Title of Invention	A RECORDING MEDIUM
Abstract	A recording medium for storing defect management information to record real time data, a defect management method therefor, and a method of recording real time data, are provided. The recording medium stores information representing use or non-use of linear replacement defect management in which a defective area on the recording medium is replaced with the spare area, in order to record real time data. While maintaining compatibility between the defect managing method and a defect managing method based on a current DVD-RAM standard, i.e. while allowing a report of the fact that there are blocks which have not been linearly replaced, linear replacement is not performed when real time data is recorded. Thus, real time data can be recorded and reproduced.

Title of Invention

A RECORDING MEDIUM

Abstract

A recording medium for storing defect management information to record real time data, a defect management method therefor, and a method of recording real time data, are provided. The recording medium stores information representing use or non-use of linear replacement defect management in which a defective area on the recording medium is replaced with the spare area, in order to record real time data. While maintaining compatibility between the defect managing method and a defect managing method based on a current DVD-RAM standard, i.e. while allowing a report of the fact that there are blocks which have not been linearly replaced, linear replacement is not performed when real time data is recorded. Thus, real time data can be recorded and reproduced.

Full Text	BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the field of managing a disk and its defects, and more particularly, to a recording medium for storing defect management information with respect to whether linear replacement is used, a method of effectively managing defects to record and/or reproduce video and/or audio data from a digital versatile disc random access memory (DVD-RAM) in real time, and a method of recording data in real time using defect management information. 2. Description of the Related Art Real time recording or reproduction means that a given amount of data is necessarily recorded or reproduced within a given time since input information is lost if it is not processed at the moment data is input, and since a phenomenon such as pause of an image or temporary interruption of music occurs with reproduction of data as abnormal information if data is not recorded or reproduced at a predetermined speed. The above-described problems are caused since the input of information cannot be temporally controlled by a recording and reproducing apparatus. In the DVD-RAM standard version 1.0, a method of managing defects generated on a disk has been disclosed to increase the reliability of data recorded on the disk. Slipping replacement and linear replacement are included as the disclosed defect management method: the first method processes defects detected in an initializing process; and the second method replaces an error correction code (ECC) block unit (16-sector unit) including a sector having a defect generated during use of the disc with a defect-free ECC block in a spare area. The slipping replacement is used to minimize a reduction in the recording or reproduction speed due to defects, in which a logical sector number to be provided 2 to a defective sector is provided to a sector next to the defective sector detected during a certification process for investigating defects of a disc when the disc is initialized, that is data is recorded or reproduced by slipping a sector on which a defect is generated during recording or reproduction. Here, a real physical sector number is pushed back by the sector number designated by slipping the defective sector. Such a left-behmd phenomenon is solved by using as many sectors as there are defects in a spare area located at the end portion of a corresponding recording area. However, the slipping replacement cannot be used for a defect generated while a disc is used. When a defective portion is disregarded and skipped, discontinuity is generated on logical sector numbering, which means that the slipping replacement violates file system rules. Thus, the linear replacement is used when a defect is generated during use of the disc, which means the replacement of an ECC block including a defective sector with an ECC block existing in a spare area. When the linear replacement is used, no vacuum exists in a logical sector number, however, the position of a sector on a disc is discontinuous, and real data corresponding to a defective ECC block exists in the spare area. As described above, when real time recording, in which the time for temporarily-input information cannot be arbitrarily delayed, such as, recording of broadcast information or a real image, is necessary, information is recorded in an area to be linearly-replaced by undergoing a process in which a real pickup goes up to the spare area and searches for an area to be linearly replaced, and a process in which the real pickup comes back. Hence, the recording speed is reduced, so that information input in real time cannot be continuously recorded when the linear replacement is used. It is prescribed that a DVD-RAM drive according to the DVD-RAM standard version 1.0 processes all of this defect management to reduce the burden of the host computer used in the drive. The host computer is designed to transmit a command ordered not to manage defects to the drive using a command denoted in an interface standard. That is, if the host computer determines whether defect management will be performed, the defect management itself is supposed to be performed by the drive 3 Even when the host computer does not manage defects according to the need of an application program, the DVD-RAM disc according to the DVD-RAM standard version 1.0 must necessarily manage defects recorded in a primary defect list (PDL) and a secondary defect list (SDL) according to a defect management rule if an area slipping replaced or linear replaced due to defect management performed by another drive exists. Here, it is prescribed that the position of a defective sector replaced according to slipping replacement should be recorded in the PDL, and the position of a defective block replaced according to linear replacement should be recorded in the SDL. That is, when data is recorded after setting the fact that a specific drive should not perform defect management using the linear replacement, it cannot be ensured that other drives must also not perform the linear replacement on the same disc. Therefore, when real time recording is performed by a current DVD-RAM disc, it may be difficult because of an area to be used by the linear replacement. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION To solve the above problems, it is an objective of the present invention to provide a recording medium for storing defect management information associated with whether linear replacement is used or not, to record real time data. It is another objective of the present invention to provide a recording medium for storing information for showing a plurality of different defect management modes according to the type of data to be recorded. -4- It is still another objective of the present invention to provide a recording medium for allocating a spare area for only real time recording whose space can be effectively utilized. It is yet another objective of the present invention to provide a method of managing a defect of a recording medium which can record real time data and can have maximum compatibility with a general DVD-RAM disc. It is still yet another objective of the present invention to provide a method of recording real time data using the defect management information associated with whether the linear replacement is used. This present invention provides a recording medium comprising a user data area where user data is stored, at least one spare area to replace defective units of the user data area, and a control information area where at least one information for a defective unit is stored, wherein the at least one control information includes information representing use or non-use of linear replacement defect management in which a defective unit on the recording medium is replaced with the spare area. This invention also provides a recording medium comprising : a user data area on which data is to be recorded ;a spare data area to store defective data indicative of defects in physical addresses of the user data ; and a control information area to store defect management mode information indicative of different defect management modes depending upon type of the data to be recorded in the user data area, wherein the defective data stored in the spare area is determined in accordance with the defect management mode information. -5- The present invention further provides a recording medium comprising :a user data area on which data is to be recorded a spare area to store defective data indicative of defects in physical addresses of the user data area ; and a control information area to store defect management mode information indicative of the defects generated during use of the disc subsequent to initialization, and indicative of whether to use linear replacement with regard the defects generated during the use of the disc subsequent to the initialization. To accomplish the second objective, there is provided a recording medium for storing defect management mode information for showing a plurality of defect management modes representing use or non-use of linear replacement according to the type of data to be recorded on a user data area of the recording medium. To accomplish the third objective, there is provided a recording medium for storing information representing non-application of linear replacement of all data to be recorded in a user data area on the recording medium in