Title of Invention

PHOTOACTIVE COMPONENT COMPRISING ORGANIC LAYERS

Abstract 1. Photoactive component with organic layers, in particular a solar cell, consisting of a series of organic thin layers and contact layers with a doped transport layer and a photoactive layer, which are arranged in a pi, ni or pin diode structure comprising a p, i or n layer each, characterized in such way that the transport layer exhibits a greater optical band gap than the photoactive layer and in such way that the structure is partially transparent in at least one part of the solar spectrum from 350 nm to 2000 ran and that the photoactive layer is separated from the contact layer through the transport layer before, during and after the deposition process.
Full Text

FORM 2
THE PATENT ACT 1970
(39 of 1970)
The Patents Rules, 2003
COMPLETE PECIFICATION
(See Section 10, and rule 13)
1. TITLE OF INVENTION
PHOTOACTIVE COMPONENT COMPRISING ORGANIC LAYERS

APPLICANT(S)
a) Name
b) Nationality
c) Address

TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAET DRESDEN
GERMAN Company
MOMMSENSTRASSE 13
01069 DRESDEN
GERMANY

GRANTED
PREAMBLE TO THE DESCRIPTION
The following specification particularly describes the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed : -
16-4-2008

Photoactive component with organic layers
The invention concerns a photoactive component with organic layers, in particular a solar cell, consisting of a series of organic thin layers and contact layers with a doped transport layer and a photoactive layer, arranged in a pi, ni, or pin diode structure from a, p, i or n layer respectively.
Since the demonstration of the first organic solar cell with an efficiency in the percentage range by Tang et al. 1986 [C. W. Tang et al. Appl. Phys. Lett 48, 183 (1986)], organic materials have been intensively examined for various electronic and optoelectronic components. Organic solar cells consist of a series of thin layers (typically lnm to µm) comprising organic materials which are preferably vapor deposited in a vacuum or spin coated. The electrical contacting generally occurs via metal layers and/or transparent conductive oxides (TCOs).
A solar cell converts light energy into electrical energy. In contrast to inorganic solar cells, free charge carriers are not directly created by the light in organic solar cells, but rather excitons are initially formed, i.e. electrically neutral excitation states (bound electron-hole pairs). Only in a second stage are these excitons separated into free charge carriers which then contribute to the electrical current flow.
The advantage of such organic-based components in comparison to conventional inorganic-based components (semiconductors such as silicon, gallium arsenide) is the, in part, extremely high optical absorption coefficients (up to 2x10s cm-1), thus providing the opportunity to create very thin solar cells using a low amount of materials and energy. Further technological aspects are the low costs, the possibility of creating flexible large-area components on plastic films and the almost unlimited variations available in organic chemistry.
An option for realizing an organic solar cell already proposed in the literature [Martin Pfeiffer, "Controlled doping of organic vacuum deposited dye layers: basics


and applications", PhD thesis TU Dresden. 1999] consists of a pin diode with the following layer structure:
0. Carrier, substrate,
1. Base contact, mostly transparent,
2. n-layer(s) (or p)
3. i-layer(s)
4. p-layer(s) (or n),
5. Top layer.
Here n or p denotes an n doping or p doping which results in an increase in the density of free electrons or holes in the thermal equilibrium state. In this context, such layers primarily represent transport layers. One or more i-layer(s) can thus consist of both a material and so-called interpenetrating networks. The light incident through the transparent base contact generates excitons,in the i-layer or in the p-layer. These excitons can only be separated by very high electrical fields or at suitable interfaces. In organic solar cells, sufficiently high fields are not available, with the result that all concepts for organic cells promising success are based on exciton separation at photoactive interfaces.
The excitons reach such an active interface through diffusion, where electrons and holes are separate from each other. These can be between the p (n) layer and the i-layer or between two i-layers. In the integrated electrical field of the solar cell, the electrons are now carried away to the n area and the holes to the p area.
As excitons are always the first to be produced by the light rather than free charge carriers, the low-recombination diffusion of excitons at the active interface plays a critical role in organic solar cells. To contribute to the photoelectric current, the diffusion length in an effective organic solar cell must therefore significantly exceed the typical penetration depth of the light so that the predominant part of the light can be used. Perfect organic crystals or thin layers completely fulfill this criterion

