Title of Invention	"CIRCUIT BREAKER"
Abstract	A circuit breaker (10) for use in a power/load circuit formed by a three-phase AC power supply (11) and a load (12) connected to the power supply (11) by means of three live power lines (R-R', S-S' & T-T'). The circuit breaker (10) comprises a tripping circuit (60) including switches (SW1) connected in series with the respective power lines facing the power supply (11), a transformer (Tl) having at least three balanced primary windings (P1 to P3) connected subsequently in series along the respective power lines and a secondary winding (S1), and a voltage comparator (50) connected to the secondary winding (S1) for comparing a voltage induced in the transformer (Tl) with a reference voltage and then in the event of a leakage fault providing a tripping signal for the tripping circuit (60) to open the switches (SW1). A circuit path (X) is provided, which has a combined voltage sensor/comparator (30) and extends across opposite sides and externally of the transformer (Tl) for sensing and comparing two phase-to-phase voltages with each other and then in the event of a voltage imbalance fault simulating a leakage fault condition for the transformer (Tl) to detect and the voltage comparator (50) to provide a tripping signal.

Title of Invention

"CIRCUIT BREAKER"

Abstract

A circuit breaker (10) for use in a power/load circuit formed by a three-phase AC power supply (11) and a load (12) connected to the power supply (11) by means of three live power lines (R-R', S-S' & T-T'). The circuit breaker (10) comprises a tripping circuit (60) including switches (SW1) connected in series with the respective power lines facing the power supply (11), a transformer (Tl) having at least three balanced primary windings (P1 to P3) connected subsequently in series along the respective power lines and a secondary winding (S1), and a voltage comparator (50) connected to the secondary winding (S1) for comparing a voltage induced in the transformer (Tl) with a reference voltage and then in the event of a leakage fault providing a tripping signal for the tripping circuit (60) to open the switches (SW1). A circuit path (X) is provided, which has a combined voltage sensor/comparator (30) and extends across opposite sides and externally of the transformer (Tl) for sensing and comparing two phase-to-phase voltages with each other and then in the event of a voltage imbalance fault simulating a leakage fault condition for the transformer (Tl) to detect and the voltage comparator (50) to provide a tripping signal.

