Title of Invention	"A 64-ARY QAM(QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION) DEMODULATION APPARATUS"
Abstract	A 64-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) demodulation apparatus and method for receiving an input signal Rk(Xk,Yk) comprised of a kth quadrature-phase signal Yk and a kth in-phase signal Xk, and generating soft decision values L(sk,5), L(sk,4), L(sk,3), L(sk,2), L(sk,1) and L(sk,0) for the input signal Rk(Xk, Yk) are disclosed. A first soft decision value generator receives the quadrature-phase signal Yk of the received signal Rk and a distance value 2a between six demodulated symbols on the same axis. A second soft decision value generator receives the in-phase signal Xk of the received signal Rk and the distance value 2a between the six demodulated symbols on the same axis.

Title of Invention

"A 64-ARY QAM(QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION) DEMODULATION APPARATUS"

Abstract

A 64-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) demodulation apparatus and method for receiving an input signal Rk(Xk,Yk) comprised of a kth quadrature-phase signal Yk and a kth in-phase signal Xk, and generating soft decision values L(sk,5), L(sk,4), L(sk,3), L(sk,2), L(sk,1) and L(sk,0) for the input signal Rk(Xk, Yk) are disclosed. A first soft decision value generator receives the quadrature-phase signal Yk of the received signal Rk and a distance value 2a between six demodulated symbols on the same axis. A second soft decision value generator receives the in-phase signal Xk of the received signal Rk and the distance value 2a between the six demodulated symbols on the same axis.