structurally and in respect to the chemical purity. For large-area applications, however, the use of mono-crystalline organic materials is not possible and the production of multiple layers with sufficient structural perfection has so far proved to be very difficult.
Instead of enlarging the excitation diffusion length, it is also possible to decrease the average gap to the next interface. WO 00/33396 discloses the formation of a so-called interpenetrating network: A layer contains a colloidaily dissolved substance which is dispersed in such a way that a network forms through which charge carriers can flow (percolation mechanism). Either only one of the components or both components assume the task of the light absorption in such a solar cell. The advantage of this mixed layer is that the excitons generated only have to travel a very short distance until they reach a domain boundary where they are separated. The removal of electrons or holes occurs separately in the dissolved substance or in the remaining layer. As the materials are in contact with each other everywhere in the mixed layer, it is crucial in this concept that the separated charges have a long life on the relevant material and that closed percolation paths are available for both charge carriers to the respective contact from each location. This approach has enabled efficiencies of 2.5% to be achieved [C. J. Brabec, N. S. Sariciftci, J. C. Hummelen, Advanced Functional Materials 11,15 (2001)].
Further familiar approaches for realizing or improving the properties of organic solar cells are listed in the following:
1) One contact metal has a large work function and the other one has a small work function, with the result that a Schottky barrier is formed with the organic layer [US 4127738].
2) The active layer consists of an organic semiconductor in a gel or binding agent [US 03844843, US 03900945, US 04175981 and US 04175982].

3) The creation of a transport layer which contains small particles which assume the charge carrier transport [US 5965063].
4) A layer contains two or more types of organic pigments which possess different spectral characteristics 0P 04024970],
5) A layer contains a pigment which produces the charge carriers, and additionally a material which carries away the charge carriers [JP 07142751].
6) Polymer-based solar cells which contain carbon particles as electron acceptors [US 05986206].
7) Doping of the above mixed systems for improvement of the transport properties in multiple layer solar cells [Patent application-file number: DE102 09 789.5-33].
8.) Arrangement of individual solar cells on top of each other (tandem cell) [US 04461922, US 016198091 and US 01698092],
US 5,093,698 discloses the doping of organic materials: Admixing an acceptor-like or donor-like doping substance increases the equilibrium charge carrier concentration in the layer and enhances the conductivity. According to US 5,093,698 the doped layers are used as injection layers at the interface to the contact materials in electroluminescent components. Similar doping methods are analogously suitable for solar cells.
Despite the advantages described with interpenetrating networks, a critical issue lies in the fact that closed transport paths for both electrons and holes to their respective contacts have to be present in the mixed layer. Furthermore, as the individual materials only fill a part of the mixed layer, the transport properties for the charge carriers deteriorate significantly in comparison to the pure layers.

Owing to the small exciton diffusion lengths or transport and recombination problems in interpenetrating layers, the active layer thicknesses of organic solar cells are usually lower than the penetration depths of the light. Moreover, organic dyes only exhibit individual absorption bands, with the result that a material can never cover the complete optical spectrum. It is therefore desirable to use so-called light traps (light trapping) or to be able to stack several cells over each other. Such stacked cells were first realized by Yakimov et al. [A. Yakimov, S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (9). 1667 (2002)]. They consist of two layers per individual cell and requisite recombination centers at the interface between the individual cells. If, like Yakimov, we apply these recombination centers directly onto the photoactive material, they will not only ensure the required recombination of charge carriers from the n-th cell with opposite charge carriers from the n+l-th cell, but also form undesired recombination centers for excitons or charge carrier pairs from one and the same cell. Either recombination losses or inactive areas result from this. To prevent these effects, the layers must be made thicker than the corresponding width of the relevant photoactive zone so that absorption occurs in areas where they cannot be used. Such a problem occurs analogously in individual diode structures. In this way, however, the recombination tosses occur immediately at the transition zones between the active layer and contact electrode.
The invention is therefore based on the task of extensively reducing recombination losses or the occurrence of inactive areas in solar cells with organic layers.
In accordance with the invention, the problem formulation is solved by the features of Claim 1. Particularly favorable embodiments of the invention are described in Sub-claims 2 to 33.
The present Invention is aimed towards the realization of solar cells which can consist of both an individual pi, ni or pin diode structure (corresponding to Claim l,cf. Figure 1) as well as several stacked pi, ni or pin diode structures (corresponding to Claim 7, cf. Figure 2).