Full Text	-1 - CIRCUIT BREAKER The present invention relates to a circuit breaker for disconnecting a load from an AC power supply in the event of a circuit fault. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Circuit breakers for use in an AC power/load circuit are generally known. A typical circuit breaker includes a transformer for monitoring the current before and after flowing through the load and inducing a voltage when the current is unbalanced, for example, in the case of an earth leakage fault, a voltage comparator for comparing the induced voltage with a reference voltage and for generating a signal indicative of the voltage difference, and a switch for disconnecting the load from the power supply if the voltage difference is unacceptably large. The invention seeks to provide an improved circuit breaker. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the invention, there is provided a circuit -2- breaker for use in a power/load circuit formed by a three- phase AC power supply and a load connected to the power supply by means of three live power lines, which circuit breaker comprises a tripping circuit having normally open switches connected in series with the respective power lines facing the power supply, a transformer having at least three balanced primary windings connected subsequently in series along the respective power lines and a secondary winding, a voltage comparator connected to the-secondary winding for comparing a voltage induced in the transformer with a reference voltage and then in the event of a leakage fault in the power/load circuit providing a tripping signal for the tripping circuit to open the switches in order to disconnect the load from the power supply, and a circuit path comprising a, combined voltage sensor/comparator and extending across opposite sides and externally of the transformer for sensing and comparing two phase-to-phase voltages of the power lines with each other and then in the event of a voltage imbalance fault in the power/load circuit simulating a leakage fault condition for the transformer to detect and the voltage comparator to provide a said tripping signal. Preferably, the combined voltage sensor/comparator is -3- provided to sense the phase-to-phase voltages of the first and second power lines with respect to the third power line on one side of the transformer for comparison to provide an output connected to the opposite side of the transformer More preferably, the output of the combined voltage sensor/comparator is connected to the third power line on the opposite side of the transformer. It is preferred that said one side of the transformer faces the power supply and said opposite side of the transformer faces the load. In a preferred embodiment, the combined voltage sensor/comparator comprises first and second voltage comparators having respective pairs of inputs cross connected to the power lines for the first voltage comparator to compare one phase-to-phase voltage sensed with the other phase-to-phase voltage sensed and for the ) second voltage comparator to compare said other phase-to-phase voltage with said one phase-to-phase voltage. More preferably, each of the first and second voltage comparators is provided with an input potential divider for -4- the first voltage comparator to compare one phase-to-phase voltage sensed with a percentage of the other phase-to-phase voltage sensed and for the second voltage comparator to compare said other phase-to-phase voltage with a . percentage of said one phase-to-phase voltage. It is preferred further that the two percentages are substantially the same. In the preferred embodiment, the combined voltage sensor/comparator has an element connected in series along the circuit path for conduction to simulate a said leakage fault condition, said element having a control terminal connected to a combined output of the first and second voltage comparators. More preferably, the element ie provided by a silicon controlled rectifier. The circuit breaker may preferably comprise a second transformer having at least three slightly unbalanced primary windings connected in series along the respective power lines and a secondary winding, and an associated voltage comparator connected to the secondary winding for -5- comparing a voltage induced in the transformer with a reference voltage and then in the event of an over-current fault in the power/load circuit providing a tripping signal for the tripping circuit to open the switches in order to disconnect the load from the power supply. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS The invention will now be more particularly described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a circuit diagram of a first embodiment of a circuit breaker in accordance with the invention; and Figure 2 is a circuit diagram of a second embodiment of a circuit breaker in accordance with the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS Referring initially to Figure 1 of the drawings, there is shown a first circuit breaker 10 embodying the invention, which is for use in a power/load circuit formed a three-phase mains power supply 11 and a load 12 connected to the -6- power supply 11 by means of three live power lines R-R', s-S' and T-T' and a neutral power line N-N' . The circuit breaker 10 comprises a fault sensor circuit 20 associated with the power lines R-R', S-S', T-T' and N-N', first and second comparator circuits 4 0 and 50 connected separately to the fault sensor circuit 20 for fault detection and then providing a tripping signal, and a tripping circuit 60 connected to the comparator circuits 4 0 and 50 for breaking the power/load circuit in response to the tripping signal. The tripping circuit 60 is formed by a set of four normally-opened switches SW1 connected in series with the respective power lines R-R', S-S', T-T' and N-N' facing the power supply 11, a solenoid SO for normally holding the switches SWl closed, and a silicon-controlled rectifier SCR1 connected in parallel with and for disabling (short-circuiting) the solenoid SO to open the switches SWl in order to disconnect the load 12 from the power supply 11. The tripping circuit 60 includes a full wave rectifier D for picking up power from the power nodes R and T to drive the solenoid SO via a micro switch SW2 and to drive the comparator circuits 4 0 and 50 via a zener diode D5 providing a voltage node V1, said circuits 40, 50 and 60 sharing a common ground E. -7- The fault sensor circuit 20 is formed by a combined voltage sensor/comparator 3 0 connected to the three live power lines R-R', S-S' and T-T' and by respective current sensing transformers Tl to T3 each having four primary windings P1 to P4 connected in series along respective power lines