Full Text	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a 64-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) demodulation apparatus and method for a data communication system employing multi-level modulation, and in particulars, to an apparatus and method for calculating an input value to a channel decoder in a demodulator for a data communication system employing 64-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). Description of the Related Art: In general, a data communication system employs multi-level modulation in order to increase spectral efficiency. The multi-level modulation includes various modulation techniques. Herein, reference will be made to 64-ary QAM, one of the multi-level modulation techniques. As known by those skilled in the art, a 64-ary QAM channel encoder modulates a signal coded by binary encoding and transmits the coded signal to a receiver. The receiver then receives the transmitted modulated signal and decodes the modulated signal through soft decision values decoding in a channel decoder. To perform the decoding, a demodulator of the receiver includes a mapping algorithm for generating soft decision values (or soft values), because the received modulated signal is comprised of an in-phase signal component and a quadrature-phase signal component. Therefore, the demodulator of the receiver includes a mapping algorithm for generating soft decision values each corresponding to output bits of the channel encoder from a 2-diensional received signal. The mapping algorithm is classified into a simple metric procedure proposed by Nokia, and a dual minimum metric procedure proposed by Motorola. Both algorithms calculate LLR (Log Likelihood Ratio) values for the output bits and use the calculated LLR values as input soft decision values to the channel decoder. The simple metric procedure, which employs a mapping algorithm given by modifying a complex LLR calculation formula into a simple approximate formula, has a simple LLR calculation formula. However, LLR distortion caused by the use of the approximate formula leads to performance degradation. The dual minimum metric procedure, which employs a mapping algorithm of calculating LLR with a more accurate approximate formula and uses the calculated LLR as an input soft decision value of the channel decoder, can make up for performance degradation of the simple metric procedure to some extent. However, compared with the simple metric procedure, this procedure needs increased calculations, thus causing a considerable increase in hardware complexity. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for obtaining a soft decision value without performing complex calculations in a demodulator for a data communication system employing 64-ary QAM. It is another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for designing demodulator with a simple circuit to obtain a soft decision value for a data communication system employing 64-ary QAM. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for obtaining a correct soft decision value with a simple circuit in a demodulator for a data communication system employing 64-ary QAM. To achieve the above and other objects, an embodiment of the present invention provides a 64-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) demodulation apparatus for receiving an input signal R-k(XkYk,,) comprised of a k"1 quadrature-phase signal Yk and a k"1 in-phase signal X& and for generating soft decision values (sk,5), (sk,4) , (sk,3) , (sk,2) , (sk,1) and (sk,0) for the input signal Rk(Xk, Yk) by a soft decision techniques. The apparatus comprises a first soft decision value generator that receives the quadrature-phase signal Yk of the received signal Rk. and a distance value 2a between six demodulated symbols on the same axis, and generates soft decision values (sk,5) , (sk,4) and (sk,3) for sixth, fifth and fourth demodulated symbols using the following equations. (Equation Removed) where (sk,5) indicates the soft decision value for the sixth modulated symbol, (sk,4) indicates the soft decision value for the fifth modulated symbol, and (sk,3) indicates the soft decision value for the fourth modulated symbol. A second soft decision value generator receives the in-phase signal Xk of the received signal Rk. and the distance value 2a between the six demodulated symbols on the same axis, and generates soft decision values (sk,2) , (sk,1) and (sk,0) for third, second and first demodulated symbols using the following equations. (Equation Removed) where (sk,2) indicates the soft decision value for the third modulated symbol, (sk,1) indicates the soft decision value for the second modulated symbol, and (sk,0) indicates the soft decision, value for the first modulated symbol and the "MSB" means the most significant bit and the "a" means a distance value on the same axis. The first soft decision value generator comprises a first operator for calculating Zlk=\|Yk\|-4a by receiving the quadrature-phase signal Yk and the distance value between the demodulated symbols on the same axis, and a second operator for calculating Z2k1d-2a by receiving the output value Zlk of the first operator, and providing the calculated value Z2k as the soft decision value (sk,3) for the fourth demodulated symbol. The first soft decision value generator further comprises a first MSB (Most Significant Bit) calculator for calculating MSB of the quadrature-phase signal Yk, a second MSB calculator for calculating MSB of the output value Z,k of the first operator, and a third MSB calculator for calculating MSB of the output value Z2k of the second operator. The first soft decision value generator also comprises a first selector for selecting the output value Zlk of the first operator or a value "0" according to an output value of the second MSB calculator, a second selector for selecting an inversed value -Z2k of the output value Z2k of the second operator or a value "0" according to an output value of the third MSB calculator, a first adder for adding an output value of the second selector to a value determined by multiplying the output value of the first selector by 3, a third selector for selecting an output value of the first adder or an inversed value of the output value of the first adder according to an output value of the first MSB calculator. In addition, the first soft decision value generator comprises a second adder for adding an output value of the third selector to the quadrature-phase signal Yk and generating the added signal as the soft decision value (sk,5) for the sixth demodulated symbol, a fourth selector for selecting the output value Z2k of the second operator or an inversed value -Z2k of the output value Z2k. according to the output value of the second MSB calculator, a fifth selector for selecting an output value of the fourth selector or a value "0" according to the output value of the third MSB calculator, and a third adder for adding an output value of the fifth selector to the output value Zlk of the first operator and generating the added value as the soft decision value (sk,4) for the fifth demodulated symbol. The second soft decision value generator comprises a third operator for calculating Z,v=\Xk\-4a by receiving the in-phase signal Xk and the distance value between the demodulated symbols on the same axis, and a fourth operator for calculating Z"/Z"nJ-Za by receiving the output value Z"lk of the third operator, and providing the calculated value Z2k as the soft decision value (sk,0) for the first demodulated symbol. The second soft decision value generator also comprises a fourth MSB calculator for calculating MSB of the in-phase signal Xk a fifth MSB calculator for calculating MSB of the output value Z"lk of the third operator, and a sixth MSB calculator for calculating MSB of the output value Z2k of the fourth operator. The second soft decision value generator further comprises a sixth selector for selecting the output value Z"lk of the third operator or a value "0" according to an output value of the fifth MSB calculator, a seventh selector for selecting an inversed value -Z"2k of the output value Z2k of the fourth operator or a value "0" according to an output value of the sixth MSB calculator, a fourth adder for adding an output value of the seventh selector to a value determined by multiplying the output value of the sixth selector by 3, and an eighth selector for selecting an output value of the fourth adder or an inversed value of the output value of the fourth adder according to an output value of the fourth MSB calculator. In addition, the second soft decision value generator comprises a fifth adder for adding an output value of the eighth selector to the in-phase signal Xk. and generating the added signal as the soft decision value A(sk>2) for the third demodulated symbol, a ninth selector for selecting the output value Z"2k of the fourth operator or an inversed value -Z\ of the output value Z"2k according to the output value of the fifth MSB calculator, a tenth sector for selecting an output value of the ninth selector or a value "0" according to the output value of the sixth MSB calculator, and a sixth adder for adding an output value of the tenth selector to the output value Z"1k of the third operator and generating the added value as the soft decision value A (sk,-,) for the second demodulated symbol. In accordance with the present invention relates to a 64-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) demodulation apparatus for receiving an input signal Rk(Xk, Yk) comprised of a kth quadrature-phase signal Yk and a kth in-phase Xk, and for generating soft decision values (ski5), sk>4), (ski3), (sk>2), (sM) and (sk,0) for the input signal Rk(Xk, Yk) by a soft decision means, comprising: a first soft decision value generator (420), receive the quadrature-phase signal Yk of the received signal Rk and a distance value 2a between six demodulated symbols on the same axis, and to generate soft decision values A(sk5), A(sk4) and A(sk3) for sixth, fifth and fourth demodulated symbols using the following equations such as herein described., a second soft decision value generator (440), receive the in-phase signal Xk of the received signal Rk and the distance value 2a between the six demodulated symbols on the same axis, and generating soft decision values (sk2), (sk1) and (sk0) for third, second and first demodulated symbols using the following equations such as herein described. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a signal constellation for 64-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation); In Equation (1), sk.i (i=0,l,—,m-l) indicates an ith bit in the output sequence of the binary channel encoder, mapped to a kth symbol, and Ik and Qk indicate an in-phase signal component and a quadrature-phase signal component of the kth symbol, respectively. For 64-ary QAM, m=6 and a corresponding signal constellation is illustrated in FIG. 1. A complex output of a symbol demodulator in the receiver, comprised of Ik and Qk, is defined as Equation (2) (Equation Removed) In Equation (2), Xk and Yk indicate an in-phase signal component and a quadrature-phase signal component of the output of the symbol demodulator, respectively. Further, gk is a complex coefficient indicating gains of the transmitter, the transmission media and the receiver. In addition, /k and  are Gaussian noises with an average 0 and a divergence , and they are statistically independent of each other. LLR related to the sequence sw (i=0,l,—,m-l) can be calculated by Equation (3), and the calculated LLR can be used as a soft decision value input to the channel decoder. Equation (3) (Equation Removed) In Equation (3), k is a constant, and Pr(A\|B} indicates a conditional probability defined as a probability that an event A will occur when an event B occurs. However, since Equation (3) is non-linear and accompanies relatively many calculations, an algorithm capable of approximating Equation (3) is required for actual realization. In the case of a Gaussian noise channel with gk=l in Equation (2), Equation (3) can be approximated by the dual minimum metric procedure as follows. Equation (4) (Equation Removed) \In Equation necessary to determine z,.(sk,=0) and z<. r miriirnizing i.v._.="0">i~ and 7?, - ~k(skl = 1)\| . for a 2-dimensional received signal R,,. Equation (4) approximated by the dual minimum metric procedure can be rewritten as Equation (5) (Equation Removed) In Equation (5), nk indicates an ith bit value of a reverse mapping sequence for a signal point nearest to Rk, and nks indicates a negation for nkJ. The nearest signal point is determined by ranges of an in-phase signal component and a quadrature-phase signal component of Rk. A first term in the brackets of Equation (5) can be rewritten as Equation (Equation Removed) 6) In Equation (6), Uk and Vk denote an in-phase signal component and a quadrature-phase signal component of a nearest signal point mapped by {nKmA, ■••. nti, •••, n^i, nk0}, respectively. Further, a second term in the brackets of Equation (5) can be written as Equation (7) (Equation Removed) In Equation (7), UKi and Vk,i denote an in-phase signal component and a quadrature-phase signal component of a signal point mapped by a reverse mapping sequence {mM.„ -, mki (=n-1,), -, mu? my} of zk minimizing \Rk-zk(skj=nk^ , respectively. Equation (5) is rewritten as Equation (8) by Equation (6) and Equation (7). Equation (8) (Equation Removed) A process of calculating input soft decision values to the channel decoder by a demodulator in accordance with Equation (8) in a data communication system employing 64-ary QAM will be 0}, Uk andescribed below. First, Table 1 and Table 2 are used to calculate { nk 5, nM nu, nu, nM, nKd Vk from two signal components Xk and Yk of a 64-ary QAM-modulated received signal Rk.. Table (Table Removed) Table 2 (Table Removed) Tabie 1 illustrates (n,_-, nu. nu) and Vk for the case where a quadrature-phase signal component Yk of the received signal Rk appears in each of S regions parailel ro a horizontal axis in FIG. 1. For the sake of convenience, 7 boundary values, that is. result values at Yk = -6a, Yk = -4a, Yk = -2a. Yk - 0, Yk = 2a, Y. = 4a and Y,. = 6a, are omitted from Table 1. Where "a"" means a distance value on the same axis and the ""a" indicating a distance value, can have a different value according to a modulating/demodulating method. Table 2 illustrates (%,, nk s, nk0) and Uk for the case where an in-phase signal component Xk of the received signal R,. appears in each of 8 regions parallel to a vertical axis in FIG. 1. For the sake of convenience, 7 boundary values, that is, result values at Xk = -6a, Xk = -4a, Xk = -2a, Xk = 0, Xk = 2a, Xk = 4a and Xk = 6a, are omitted from Table 2. Table 3 illustrates a sequence (Equation Removed) minimizing Rk -zk(skJ = ;v) > calculated for i (where is {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}), in terms of a function { nt5, nM, T\3, nu, nk,1, nk,0}, and also illustrates in-phase and quadrature-phase signal components Utl and Vtl of the corresponding z^ Table 3 (Table Removed) Table 4 and Table 5 illustrate Vy and Uti corresponding to (mk,5, mk,4, m\3) and (m,k.2, mk,1,, mk,0) calculated in Table 3, for all combinations of (nu, nk,4, nk,3) and (nt2, nk,1, nk,0), respectively. Table 4 (Table Removed) Table 6 and Table 7 (Table Removed) illustrate results given by down-scaling, in a ratio of K"x4a, input soft decision values of the channel decoder obtained by substituting Vk and UVl of Table 4 and Table 5 into Equation (8). (Table Removed) That is, when a received signal R,. is applied, LLR satisfying a corresponding condition can be output as an input soft decision value by Table 6 and Table 7. If the channel decoder used in the system is not a max-logMAP (logarithmic maximum a posteriori) decoder, a process of up-scaling the LLR of Table 6 and Table 7 in a reverse ratio of the down-scale ratio must be added. However, when outputting an input soft decision value of the channel decoder using the mapping table of Table 6 or Table 7, the demodulator should perform an operation of deciding a condition of the received signal and require a memory for storing the output contents according to the corresponding condition. This can be avoided by calculating the input soft decision values to the channel decoder using a formula having a simple condition decision operation instead of the mapping table. To this end, the condition decision formulas shown in Table 6 and Table 7 can be expressed as shown in Table 8 and Table 9. Table 8 (Table Removed) In Table 8, Zlk= I Yk I -4a and Z2k= I Zlk I -2a, and in Table 9, Z"lk=\|Xkl -4a and Z"2k=\|Z"lk\|-2a. In Table 8 and Table 9, even the soft decision values at the 7 boundary values, which were omitted from Table 6 and Table 7 for convenience, are taken into consideration. In hardware realization, Table 8 and Table 9 can be simplified into Table 10 and Table 11 on condition that a sign of Xk,1 Y& Zlk, Z^., Z"lk and Z"^ can be expressed by sign bits. Table 10 and Table 11 illustrate LLR values in terms of Yk, ZIk, Z^., and Xk, Z"lk, Z\, respectively. (Table Removed) In Table 10 and Table 11, MSB(x) denotes a most significant bit (MSB) of a given value x. From Table 10, soft decision values (su), (sM) and (st3) at i=5, 4 and 3 are respectively expressed as Equation (9) (Equation Removed) Equation(l) (Equation Removed) Equation (11) (Equation Removed) From Table 11, soft decision values A(sk>2), (k,1)and (sk0) at i=2, 1 and 0 are respectively expressed as Equation (12) (Equation Removed) Equation (13) (Equation Removed) Equation (14) (Equation Removed) That is, in the data communication system employing 64-ary QAM, it is possible to actually calculate 6 soft decision values, which are outputs of the demodulator for one received signal and inputs of the channel decoder, using the dual minimum metric procedure of Equation (4), through the simple conditional formulas of Equation (9) to Equation (14). This process is illustrated in FIGs. 2 and 3. FIGs. 2 and 3 illustrate an example of processes performed for calculating soft decision values according to an embodiment of the present invention. First, a process of calculating soft decision values (sM), (st4) and (st3) will be described with reference to FIG. 2. In step 200, a demodulator determines whether an MSB value of a quadrature-phase signal component Yk is 0. As a result of the determination, if an MSB value of the quadrature-phase signal component Y; Next, a process for calculating soft decision values (k, 2 ) (k,1) and (k, 0) will be described with reference to FIG. 3. In step 300, the demodulator determines whether an MSB value of an in-phase signal component Xk is 0. As a result of the determination, if an MSB value of the in-phase signal component Xk is 0, the demodulator proceeds to step 304 and sets a value of a parameter c" to 1. Otherwise, the demodulator proceeds to step 302 and sets a value of the parameter c" to -1. After determining a value of the parameter c", the demodulator sets a value of Z"lk to \|Xk\|-4a in step 306. Thereafter, the demodulator determines in step 308 whether MSB of the Zik determined in step 306 is 0. As a result of the determination, if