a defect management area, in which only a spare area for slipping replacement is allocated. To accomplish the fourth objective, the present invention provides a defect managing method for a disc recording and/or reproducing apparatus comprising the steps of : (a) recording information representing use or non-use of linear replacement defect management with respect to the entire disc or a specific area of a disc ; and (b) determining whether a defective area will be replaced by a block in a spare area using linear replacement according to information representing use or non-use of the linear replacement defect management. -6- To accomplish the fifth objective this invention provides a method of recording real time data while managing a defect on a disc using a disc recording and/or reproducing apparatus, comprising the steps of (a) determining whether defect management mode information representing whether defect management based on linear replacement will be used; (b) determining whether data to be recorded is real time data, when the, defect management mode information is information that the linear replacement will not be used; (c) determining whether a linearly-replaced defect exists in an area to record data in, when the data to be recorded is real time data ; and (d) determining whether a new defect is detected in the area to record data in, when no linearly-replaced defect exists in the area to record data in, and recording the real time data in a desired area when the new defect is not detected. The present invention also provides a recording medium comprising at least a secondary defect list (SDL) in which only a start sector number of a block having a defect generated, while real time data is recorded on the recording medium, is recorded on the recording medium, the SDL comprising information for representing replacement or non-replacement of the defective unit in which information representing that the defective unit is not currently replaced, in which information representing that a linear replacement of the recording medium has not been used, and information representing that the defective unit has been replaced, and with a start sector number of the defective unit and that of the replacement block. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS -7- The above objectives and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by describing in detail preferred embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a view for explaining a defect management method using slipping replacement of a recording medium; FIG. 2 is a view for explaining a defect management method using linear replacement of a recording medium; FIG. 3 is a table of a defect definition structure (DDS); FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the structures of the disc certification flag and the group certification flag shown in FIG. 3, respectively; FIG. 5 is a table of the contents of a secondary defect list (SDL); FIG. 6 illustrates the structure of the spare area full flag shown in FIG. 5; FIG. 7 illustrates the structure of the SDL entry shown in FIG. 5; FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate the structures of the disc certification flag and the group certification flag of the DDS for recording real time data proposed by the present invention, respectively; FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a method of recording data according to a defect management method of the present invention; FIG. 10 illustrates an example of the structure of an improved SDL entry for canceling linear replacement proposed by the present invention; FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a DDS for storing information for indicating a plurality of different defect management modes proposed by the present invention; FIG. 12 is a table showing allocated spare areas for recording real time data proposed by the present invention; and FIG. 13 illustrates a DDS and the structure of a primary defect list (PDL) for storing defect management mode information proposed by the present invention for allocating the spare areas for only real time recording shown in FIG. 12. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Preferred embodiments of a recording medium storing defect management information for recording real time data, a defect managing method using the same, and a real time data recording method will now be described with reference to the attached drawings. First, slipping replacement and linear replacement will be described in detail referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 in order to help in the understanding of the present invention. FIG. 1 is a view for explaining a defect management method using the slipping replacement. Physical addresses on a disc shown in FIG. 1 are recorded as P1, P2, P3, ..., Pn, and logical addresses must be provided to record real data in this physically-segmented sector. These logical addresses act as addresses allowing a real file system to search for its own data. However, the relationship between the physical addresses and the logical addresses is made in a disc initialization process. If a defect is detected on the third physical sector P3 as shown in FIG. 1, a logical address is not designated to this defective sector, and a logical sector number L3 is designated to the next physical sector P4. Then, the logical sectors are sequentially pushed back by the number of defective sectors, and a spare area located at the end of a corresponding data group is used by the pushed portion. In this slipping replacement method, effective processing in sector units is possible by simply slipping a defective region, and a pickup does not need to move to a different place upon recording and reproduction by simply disregarding and skipping a defective portion. Thus, the defective region can be avoided while minimizing the delay time. Here, the position of a defective sector replaced by the slipping replacement is recorded in the PDL. FIG. 2 is a view for explaining a defect management method using linear replacement. In the linear replacement for processing defects generated while a disc is used after being initialized, the defects are managed in an ECC block unit, i.e., in units of 16 sectors. In other words, when an error is generated at a specific sector and a defect is thus detected, if the movement in units of at least 16 sectors is not made for error correction, the error correction unit of each data previously recorded in a disc must be changed. Thus, processing in an ECC block unit must be performed, and the slipping replacement method of slipping a defective sector and designating a logical sector cannot be used since the logical address of an area where data has already been recorded cannot be changed. When a defect is generated in a logical block LB3 as shown in FIG. 2, the defective region is recorded in the SDL to be prevented from being used, and the defective portion is replaced with a usable block existing in a spare area. The replaced block (SBk in 9 FIG. 2) in the spare area has the same logical block number (LB3) as the erroneous block. In a reproduction sequence, as shown in FIG, 2, reading is continued just before to a defective block as in an area 1, a replaced ECC block existing in the spare area is read by moving a pickup or the like as in an area 2, and data is continuously read from a block right next to the defective block as in an area 3. In order to process defects as described above, pickup movement is caused such as a process for searching for data and a process for returning to the block right next to the defective block after reading the replaced block. Thus, much time is required to read or write data, so that this defect management is not appropriate for real time recording. FIG. 3 is a table of a disc definition structure (DDS) existing in a defect management area (DMA) of a DVD-RAM. In particular, a byte position (BP) 3, a disc certification flag, records the certified contents of the entire disc, and BPs 16 through 39, group certification flags, record the contents of certification of 24 data groups. In addition, BPs 0 and 1 are DDS identifiers, and BPs 4 through 7 are the values of counters for updating DDS/PDL representing the total number of times in which a DDS/PDL block is updated and rewritten. That is, when initialization starts, the value of a counter is set to be "0", and increases by one whenever the DDS/PDL is updated or rewritten. All DDS/PDL and SDL blocks must have the same counter value after formatting is completed. BPs 8 and 9 denote the number of groups, and, for example, 24 groups are recorded as "0018" (hexadecimal). FIG. 4A illustrates the structures of the disc certification flag shown in FIG. 3. When a bit b7 among three bits b7, b6 and b5 representing an in-process state is "Ob", it indicates format completion, and when the bit b7 is "1 b", it indicates an under-formation state. When the bit b6 is "Ob", it indicates the progress of formatting using full certification, and when the bit b6 is "1b", it indicates the progress of formatting using partial certification. When the bit b5 is "Ob", it indicates the progress of formatting on the entire disc, and when the bit b5 is "1b", it indicates the progress of formatting on only groups, and indicates that the group certification flag is effective. When a bit b1 representing user certification is "Ob", it indicates that a disc has never been certified by a user, and when the bit b1 is "1 b", it 10 indicates that a disc has been certified one or more times by a user. When a bit bO representing disc manufacturer certification is "Ob", it indicates that a disc has never been certified by a manufacturer, and when the bit 0 is "1b" it indicates that the disc has been certified one or more times by the manufactufer. Other bits b4, b3, and b2 are reserved. However, "in-process" is set to be (1)by any certification before formatting, and when formatting is completed, the "in-process" is reset to be "000". FIG. 4B illustrates the structure of each of the group certification flags of the bit positions 16 through 39 shown in FIG. 3. When a bit b7 among two bits b7 and b6 representing an in-process state is "Ob", it indicates format completion of a corresponding group, and when the bit b7 is "1b", it indicates that the corresponding group is being formatted. When the bit b6 is "Ob", it indicates that the group is being formatted using full certification, and when the bit b6 is "1 b" it indicates that the group is being formatted using partial certification. When a bit b1 representing user certification is "Ob", it indicates that the group has never been certified by a user, and when the bit b1 is "1b", it indicates that the group has been certified one or more times by a user. Other bits b5, b4, b3, b2, and bO are reserved. FIG. 5 is a table showing the contents of a secondary defect list (SDL). RBP is the position of a relative byte starting with 0. Relative byte positions 0 and 1 are SDL identifiers, and relative byte positions 2 and 3 are reserved: Relative byte positions 4 through 7 denote the total number of updated SDL blocks, and SDL updating counter values increases by one whenever the content of SDL is updated. Relative byte positions 8 through 15 denote spare area full flags, and relative byte positions 16 through 19 denote DDS/PDL updating counter values each indicating the total number of times the DDS/PDL block is updated and rewritten. The counter value is set to be "0" when initialization starts, and increases by 1 whenever the DDS/PLD is updated or rewritten. As mentioned above, all the DDS/PDL and SDL blocks must have the same count value after formatting is finished. Relative byte positions 20 and 21 are reserved, and relative byte positions 22 and 23 indicate the number of entries in the SDL. The remaining relative byte positions indicate each SDL entry. FIG. 6 illustrates the structure of the spare area full flag of the relative byte positions 8 through 15 shown in FIG. 5. In FIG. 6, if a bit representing a corresponding group is "1", it indicates that no spare blocks are left in the ft corresponding group, and if the bit is "0", it indicates that a spare block remains in the corresponding group. FIG, 7 illustrates the structure of the SDL entry shown in FIG. 5. In FIG. 7, FRM is a bit representing whether a defective block has been replaced. When the defective block has been replaced, FRM records a binary "0", and when the deflective block has not been replaced or no spare areas exist FRM records a binary "1". The SDL entry includes the sector number of the first sector of a defective block, and the sector number of the first sector of a replacement block. Here, if the defective block has not been replaced, a hexadecimal "000000" is record in an area where the first sector number of the replacement block is recorded. Meanwhile, in real time recording, whether corresponding data can be processed within a given time becomes more important than some errors of real data. In particular, in the case of an image or the like, an error is generated to part of a screen when a small error exists in the image. On the other hand, when input data cannot be processed in time, continuous data error is generated to make normal reproduction impossible. Therefore, the processing of data in time is more important. Thus, as for the real time recording, a method allowing non-use of the linear replacement must be suggested. When the linear replacement is not used, there must be a portion recording the fact that a corresponding disc is in use without using the linear replacement. A method of recording such a content will be described referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B. FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate the structures of the disc certification flag and the group certification flag of the DDS proposed by the present invention to record real time data, respectively, The structures of the disc certification flag and the group certification flag of FIGS. 8A and 8B are the same as those of FIGS. 4A and 4B except for a bit position b2. That is, as shown in FIG. 8A, when the entire corresponding disc is used without the linear replacement, the bit position b2 of the disc certification flag is set as "1", and when the corresponding disc is used by the linear replacement as in the prior art, the bit position b2 is set as "0". In FIGS. 8A and 8B, information associated with use or non-use of the linear replacement stored in the bit position 2(b2) is called a disc defect management mode. 12. Also, when only specific groups are partially initialized to prevent the linear replacement, as shown in FIG. 8B, the bit position 2(b2) of the group certification flag for a corresponding group is set as "1" to indicate that linear replacement is not performed on a data region in the corresponding group. In an embodiment of the present invention, the bit positions 2(b2) of the disc certification flag and the group certification flag are used as shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, but another reserved bit can be used. Here, each existing b2 region is reserved, and its value is recorded as "0". When the bit b2 for a disc defect management mode of the disc certification flag or group certification flag is set as "1" upon initialization of a disc, the SDL records only the start sector address of a block having a defect generated during use of the disc, records an FRM bit of the SDL entry as "1", and the linear replacement is not performed. A hexadecimal "000000" is recorded in an area for recording the first sector number of a replacement block of the SDL entry. In this way, while compatibility between a defect managing method based on a current DVD-RAM standard and a method of the present invention is maintained, i.e., while a method capable of indicating the existence of non-linearly-replaced blocks as in an existing defect managing method is suggested, a method allowing a defective block not to be linearly replaced is also provided to thereby accomplish recording and reproduction of real time data. A determination of whether a defective region will be replaced by a block existing in a spare area using linear replacement is made by information associated with use or non-use of linear replacement defect management recorded in a defect management region on the entire disc or a specific area of the disc regardless of the type of data to be recorded in a corresponding area. Also, a determination of whether a defective region will be replaced by a block existing in a spare area using the linear replacement is made by information associated with use or non-use of linear replacement defect management recorded in a defect management region on the entire disc or in a specific area on the disc in the case of only data required to be recorded in real time. A method of preventing linear replacement with respect to the entire disc or a specific group of discs was described on the basis of the above-described embodiment. In another embodiment, when a disc defect management mode is set 13 as "1", it can be used as information that the linear replacement is not performed with respect to a block having a defect in an area of a disc for recording information requiring real time recording and reproduction, but the linear replacement can be performed with respect to an area of a disc not requiring real time recording. In this case, when data not requiring real time recording has already been recorded in an area in which real time data must be recorded, and a defective region is thus linearly replaced, the linear replacement of the defective region must be capable of being canceled. Therefore, when the disc defect management mode is set as "1", this can mean that the linear replacement of the defect can be canceled when real time information is recorded. In order to prevent entire linear replacement with respect to the entire disc or a given group on the disc, information associated with the disc defect management mode is set as "1" upon initialization. On the other hand, when linear replacement is not performed only in the case of recording real time data, there is no need to set the defect management mode information upon initialization. That is, when it is determined that there is a necessity for recording real time data in a disc, the disc defect management mode is set as "1" just before the real time data is recorded. At this time, a determination of whether a corresponding disc is suitable for recording real time data is made on the basis of the amount or distribution of a defect generated on the disc. When it is determined that the disc is suitable, the disc defect management mode is set as "1". Otherwise, a process for informing a user that the disc is not suitable for recording real time data is required. FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating a method of recording data in real time without performing defect management using linear replacement with respect to only data desired to be recorded when the disc defect management mode is "1". In FIG. 9, first, a determination of whether a disc defect management mode is "1" is set before recording of data on a disc begins, in step S101. If the disc defect management mode is "1", it is determined whether data to be recorded is real time data, in step S103. If the defect management mode is "0", every data is recorded on the basis of a general defect managing method defined in the standard book version 1.0, in steps S102 and S108. When it is determined in step S103 that data to be recorded is not real time data, step S102 of performing general defect management is performed. When it is determined in step S103 that data to be recorded is real 14 time data, it is determined whether an already-linearly-replaced defect exists in an area where data is to be recorded, in step S104. When it is determined in step S104 that the