R-R', S-S', T-T' and N-N' at a position downstream of the switches SW1 and a secondary winding S1. The primary windings P1 to P4 of the transformer Tl are balanced for detecting, by itself, any intolerable earth leakage fault and, in combination with the voltage sensor/comparator 30, any intolerable phase voltage imbalance, including phase failure (missing), in the power/load circuit for action by the comparator circuit 50. The primary windings P1 to P4 of the transformer T2 are made slightly unbalanced by means of resistors Rll and R12 connected in parallel with the primary windings P1 and P4 respectively. The primary windings P1 to P4 of the transformer T3 are made slightly unbalanced by means of resistors R13 and R14 connected in parallel with the primary windings P2 and P4 respectively. These two transformers T2 and T3 are for detecting any intolerable over-current, including short-circuit fault, in the -8- power/load circuit for action by the comparator circuit 40. The voltage sensor/comparator 30 includes a pair of OP-AMP (operational amplifier) voltage comparators OA1 and 0A2 and a silicon-controlled rectifier SCR2. It has two inputs and a common node Y connected to respective live power lines R-R', S-S' and T-T' on the side of the transformers Tl to T3 facing the power supply 11 and an output connected to the live power line T-T' on the side of the transformers Tl to T3 facing the load 12. Thus, the voltage sensor/comparator 30 provides a circuit path X extending from the power nodes R and S to the power node T' across opposite sides of the power lines R-R', S-S' and T-T' with respect to and externally of the transformers Tl to T3 . The two inputs of the voltage sensor/comparator 30 are provided by respective comparators OA1 and OA2. Each comparator OA1 (or OA2) has a first input connected to a respective power node R (or S) by means of a diode-resistor-capacitor circuit D1-R1-C1 (or D2-R2-C2) across the power node R (or S) and the remaining power node T which provides the common node Y. The second input of each comparator OA1 (or OA2) is connected to the first input of the other comparator 0A2 (or 0A1) by means of respective -9- potential dividing resistors R3/R4 (or R5/R6) across the said first input and the common node Y. Accordingly, the inputs of the comparators OA1 and OA2 are cross connected the power lines R-R', S-S' and T-T'. In operation, each comparator 0A1 (or 0A2) senses a respective phase-to-phase voltage R-T -(or S-T) of the power supply 11, with a percentage of the same phase-to-phase voltage R-T (or S-T) being sensed by the other comparator 0A2 (or 0A1). Accordingly, the comparators 0A1 and 0A2 are arranged to cross compare one phase-to-phase voltage R-T {or S-T) with a percentage (the same percentage) of the other phase-to-phase voltage S-T (or R-T), covering all the three phases voltages R-S-T. While the three phase voltages R-S-T are balanced in a healthy condition, the voltage differences as sensed by both comparators 0A1 and 0A2 are equal and their logic outputs will be the same (at logic low) . In the event of an intolerable phase voltage imbalance (or a phase failure) in the power/load circuit, the voltage differences as sensed by the comparators 0A1 and 0A2 will change in opposite directions, with one voltage difference increasing while the other voltage difference decreasing. This will cause the logic output of one of the comparators 0A1 and 0A2 and in turn their -10-combined output to toggle (to logic high). The cross comparison by the comparators OA1 and OA2 between the two phase-to-phase voltages R-T and S-T is twice as sensitive compared with the comparison of either phase-to-phase voltage R-T or S-T against a fixed reference voltage. The rectifier SCR2 has an anode connected to the power nodes R and S by means of a common resistor R8 and respective diodes D3 and D4 (also for providing a voltage-node V2 for driving the comparators OA1 and OA2), a cathode acting as the output of the sensing comparator circuit 30 connected to the power node T', and a gate connected to the combined output of the comparators OA1 and OA2 for control. When the combined logic output of comparators OA1 and OA2 toggles to logic high, the rectifier SCR2 will be turned on and thus connect the two power nodes R and S to the power node T' via the aforesaid circuit path X externally of the transformers Tl to T3. This will simulate an earth leakage fault in the power/load circuit for the transformer Tl to detect and the comparator circuit 50 to provide a tripping signal as described above. The comparator circuit 40 is formed by an OP-AMP voltage -11- comparator OA3, an OP-AMP current integrator OA4, and resistors R43/R44/R45 acting as a potential divider connected across the voltage node V1 and the ground E. The comparator 0A3 and integrator 0A4 have respective first inputs connected together to a first end of the secondary windings S1 of the transformers T2 and T3, second inputs provided with respective reference voltages by means of the resistors R43/R44/R45, and a combined output connected to the gate of the rectifier SCR1 of the tripping circuit 60. The comparator OA3 and integrator OA4 serve to turn on the rectifier SCR1 in response to the transformers T2 and T3 detecting the occurrence of a short-circuit current or an intolerable overload current in the power/load circuit. The comparator circuit 50 is formed by an OP-AMP voltage comparator OA5 which has a first input connected to a first end of the seconding winding S1 of the transformer T1, a second input provided with a reference voltage by means of resistors R51/R52 acting as a potential divider connected across the voltage node V1 and the ground E, and an output connected to the gate of the rectifier SCR1 of the tripping circuit 60. The comparator OAS serves to turn on the rectifier SCR1 in response to the transformer Tl alone detecting the occurrence of any intolerable earth leakage -12- fault in the power/load circuit or the transformer Tl in combination with the voltage sensor/comparator 30 detecting the occurrence of an intolerable phase voltage imbalance or a phase failure. The second ends of the secondary windings S1 of all the transformers Tl to T3 are connected to the ground E. In the event of a circuit fault, under the control of the comparator circuits 40 and 50 in conjunction with the sensor fault circuit 20 as described above, the tripping circuit 60 will disconnect the load 12 from the power supply 11 through the opening of the switches SW1. The switches SW1 can only be re-closed manually after the circuit fault has been cleared. The types of circuit faults' that can be handled by the circuit beaker 10 comprise (1) phase voltage imbalance, (2) phase failure, (3) short-circuit current, (4) overload