MSB of the Z!k is 0, me demodulator proceeds to step 312 and sets a value of a parameter a" to 3. Otherwise, the demodulator proceeds to step 310 and sets a value of the parameter a" to 0. After setting a value of the parameter a", the demodulator sets a value of Z"2k to \|Z",k\|-2a in step 314. Thereafter, the demodulator determines in step 316 whether MSB of the Z"^ is 0. As a result of the determination, if MSB of the Z\k is 0, the demodulator proceeds to step 320 and sets a value of a parameter (3" to 0. Otherwise, the demodulator proceeds to step 318 and sets a value of the parameter (3" to -1 and a value of a parameter y? to 0. After step 320, the demodulator determines in step 322 whether MSB of the Z"!k is 0. As a result of the determination, if MSB of the Z"lk is 0, the demodulator proceeds to step 324 and sets a value of the parameter y" to 1. Otherwise, the demodulator proceeds to step 326 and sets a value of the parameter y" to -1. Based on the determined values of the parameters α", ß", " and c" the demodulator calculates the soft decision values (sk2)., (sk1). and (sk3-0) in step 328. The process for calculating the soft decision values by the dual minimum metric procedure as described in conjunction with FIGs. 2 and 3 can be divided into (i) a first step of deteirnining the parameters α, ß  and c by analyzing the quadrature-phase signal component Yk and a value "a" and determining the parameters α,"β,γ", and c" by analyzing the in-phase signal component Xk and a value "a", and (ii) a second step of calculating soft decision values using a received signal and the parameters determined in the first step. This process can be realized by a block diagram illustrated in FIG. 4. FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram for calculating soft decision values using a quadrature-phase signal component Yk, an in-phase signal component Xk, and a value "a". The processes of FIGs. 2 and 3 will be described in brief with reference to FIG. 3. A quadrature-phase signal analyzer 410 determines parameters a, P, y and c using the quadrature-phase signal Yk and the value "a" through the process of FIG. 2. A first soft decision value output unit 420 calculates soft decision values (sk4), (st4) and (st3) using the determined parameters a, p, y and c. Similarly, an in-phase signal analyzer 430 determines parameters α,"β,γ", and c" using the in-phase signal Xk. and the value "a" through the process of FIG. 3. A second soft decision value output unit 440 calculates soft decision values (sk>2), (k,1) and (sk,0) using the determined parameters α,"β,γ", andc". FIGs. 5 and 6 illustrate calculators for calculating soft decision values input to a channel decoder for use in a channel demodulator in a data communication system employing 64-ary QAM. FIG. 5 illustrates a calculator for calculating soft decision values (k, 5), (s^4) and (k,3), and FIG. 6 illustrates a calculator for calculating soft decision values (k,2), (k,1) and (k,0). First, an example of a structure and operation of an apparatus for calculating the soft decision values (k, 5), (k, 4)and (k, 3 )will be described with reference to FIG. 5. A quadrature-phase signal Yk and a value "a" are applied to a first operator 501. Further, the quadrature-phase signal Yk is applied to a second adder 519 and a first MSB calculator 529. The first operator 501 calculates Zlk=\|Yk\|-4a as described in step 206 of FIG. 2. The first MSB calculator 529 calculates MSB of the received quadrature-phase signal Yk. The output of the first operator 501 is applied to a second operator 503, an input terminal "0" of a first multiplexer 505, a second MSB calculator 531, and a third adder 527. The second MSB calculator 531 calculates MSB of the Zlk and provides its output to a select terminal of the first multiplexer 505 and a select terminal of a fourth multiplexer 523. A value "0" is always applied to an input terminal "1" of the first multiplexer 505. The first multiplexer 505 selects the input terminal ""0" or the input terminal ;"l" thereof according to a select signal from the second MSB calculator 531. The second operator 503 calculates Z2kIZ12a as described in step 214 of FIG. 2, and provides the calculated value Z2k to a second multiplier 509, a third MSB calculator 533. a fourth multiplier 521, and an input terminal "0" of the founh multiplexer 523. The value Z:k becomes a soft decision value (sk3). The second multiplier 509 multiplies the output value of the second operator 503 by a value "-!,"" and provides its output to an input terminal "1" of a second multiplexer 51 i. An input terminal "0" of the second multiplexer 511 always has a value "0."" Meanwhile, the third MSB calculator 533 calculates MSB of the Z2k, and provides its output to a select terminal of the second multiplexer 511 and a seiect terminal of a fifth multiplexer 525. The second multiplexer 511 selects the input terminal "0" or the input terminal "1" thereof according to a select signal from the third MSB calculator 533. The output of the second multiplexer 511 is applied to a first adder 513. The output of the first multiplexer 505 is applied to a first multiplier 507. The first multiplier 507 triples the output value of the first multiplexer 505, and provides its output to the first adder 513. The first adder 513 adds the output of the second multiplexer 511 to the output of the first multiplier 507, and provides its output to a third multiplier 515 and an input terminal "0" of a third multiplexer 517. The third multiplier 515 multiplies the output of the first adder 513 by a value "-1," and provides its output to an input terminal "1" of the third multiplexer 517. The third multiplexer 517 selects the input terminal "0" or the input terminal "1" thereof according to a select signal provided from the first MSB calculator 529. The output of the third multiplexer 517 is applied to the second adder 519. The second adder 519 adds the quadrature-phase signal component Yk to the output of the third multiplexer 517. The output of the second adder 519 becomes the soft decision value (sk5). Further, the fourth multiplier 521 multiplies the value Z2k by a value "-1" and provides its output to an input terminal "1" of the fourth multiplexer 523. The fourth multiplexer 523 selects the input terminal "0" or the input terminal "1" thereof according to a select signal provided from the second MSB calculator 531. The output of the fourth multiplexer 523 is applied to an input terminal "0" of the fifth multiplexer 525. A value "0" is always applied to an input terminal "1" of the fifth multiplexer 525. The fifth multiplexer 525 selects the input terminal "0" or the input terminal "1" thereof according to a select signal provided from the third MSB calculator 533. The output of the fifth multiplexer 525 is applied to the third adder 527. The third adder 527 adds the output of the fifth multiplexer 525 to the output Zlk of the first operator 501. The output value of the third adder 527 becomes the soft decision value (s^4). In this manner, the circuit of FIG. 5 can calculate the soft decision values (s10), (sM) and (su) from the quadrature-phase signal component Yk and the value "a". Next, an example of a structure and operation of an apparatus for calculating the soft decision values (su), (sM) and (st0) will be described with reference to FIG. 6. An in-phase signal Xk and a value "a" are applied to a third operator 601. Further, the in-phase signal Xk is applied to a fifth adder 619 and a fourth MSB calculator 629. The third operator 601 calculates Z"lk=\|Xk\|-4a as described in step 306 of FIG. 3. The fourth MSB calculator 629 calculates MSB of the received in-phase signal Xk. The output of the third operator 601 is applied to a fourth operator 603, an input terminal :"0" of a sixth multiplexer 605, a fifth MSB calculator 631, and a sixth adder 627. The fifth MSB calculator 631 calculates MSB of the Z",k and provides its output to a select terminal of the sixth multiplexer 605 and a select terminal of a ninth multiplexer 623. A value "0" is always applied to an input terminal "1" of the sixth multiplexer 605. The sixth multiplexer 605 selects the input terminal "0" or the input terminal "1" thereof according to a select signal from the fifth MSB calculator 631. The fourth operator 603 calculates Z"2k=\|Z"lk\|-2a as described in step 314 of FIG. 3, and provides the calculated value Z"2k to a sixth multiplier 609, a sixth MSB calculator 633, an eighth multiplier 621, and an input terminal "0" of the ninth multiplexer 623. The value Z"2k becomes a soft decision value (sM). The sixth multiplier 609 multiplies the output value of the fourth operator 603 by a value "-1," and provides its output to an input terminal "1" of a seventh multiplexer 611.