A pi, ni or pin diode structure Is hereinafter simply referred to as the structure, insofar as one of the three structures is not referred to specifically in individual cases.
In this context, p denotes at least one p-doped layer (p-layer), i denotes (in electrical terms) at least one undoped layer or a layer only doped slightly in comparison (i-layer), of which at least one photon is absorbed and contributes to the generation of the current, and n represents at least one n-doped layer (n-layer).
The solution to the task definition outlined and the problem of the prior art described above is made possible corresponding to the invention in such manner that the recombination zone or the contact electrodes is separated from the active areas via layers with increased band gaps (wide-gap layers), in which neither excitons nor minority charge carriers which can recombine exist. Furthermore, they also serve to protect the i-layer as an active layer against destructive influences, during and after the separation of contact layers or recombination zones. Wide-gap transport layers (shown in Fig. 1 as 2a, 4a and in Fig. 2 as 2b, 4b, 6b, 8b etc.) Involve materials whose absorptiveness differs significantly from that of the active layers. It is particularly advantageous if they only absorb in the UV range or UV-near range of the visible spectrum. It is therefore ensured that the essential absorption occurs in the active layers. It is also achieved that excitons are reflected at the transition zones to the wide-gap layers and not removed from the photoactive process. The transport properties in the wide-gap p-layers or n-layers for majority charge carriers are crucially improved through corresponding p-doping or n-doping in comparison to undoped layers, with the result that the layer thicknesses can be varied over a broad range in order to concentrate and hence optimize the maximum amount of optical field. The requirements in respect to the maximization of the integrated voltage in the individual diode structures, and at their interfaces after low-loss recombination, are also achieved through n-doping and p-doping of the wide-gap layers.

An enlargement of the path of the incident light and hence a conversion to a high internal and external yield is attained through the advantageous embodiment corresponding to Claim 3.
The option for stacking as many structures over each other as required (Claim 7) enables the individual structures to be kept so thin that they only exhibit low recombination losses and hence a high internal and external quantum yield. The cell structure therefore combines a low series resistance, a maximum photoelectric voltage and an optimum conversion of the photoelectric current in one photoelectric current.
A layer or a combination of layers, as indicated in Claims 11 to 16. favors a low-loss recombination in the reverse direction or generation in the forward direction at the transition zones between the individual structures. Furthermore, the morphology of the transition zones between the n-th and the n+l-th and the pi, ni or pin structure is also favored.
A layer corresponding to Claim 12 to 16 can serve as a diffusion block for dopants or other materials following in the technological series or for the purpose of an induced growth of the subsequent layers.
Generation of the photoelectric current in the i-layer of the photoactive element corresponding to the invention is based on one or a combination of the following active principles:
a) Absorption of photons with resultant exciton formation and separation of the excitons into free charge carriers by an electric field.
b) Absorption of photons in a first material with resultant exciton formation, diffusion of the excitons at an interface to a further material and separation of the excitons into free charge carriers at the interface.