current and (5) earth fault leakage current. Figure 2 shows a second circuit breaker 100 embodying the invention, which is implemented and operates in a manner very similar to that of the first circuit breaker 10, with equivalent parts designated by the same reference numerals. -13- The circuit breaker 100 has two major differences. The first difference lies in the provision of an additional line O-O' co-extending with the power lines R-R', S-S', T-T' and N-N' through the transformers Tl to T3, with the transformers Tl to T3 including respective fifth primary windings P5 connected in series along the line O-O'. Also, the output of the voltage sensor/comparator 30 is connected to the end O' of the line O-O', instead of the power node T' . The second difference lies in the rectifier SCR2 of the voltage sensor/comparator 30 being connected with its cathode to the common node Y and its anode acting as the output of voltage sensor/comparator 30. The invention has been given by way of example only, and various other modifications of and/or alterations to the described embodiments may be made by persons skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as specified in the appended claims. -14- 1. A circuit breaker (10) for use in a power/load circuit formed by a three-phase AC power supply (11) and a load (12) connected to the power supply by means of three live power lines (R-R', S-S', T-T'), which circuit breaker comprises a tripping circuit (60) having normally open switches (SW1) connected in series with the respective power lines facing the power supply, a transformer (T1-T3) having at least three balanced primary windings (P1-P4) connected subsequently in series along the respective power lines and a secondary winding (S1), a voltage comparator (OA1, OA2) connected to the secondary winding (S1) for comparing a voltage induced in the transformer with a reference voltage and then in the event of a leakage fault in the power/load circuit providing a tripping signal for the tripping circuit to open the switches in order to disconnect the load from the power supply, and a circuit path (X) comprising a combined voltage sensor/comparator (30) and extending across opposite sides and externally of the transformer for sensing and comparing two phase-to-phase voltages (R-T, S-T) of the power lines with each other and then in the event of a voltage imbalance fault in the power/load circuit simulating a leakage fault condition for the transformer to detect and the voltage comparator to provide a said tripping signal. 2. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 1, wherein the combined voltage sensor/comparator is provided to sense the phase-to-phase voltages of the first and second power lines with respect to the third power line on one side of the -15- transformer for comparison to provide an output connected to the opposite side of the transformer. 3. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 2, wherein the output of the combined voltage sensor/comparator is connected to the third power line on the opposite side of the transformer. 4. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3, wherein said one side of the transformer faces the power supply and said opposite side of the transformer faces the load. 5. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the combined voltage sensor/comparator comprises first and second voltage comparators (OA1, OA2) having respective pairs of inputs cross-connected to the power lines for the first voltage comparator to compare one phase-to-phase voltage sensed with the other phase-to-phase voltage sensed and for the second voltage comparator to compare said other phase-to-phase voltage with said one phase-to-phase voltage. 6. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 5, wherein each of the first and second voltage comparators is provided with an input potential divider (R3/R4, R5/R6) tor the first voltage comparator to compare one phase-to-phase voltage sensed with a percentage of the other phase-to-phase voltage sensed and for the second voltage -16- comparator to compare said other phase-to-phase voltage with a percentage of said one phase-to-phase voltage. 7. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 6, wherein the two percentages are substantially the same. 8. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 5, wherein the combined voltage sensor/comparator has an element (SCR1, SCR2) connected in series along the circuit path for conduction to simulate a said leakage fault condition, said element having a control terminal connected to a combined output of the first and second voltage comparators. 9. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 8, wherein the element is provided by silicon controlled rectifier. 10. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, comprising a second transformer (T2) having at least three slightly unbalanced primary windings (P1-P4) connected in series along the respective power lines and a secondary winding, and an associated voltage comparator connected to the secondary winding for comparing a voltage induced in the transformer with a reference voltage and then in the event of an over-current fault in the power/load circuit providing a tripping signal for the tripping circuit to open the switches in order to disconnect the load from the power supply. -17- 11. A circuit breaker for use in a power/load circuit, substantially as herein described, particularly with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. A circuit breaker (10) for use in a power/load circuit formed by a three-phase AC power supply (11) and a load (12) connected to the power supply (11) by means of three live power lines (R-R', S-S' & T-T'). The circuit breaker (10) comprises a tripping circuit (60) including switches (SW1) connected in series with the respective power lines facing the power supply (11), a transformer (Tl) having at least three balanced primary windings (P1 to P3) connected subsequently in series along the respective power lines and a secondary winding (S1), and a voltage comparator (50) connected to the secondary winding (S1) for comparing a voltage induced in the transformer (Tl) with a reference voltage and then in the event of a leakage fault providing a tripping signal for the tripping circuit (60) to open the switches (SW1). A circuit path (X) is provided, which has a combined voltage sensor/comparator (30) and extends across opposite sides and externally of the transformer (Tl) for sensing and comparing two phase-to-phase voltages with each other and then in the event of a voltage imbalance fault simulating a leakage fault condition for the transformer (Tl) to detect and the voltage comparator (50) to provide a tripping signal.