linearly-replaced defect exists in the area to record data in, the linearly-replaced defect is canceled, in step S105. When no linearly-replaced defect exists in the area to record data in, it is determined whether a newly-detected defect exists in the area to record data in, in step S106. When it is determined in step S106 that a new defect is detected, information representing that a defect has not been linearly replaced is recorded in a secondary defect list (SDL) of a defect management area, in step S107. Next, data is recorded in a desired area in step S108. Also, when a new defect is not detected in step S 106, step S108 of recording real time data in a desired region is performed. Step S105 of canceling a linearly-replaced defect, and step S107 of recording information representing that a defect has not been linearly replaced are performed by recording the first sector number of a replacement block as a hexadecimal "000000", among linearly-replaced defect information recorded in the SDL, and by recording the FRM information as "1". In this case, since the disc defect management mode is set as "1", it can be recognized from the comparison of this mode information with FRM information that the meaning of the FRM information becomes different from that of existing FRM information. That is, the FRM information based on the existing standard book denotes that a block having a defect generated for a certain reason has not been replaced with a block in a spare area or no spare areas can be replaced. On the other hand, FRM information based on a new definition is added to the meaning of the existing FRM and can be information representing that when the disc defect management mode is "1", the linear replacement of a defective block replaced by an existing linear replacement method has been canceled for real time recording, or the defective block has not been linearly replaced for real time recording. Since a disc whose defect management mode is set as "1" is likely to include real time information, the disc can be utilized as information of prohibiting reallocation of information on a disc without consideration of real time information. Piece collection of collecting the pieces of a file on a disc, and read after reallocation can be included as a method of reallocating the information on a disc. \5 The read after allocation is a method of reading data and then replacing a date block likely to have a defect with a block located in a spare area. FIG. 10 illustrates the structure of an improved SDL entry for canceling linear replacement proposed by the present invention. When an already-replaced defect exists on a corresponding disc upon recording of real time data, a method of recording the information of an area, in which the first sector number of the replacement block as described above is recorded, as a hexadecimal "000000" and setting an FRM bit as "1" is exemplified as a process for canceling the linear replacement. This method can minimize the change in the existing standard. However, in this method, the information of a block which is determined as defective and replaced must be deleted, so that linear replacement may be arbitrarily performed, canceled, and again performed without sequentially using a spare area. In particular, when a linearly-replaced block in the spare area is defective and again replaced, information associated with the linearly-replaced defective block in the spare area is lost. Thus, it would be preferable that blocks in a corresponding spare area are sequentially used when linear replacement occurs, and that even when the linear replacement is canceled, information associated with a block in the spare area replacing a corresponding defect block is maintained. When only a region recording an FRM bit and the first sector number of a replacement block is used to maintain information associated with the replaced sector number of the spare area, it is not possible to tell if the corresponding replaced block has again been replaced on account of a defect or if the linear replacement has been canceled to record real time data. In order to solve such a problem, a canceled linear replacement (CLR) flag is newly defined by using a spare bit of the SDL entry which is not in use. When linear replacement with respect to a corresponding SDL entry is canceled for recording real time data, a method of setting the CLR flag as "1" can be used. Here, when the CLR flag is set as "0", it indicates a replacement block allocated without being used by real time data. In the structure of an SDL entry of FIG. 10, for example, a bit b31 not in use is used as the CLR flag. lb Meanwhile, defect management information for recording real time data can be roughly divided into three cases in which: (1) real time data is not recorded on the entire disc; (2) two types of data, i.e., real time data and non-real time data, coexist on a disc, and a linear replacement defect managing method is not used with respect to only the real time data; and (3) only the real time data is recorded in the entire disc, i.e., the linear replacement defect managing method is not used with respect to all recorded data. Particularly, in the third case, real time replacement is not used for the entire disc, so that a spare area for defect management can be set to a smaller size than in the first and second cases. This will be described in detail later referring to FIGS. 12 and 13. When these three or more defect managing methods are applied to one disc, various correspondences are possible according to the purpose of use of a disc, and the disc can be more effectively used. However, considering a condition such as the case of changing and using discs between reproduction apparatuses, the defect management conditions in which a corresponding disc is used must be described in more detail. 1-bit disc defect management mode information representing use or non-use of linear replacement described in FIG. 8 is deficient for defect management information in the above case. Thus, as shown in FIG. 11, defect management mode information capable of representing linear replacement or non-linear replacement depending on a plurality of different defect management modes is stored in a reserved byte located in the DDS of the defect management area (DMA) on a disc. That is, FIG. 11 shows the case of using two significant bits b7 and b6 of the relative byte position BP10 of DDS, i.e., the eleventh byte thereof, by taking defect management (DM) mode depending on use or non-use of linear replacement as an example. As shown in FIG. 11, when the DM mode information is "00b", it indicates that the slipping replacement and the linear replacement are applied to all data on a disc, when the DM mode information is "01b", it indicates that the linear replacement is selectively applied according to the type of information (here, real time data and non-real time data), and when the DM mode information is "10b", it indicates that the linear replacement is not used with respect to every data. 17 That is, when the DM mode information is "00b", the slipping replacement and the linear replacement are mandatory, and this mode is only for data other than real time data in the first case described above. When the DM mode information is "01b", the linear replacement is mandatory, but the linear replacement for real time data is optional. This mode is defect management for a hybrid disc including both real time data and non-real time data in the second case described above. When the DM mode information is "10b", only the slipping replacement is allowable, and this mode is defect management for only real data in the third case described above. When the DM mode information is "1 Ob", the physical layout of a disc can be changed. Meanwhile, since linear replacement cannot be used to record real time data, a spare area necessary for linear replacement does not actually become necessary. For this case, in the present invention, only a spare area for slipping replacement is set in the last group without allocating a spare area for linear replacement as shown in FIG. 12. In particular, the spare area set in the last group (here, a thirty fourth group) allocates 7680 sectors (480 ECC blocks) to a spare area for slipping replacement to process a maximum of 7679 entries capable of being registered in a primary defect list (PDL). In FIG. 12, sect denotes a sector, blk denotes block, and rev denotes revolutions. In order to obtain the compatibility between the present invention and an existing defect management structure, a flag, capable of discriminating a case in which spare areas for only slipping replacement are allocated only for real time recording from a case in which spare areas for linear replacement and slipping replacement are allocated according to an existing defect management method, is represented with significant bits b7 and b6 of the relative byte position BP 10 in the DDS.and the PDL, as shown in FIG. 13. As shown in FIG. 13, when two significant bits b7 and b6 representing a DM mode on the byte position BP 10 of the DDS/PDL are "00b", it indicates that an existing defect managing method is applied, and when the two significant bits b7 and b6 are "10b", a defect managing method for only real time recording without linear replacement, in which only the spare area for slipping replacement is allocated in the last group of a disc, is applied. Thus, spare areas are allocated by 18 a method dedicated for real time recording, thereby increasing the efficiency due to the application of the space of a disc. As described above, while compatibility between a method of the present invention and a defect managing method based on the current DVD-RAM standard is maintained, linear replacement is not performed when real time data is recorded. Thus, real time data can be recorded and reproduced. In the present invention, information representing a plurality of different defect management modes depending on the type of data to be recorded is stored, so that various correspondences are possible according to the purpose of use of the recording medium. Thus, the recording medium can be more effectively used. Also, in the present invention, when real time data is recorded, spare areas are allocated to be used for only real time. Thus, the effectiveness due to the application of the space of a disc can be increased. WE CLAIM : 1. A. recording medium)comprising a user data area where user data is stored,(at least one spare area to replace defective units of the user data area, and a (control information area where at least one information for a defective unit is stored, wherein the (at least) one information includes (information representing use or non-use of linear replacement defect management in which a defective unit on the recording medium is replaced with the spare area. 2. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement includes information associated with the entire recording medium. 3. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement includes information associated with only parts of the recording medium. 4. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the recording medium is a disc designated according to a digital versatile disc (DVD) standard. 5. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the recording medium is a digital versatile disc-random access memory (DVD-RAM) disc designated according to a DVD-RAM standard. -20- 6. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein : the recording medium is a digital versatile disc-random access memory (DVD-RAM) disc ; the control information area includes a disc definition structure having a reserved area of a disc certification flag and a group certification flag in which the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement is recorded. 7. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement is stored upon initialization. 8. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement is stored just before recording real time data in the user data area. 9. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the control information area comprises a secondary defect list (SDL) in which only a start sector number of a block having a defect generated while real time data is recorded on the recording medium is recorded, information of the SDL for representing replacement or non-replacement of the defective unit in which information representing that the defective unit is not currently replaced is recorded. -21- 10. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the control information area includes a disc definition structure (DDS) having a reserved area in which the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement is stored, the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement includes information representing that linear replacement is applied with respect to all data to be recorded in the user data area of the recording medium, information representing that linear replacement is selectively applied according to type of the information to be recorded in the user data area, or information representing that linear replacement is not applied to all the data to be recorded in the user data area of the recording medium. 11. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein in response to real time data being recorded, no portion for the spare area for linear replacement of the real time data is allocated, and only a portion of the spare area for slipping replacement is allocated. 12. The recording medium as claimed in claim 11, wherein the spare area for slipping replacement is allocated in a last group of the recording medium by a size of sectors used for processing a maximum number of entries used for registering a primary defect list (PDL). 13. The recording medium as claimed in claim 12, comprising a disc definition structure (DDS) having a reserved area, wherein the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement, denoting use of a -22- defect managing method for only real time recording in which linear replacement is not used by allocating only the spare area for slipping replacement, is stored in a reserved area of each of the DDS and the PDL. 14. A recording medium for storing defect management mode information for showing a plurality of defect management modes representing use or non-use of linear replacement according to type of data to be recorded on a user data area of the recording medium. 15. The recording medium as claimed in claim 14, wherein the control information area includes a defect management area including a disc definition structure (DDS) having a reserved area in which the defect management mode information is stored. 16. The recording medium as claimed in claim 15, wherein the defect management mode information includes first defect management mode information representing that slipping replacement and linear replacement are applied to all the data to be recorded in the user data area of the recording medium, second defect management mode information representing that linear replacement is selectively applied according to type of the data on the recording medium, or third defect management mode information representing that linear replacement is not applied to all the data on the recording medium. 17. A recording medium for storing information representing non-application of linear replacement to all data to be recorded in a user data area on the recording medium in a defect management area, in which only a spare area for slipping replacement is allocated. -23- 18. The recording medium as claimed in claim 17, wherein the defect management area is a reserved area of each of a disc definition structure (DDS) and a primary defect list (PDL) formed in the defect management area, and the spare area for slipping replacement has space to process a maximum number of entries for registering the PDL. 19. A recording medium comprising ; a user data area on which data is to be recorded ; a spare data area to store defective data indicative of defects in physical addresses of the user data ; and a control information area to store defect management mode information indicative of different defect management modes depending upon type of the data to be recorded in the user data area, wherein the defective data stored in the spare area is determined in accordance with the defect management mode information. 20. The recording medium as claimed in claim 19, wherein the control information area is a lead-in area or a lead-out area of the recording medium. 21. The recording medium as claimed in claim 19, wherein the defect management mode information is indicative of use or non-use of linear replacement management in which a defective area of the user data area is replaced with a portion of the spare area. 22. A recording medium comprising : a user data area on which data is to be recorded ; a spare area to store defective data indicative of defects in physical addresses of the user data area ; and -24- a control information area to store defect management mode information indicative of the defects generated during use of the disc subsequent to initialization, and indicative of whether to use linear replacement with regard to the defects generated during the use of the disc subsequent to the initialization. 23. The recording medium as claimed in claim 22, wherein the defect management mode information is indicative of preventing use of linear replacement if the defects generated during use of the disc subsequent to initialization relate to the data to be recorded in the user data area in real time. 24. A recording medium comprising at least a secondary defect list (SDL) in which only a start sector number of a block having a defect generated, while real time data is recorded on the recording medium, is recorded on the recording medium, the SDL comprising information for representing replacement or non-replacement of the defective unit in which information representing that the defective unit is not currently replaced, in which information representing that a linear replacement of the recording medium has not been used, and information representing that the defective unit has been replaced, and with a start sector number of the defective unit and that of the replacement block. 25. The recording medium as claimed in claim 24, wherein a flag represents said information representing that a linear replacement of the recording has been canceled, said flag being stored as a reserved bit of the SDL. -25- -26- 26. The recording medium as claimed in claim 24, wherein a flag represents said information representing that the defective unit has been replaced, said flag being stored as a Forced Re- Assignment Marking (FRM) bit of the SDL. 27. The recording medium as claimed in claim 24, wherein a flag represents said information representing that the defective unit is not currently replaced, said information representing that a linear replacement of the recording medium has been canceled, and said information representing that the defective unit has been replaced. 28. A recording medium, substantially as herein described, particularly with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. A recording medium for storing defect management information to record real time data, a defect management method therefor, and a method of recording real time data, are provided. The recording medium stores information representing use or non-use of linear replacement defect management in which a defective area on the recording medium is replaced with the spare area, in order to record real time data. While maintaining compatibility between the defect managing method and a defect managing method based on a current DVD-RAM standard, i.e. while allowing a report of the fact that there are blocks which have not been linearly replaced, linear replacement is not performed when real time data is recorded. Thus, real time data can be recorded and reproduced.

