conditioned participant such as herein
5. The, method as claimed in claim 2, wherein said duplicating comprises
duplicating at least one frequency of the electromagnetic spectral pattern of the physical
catalyst by conditioning said conditionable participant such as herein described with at least
one electromagnetic energy emitter conditioning source to form said catalytic spectral pattern
such as herein described in the conditioned participant; and further comprising:
applying at least one additional spectral energy pattern such as herein described to form
an applied spectral energy pattern such as herein described, said applied spectral energy pattern
being applied at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze the formation of
at least one reaction product in the reaction system.
6. A method to direct a reaction system such as herein described with a conditioned participant
such as herein described and a spectral energy catalyst such as herein described and a spectral
environmental reaction condition such as herein described comprising the steps of:
at least one of applying and introducing at least one conditioned participant to the
reaction system;
applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient
duration to catalyze a reaction pathway such as herein described;
applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition at a sufficient intensity
and for a sufficient duration to catalyze a reaction pathway, whereby when any of said at least
one conditioned participant, said at least one spectral energy catalyst and at least one spectral
environmental reaction condition are applied at the same time, they form an applied spectral
energy pattern such as herein described; and
introducing the physical catalyst such as herein described into the reaction system.
7. A method to condition a conditionable participant such as herein described with at least one
of an applied spectral energy conditioning pattern such as herein described and a spectral
energy conditioning catalyst such as herein described comprising the steps of:
applying at least one applied spectral energy conditioning pattern such as herein
described at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to condition the conditionable
participant, whereby said at least one applied spectral energy conditioning pattern comprises at
least one member selected from the group consisting of catalytic spectral energy conditioning
pattern such as herein described, catalytic spectral conditioning pattern such as herein
described, spectral conditioning catalyst such as herein described, spectral energy conditioning
catalyst such as herein described, spectral energy conditioning pattern such as herein described,
spectral conditioning environmental reaction condition and spectral conditioning pattern such
as herein described.
8. A method to affect a reaction system such as herein described with a conditioned participant
such as herein described comprising the steps of:
determining at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern such as herein described for
at least one starting reactant in said reaction system;
determining at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern such as herein described for
at least one reaction product in said reaction system;
calculating an additive spectral energy pattern such as herein described from said at
least one reactant and said at least one reaction product spectral energy pattern to determine a
required conditioned participant;
generating at least a portion of the required spectral energy conditioning catalyst such
as herein described; and
applying to the conditionable participant said at least a portion of the required spectral
energy conditioning catalyst to form a desired conditioned participant; and
introducing the conditioned participant to the reaction system to form at least one
reaction product.
9. A method to affect a reaction system such as herein described with a conditioned participant
such as herein described comprising the steps of:
targeting at least one conditionable participant such as herein described in said
conditioning reaction system with at least one spectral conditioning pattern such as herein
described to cause at least one of the formation, stimulation and stabilization of at least one
conditioned participant; and
at least one of applying and introducing the conditioned participant to the reaction
system to result in at least one desired reaction product in said reaction system.
10. A method to direct a reaction system such as herein described with a conditioned
participant such as herein described and at least one spectral environmental reaction condition
such as herein described comprising the steps of:
at least one of applying and introducing at least one conditioned participant to the
reaction system; and
applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition to said reaction system
to cause at least one of the formation, stimulation and stabilization of at least one of at least
one transient and at least one intermediate to permit at least one desired reaction product to
form.
11. A method for forming a conditioned participant such as herein described with a spectral
energy conditioning pattern such as herein described to result in at least one conditioned
participant such as herein described comprising:
applying at least one frequency which heterodynes with at least one conditionable
participant such as herein described frequency to cause at least one of the formation,
stimulation and stabilization of at least one conditioned participant.
12. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein said applying comprises at least one of a
sufficient number of frequencies and fields to result in an applied spectral energy conditioning
pattern such as herein described which results in the formation of at least one conditioned
participant.
13. A method for forming a conditioned participant such as herein described with a spectral
energy conditioning catalyst such as herein described resulting in at least one conditioned
participant such as herein described comprising:
conditioning targeting at least one conditionable participant such as herein described
prior to being introduced to said reaction system with at least one of at least one frequency and
at least one field to form a conditioned participant, whereby formation of said at least one
conditioned participant results in the formation of at least one of at least one transient and at
least one intermediate when said conditioned participant is introduced into said reaction
system.
14. A method for directing a reaction system such as herein described along a desired reaction
pathway such as herein described comprising:
applying at least one conditioning targeting approach to at least one conditionable
participant such as herein described, said at least one conditioning targeting approach being
selected from the group of approaches consisting of direct resonance conditioning targeting,
harmonic conditioning targeting and non-harmonic heterodyne conditioning targeting.
15. A method for conditioning at least one conditionable participant such as herein described
comprising:
applying at least one conditioning frequency to at least one conditionable participant to
cause at least one of the formation, stimulation and stabilization of at least one conditioned
participant such as herein described, whereby said at least one frequency comprises at least one
frequency selected from the group consisting of direct resonance conditioning frequencies,
harmonic resonance conditioning frequencies, non-harmonic heterodyne conditioning
resonance frequencies, electronic conditioning frequencies, vibrational conditioning
frequencies, rotational conditioning frequencies, rotational-vibrationai conditioning
frequencies, fine splitting conditioning frequencies, hyperfine splitting conditioning
frequencies, electric field splitting conditioning frequencies, magnetic field conditioning
splitting frequencies, cyclotron resonance conditioning frequencies, orbital conditioning
frequencies and nuclear conditioning frequencies, wherein all such frequencies have the
meanings such as herein described.
16. A method for directing a reaction system such as herein described along a desired reaction
pathway such as herein described with a conditioned participant such as herein described
comprising:
applying at least one of at least one conditioning frequency and at least one
conditioning field to cause the conditioned spectral energy pattern such as herein described of
at least one of at least one conditioned participant to at least partially overlap with the spectral
energy pattern such as herein described of at least one member selected from the group
consisting of at least one of at least one participant at least one other component in a
holoreaction system such as herein described to permit the transfer of energy between said at
least one conditioned participant and said at least one member.
17. A method for catalyzing a reaction system such as herein described with a conditioned
participant such as herein described resulting in at least one reaction product comprising:
applying at least one spectral energy conditioning pattern such as herein described to at
least one conditionable participant to form at least one conditioned participant, to cause the
conditioned spectral energy pattern such as herein described of said at least one conditioned
participant in said reaction system to at least partially overlap with a spectral energy pattern
such as herein described of at least one member selected from the group consisting of at least
one other participant and at least one component in said reaction system described to permit
the transfer of energy between said at least one conditioned participant and said at least one
member, thereby causing the formation of said at least one reaction product.
18. A method for catalyzing a reaction system such as herein described with a conditioned
participant such as herein described resulting in at least one reaction product comprising:
applying at least one of at least one frequency and at least one field to cause a
conditioned spectral energy pattern such as herein described broadening of at least one
conditioned participant to cause a transfer of energy to occur between the conditioned
participant and at least one other participant in a holoreaction system such as herein described,
resulting in transformation in at least one of said at least one conditioned participant and said at
least one other participant in said holoreaction system.
19. A method for directing a reaction pathway such as herein described in a reaction system
such as herein described by utilizing at least one conditioned participant such as herein
described and at least one spectral environmental reaction condition, comprising:
forming a reaction system comprising said conditioned participant; and
applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition to direct said reaction
system along a desired reaction pathway such as herein described.
20. A method for designing a conditionable participant such as herein described to be used as
a catalyst such as herein described, once conditioned, in a reaction system such as herein
described where no catalyst previously existed to be used in a reaction system, comprising:
determining a required spectral pattern such as herein described to obtain a desired
reaction pathway such as herein described; and
designing at least one conditionable participant such as herein described that exhibits a
conditioned spectral pattern such as herein described that approximates the required spectral
pattern, when said conditionable participant such as herein described is exposed to a required
spectral energy conditioning pattern such as herein described.
The invention discloses a method to direct a reaction pathway such as herein described in
a reaction system such as herein described with a conditioned participant such as herein
described comprising: forming the conditioned participant by applying a spectral energy
conditioning pattern such as herein described to at least one conditionable participant such
as herein described, said conditionable participant thereafter having at least one
conditioned energy frequency such as herein described, which may cause at least one of
initiation, activation, and affecting said at least one participant.