* An input terminal "0" of the seventh multiplexer 611 always has a value "0." Meanwhile, the sixth MSB calculator 633 calculates MSB of the Z2k and provides its output to a select terminal of the seventh multiplexer 611 and a select terminal of a tenth multiplexer 625. The seventh multiplexer 611 selects the input terminal "0" or the input terminal "1" thereof according to a select signal from the sixth MSB calculator 633. The output of the seventh multiplexer 611 is applied to a fourth adder 613. The output of the sixth multiplexer 605 is applied to a fifth multiplier 607. The fifth multiplier 607 triples the output value of the sixth multiplexer 605, and provides its output to the fourth adder 613. The fourth adder 613 adds the output of the seventh multiplexer 611 to the output of the fifth multiplier 607, and provides its output to a seventh multiplier 615 and an input terminal "0" of an eighth multiplexer 617. The seventh multiplier 615 multiplies the output of the fourth adder 613 by a value "-1," and provides its output to an input terminal "1" of the eighth multiplexer 617. The eighth multiplexer 617 selects the input terminal "0" or the input terminal "1" thereof according to a select signal provided from the fourth MSB calculator 629. The output of the eighth multiplexer 617 is applied to the fifth adder 619. The fifth adder 619 adds the in-phase signal component Xk to the output of the eighth multiplexer 617. The output of the fifth adder 619 becomes the soft decision value Sk2. Further, the eighth multiplier 621 multiplies the value Z"2k by a value "-1" and provides its output to an input terminal "1" of the ninth multiplexer 623. The ninth multiplexer 623 selects the input terminal ""0" or the input terminal "1" thereof according to a select signal provided from the fifth MSB calculator 631. The output of the ninth multiplexer 623 is applied to an input terminal "0" of the tenth multiplexer 625. A value "0" is always applied to an input terminal "1"" of the tenth multiplexer 625. The tenth multiplexer 625 selects the input terminal ""0" or the input terminal "V thereof according to a select signal provided from the sixth MSB calculator 633. The output of the tenth multiplexer 625 is applied to the sixth adder 627. The sixth adder 627 adds the output of the tenth multiplexer 625 to the output Z"lk of the third operator 601. The output value of the sixth adder 627 becomes the soft decision value A(sk,). In this manner, the circuit of FIG. 6 can calculate the soft decision values (sk 2), (st!) and (sk-0) from the in-phase signal component Xk and the value "a". According to the foregoing description, a conventional soft decision value calculator using the dual minimum metric procedure realized by Equation (4) needs one hundred or more squaring operations and comparison operations. However, the calculators according to an embodiment of the present invention as exemplified in FIGs. 5 and 6 and realized using Equation (9) to Equation (14) are comprised of 10 adders (first to fourth operators are also realized by adders), 8 multipliers and 10 multiplexers, contributing to a remarkable reduction in operation time and complexity of the calculator. Table 12 below illustrates a comparison made between the conventional calculator realized by Equation (4) and the novel calculator realized by Equations (9) to (14) in terms of the type and number of operations, for ie {0,1,2,3,4, 5}. (Equation Removed) (Table Removed) In summary, the embodiment of the present invention described above derives Table 6 to Table 11 from Equation (6) to Equation (8) and the process of Table 1 to Table 5, in order to reduce a time delay and complexity, which may occur when Equation (4), the known dual minimum metric procedure, or Equation (5) obtained by simplifying the dual minimum metric procedure is actually realized using the 64-ary QAM. Further, the embodiment of the present invention provides Equation (9) to Equation (14), new formulas used to realize the dual minimum metric procedure in the 64-ary QAM. In addition, the present invention provides a hardware device realized based on Equation (9) and Equation (14). As described above, in deriving a soft decision value needed as an input of a channel decoder using the dual minimum metric procedure, the novel 64-ary QAM demodulator for a data communication system can perform simple and rapid calculations while obtaining the same result as when the exiting formula is used. A soft decision value calculator realized by hardware remarkably reduces an operation time and complexity of the demodulator. While the invention has been shown and described with reference to an embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.- We claim: 1. A 64-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) demodulation apparatus for receiving an input signal Rk(Xk, Yk) comprised of a kth quadrature-phase signal Yk and a kth in-phase Xk, and for generating soft decision values (sk,5), (§k,4), (sk,3), (sk,2), (sk,i) and (sk,o) for the input signal Rk(Xk, Yk) by a soft decision means, comprising: a first soft decision value generator (420), receive the quadrature-phase signal Yk of the received signal Rk and a distance value 2a between six demodulated symbols on the same axis, and to generate soft decision values (sk,s), (sk,4) and (sk,3) for sixth, fifth, and fourth demodulated symbols using the following equations such as herein described., a second soft decision value generator (440), receive the in-phase signal Xk of the received signal Rk and the distance value 2a between the six demodulated symbols on the same axis, and generating soft decision values (sk,2), (sk,i) and (sk,o) for third, second and first demodulated symbols using the following equations such as herein described. 2. The 64-ary QAM demodulation apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first soft decision value generator comprises: a first operator means (501), calculate Zlk= \|Yk\|-4a by receiving the quadrature-phase signal Yk and the distance value between the demodulated symbols on the same axis; a second operator means (503), calculate Z2k= \|Zik\|-2a by receiving the output value Z]k of the first operator (501), and providing the calculated value Z2k as the soft decision value (sk,3) for the fourth demodulated symbol; tr first MSB (Most Significant Bit) calculator (529), calculate MSB of the quadrature-phase signal Yk; a second MSB calculator (531), calculate MSB of the output value Zlk of the first operator (501); a third MSB calculator (533), calculate MSB of the output value Z2k of the second operator (503); a first selector means, select the output value ZJk of the first operator (501) or a value "0" according to an output value of the second MSB calculator (531); a second selector means, select an inversed value -Z2k of the output value Z2k of the second operator (503) or a value "0" according to an output value of the third MSB calculator (533); a first adder (513), add an output value of the second selector to a value determined by multiplying the output value of the first selector by 3; a third selector means, select an output value of the first adder (513) or an inversed value of the output value of the first adder (513) according to an output value of the first MSB calculator (529); a second adder (519), add an output value of the third selector to the quadratue-phase signal Yk and generating the added signal as the soft decision value (skj5) for the sixth demodulated symbol; fourth selector means, select the output value Z2k of the second operator (503) or an inversed value -Z2k of the output value Z2k according to the output value of the second MSB calculator (531); a fifth selector means, select an output value of the fourth selector or a value "0" according to the output value of the third MSB calculator (533); and a third adder (527), add an output value of the fifth selector to the output value Z,k of the first operator (501) and generating the added value as the soft decision value (Sk,4) for the fifth demodulated symbol. 3. The 64-ary QAM demodulation apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second soft decision value generator comprises: a third operator means (601), calculate Z"ik= \|Xk\| -4a by receiving the in-phase signal Xk and the distance value between the demodulated symbols on the same axis; a fourth operator means (603), calculate Z"2k= \|Z"ik\| -2a by receiving the output value Z"lk of the third operator (601), and providing the calculated value Z"2k as the soft decision value (sk,o) for the first demodulated symbol; a fourth MSB (629), calculate for calculating MSB of the in-phase signal Xk; a fifth MSB (631), calculate for calculating MSB of the output value Z"\|k of the, third operator (601); a sixth MSB (633), calculate for calculating MSB of the output value Z"2k of the fourth operator (603); a sixth selector means, to select the output value Z"lk of the third operator (601) or a value "0" according to an output value of the fifth MSB calculator (631); a seven selector means, select an inversed value -Z"2k of the output value Z2k of the fourth operator (603) or a value "0" according to an output value of the sixth MSB calculator (633); a fourth adder (613), add an output value of the seventh selector to a value determined by multiplying the output value of the sixth selector by 3; an eighth selector means, select an output value of the fourth adder (613) or an inversed value of the output value of the fourth adder (613) according to an output value of the fourth MSB calculator (629); a fifth adder (619), add an output value of the eighth selector to the in-phase signal Xk and generating the added signal as the soft decision value (sk,2) for the third demodulated symbol; a ninth selector means, select the output value Z"2k of the fourth operator (603) or an inversed value -Z"2k of the output value Z"2k according to the output value of the fifth-MSB calculator (631); a tenth selector means, select an output value of the ninth selector or a value "0" according to the output value of the sixth MSB calculator (633); and a sixth adder (627), add an output value of the tenth selector to the output value Z"ik of the third operator (601) and generating the added value as the soft decision value (sk i) for the second demodulated symbol. 4 The 64-ary QAM demodulation apparatus substantially as herein described with reference to the foregoing description and the accompanying drawings.