Full Text

-1 -
CIRCUIT BREAKER
The present invention relates to a circuit breaker for disconnecting a load from an AC power supply in the event of a circuit fault.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Circuit breakers for use in an AC power/load circuit are generally known. A typical circuit breaker includes a transformer for monitoring the current before and after flowing through the load and inducing a voltage when the current is unbalanced, for example, in the case of an earth leakage fault, a voltage comparator for comparing the induced voltage with a reference voltage and for generating a signal indicative of the voltage difference, and a switch for disconnecting the load from the power supply if the voltage difference is unacceptably large.
The invention seeks to provide an improved circuit breaker.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention, there is provided a circuit

-2-
breaker for use in a power/load circuit formed by a three-

phase AC power supply and a load connected to the power

supply by means of three live power lines, which circuit

breaker comprises a tripping circuit having normally open switches connected in series with the respective power lines facing the power supply, a transformer having at least three balanced primary windings connected subsequently in series along the respective power lines and a secondary winding, a voltage comparator connected to the-secondary winding for comparing a voltage induced in the transformer with a reference voltage and then in the event of a leakage fault in the power/load circuit providing a tripping signal for the tripping circuit to open the switches in order to disconnect the load from the power supply, and a circuit path comprising a, combined voltage sensor/comparator and extending across opposite sides and externally of the transformer for sensing and comparing two phase-to-phase voltages of the power lines with each other and then in the event of a voltage imbalance fault in the power/load circuit simulating a leakage fault condition for the transformer to detect and the voltage comparator to provide a said tripping signal.
Preferably, the combined voltage sensor/comparator is

-3-
provided to sense the phase-to-phase voltages of the first
and second power lines with respect to the third power line

on one side of the transformer for comparison to provide an
output connected to the opposite side of the transformer
More preferably, the output of the combined voltage sensor/comparator is connected to the third power line on the opposite side of the transformer.
It is preferred that said one side of the transformer faces the power supply and said opposite side of the transformer faces the load.
In a preferred embodiment, the combined voltage sensor/comparator comprises first and second voltage comparators having respective pairs of inputs cross connected to the power lines for the first voltage comparator to compare one phase-to-phase voltage sensed with the other phase-to-phase voltage sensed and for the ) second voltage comparator to compare said other phase-to-phase voltage with said one phase-to-phase voltage.
More preferably, each of the first and second voltage comparators is provided with an input potential divider for

-4-
the first voltage comparator to compare one phase-to-phase voltage sensed with a percentage of the other phase-to-phase voltage sensed and for the second voltage comparator
to compare said other phase-to-phase voltage with a .

percentage of said one phase-to-phase voltage.

It is preferred further that the two percentages are substantially the same.
In the preferred embodiment, the combined voltage sensor/comparator has an element connected in series along the circuit path for conduction to simulate a said leakage fault condition, said element having a control terminal connected to a combined output of the first and second voltage comparators.
More preferably, the element ie provided by a silicon controlled rectifier.
The circuit breaker may preferably comprise a second transformer having at least three slightly unbalanced primary windings connected in series along the respective power lines and a secondary winding, and an associated voltage comparator connected to the secondary winding for

-5-
comparing a voltage induced in the transformer with a
reference voltage and then in the event of an over-current
fault in the power/load circuit providing a tripping signal
for the tripping circuit to open the switches in order to disconnect the load from the power supply.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The invention will now be more particularly described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a circuit diagram of a first embodiment of a circuit breaker in accordance with the invention; and
Figure 2 is a circuit diagram of a second embodiment of a circuit breaker in accordance with the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS
Referring initially to Figure 1 of the drawings, there is shown a first circuit breaker 10 embodying the invention, which is for use in a power/load circuit formed a three-phase mains power supply 11 and a load 12 connected to the