c) Absorption of the photons by one or more components of a multiple
component material which consists of at least the components Kl and K2,
separation of the excitons resulting on Kl and K2 into electrons on kl and
holes on K2 and removal of the charge carriers in an interpenetrating network
of the two components.
d) Generation corresponding to c) in a layer or a layer system which comprises
at least one p-doped or n-doped multiple component layer.
The invention shall now be explained in more detail taking two embodiments as examples. In the associated drawings
Fig. 1 shows an organic cell corresponding to the invention according to the principle of an individual diode structure (first embodiment example)
Fig. 2 shows an organic cell corresponding to the invention according to the principle of stacking (second embodiment example)
Fig. 3a shows a photoactive component according to the principle of stacking, which consists of 2 pin cells,
Fig. 3b shows an energy scheme for the photoactive component shown in Fig. 3a,
Fig. 4 shows a layer sequence of the dual structure and
Fig. 5 shows a bright and dark characteristic curve.
An advantageous embodiment shown in Figure 1 comprising a structure for an organic solar cell corresponding to the invention according to the principle of an ndividual diode structure contains the following layers:
)a.) Carrier, substrate,

la.) Base contact, mostly transparent, with optional organic or inorganic contact-making layer
2a.) Charge carrier transport layer (wide-gap), p-doped or n-doped
3a.) Active layer
4a.) Charge carrier transport layer (wide-gap), n-doped or p-doped
5a.) Top contact, optionally including organic or inorganic contact-making layer.
In accordance with this, the component advantageously consists of a pin or nip layer structure. The pin (or nip) structure for its part consist of two or more organic charge carrier transport layers respectively (2a and 4a) and a layer system (3a) located between the organic layer (2a) and the organic layer (4a), in which the light is absorbed. Furthermore, the complete structure also contains 2 contact layers (la and 5a), each of which can also be realized as a transparent contact layer. Layers 2a or 4a are p-doped or n-doped. Layer 3a is undoped or has very low p-doping or n-doping. Layer 3a is either single- component (apart from the doping) or Involves mixed layers comprising two components corresponding to the principle of interpenetrating networks. The materials are selected in such a way that excitons are separated efficiently into free charge carriers at the internal phase limits in the mixed layer between the two materials or at the interface of two layers. As shown in Figure 2, an advantageous embodiment of a structure for an organic solar cell corresponding to the invention based on the stacking principle contains the following layers: Oa.) Carrier, substrate.
lb.) Base contact, mostly transparent, with optional organic or inorganic contact-making layer

2b.) Charge carrier transport layer (wide-gap), p-doped or n-doped
3b.) First active layer
4b.) Charge earner transport layer (wide-gap), n-doped or p-doped
5b.) Transition layer, recombination zone
6b.) Transition layer (wide-gap), n-doped or p-doped
7b.) Second active layer,
8b.) Charge carrier transport layer (wide-gap), p-doped or n-doped etc,
(N-l)b.) Charge carrier transport layer (wide-gap), p-doped or n-doped
Nb.) Top contact, optionally including organic or inorganic contact-making layer
In accordance with this, the component advantageously consists of at least two pin or nip layer structures. The pin (or nip) structures for their part consist of two or more organic charge carrier transport layers respectively (2b and 4b, 6b and 8b etc.) and a layer system (3b, 7b etc.) located between the organic layer (2b, 6b etc.) and the organic layer (4b, 8b etc.), in which the light is absorbed. Furthermore, the complete structure also contains 2 contact layers (lb and Nb) as well as a transition layer system between the n-th and the n+l-th pin (nip) cell respectively, each of which can also be realized as a transparent contact layer. Layers 2b, 6b etc. or 4b 8b etc. are p-doped or n-doped, layer 3b, 7b etc. is undoped or has very low p-doping or n-doping. Layer 3b, 7b etc. is either single-component (apart from the doping) or involves mixed layers comprising two components corresponding to the principle of interpenetrating networks. The materials are selected in such a way that excitons are