Full Text

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a 64-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) demodulation apparatus and method for a data communication system employing multi-level modulation, and in particulars, to an apparatus and method for calculating an input value to a channel decoder in a demodulator for a data communication system employing 64-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation).
Description of the Related Art:
In general, a data communication system employs multi-level modulation in order to increase spectral efficiency. The multi-level modulation includes various modulation techniques. Herein, reference will be made to 64-ary QAM, one of the multi-level modulation techniques. As known by those skilled in the art, a 64-ary QAM channel encoder modulates a signal coded by binary encoding and transmits the coded signal to a receiver. The receiver then receives the transmitted modulated signal and decodes the modulated signal through soft decision values decoding in a channel decoder. To perform the decoding, a demodulator of the receiver includes a mapping algorithm for generating soft decision values (or soft values), because the received modulated signal is comprised of an in-phase signal component and a quadrature-phase signal component. Therefore, the demodulator of the receiver includes a mapping algorithm for generating soft decision values each corresponding to output bits of the channel encoder from a 2-diensional received signal.
The mapping algorithm is classified into a simple metric procedure proposed by Nokia, and a dual minimum metric procedure proposed by Motorola. Both algorithms calculate LLR (Log Likelihood Ratio) values for the output bits and use the calculated LLR values as input soft decision values to the channel decoder.
The simple metric procedure, which employs a mapping algorithm given by modifying a complex LLR calculation formula into a simple approximate formula, has a simple LLR calculation formula. However, LLR distortion caused by the use of the approximate formula leads to performance degradation. The dual minimum metric procedure, which employs a mapping algorithm of calculating LLR with a more accurate approximate formula and uses the calculated LLR as an input soft decision value of the channel decoder, can make up for performance degradation of the simple metric procedure to some extent. However, compared with the simple metric procedure, this procedure needs increased calculations, thus causing a considerable increase in hardware complexity.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for obtaining a soft decision value without performing complex calculations in a demodulator for a data communication system employing 64-ary QAM.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for designing demodulator with a simple circuit to obtain a soft decision value for a data communication system employing 64-ary QAM.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for obtaining a correct soft decision value with a simple circuit in a demodulator for a data communication system employing 64-ary QAM.
To achieve the above and other objects, an embodiment of the present invention provides a 64-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) demodulation apparatus for receiving an input signal R-k(XkYk,,) comprised of a k"1 quadrature-phase signal Yk and a k"1 in-phase signal X& and for generating soft decision values (sk,5), (sk,4) , (sk,3) , (sk,2) , (sk,1) and (sk,0) for the input signal Rk(Xk, Yk) by a soft decision techniques. The apparatus comprises a first soft decision value generator that receives the quadrature-phase signal Yk of the received signal Rk. and a distance value 2a between six demodulated symbols on the same axis, and generates soft decision values (sk,5) , (sk,4) and (sk,3) for sixth, fifth and fourth demodulated symbols using the following equations.
(Equation Removed)
where (sk,5) indicates the soft decision value for the sixth modulated symbol, (sk,4) indicates the soft decision value for the fifth modulated symbol, and (sk,3) indicates the soft decision value for the fourth modulated symbol. A second soft decision value generator receives the in-phase signal Xk of the received signal Rk. and the distance value 2a between the six demodulated symbols on the same axis, and generates soft decision values (sk,2) , (sk,1) and (sk,0) for third, second and first demodulated symbols using the following equations.
(Equation Removed)
where (sk,2) indicates the soft decision value for the third modulated symbol, (sk,1) indicates the soft decision value for the second modulated symbol, and (sk,0) indicates the soft decision, value for the first modulated symbol and the "MSB" means the most significant bit and the "a" means a distance value on the same axis.
The first soft decision value generator comprises a first operator for calculating Zlk=|Yk|-4a by receiving the quadrature-phase signal Yk and the distance value between the demodulated symbols on the same axis, and a second operator for calculating Z2k1d-2a by receiving the output value Zlk of the first operator, and providing the calculated value Z2k as the soft decision value (sk,3) for the fourth demodulated symbol. The first soft decision value generator further comprises a first MSB (Most Significant Bit) calculator for calculating MSB of the quadrature-phase signal Yk, a second MSB calculator for calculating MSB of the output value Z,k of the first operator, and a third MSB calculator for calculating MSB of the output value Z2k of the second operator. The first soft decision value generator also comprises a first selector for selecting the output value Zlk of the first operator or a value "0" according to an
output value of the second MSB calculator, a second selector for selecting an inversed value -Z2k of the output value Z2k of the second operator or a value "0" according to an output value of the third MSB calculator, a first adder for adding an output value of the second selector to a value determined by multiplying the output value of the first selector by 3, a third selector for selecting an output value of the first adder or an inversed value of the output value of the first adder according to an output value of the first MSB calculator. In addition, the first soft decision value generator comprises a second adder for adding an output value of the third selector to the quadrature-phase signal Yk and generating the added signal as the soft decision value (sk,5) for the sixth demodulated symbol, a fourth selector for selecting the output value Z2k of the second operator or an inversed value -Z2k of the output value Z2k. according to the output value of the second MSB calculator, a fifth selector for selecting an output value of the fourth selector or a value "0" according to the output value of the third MSB calculator, and a third adder for adding an output value of the fifth selector to the output value Zlk of the first operator and generating the added value as the soft decision value (sk,4) for the fifth demodulated symbol.
The second soft decision value generator comprises a third operator for calculating Z,v=\Xk\-4a by receiving the in-phase signal Xk and the distance value between the demodulated symbols on the same axis, and a fourth operator for calculating Z"/Z"nJ-Za by receiving the output value Z"lk of the third operator, and providing the calculated value Z2k as the soft decision value (sk,0) for the first demodulated symbol. The second soft decision value generator also comprises a fourth MSB calculator for calculating MSB of the in-phase signal Xk a fifth MSB calculator for calculating MSB of the output value Z"lk of the third operator, and a sixth MSB calculator for calculating MSB of the output value Z2k of the fourth operator. The second soft decision value generator further comprises a sixth selector for selecting the output value Z"lk of the third operator or a value "0" according to an output value of the fifth MSB calculator, a seventh selector for selecting an inversed value -Z"2k of the output value Z2k of the fourth operator or a value "0" according to an output value of the sixth MSB calculator, a fourth adder for adding an output value of the seventh selector to a value determined by multiplying the output value of the sixth selector by 3, and an eighth selector for selecting an output value of the fourth adder or an inversed value of the output value of the fourth adder according to an output value of the fourth MSB calculator. In addition, the second soft decision value generator comprises a fifth adder for adding an output value of the eighth selector to the in-phase signal Xk. and generating the added signal as the soft decision value A(sk>2) for the third demodulated symbol, a ninth selector for selecting the output value Z"2k of the fourth operator or an inversed value -Z\ of the
output value Z"2k according to the output value of the fifth MSB calculator, a tenth sector for selecting an output value of the ninth selector or a value "0" according to the output value of the sixth MSB calculator, and a sixth adder for adding an output value of the tenth selector to the output value Z"1k of the third operator and generating the added value as the soft decision value A (sk,-,) for the second demodulated symbol.
In accordance with the present invention relates to a 64-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) demodulation apparatus for receiving an input signal Rk(Xk, Yk) comprised of a kth quadrature-phase signal Yk and a kth in-phase Xk, and for generating soft decision values (ski5), sk>4), (ski3), (sk>2), (sM) and (sk,0) for the input signal Rk(Xk, Yk) by a soft decision means, comprising:
a first soft decision value generator (420), receive the quadrature-phase signal Yk of the received signal Rk and a distance value 2a between six demodulated symbols on the same axis, and to generate soft decision values A(sk5), A(sk4) and A(sk3) for sixth, fifth and fourth demodulated symbols using the following equations such as herein described.,
a second soft decision value generator (440), receive the in-phase signal Xk of the received signal Rk and the distance value 2a between the six demodulated symbols on the same axis, and generating soft decision values (sk2), (sk1) and (sk0) for third, second and first demodulated symbols using the following equations such as herein described.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a signal constellation for 64-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation);
In Equation (1), sk.i (i=0,l,—,m-l) indicates an ith bit in the output sequence of the binary channel encoder, mapped to a kth symbol, and Ik and Qk indicate an in-phase signal component and a quadrature-phase signal component of the kth symbol, respectively. For 64-ary QAM, m=6 and a corresponding signal constellation is illustrated in FIG. 1.
A complex output of a symbol demodulator in the receiver, comprised of Ik and Qk, is defined as
Equation (2)
(Equation Removed)
In Equation (2), Xk and Yk indicate an in-phase signal component and a quadrature-phase signal component of the output of the symbol demodulator, respectively. Further, gk is a complex coefficient indicating gains of the transmitter, the
transmission media and the receiver. In addition, /k and  are Gaussian noises with an average 0 and a divergence , and they are statistically independent of each other.
LLR related to the sequence sw (i=0,l,—,m-l) can be calculated by Equation (3), and the calculated LLR can be used as a soft decision value input to the channel decoder.
Equation (3)
(Equation Removed)
In Equation (3), k is a constant, and Pr(A|B} indicates a conditional
probability defined as a probability that an event A will occur when an event B occurs. However, since Equation (3) is non-linear and accompanies relatively many calculations, an algorithm capable of approximating Equation (3) is required for actual realization. In the case of a Gaussian noise channel with gk=l in Equation (2), Equation (3) can be approximated by the dual minimum metric procedure as follows.
Equation (4)
(Equation Removed)
\In Equation necessary to determine z,.(sk,=0) and z<. r miriirnizing i.v._.="0">i~ and
7?, - ~k(skl = 1)| . for a 2-dimensional received signal R,,. Equation (4) approximated by the dual minimum metric procedure can be rewritten as
Equation (5)
(Equation Removed)
In Equation (5), nk indicates an ith bit value of a reverse mapping sequence
for a signal point nearest to Rk, and nks indicates a negation for nkJ. The nearest signal
point is determined by ranges of an in-phase signal component and a quadrature-phase signal component of Rk. A first term in the brackets of Equation (5) can be rewritten as
Equation
(Equation Removed) 6)
In Equation (6), Uk and Vk denote an in-phase signal component and a quadrature-phase signal component of a nearest signal point mapped by {nKmA, ■••. nti, •••, n^i, nk0}, respectively. Further, a second term in the brackets of Equation (5) can be written as
Equation (7)
(Equation Removed) In Equation (7), UKi and Vk,i denote an in-phase signal component and a quadrature-phase signal component of a signal point mapped by a reverse mapping
sequence {mM.„ -, mki (=n-1,), -, mu? my} of zk minimizing \Rk-zk(skj=nk^ , respectively. Equation (5) is rewritten as Equation (8) by Equation (6) and Equation (7).
Equation (8)
(Equation Removed) A process of calculating input soft decision values to the channel decoder by a demodulator in accordance with Equation (8) in a data communication system employing 64-ary QAM will be 0}, Uk andescribed below. First, Table 1 and Table 2 are used to calculate { nk 5, nM nu, nu, nM, nKd Vk from two signal components Xk and Yk of a 64-ary QAM-modulated received signal Rk..
Table (Table Removed)
Table 2 (Table Removed)
Tabie 1 illustrates (n,_-, nu. nu) and Vk for the case where a quadrature-phase signal component Yk of the received signal Rk appears in each of S regions parailel ro a horizontal axis in FIG. 1. For the sake of convenience, 7 boundary values, that is. result values at Yk = -6a, Yk = -4a, Yk = -2a. Yk - 0, Yk = 2a, Y. = 4a and Y,. = 6a, are omitted from Table 1. Where "a"" means a distance value on the same axis and the ""a" indicating a distance value, can have a different value according to a modulating/demodulating method. Table 2 illustrates (%,, nk s, nk0) and Uk for the case where an in-phase signal component Xk of the received signal R,. appears in each of 8 regions parallel to a vertical axis in FIG. 1. For the sake of convenience, 7 boundary values, that is, result values at Xk = -6a, Xk = -4a, Xk = -2a, Xk = 0, Xk = 2a, Xk = 4a and Xk = 6a, are omitted from Table 2.
Table 3 illustrates a sequence (Equation Removed) minimizing
Rk -zk(skJ = ;v) > calculated for i (where is {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}), in terms of a function
{ nt5, nM, T\3, nu, nk,1, nk,0}, and also illustrates in-phase and quadrature-phase signal components Utl and Vtl of the corresponding z^
Table 3
(Table Removed)
Table 4 and Table 5 illustrate Vy and Uti corresponding to (mk,5, mk,4, m\3) and (m,k.2, mk,1,, mk,0) calculated in Table 3, for all combinations of (nu, nk,4, nk,3) and (nt2, nk,1, nk,0), respectively.
Table 4 (Table Removed) Table 6 and Table 7 (Table Removed)
illustrate results given by down-scaling, in a ratio of