-6-
power supply 11 by means of three live power lines R-R', s-S' and T-T' and a neutral power line N-N' . The circuit breaker 10 comprises a fault sensor circuit 20 associated with the power lines R-R', S-S', T-T' and N-N', first and second comparator circuits 4 0 and 50 connected separately to the fault sensor circuit 20 for fault detection and then providing a tripping signal, and a tripping circuit 60 connected to the comparator circuits 4 0 and 50 for breaking the power/load circuit in response to the tripping signal.
The tripping circuit 60 is formed by a set of four normally-opened switches SW1 connected in series with the respective power lines R-R', S-S', T-T' and N-N' facing the power supply 11, a solenoid SO for normally holding the switches SWl closed, and a silicon-controlled rectifier SCR1 connected in parallel with and for disabling (short-circuiting) the solenoid SO to open the switches SWl in order to disconnect the load 12 from the power supply 11. The tripping circuit 60 includes a full wave rectifier D for picking up power from the power nodes R and T to drive the solenoid SO via a micro switch SW2 and to drive the comparator circuits 4 0 and 50 via a zener diode D5 providing a voltage node V1, said circuits 40, 50 and 60 sharing a common ground E.

-7-
The fault sensor circuit 20 is formed by a combined voltage sensor/comparator 3 0 connected to the three live power lines R-R', S-S' and T-T' and by respective current sensing transformers Tl to T3 each having four primary windings P1 to P4 connected in series along respective power lines R-R', S-S', T-T' and N-N' at a position downstream of the switches SW1 and a secondary winding S1. The primary windings P1 to P4 of the transformer Tl are balanced for detecting, by itself, any intolerable earth leakage fault and, in combination with the voltage sensor/comparator 30, any intolerable phase voltage imbalance, including phase failure (missing), in the power/load circuit for action by the comparator circuit 50.
The primary windings P1 to P4 of the transformer T2 are made slightly unbalanced by means of resistors Rll and R12 connected in parallel with the primary windings P1 and P4 respectively. The primary windings P1 to P4 of the transformer T3 are made slightly unbalanced by means of resistors R13 and R14 connected in parallel with the primary windings P2 and P4 respectively. These two transformers T2 and T3 are for detecting any intolerable over-current, including short-circuit fault, in the

-8-
power/load circuit for action by the comparator circuit 40.
The voltage sensor/comparator 30 includes a pair of OP-AMP (operational amplifier) voltage comparators OA1 and 0A2 and a silicon-controlled rectifier SCR2. It has two inputs and a common node Y connected to respective live power lines R-R', S-S' and T-T' on the side of the transformers Tl to T3 facing the power supply 11 and an output connected to the live power line T-T' on the side of the transformers Tl to T3 facing the load 12. Thus, the voltage sensor/comparator 30 provides a circuit path X extending from the power nodes R and S to the power node T' across opposite sides of the power lines R-R', S-S' and T-T' with respect to and externally of the transformers Tl to T3 .
The two inputs of the voltage sensor/comparator 30 are provided by respective comparators OA1 and OA2. Each comparator OA1 (or OA2) has a first input connected to a respective power node R (or S) by means of a diode-resistor-capacitor circuit D1-R1-C1 (or D2-R2-C2) across the power node R (or S) and the remaining power node T which provides the common node Y. The second input of each comparator OA1 (or OA2) is connected to the first input of the other comparator 0A2 (or 0A1) by means of respective

-9-
potential dividing resistors R3/R4 (or R5/R6) across the said first input and the common node Y. Accordingly, the inputs of the comparators OA1 and OA2 are cross connected the power lines R-R', S-S' and T-T'.
In operation, each comparator 0A1 (or 0A2) senses a respective phase-to-phase voltage R-T -(or S-T) of the power supply 11, with a percentage of the same phase-to-phase voltage R-T (or S-T) being sensed by the other comparator 0A2 (or 0A1). Accordingly, the comparators 0A1 and 0A2 are arranged to cross compare one phase-to-phase voltage R-T {or S-T) with a percentage (the same percentage) of the other phase-to-phase voltage S-T (or R-T), covering all the three phases voltages R-S-T. While the three phase voltages R-S-T are balanced in a healthy condition, the voltage differences as sensed by both comparators 0A1 and 0A2 are equal and their logic outputs will be the same (at logic low) . In the event of an intolerable phase voltage imbalance (or a phase failure) in the power/load circuit, the voltage differences as sensed by the comparators 0A1 and 0A2 will change in opposite directions, with one voltage difference increasing while the other voltage difference decreasing. This will cause the logic output of one of the comparators 0A1 and 0A2 and in turn their