Full Text

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of managing a disk and its defects, and more particularly, to a recording medium for storing defect management information with respect to whether linear replacement is used, a method of effectively managing defects to record and/or reproduce video and/or audio data from a digital versatile disc random access memory (DVD-RAM) in real time, and a method of recording data in real time using defect management information.
2. Description of the Related Art
Real time recording or reproduction means that a given amount of data is necessarily recorded or reproduced within a given time since input information is lost if it is not processed at the moment data is input, and since a phenomenon such as pause of an image or temporary interruption of music occurs with reproduction of data as abnormal information if data is not recorded or reproduced at a predetermined speed. The above-described problems are caused since the input of information cannot be temporally controlled by a recording and reproducing apparatus.
In the DVD-RAM standard version 1.0, a method of managing defects generated on a disk has been disclosed to increase the reliability of data recorded on the disk. Slipping replacement and linear replacement are included as the disclosed defect management method: the first method processes defects detected in an initializing process; and the second method replaces an error correction code (ECC) block unit (16-sector unit) including a sector having a defect generated during use of the disc with a defect-free ECC block in a spare area.
The slipping replacement is used to minimize a reduction in the recording or reproduction speed due to defects, in which a logical sector number to be provided
2

to a defective sector is provided to a sector next to the defective sector detected during a certification process for investigating defects of a disc when the disc is initialized, that is data is recorded or reproduced by slipping a sector on which a defect is generated during recording or reproduction. Here, a real physical sector number is pushed back by the sector number designated by slipping the defective sector. Such a left-behmd phenomenon is solved by using as many sectors as there are defects in a spare area located at the end portion of a corresponding recording area.
However, the slipping replacement cannot be used for a defect generated while a disc is used. When a defective portion is disregarded and skipped, discontinuity is generated on logical sector numbering, which means that the slipping replacement violates file system rules. Thus, the linear replacement is used when a defect is generated during use of the disc, which means the replacement of an ECC block including a defective sector with an ECC block existing in a spare area.
When the linear replacement is used, no vacuum exists in a logical sector number, however, the position of a sector on a disc is discontinuous, and real data corresponding to a defective ECC block exists in the spare area.
As described above, when real time recording, in which the time for temporarily-input information cannot be arbitrarily delayed, such as, recording of broadcast information or a real image, is necessary, information is recorded in an area to be linearly-replaced by undergoing a process in which a real pickup goes up to the spare area and searches for an area to be linearly replaced, and a process in which the real pickup comes back. Hence, the recording speed is reduced, so that information input in real time cannot be continuously recorded when the linear replacement is used.
It is prescribed that a DVD-RAM drive according to the DVD-RAM standard version 1.0 processes all of this defect management to reduce the burden of the host computer used in the drive. The host computer is designed to transmit a command ordered not to manage defects to the drive using a command denoted in an interface standard. That is, if the host computer determines whether defect management will be performed, the defect management itself is supposed to be performed by the drive
3