K"x4a, input soft decision values of the channel decoder obtained by substituting Vk and UVl of Table 4 and Table 5 into Equation (8).
(Table Removed)
That is, when a received signal R,. is applied, LLR satisfying a corresponding condition can be output as an input soft decision value by Table 6 and Table 7. If the channel decoder used in the system is not a max-logMAP (logarithmic maximum a posteriori) decoder, a process of up-scaling the LLR of Table 6 and Table 7 in a reverse ratio of the down-scale ratio must be added.
However, when outputting an input soft decision value of the channel decoder using the mapping table of Table 6 or Table 7, the demodulator should perform an operation of deciding a condition of the received signal and require a memory for storing the output contents according to the corresponding condition. This can be avoided by calculating the input soft decision values to the channel decoder using a formula having a simple condition decision operation instead of the mapping table.
To this end, the condition decision formulas shown in Table 6 and Table 7
can be expressed as shown in Table 8 and Table 9.
Table 8 (Table Removed)
In Table 8, Zlk= I Yk I -4a and Z2k= I Zlk I -2a, and in Table 9, Z"lk=|Xkl -4a and Z"2k=|Z"lk|-2a. In Table 8 and Table 9, even the soft decision values at the 7 boundary values, which were omitted from Table 6 and Table 7 for convenience, are taken into consideration.
In hardware realization, Table 8 and Table 9 can be simplified into Table 10 and Table 11 on condition that a sign of Xk,1 Y& Zlk, Z^., Z"lk and Z"^ can be expressed by sign bits. Table 10 and Table 11 illustrate LLR values in terms of Yk, ZIk, Z^., and Xk, Z"lk, Z\, respectively.
(Table Removed)
In Table 10 and Table 11, MSB(x) denotes a most significant bit (MSB) of a given value x.
From Table 10, soft decision values (su), (sM) and (st3) at i=5, 4 and 3 are respectively expressed as
Equation (9)
(Equation Removed) Equation(l)
(Equation Removed)
Equation (11)
(Equation Removed)
From Table 11, soft decision values A(sk>2), (k,1)and (sk0) at i=2, 1 and 0 are respectively expressed as
Equation (12)
(Equation Removed)
Equation (13)
(Equation Removed)
Equation (14)
(Equation Removed)
That is, in the data communication system employing 64-ary QAM, it is possible to actually calculate 6 soft decision values, which are outputs of the demodulator for one received signal and inputs of the channel decoder, using the dual minimum metric procedure of Equation (4), through the simple conditional formulas of Equation (9) to Equation (14). This process is illustrated in FIGs. 2 and 3. FIGs. 2 and 3 illustrate an example of processes performed for calculating soft decision values according to an embodiment of the present invention.
First, a process of calculating soft decision values (sM), (st4) and (st3)
will be described with reference to FIG. 2. In step 200, a demodulator determines whether an MSB value of a quadrature-phase signal component Yk is 0. As a result of the determination, if an MSB value of the quadrature-phase signal component Y; Next, a process for calculating soft decision values (k, 2 ) (k,1) and (k, 0) will be described with reference to FIG. 3. In step 300, the demodulator determines whether an MSB value of an in-phase signal component Xk is 0. As a result of the determination, if an MSB value of the in-phase signal component Xk is 0, the demodulator proceeds to step 304 and sets a value of a parameter c" to 1. Otherwise, the demodulator proceeds to step 302 and sets a value of the parameter c" to -1. After determining a value of the parameter c", the demodulator sets a value of Z"lk to |Xk|-4a in step 306. Thereafter, the demodulator determines in step 308 whether MSB of the Zik determined in step 306 is 0. As a result of the determination, if MSB of the Z!k is 0, me demodulator proceeds to step 312 and sets a value of a parameter a" to 3. Otherwise, the demodulator proceeds to step 310 and sets a value of the parameter a" to 0. After setting a value of the parameter a", the demodulator sets a value of Z"2k to |Z",k|-2a in step 314. Thereafter, the demodulator determines in step 316 whether MSB of the Z"^ is 0. As a result of the determination, if MSB of the Z\k is 0, the demodulator proceeds to step 320 and sets a value of a parameter (3" to 0. Otherwise, the demodulator proceeds to step 318 and sets a value of the parameter (3" to -1 and a value of a parameter y? to 0. After step
320, the demodulator determines in step 322 whether MSB of the Z"!k is 0. As a result of the determination, if MSB of the Z"lk is 0, the demodulator proceeds to step 324 and sets a value of the parameter y" to 1. Otherwise, the demodulator proceeds to step 326 and sets a value of the parameter y" to -1. Based on the determined values of the parameters α", ß", " and c" the demodulator calculates the soft decision values (sk2)., (sk1). and (sk3-0) in step 328.
The process for calculating the soft decision values by the dual minimum metric procedure as described in conjunction with FIGs. 2 and 3 can be divided into (i) a first step of deteirnining the parameters α, ß  and c by analyzing the quadrature-phase signal component Yk and a value "a" and determining the parameters α,"β,γ", and c" by analyzing the in-phase signal component Xk and a value "a", and (ii) a second step of calculating soft decision values using a received signal and the parameters determined in the first step. This process can be realized by a block diagram illustrated in FIG. 4.
FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram for calculating soft decision values using a quadrature-phase signal component Yk, an in-phase signal component Xk, and a value "a". The processes of FIGs. 2 and 3 will be described in brief with reference to FIG. 3. A quadrature-phase signal analyzer 410 determines parameters a, P, y and c using the quadrature-phase signal Yk and the value "a" through the process of FIG. 2. A first soft decision value output unit 420 calculates soft decision values (sk4), (st4) and (st3) using the determined parameters a, p, y and c. Similarly, an in-phase signal analyzer 430 determines parameters α,"β,γ", and c" using the in-phase signal Xk. and the value "a" through the process of FIG. 3. A second soft decision value output unit 440 calculates soft decision values (sk>2), (k,1) and (sk,0) using the determined parameters α,"β,γ", andc".
FIGs. 5 and 6 illustrate calculators for calculating soft decision values input to a channel decoder for use in a channel demodulator in a data communication system employing 64-ary QAM. FIG. 5 illustrates a calculator for calculating soft decision values (k, 5), (s^4) and (k,3), and FIG. 6 illustrates a calculator for calculating soft decision values (k,2), (k,1) and (k,0).
First, an example of a structure and operation of an apparatus for calculating the soft decision values (k, 5), (k, 4)and (k, 3 )will be described with reference to FIG. 5. A quadrature-phase signal Yk and a value "a" are applied to a first operator 501. Further, the quadrature-phase signal Yk is applied to a second adder 519 and a first MSB calculator 529. The first operator 501 calculates Zlk=|Yk|-4a as described in step 206 of FIG. 2. The first MSB calculator 529 calculates MSB of the received quadrature-phase signal Yk. The output of the first operator 501 is applied to a second operator 503, an input terminal "0" of a first multiplexer 505, a second MSB calculator 531, and a third
adder 527. The second MSB calculator 531 calculates MSB of the Zlk and provides its output to a select terminal of the first multiplexer 505 and a select terminal of a fourth multiplexer 523. A value "0" is always applied to an input terminal "1" of the first multiplexer 505. The first multiplexer 505 selects the input terminal ""0" or the input terminal ;"l" thereof according to a select signal from the second MSB calculator 531.
The second operator 503 calculates Z2kIZ12a as described in step 214 of FIG. 2, and provides the calculated value Z2k to a second multiplier 509, a third MSB calculator 533. a fourth multiplier 521, and an input terminal "0" of the founh multiplexer 523. The value Z:k becomes a soft decision value (sk3). The second multiplier 509 multiplies the output value of the second operator 503 by a value "-!,"" and provides its output to an input terminal "1" of a second multiplexer 51 i. An input terminal "0" of the second multiplexer 511 always has a value "0.""
Meanwhile, the third MSB calculator 533 calculates MSB of the Z2k, and provides its output to a select terminal of the second multiplexer 511 and a seiect terminal of a fifth multiplexer 525. The second multiplexer 511 selects the input terminal "0" or the input terminal "1" thereof according to a select signal from the third MSB calculator 533. The output of the second multiplexer 511 is applied to a first adder 513.
The output of the first multiplexer 505 is applied to a first multiplier 507. The first multiplier 507 triples the output value of the first multiplexer 505, and provides its output to the first adder 513. The first adder 513 adds the output of the second multiplexer 511 to the output of the first multiplier 507, and provides its output to a third multiplier 515 and an input terminal "0" of a third multiplexer 517. The third multiplier 515 multiplies the output of the first adder 513 by a value "-1," and provides its output to an input terminal "1" of the third multiplexer 517. The third multiplexer 517 selects the input terminal "0" or the input terminal "1" thereof according to a select signal provided from the first MSB calculator 529. The output of the third multiplexer 517 is applied to the second adder 519. The second adder 519 adds the quadrature-phase signal component Yk to the output of the third multiplexer 517. The output of the second adder 519 becomes the soft decision value (sk5).
Further, the fourth multiplier 521 multiplies the value Z2k by a value "-1" and provides its output to an input terminal "1" of the fourth multiplexer 523. The fourth multiplexer 523 selects the input terminal "0" or the input terminal "1" thereof according to a select signal provided from the second MSB calculator 531. The output of the fourth multiplexer 523 is applied to an input terminal "0" of the fifth multiplexer 525. A value "0" is always applied to an input terminal "1" of the fifth multiplexer 525. The fifth multiplexer 525 selects the input terminal "0" or the input terminal "1" thereof according to a select signal provided from the third MSB calculator 533. The output of the fifth multiplexer 525 is applied to the third adder 527. The third adder 527 adds the output of
the fifth multiplexer 525 to the output Zlk of the first operator 501. The output value of the third adder 527 becomes the soft decision value (s^4).
In this manner, the circuit of FIG. 5 can calculate the soft decision values (s10), (sM) and (su) from the quadrature-phase signal component Yk and the value "a".
Next, an example of a structure and operation of an apparatus for calculating the soft decision values (su), (sM) and (st0) will be described with reference to FIG. 6. An in-phase signal Xk and a value "a" are applied to a third operator 601. Further, the in-phase signal Xk is applied to a fifth adder 619 and a fourth MSB calculator 629. The third operator 601 calculates Z"lk=|Xk|-4a as described in step 306 of FIG. 3. The fourth MSB calculator 629 calculates MSB of the received in-phase signal Xk. The output of the third operator 601 is applied to a fourth operator 603, an input terminal :"0" of a sixth multiplexer 605, a fifth MSB calculator 631, and a sixth adder 627. The fifth MSB calculator 631 calculates MSB of the Z",k and provides its output to a select terminal of the sixth multiplexer 605 and a select terminal of a ninth multiplexer 623. A value "0" is always applied to an input terminal "1" of the sixth multiplexer 605. The sixth multiplexer 605 selects the input terminal "0" or the input terminal "1" thereof according to a select signal from the fifth MSB calculator 631.
The fourth operator 603 calculates Z"2k=|Z"lk|-2a as described in step 314 of FIG. 3, and provides the calculated value Z"2k to a sixth multiplier 609, a sixth MSB calculator 633, an eighth multiplier 621, and an input terminal "0" of the ninth multiplexer 623. The value Z"2k becomes a soft decision value (sM). The sixth multiplier 609 multiplies the output value of the fourth operator 603 by a value "-1," and provides its output to an input terminal "1" of a seventh multiplexer 611.* An input terminal "0" of the seventh multiplexer 611 always has a value "0."
Meanwhile, the sixth MSB calculator 633 calculates MSB of the Z2k and provides its output to a select terminal of the seventh multiplexer 611 and a select terminal of a tenth multiplexer 625. The seventh multiplexer 611 selects the input terminal "0" or the input terminal "1" thereof according to a select signal from the sixth MSB calculator 633. The output of the seventh multiplexer 611 is applied to a fourth adder 613.
The output of the sixth multiplexer 605 is applied to a fifth multiplier 607. The fifth multiplier 607 triples the output value of the sixth multiplexer 605, and provides its output to the fourth adder 613. The fourth adder 613 adds the output of the seventh multiplexer 611 to the output of the fifth multiplier 607, and provides its output to a seventh multiplier 615 and an input terminal "0" of an eighth multiplexer 617. The seventh multiplier 615 multiplies the output of the fourth adder 613 by a value "-1," and
provides its output to an input terminal "1" of the eighth multiplexer 617. The eighth multiplexer 617 selects the input terminal "0" or the input terminal "1" thereof according to a select signal provided from the fourth MSB calculator 629. The output of the eighth multiplexer 617 is applied to the fifth adder 619. The fifth adder 619 adds the in-phase signal component Xk to the output of the eighth multiplexer 617. The output of the fifth adder 619 becomes the soft decision value Sk2.
Further, the eighth multiplier 621 multiplies the value Z"2k by a value "-1" and provides its output to an input terminal "1" of the ninth multiplexer 623. The ninth multiplexer 623 selects the input terminal ""0" or the input terminal "*1" thereof according to a select signal provided from the fifth MSB calculator 631. The output of the ninth multiplexer 623 is applied to an input terminal "0" of the tenth multiplexer 625. A value "0" is always applied to an input terminal "1"" of the tenth multiplexer 625. The tenth multiplexer 625 selects the input terminal ""0" or the input terminal "V thereof according to a select signal provided from the sixth MSB calculator 633. The output of the tenth multiplexer 625 is applied to the sixth adder 627. The sixth adder 627 adds the output of the tenth multiplexer 625 to the output Z"lk of the third operator 601. The output value of the sixth adder 627 becomes the soft decision value A(sk,).
In this manner, the circuit of FIG. 6 can calculate the soft decision values (sk 2), (st!) and (sk-0) from the in-phase signal component Xk and the value "a". According to the foregoing description, a conventional soft decision value calculator using the dual minimum metric procedure realized by Equation (4) needs one hundred or more squaring operations and comparison operations. However, the calculators according to an embodiment of the present invention as exemplified in FIGs. 5 and 6 and realized using Equation (9) to Equation (14) are comprised of 10 adders (first to fourth operators are also realized by adders), 8 multipliers and 10 multiplexers, contributing to a remarkable reduction in operation time and complexity of the calculator. Table 12 below illustrates a comparison made between the conventional calculator realized by Equation (4) and the novel calculator realized by Equations (9) to (14) in terms of the type and number of operations, for ie {0,1,2,3,4, 5}.
(Equation Removed)
(Table Removed)
In summary, the embodiment of the present invention described above derives Table 6 to Table 11 from Equation (6) to Equation (8) and the process of Table 1 to Table 5, in order to reduce a time delay and complexity, which may occur when Equation (4), the known dual minimum metric procedure, or Equation (5) obtained by simplifying the dual minimum metric procedure is actually realized using the 64-ary QAM. Further, the embodiment of the present invention provides Equation (9) to Equation (14), new formulas used to realize the dual minimum metric procedure in the 64-ary QAM. In addition, the present invention provides a hardware device realized based on Equation (9) and Equation (14).
As described above, in deriving a soft decision value needed as an input of a channel decoder using the dual minimum metric procedure, the novel 64-ary QAM demodulator for a data communication system can perform simple and rapid calculations while obtaining the same result as when the exiting formula is used. A soft decision value calculator realized by hardware remarkably reduces an operation time and complexity of the demodulator.
While the invention has been shown and described with reference to an embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.-