-10-combined output to toggle (to logic high).
The cross comparison by the comparators OA1 and OA2 between the two phase-to-phase voltages R-T and S-T is twice as sensitive compared with the comparison of either phase-to-phase voltage R-T or S-T against a fixed reference voltage.
The rectifier SCR2 has an anode connected to the power nodes R and S by means of a common resistor R8 and respective diodes D3 and D4 (also for providing a voltage-node V2 for driving the comparators OA1 and OA2), a cathode acting as the output of the sensing comparator circuit 30 connected to the power node T', and a gate connected to the combined output of the comparators OA1 and OA2 for control. When the combined logic output of comparators OA1 and OA2 toggles to logic high, the rectifier SCR2 will be turned on and thus connect the two power nodes R and S to the power node T' via the aforesaid circuit path X externally of the transformers Tl to T3. This will simulate an earth leakage fault in the power/load circuit for the transformer Tl to detect and the comparator circuit 50 to provide a tripping signal as described above.
The comparator circuit 40 is formed by an OP-AMP voltage

-11-
comparator OA3, an OP-AMP current integrator OA4, and resistors R43/R44/R45 acting as a potential divider connected across the voltage node V1 and the ground E. The comparator 0A3 and integrator 0A4 have respective first inputs connected together to a first end of the secondary windings S1 of the transformers T2 and T3, second inputs provided with respective reference voltages by means of the resistors R43/R44/R45, and a combined output connected to the gate of the rectifier SCR1 of the tripping circuit 60. The comparator OA3 and integrator OA4 serve to turn on the rectifier SCR1 in response to the transformers T2 and T3 detecting the occurrence of a short-circuit current or an intolerable overload current in the power/load circuit.
The comparator circuit 50 is formed by an OP-AMP voltage comparator OA5 which has a first input connected to a first end of the seconding winding S1 of the transformer T1, a second input provided with a reference voltage by means of resistors R51/R52 acting as a potential divider connected across the voltage node V1 and the ground E, and an output connected to the gate of the rectifier SCR1 of the tripping circuit 60. The comparator OAS serves to turn on the rectifier SCR1 in response to the transformer Tl alone detecting the occurrence of any intolerable earth leakage

-12-
fault in the power/load circuit or the transformer Tl in combination with the voltage sensor/comparator 30 detecting the occurrence of an intolerable phase voltage imbalance or
a phase failure.
The second ends of the secondary windings S1 of all the transformers Tl to T3 are connected to the ground E.
In the event of a circuit fault, under the control of the comparator circuits 40 and 50 in conjunction with the sensor fault circuit 20 as described above, the tripping circuit 60 will disconnect the load 12 from the power supply 11 through the opening of the switches SW1. The switches SW1 can only be re-closed manually after the circuit fault has been cleared. The types of circuit faults' that can be handled by the circuit beaker 10 comprise (1) phase voltage imbalance, (2) phase failure, (3) short-circuit current, (4) overload current and (5) earth fault leakage current.
Figure 2 shows a second circuit breaker 100 embodying the invention, which is implemented and operates in a manner
very similar to that of the first circuit breaker 10, with equivalent parts designated by the same reference numerals.

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The circuit breaker 100 has two major differences.
The first difference lies in the provision of an additional line O-O' co-extending with the power lines R-R', S-S', T-T' and N-N' through the transformers Tl to T3, with the transformers Tl to T3 including respective fifth primary windings P5 connected in series along the line O-O'. Also, the output of the voltage sensor/comparator 30 is connected to the end O' of the line O-O', instead of the power node T' .
The second difference lies in the rectifier SCR2 of the
voltage sensor/comparator 30 being connected with its
cathode to the common node Y and its anode acting as the
output of voltage sensor/comparator 30.
The invention has been given by way of example only, and various other modifications of and/or alterations to the described embodiments may be made by persons skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as specified in the appended claims.