Even when the host computer does not manage defects according to the need of an application program, the DVD-RAM disc according to the DVD-RAM standard version 1.0 must necessarily manage defects recorded in a primary defect list (PDL) and a secondary defect list (SDL) according to a defect management rule if an area slipping replaced or linear replaced due to defect management performed by another drive exists. Here, it is prescribed that the position of a defective sector replaced according to slipping replacement should be recorded in the PDL, and the position of a defective block replaced according to linear replacement should be recorded in the SDL. That is, when data is recorded after setting the fact that a specific drive should not perform defect management using the linear replacement, it cannot be ensured that other drives must also not perform the linear replacement on the same disc.
Therefore, when real time recording is performed by a current DVD-RAM disc, it may be difficult because of an area to be used by the linear replacement.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
To solve the above problems, it is an objective of the present invention to provide a recording medium for storing defect management information associated with whether linear replacement is used or not, to record real time data.
It is another objective of the present invention to provide a recording medium for storing information for showing a plurality of different defect management modes according to the type of data to be recorded.
-4-

It is still another objective of the present invention to provide a recording medium for allocating a spare area for only real time recording whose space can be effectively utilized.
It is yet another objective of the present invention to provide a method of managing a defect of a recording medium which can record real time data and can have maximum compatibility with a general DVD-RAM disc.
It is still yet another objective of the present invention to provide a method of recording real time data using the defect management information associated with whether the linear replacement is used.
This present invention provides a recording medium comprising a user data area where user data is stored, at least one spare area to replace defective units of the user data area, and a control information area where at least one information for a defective unit is stored, wherein the at least one control information includes information representing use or non-use of linear replacement defect management in which a defective unit on the recording medium is replaced with the spare area.
This invention also provides a recording medium comprising : a user data area on which data is to be recorded ;a spare data area to store defective data indicative of defects in physical addresses of the user data ; and a control information area to store defect management mode information indicative of different defect management modes depending upon type of the data to be recorded in the user data area, wherein the defective data stored in the spare area is determined in accordance with the defect management mode information.
-5-

The present invention further provides a recording medium comprising :a user data area on which data is to be recorded a spare area to store defective data indicative of defects in physical addresses of the user data area ; and a control information area to store defect management mode information indicative of the defects generated during use of the disc subsequent to initialization, and indicative of whether to use linear replacement with regard the defects generated during the use of the disc subsequent to the initialization.
To accomplish the second objective, there is provided a recording medium for storing defect management mode information for showing a plurality of defect management modes representing use or non-use of linear replacement according to the type of data to be recorded on a user data area of the recording medium.
To accomplish the third objective, there is provided a recording medium for storing information representing non-application of linear replacement of all data to be recorded in a user data area on the recording medium in a defect management area, in which only a spare area for slipping replacement is allocated.
To accomplish the fourth objective, the present invention provides a defect managing method for a disc recording and/or reproducing apparatus comprising the steps of : (a) recording information representing use or non-use of linear replacement defect management with respect to the entire disc or a specific area of a disc ; and (b) determining whether a defective area will be replaced by a block in a spare area using linear replacement according to information representing use or non-use of the linear replacement defect management.
-6-

To accomplish the fifth objective this invention provides a method of recording real time data while managing a defect on a disc using a disc recording and/or reproducing apparatus, comprising the steps of (a) determining whether defect management mode information representing whether defect management based on linear replacement will be used; (b) determining whether data to be recorded is real time data, when the, defect management mode information is information that the linear replacement will not be used; (c) determining whether a linearly-replaced defect exists in an area to record data in, when the data to be recorded is real time data ; and (d) determining whether a new defect is detected in the area to record data in, when no linearly-replaced defect exists in the area to record data in, and recording the real time data in a desired area when the new defect is not detected.
The present invention also provides a recording medium comprising at least a secondary defect list (SDL) in which only a start sector number of a block having a defect generated, while real time data is recorded on the recording medium, is recorded on the recording medium, the SDL comprising information for representing replacement or non-replacement of the defective unit in which information representing that the defective unit is not currently replaced, in which information representing that a linear replacement of the recording medium has not been used, and information representing that the defective unit has been replaced, and with a start sector number of the defective unit and that of the replacement block.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS
-7-

The above objectives and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by describing in detail preferred embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a view for explaining a defect management method using slipping replacement of a recording medium;
FIG. 2 is a view for explaining a defect management method using linear replacement of a recording medium;
FIG. 3 is a table of a defect definition structure (DDS);
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the structures of the disc certification flag and the group certification flag shown in FIG. 3, respectively;
FIG. 5 is a table of the contents of a secondary defect list (SDL);
FIG. 6 illustrates the structure of the spare area full flag shown in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 illustrates the structure of the SDL entry shown in FIG. 5;
FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate the structures of the disc certification flag and the group certification flag of the DDS for recording real time data proposed by the present invention, respectively;
FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a method of recording data according to a defect management method of the present invention;
FIG. 10 illustrates an example of the structure of an improved SDL entry for canceling linear replacement proposed by the present invention;
FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a DDS for storing information for indicating a plurality of different defect management modes proposed by the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a table showing allocated spare areas for recording real time data proposed by the present invention; and
FIG. 13 illustrates a DDS and the structure of a primary defect list (PDL) for storing defect management mode information proposed by the present invention for allocating the spare areas for only real time recording shown in FIG. 12.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Preferred embodiments of a recording medium storing defect management information for recording real time data, a defect managing method using the same, and a real time data recording method will now be described with reference to the attached drawings.