separated efficiently into free charge carriers at the internal phase limits in the mixed layer between the two materials or at the interface of two layers.
The charge carrier transport layers 2b, 4b, 6b etc, do not have to be photoactive and can be doped. Corresponding to the invention, at least one of the transport layers is doped in each diode structure. Each charge carrier transport layer ensures an efficient removal of a charge carrier type (holes or electrons). Moreover, the active layers become separated from the contacts or the recombination layers 5b, 9b etc. and hence prevent the exciton or charge carrier pairs from a diode from encountering undesired recombination centers.
For representation purposes, the functioning is explained using the example of a photoactive component which consists of 2 pin cells. Simple and multiple pin cells function analogously. Such a stacking cell is shown in Figure 3a and its energy scheme is outlined in Figure 3b. For a better overview, it may be assumed that the transport layers, active layers and transition layers only consist of an individual layer. At the same time, the active layers of the first pin cells (3b) should cover an absorption layer different to that of pin cell two (7b) in order to utilize as broad a spectrum as possible. In addition to this, it may be assumed that the active layers in the sense of the interpenetrating networks consist of a mixture of two materials each. A exciton should now be generated in the undoped material of the first mixed layer (3b). The exciton diffuses in this material until it as reached a domain boundary within the mixed layer. Here it is separated, whereby the hole remains on the donor¬like material and the electron remains on the acceptor-like material. Both charge carriers then migrate to the corresponding doped transport layers. This thus ensures an effective transition and the respective charge carrier layer enables an efficient transport of the electron to the contact (lb) or of the hole to the transition layer (5b). The process occurs analogously in the second pin cell (6b), (7b), (8b). The charge carriers are now present at both contacts (lb), (9b). However, In order to ensure a current flow, the two charge carriers, which ware provided in the direction of the transition layer (5b), must recombine with each other so that the electric circuit is

closed. Only as low as possible an energy loss should occur in this recombination. This is attained, as explained in more detail below, by doping at least one of the adjoining transport layers and, if necessary, incorporating the transition layer (5b), When using highly doped transport layers, such a transition layer might not be necessary.
The balance of the current generated in the individual cells is particularly important in such stacking cells, i.e. the number of photons absorbed and converted into charge carriers. In accordance with the invention, this is ensured by adapting the layer thicknesses and/or selection of the materials with a correspondingly different absorption capacity.
The functioning of the component is explained in more detail below on the basis of the energy scheme. Figure 3b shows a schematic representation of the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) levels taking a dual pin stacking structure as an example. For the sake of simplicity hare too, only one layer each is shown for charge carrier generation (active layer 3b and 7b), hole transport (4b and 8b), and electron transport (2b and 6b). An exciton should now be generated in each active layer by the light. This can now dissociate locally into a hole and an electron (cf. interpenetrating networks) or also diffuse so far until it reaches a separating boundary layer within the active layer, whereupon it dissociates. In accordance with the invention, a diffusion process of the excitons ensures that non-separated excitons are reflected by the adjoining wide-gap transport layers and remain available for dissociation and hence for charge carrier generation. The resultant charge carriers are transported to the boundaries of the active layers by the integrated field, which results through equalization of the different Fermi levels of the n-doped or p-doped layers (2b, 6b etc. 4b, 8b), and can be accepted by the transport layers.
The materials are preferably to be selected in such way that the charge transition between the active layer and the transport layers is only energetic for one charge