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1. A circuit breaker (10) for use in a power/load circuit formed by a three-phase
AC power supply (11) and a load (12) connected to the power supply by means of
three live power lines (R-R', S-S', T-T'), which circuit breaker comprises a tripping
circuit (60) having normally open switches (SW1) connected in series with the
respective power lines facing the power supply, a transformer (T1-T3) having at
least three balanced primary windings (P1-P4) connected subsequently in series
along the respective power lines and a secondary winding (S1), a voltage
comparator (OA1, OA2) connected to the secondary winding (S1) for comparing a
voltage induced in the transformer with a reference voltage and then in the event of
a leakage fault in the power/load circuit providing a tripping signal for the tripping
circuit to open the switches in order to disconnect the load from the power supply, and a circuit path (X) comprising a combined voltage sensor/comparator (30) and extending across opposite sides and externally of the transformer for sensing and comparing two phase-to-phase voltages (R-T, S-T) of the power lines with each other and then in the event of a voltage imbalance fault in the power/load circuit simulating a leakage fault condition for the transformer to detect and the voltage comparator to provide a said tripping signal.
2. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 1, wherein the combined voltage
sensor/comparator is provided to sense the phase-to-phase voltages of the first
and second power lines with respect to the third power line on one side of the

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transformer for comparison to provide an output connected to the opposite side of the transformer.
3. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 2, wherein the output of the combined
voltage sensor/comparator is connected to the third power line on the opposite
side of the transformer.
4. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3, wherein said one side of
the transformer faces the power supply and said opposite side of the transformer
faces the load.
5. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the combined
voltage sensor/comparator comprises first and second voltage comparators (OA1,
OA2) having respective pairs of inputs cross-connected to the power lines for the
first voltage comparator to compare one phase-to-phase voltage sensed with the
other phase-to-phase voltage sensed and for the second voltage comparator to
compare said other phase-to-phase voltage with said one phase-to-phase voltage.
6. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 5, wherein each of the first and second
voltage comparators is provided with an input potential divider (R3/R4, R5/R6) tor
the first voltage comparator to compare one phase-to-phase voltage sensed with a
percentage of the other phase-to-phase voltage sensed and for the second voltage

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comparator to compare said other phase-to-phase voltage with a percentage of said one phase-to-phase voltage.
7. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 6, wherein the two percentages are
substantially the same.
8. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 5, wherein the combined voltage
sensor/comparator has an element (SCR1, SCR2) connected in series along the
circuit path for conduction to simulate a said leakage fault condition, said element
having a control terminal connected to a combined output of the first and second
voltage comparators.
9. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 8, wherein the element is provided by
silicon controlled rectifier.
10. A circuit breaker as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, comprising a second
transformer (T2) having at least three slightly unbalanced primary windings (P1-P4)
connected in series along the respective power lines and a secondary winding, and
an associated voltage comparator connected to the secondary winding for
comparing a voltage induced in the transformer with a reference voltage and then
in the event of an over-current fault in the power/load circuit providing a tripping
signal for the tripping circuit to open the switches in order to disconnect the load
from the power supply.

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11. A circuit breaker for use in a power/load circuit, substantially as herein described, particularly with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying
drawings.
A circuit breaker (10) for use in a power/load circuit formed by a three-phase AC power supply (11) and a load (12) connected to the power supply (11) by means of three live power lines (R-R', S-S' & T-T'). The circuit breaker (10) comprises a tripping circuit (60) including switches (SW1) connected in series with the respective power lines facing the power supply (11), a transformer (Tl) having at least three balanced primary windings (P1 to P3) connected subsequently in series along the respective power lines and a secondary winding (S1), and a voltage comparator (50) connected to the secondary winding (S1) for comparing a voltage induced in the transformer (Tl) with a reference voltage and then in the event of a leakage fault providing a tripping signal for the tripping circuit (60) to open the switches (SW1). A circuit path (X) is provided, which has a combined voltage sensor/comparator (30) and extends across opposite sides and externally of the transformer (Tl) for sensing and comparing two phase-to-phase voltages with each other and then in the event of a voltage imbalance fault simulating a leakage fault condition for the
transformer (Tl) to detect and the voltage comparator (50) to provide a tripping signal.

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Patent Number

201693

Indian Patent Application Number

IN/PCT/2001/00750/KOL

PG Journal Number

08/2007

Publication Date

23-Feb-2007

Grant Date

23-Feb-2007

Date of Filing

18-Jul-2001

Name of Patentee

LAM SHEIRCHUN

Applicant Address

FLAT C,8/F,KAMLAIKOK,127-133 LAI CHI KOK ROAD,TAI KOK TSUI, KOWLOON, HONGKONG,

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	LAM SHEIRCHUN	FLAT C,8/F,KAMLAIKOK,127-133 LAI CHI KOK ROAD,TAI KOK TSUI, KOWLOON, HONGKONG,

PCT International Classification Number

H02H 3/16

PCT International Application Number

PCT/CN00/00013

PCT International Filing date

2000-01-24

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1	09/236,364	1999-01-25	U.S.A.