Documents:

1510-KOLNP-2004-CORRESPONDENCE.pdf

1510-KOLNP-2004-FORM 27.pdf

1510-KOLNP-2004-FORM-27.pdf

1510-kolnp-2004-granted-abstract.pdf

1510-kolnp-2004-granted-assignment.pdf

1510-kolnp-2004-granted-claims.pdf

1510-kolnp-2004-granted-correspondence.pdf

1510-kolnp-2004-granted-description (complete).pdf

1510-kolnp-2004-granted-drawings.pdf

1510-kolnp-2004-granted-examination report.pdf

1510-kolnp-2004-granted-form 1.pdf

1510-kolnp-2004-granted-form 18.pdf

1510-kolnp-2004-granted-form 3.pdf

1510-kolnp-2004-granted-form 5.pdf

1510-kolnp-2004-granted-form 6.pdf

1510-kolnp-2004-granted-gpa.pdf

1510-kolnp-2004-granted-reply to examination report.pdf

1510-kolnp-2004-granted-specification.pdf


Patent Number 226411
Indian Patent Application Number 1510/KOLNP/2004
PG Journal Number 51/2008
Publication Date 19-Dec-2008
Grant Date 17-Dec-2008
Date of Filing 11-Oct-2004
Name of Patentee GR INTELLECTUAL RESERVE, LLC
Applicant Address ONE RESONANCE WAY, HA VRE DE GRACE, MD
Inventors:
# Inventor's Name Inventor's Address
1 BROOKS JULIANA H J 864 MORRISON ROAD, COLUMBUS, OH 43230
2 BLUM BENTLEY J 158-11 FISHER ISLAND DRIVE, UNITE 158-11E, SEA SIDE VILLAS, FISHER ISLAND, FL 33109
3 MORTENSON MARK G 105 DEER PATH LANE, NORTH EAST, MD 21901
PCT International Classification Number C07C 6/00
PCT International Application Number PCT/US03/08236
PCT International Filing date 2003-03-11
PCT Conventions:
# PCT Application Number Date of Convention Priority Country
1 60/366,755 2002-03-21 U.S.A.
2 60/403,225 2002-08-13 U.S.A.
3 60/403,251 2002-08-13 U.S.A.
4 60/363,257 2002-03-11 U.S.A.
5 60/439,223 2003-01-10 U.S.A.