carrier type (electrons for the n-layer, holes for the p-layer). In an advantageous embodiment, the energy levels coincide with each other isoenergetically, as shown in Figure 3b.
Charge carriers in the layers 2b and 8b can pass directly onto the contact lb or 9b. At the same time, the doping of the transport layers has a positive effect, as the transition to contacts is made easier (also with work functions which are not ideally adapted) via a strong band distortion and hence via a reduction of the depletion zone (quasi-ohmic contact). Charge carriers in the layers 4b (holes) and 6b (electrons)
r
pass over to the transition layer (5b), where they can recombine. Their transition is especially favored by the advantageous influence of the doping previously described (quasi-ohmic contact).
Concentration of the optical field for the purpose of increased absorption in the active areas through an optimum selection of optical constants and layer thicknesses for the transport layers is also an objective of the invention.
In the sense of the invention, the charge carriers are preferably doped (In the sense of an electrically effective doping). In the case of molecular organic systems, the molar doping concentrations are typically in the region of 1:10 to 1:10000. If the dopants are significantly smaller than the matrix molecules, more dopants than matrix molecules can also be present in the layer (up to 5:1). The dopants can be organic or inorganic.
Essential features of the invention result from doping of the transport layers. On the one hand, the transport layers are decisively improved through doping, with the result that losses (potential drop in the resistance) are minimized. Moreover, the doping has an advantageous effect on the recombination or generation characteristics at the transition between two pin cells. In this case, high doping also denotes a narrow depletion zone on both sides of this transition, with the result that high barriers can easily be overcome also (e.g. through the quantum mechanic tunnel process). Use of wide-gap materials means that this pn-transition is not photoactive

either, thus preventing the build-up of a counter-voltage on illumination, which would reduce the usable photoelectric voltage.
A further advantageous embodiment of the above stacking cell involves incorporating a transition layer (possibly several layers) at the transition between two pin cells. This can be designed to be thin and serve the additional integration of recombination centers. It is particularly useful if this consists of metal clusters or an ultra-thin metal layer.
Both a bright and a dark characteristic curve are shown in Figure 5 to demonstrate the function of the above pin simple structure and a pin dual structure. Figure 4 indicates the layer sequence of the dual structure. The Simple structure corresponds to the first partial cells (starting from the substrate), whereby an approximately 40nm gold layer is applied to the contacting instead the lnm thick gold layer. The cells shown are not yet optimized in any way. The approximate doubling of the open circuit voltage Uα) confirms the functioning.

Photoactive component with organic layers List of the references and abbreviations used
HOMO Highest Occupied Molecular Orbit
LUMO Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbit
Ef Fermi level
Oa, Ob Substrate
la, lb Contact layer (wide-gap) (p-doped or n-doped)
2a, 2b Transport layer (wide-gap) (p-doped or n-doped)
3a, 3b Active layer
4a, 4b Transport layer (wide-gap) (p-doped or n-doped)
5a Contact layer (wide-gap) (p-doped or n-doped)
5b Transition layer
6b Transport layer (wide-gap) (p-doped or n-doped)
To Active layer
8b Transport layer (wide-gap) (p-doped or n-doped)
(N-l)b Transport layer (wide-gap) (p-doped or n-doped
Nb Contact layer

We Claim:
1. Photoactive component with organic layers, in particular a solar cell, consisting of a series of organic thin layers and contact layers with a doped transport layer and a photoactive layer, which are arranged in a pi, ni or pin diode structure comprising a p, i or n layer each, characterized in such way that the transport layer exhibits a greater optical band gap than the photoactive layer and in such way that the structure is partially transparent in at least one part of the solar spectrum from 350 nm to 2000 ran and that the photoactive layer is separated from the contact layer through the transport layer before, during and after the deposition process.
2. Photoactive component as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the optical path of the incident light is extended in the photoactive layer by means of a light trap.
3. Photoactive component as claimed in Claim 2, wherein the light trap is formed in such way that the doped transport layer exhibits a smooth boundary layer to the i-layer and a periodically micro-structured interface to the contact area.
4. Photoactive component as claimed in Claim 2 or 3, wherein the component is located on a periodically micro-structured substrate and the doped transport layer is positioned to ensure a homogenous function of the component on the entire area.
5. Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein the i-layer consists of several layers with different absorption spectra.
6. Photoactive component as claimed in Claim 1, wherein a second pi, ni or pin diode structure is provided, whereby the transport layer of the second