We claim:
1. A 64-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) demodulation apparatus for
receiving an input signal Rk(Xk, Yk) comprised of a kth quadrature-phase signal Yk and a kth
in-phase Xk, and for generating soft decision values (sk,5), (§k,4), (sk,3), (sk,2), (sk,i)
and (sk,o) for the input signal Rk(Xk, Yk) by a soft decision means, comprising:
a first soft decision value generator (420), receive the quadrature-phase signal Yk of the received signal Rk and a distance value 2a between six demodulated symbols on the same axis, and to generate soft decision values (sk,s), (sk,4) and (sk,3) for sixth, fifth, and fourth demodulated symbols using the following equations such as herein described.,
a second soft decision value generator (440), receive the in-phase signal Xk of the received signal Rk and the distance value 2a between the six demodulated symbols on the same axis, and generating soft decision values (sk,2), (sk,i) and (sk,o) for third, second and first demodulated symbols using the following equations such as herein described.
2. The 64-ary QAM demodulation apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first
soft decision value generator comprises:
a first operator means (501), calculate Zlk= |Yk|-4a by receiving the quadrature-phase signal Yk and the distance value between the demodulated symbols on the same axis;
a second operator means (503), calculate Z2k= |Zik|-2a by receiving the output value Z]k of the first operator (501), and providing the calculated value Z2k as the soft decision value (sk,3) for the fourth demodulated symbol;
tr first MSB (Most Significant Bit) calculator (529), calculate MSB of the quadrature-phase signal Yk;
a second MSB calculator (531), calculate MSB of the output value Zlk of the first operator (501);
a third MSB calculator (533), calculate MSB of the output value Z2k of the second operator (503);
a first selector means, select the output value ZJk of the first operator (501) or a value "0" according to an output value of the second MSB calculator (531);
a second selector means, select an inversed value -Z2k of the output value Z2k of the second operator (503) or a value "0" according to an output value of the third MSB calculator (533);
a first adder (513), add an output value of the second selector to a value determined by multiplying the output value of the first selector by 3;
a third selector means, select an output value of the first adder (513) or an inversed value of the output value of the first adder (513) according to an output value of the first MSB calculator (529);
a second adder (519), add an output value of the third selector to the quadratue-phase signal Yk and generating the added signal as the soft decision value (skj5) for the sixth demodulated symbol;
fourth selector means, select the output value Z2k of the second operator (503) or an inversed value -Z2k of the output value Z2k according to the output value of the second MSB calculator (531);
a fifth selector means, select an output value of the fourth selector or a value "0" according to the output value of the third MSB calculator (533); and
a third adder (527), add an output value of the fifth selector to the output value Z,k of the first operator (501) and generating the added value as the soft decision value (Sk,4) for the fifth demodulated symbol.
3. The 64-ary QAM demodulation apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second soft decision value generator comprises:
a third operator means (601), calculate Z"ik= |Xk| -4a by receiving the in-phase signal Xk and the distance value between the demodulated symbols on the same axis;
a fourth operator means (603), calculate Z"2k= |Z"ik| -2a by receiving the output value Z"lk of the third operator (601), and providing the calculated value Z"2k as the soft decision value (sk,o) for the first demodulated symbol;
a fourth MSB (629), calculate for calculating MSB of the in-phase signal Xk;
a fifth MSB (631), calculate for calculating MSB of the output value Z"|k of the, third operator (601);
a sixth MSB (633), calculate for calculating MSB of the output value Z"2k of the fourth operator (603);
a sixth selector means, to select the output value Z"lk of the third operator (601) or a value "0" according to an output value of the fifth MSB calculator (631);
a seven selector means, select an inversed value -Z"2k of the output value Z2k of the fourth operator (603) or a value "0" according to an output value of the sixth MSB calculator (633);
a fourth adder (613), add an output value of the seventh selector to a value* determined by multiplying the output value of the sixth selector by 3;
an eighth selector means, select an output value of the fourth adder (613) or an inversed value of the output value of the fourth adder (613) according to an output value of the fourth MSB calculator (629);
a fifth adder (619), add an output value of the eighth selector to the in-phase signal Xk and generating the added signal as the soft decision value (sk,2) for the third demodulated symbol;
a ninth selector means, select the output value Z"2k of the fourth operator (603) or an inversed value -Z"2k of the output value Z"2k according to the output value of the fifth-MSB calculator (631);
a tenth selector means, select an output value of the ninth selector or a value "0" according to the output value of the sixth MSB calculator (633); and
a sixth adder (627), add an output value of the tenth selector to the output value Z"ik of the third operator (601) and generating the added value as the soft decision value (sk i) for the second demodulated symbol.
4 The 64-ary QAM demodulation apparatus substantially as herein described with reference to the foregoing description and the accompanying drawings.

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Patent Number

222208

Indian Patent Application Number

759/DELNP/2003

PG Journal Number

33/2008

Publication Date

15-Aug-2008

Grant Date

28-Jul-2008

Date of Filing

19-May-2003

Name of Patentee

SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO. LTD

Applicant Address

416,MAETAN-DONG,PALDAL-GU,SUWON-SHI,KYUNGKI-DO,REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	SANG-HYUCK HA	488,KOKBANCHONG-DONG,KOWNSON-GU,SUWON-SHI,KYONGGI-DO,REPUBLIC OF KOREA
2	MIN-GOO KIM	#822-406,YOUNGTONG-DONG,PALTAL-GU,SUWON-SHI,KYONGGI-DO,REPUBLIC OF KOREA

PCT International Classification Number

H04L 27/34

PCT International Application Number

PCT/KR02/01740

PCT International Filing date

2002-09-17

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1	57622/2001	2001-09-18	Republic of Korea