structure exhibits a greater optical band gap than the photoactive layer of the second structure and the second structure is partially transparent in at least one part of the solar spectrum from 350 run to 2000 ran.
Photoactive component as claimed in Claim 6, wherein the i-layers of the individual structures exhibit the same optical absorption respectively and are each optically thin, so that they transmit at least 50% of the light at the absorption maximum, or that the i-layers of the individual structures exhibit different optical absorption spectra which complement each other.
Photoactive component as claimed in Claim 6 or 7, wherein at least three structures are present which comprise both several optically thin i-layers with the same absorption spectra as wall as i-layers with different, complementary absorption spectra.
Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 6 to 8, wherein the i-layer of at least one of the structures consists of several layers with different absorption spectra.
Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 6 to 9, wherein the n-layer or p-layer which is near to a transition between two structures exhibits a doping.
Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 6 to 10, wherein a layer of a metal, a salt or an inorganic material is incorporated between the p-layer of the n-th structure and the n-layer of the n+l-th structure.
Photoactive component as claimed in Claim 11, wherein several layers of a metal, a salt or an inorganic material are incorporated between the p-layer of the n-th structure and the n-layer of the n+l-th structure.

13. Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 11 or 12, wherein one or more doped layers comprising an organic or inorganic semiconductor material are incorporated.
14. Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 11 to 13, wherein a transparent or semitransparent layer is added comprising a metal, a salt or another inorganic material, preferably a TCO (transparent conductive oxide), or several of these layers.
15. Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 11 to 14, wherein a layer is incorporated comprising nano-clusters of a metal, a salt or another inorganic or organic material or several such layers.
16. Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 6 to 15, wherein a transparent or semitransparent contact for individual contacting of the individual structures is added between the p-layer of the n-th structure and the n-layer of the n+l-th structure.
17. Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 6 to 16, wherein one or more light traps are used.
18. Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 6 to 17, wherein the contact consists of highly transparent TTO (indium tin oxide), other transparent and conductive materials, such a ZnO, conductive polymers or metal as a semitransparent layer.
19. Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 6 to 18, wherein the thickness of the layers, in particular the thickness of the i-layers, is selected in such way that all structures provide the same photoelectric current under consideration of the distribution of the optical field in the photoactive component.

20. Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 19, wherein a p-layer consists of a p-doped layer, an i-layer consists of an undoped layer in electrical terms or a layer only slightly doped in comparison to doped layers, of which at least one is formed as a layer absorbing photons and generating current and hence as a photoactive layer, and an n-layer comprising at least one n-doped layer.
21. Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 2 to 2D, wherein the entire structure is provided with a transparent and a reflecting contact.
22. Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 21, wherein the contacts consist of metal, a conductive oxide, in particular ITO, ZnO.Al or other TCOs, or a conductive polymer, in particular PEDOT:PSS.
23. Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 22, wherein the thickness of the n-doped or p-doped layers is selected in such way that the position of the i- layer is optimized in relation to the field strength distribution of the optical field.
24. Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 23, wherein the doping thickness in one or more of the photoactive layers (3a or 3b, 7b etc.) or transport layers (2a, 4a or 2b, 4b, 6b, 8b etc.) exhibits a gradient, whereby the doping thickness in the transport layers decreases in the direction of the active layer.
25. Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 24, wherein the components in the photoactive layers, in particular also mixed layers, consist of organic material.
2h Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 25, wherein at
least one dopant is an inorganic material, in particular an alkali metal.
Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 26, wherein at least one part in the photoactive layers (3a or 3b, 7b etc.) consists wholly or partially of inorganic materials.
27. Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 27, wherein at least one part of the charge transport layers (2a, 4a etc. 2b, 4b, 6b, 8b etc.) consist wholly or partially of inorganic materials.
28. Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 28, wherein organic acceptor molecules are used for p-doping of the hole transport layers. Molecules from the class of quinones, tetracyanoquinodimethane, (TCNQ derivatives such as F4-TCNQ), dicyanoquinodiimine (DCNQI derivatives) and corresponding derivatives of higher quinones (naphthoquinone and anthraquinone derivatives).
29. Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 29, wherein a material from one of the following material classes is used for as a host material for the p transport layers:
a) Derivatives of tetraphenyldiamine (TPD), in particular those such TPD
derivatives whose ionization energy is lowered through electron-separating
substituents such as methoxy or methyl groups, as well as spiro derivatives
thereof.
b) Trimethylamine derivatives, in particular derivatives of
tris(diphenylamino)-triphenylamine (TDATA), triaminophenly derivatives,
triphenlybenzene derivatives and
c) Oligomers which receive a donor character through the use of thiophene rings, in particular oligothiophenes
d) Derivatives of oligo-para-phenylene vinylenes (OPPV)
e) Porphyrines or phthalocyanines d) Perylene or terrylene derivatives.

Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 30, whereir material from one of the following material classes is used as a host mater for the n transport layers:
a) Derivatives of perylene or naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid diimi
(PTCD1, NTCD1). perylene or naphthalene tetracarboxylic ac
dianhydride (PTCD1, NTCDA) perylene or naphthalene tetracarboxy
bisimidazole (PTCD1, NTCB1)
b) Fullerenes such as C60 or C70 and derivatives thereof
c) Phthalocyanines or porphyrines, whose electron affinity has be
increased through electron-attracting substituents such as fluorine
chlorine.
d) Quinones
e) Oligomers with increased electron affinity through substituents such fluorine, chlorine, CF3, CN etc., e.g. fluorinated oligophenyls
f) Oxadiazol derivatives.
Photoactive component as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 31, wherein t photoactive layers (3a or 3b, 7b) contain primarily donor-like substances frc the material classes cited in Claim 31 and primarily acceptor-like substanc from the material classes cited in Claim 32.
Dated this 16th day of September, 2005
ASEAN SAARC PATENT & TRADE MARK SERVICES AGENT FOR TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAET DRESDEN

Documents:

1022-mumnp-2005-cancelled pages(16-04-2008).pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-claims(granted)-(16-04-2008).doc

1022-mumnp-2005-claims(granted)-(16-04-2008).pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-claims.doc

1022-mumnp-2005-claims.pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-correspondence(16-04-2008).pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-correspondence(ipo)-(27-08-2008).pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-corrrespondence-others.pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-corrrespondence-received.pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-descripiton (complete).pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-drawing(16-04-2008).pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-drawings.pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-form 1(19-09-2005).pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-form 18(19-09-2005).pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-form 2(granted)-(16-04-2008).doc

1022-mumnp-2005-form 2(granted)-(16-04-2008).pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-form 3(19-09-2005).pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-form 5(19-09-2005).pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-form-1.pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-form-18.pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-form-2.pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-form-3.pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-form-5.pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-form-pct-isa-210(16-04-2008).pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-form-pct-isa-237.pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-other doucment(16-04-2008).pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-pct-search report.pdf

1022-mumnp-2005-power of attorney(19-09-2005).pdf

abstract1.jpg


Patent Number 222943
Indian Patent Application Number 1022/MUMNP/2005
PG Journal Number 06/2009
Publication Date 06-Feb-2009
Grant Date 27-Aug-2008
Date of Filing 19-Sep-2005
Name of Patentee TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAET DRESDEN
Applicant Address MOMMESENSTRASSE 13 01069 DRESSDEN GERMANAY
Inventors:
# Inventor's Name Inventor's Address
1 DRECHSEL, Jens Holbeinstrasse 108 01309 Dresden GERMANY
2 PFEIFFER Martin Alttrachau 4 01139 Dresden
3 Maennig Bert Foersterristrasse 4 01099 Dresden
4 LEO Karl Hermannstrasse 5 01219 Dresden
PCT International Classification Number G03F
PCT International Application Number PCT/DE04/000574
PCT International Filing date 2004-03-19
PCT Conventions:
# PCT Application Number Date of Convention Priority Country
1 103 13 232.5 2003-03-19 Germany