First, slipping replacement and linear replacement will be described in detail referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 in order to help in the understanding of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a view for explaining a defect management method using the slipping replacement. Physical addresses on a disc shown in FIG. 1 are recorded as P1, P2, P3, ..., Pn, and logical addresses must be provided to record real data in this physically-segmented sector. These logical addresses act as addresses allowing a real file system to search for its own data. However, the relationship between the physical addresses and the logical addresses is made in a disc initialization process. If a defect is detected on the third physical sector P3 as shown in FIG. 1, a logical address is not designated to this defective sector, and a logical sector number L3 is designated to the next physical sector P4. Then, the logical sectors are sequentially pushed back by the number of defective sectors, and a spare area located at the end of a corresponding data group is used by the pushed portion. In this slipping replacement method, effective processing in sector units is possible by simply slipping a defective region, and a pickup does not need to move to a different place upon recording and reproduction by simply disregarding and skipping a defective portion. Thus, the defective region can be avoided while minimizing the delay time. Here, the position of a defective sector replaced by the slipping replacement is recorded in the PDL.
FIG. 2 is a view for explaining a defect management method using linear replacement. In the linear replacement for processing defects generated while a disc is used after being initialized, the defects are managed in an ECC block unit, i.e., in units of 16 sectors. In other words, when an error is generated at a specific sector and a defect is thus detected, if the movement in units of at least 16 sectors is not made for error correction, the error correction unit of each data previously recorded in a disc must be changed. Thus, processing in an ECC block unit must be performed, and the slipping replacement method of slipping a defective sector and designating a logical sector cannot be used since the logical address of an area where data has already been recorded cannot be changed. When a defect is generated in a logical block LB3 as shown in FIG. 2, the defective region is recorded in the SDL to be prevented from being used, and the defective portion is replaced with a usable block existing in a spare area. The replaced block (SBk in
9

FIG. 2) in the spare area has the same logical block number (LB3) as the erroneous block.
In a reproduction sequence, as shown in FIG, 2, reading is continued just before to a defective block as in an area 1, a replaced ECC block existing in the spare area is read by moving a pickup or the like as in an area 2, and data is continuously read from a block right next to the defective block as in an area 3. In order to process defects as described above, pickup movement is caused such as a process for searching for data and a process for returning to the block right next to the defective block after reading the replaced block. Thus, much time is required to read or write data, so that this defect management is not appropriate for real time recording.
FIG. 3 is a table of a disc definition structure (DDS) existing in a defect management area (DMA) of a DVD-RAM. In particular, a byte position (BP) 3, a disc certification flag, records the certified contents of the entire disc, and BPs 16 through 39, group certification flags, record the contents of certification of 24 data groups.
In addition, BPs 0 and 1 are DDS identifiers, and BPs 4 through 7 are the values of counters for updating DDS/PDL representing the total number of times in which a DDS/PDL block is updated and rewritten. That is, when initialization starts, the value of a counter is set to be "0", and increases by one whenever the DDS/PDL is updated or rewritten. All DDS/PDL and SDL blocks must have the same counter value after formatting is completed. BPs 8 and 9 denote the number of groups, and, for example, 24 groups are recorded as "0018" (hexadecimal).
FIG. 4A illustrates the structures of the disc certification flag shown in FIG. 3. When a bit b7 among three bits b7, b6 and b5 representing an in-process state is "Ob", it indicates format completion, and when the bit b7 is "1 b", it indicates an under-formation state. When the bit b6 is "Ob", it indicates the progress of formatting using full certification, and when the bit b6 is "1b", it indicates the progress of formatting using partial certification. When the bit b5 is "Ob", it indicates the progress of formatting on the entire disc, and when the bit b5 is "1b", it indicates the progress of formatting on only groups, and indicates that the group certification flag is effective. When a bit b1 representing user certification is "Ob", it indicates that a disc has never been certified by a user, and when the bit b1 is "1 b", it
10

indicates that a disc has been certified one or more times by a user. When a bit bO representing disc manufacturer certification is "Ob", it indicates that a disc has never been certified by a manufacturer, and when the bit 0 is "1b" it indicates that the disc has been certified one or more times by the manufactufer. Other bits b4, b3, and b2 are reserved. However, "in-process" is set to be (1)by any certification before formatting, and when formatting is completed, the "in-process" is reset to be "000".
FIG. 4B illustrates the structure of each of the group certification flags of the bit positions 16 through 39 shown in FIG. 3. When a bit b7 among two bits b7 and b6 representing an in-process state is "Ob", it indicates format completion of a corresponding group, and when the bit b7 is "1b", it indicates that the corresponding group is being formatted. When the bit b6 is "Ob", it indicates that the group is being formatted using full certification, and when the bit b6 is "1 b" it indicates that the group is being formatted using partial certification. When a bit b1 representing user certification is "Ob", it indicates that the group has never been certified by a user, and when the bit b1 is "1b", it indicates that the group has been certified one or more times by a user. Other bits b5, b4, b3, b2, and bO are reserved.
FIG. 5 is a table showing the contents of a secondary defect list (SDL). RBP is the position of a relative byte starting with 0. Relative byte positions 0 and 1 are SDL identifiers, and relative byte positions 2 and 3 are reserved: Relative byte positions 4 through 7 denote the total number of updated SDL blocks, and SDL updating counter values increases by one whenever the content of SDL is updated. Relative byte positions 8 through 15 denote spare area full flags, and relative byte positions 16 through 19 denote DDS/PDL updating counter values each indicating the total number of times the DDS/PDL block is updated and rewritten. The counter value is set to be "0" when initialization starts, and increases by 1 whenever the DDS/PLD is updated or rewritten. As mentioned above, all the DDS/PDL and SDL blocks must have the same count value after formatting is finished. Relative byte positions 20 and 21 are reserved, and relative byte positions 22 and 23 indicate the number of entries in the SDL. The remaining relative byte positions indicate each
SDL entry.
FIG. 6 illustrates the structure of the spare area full flag of the relative byte positions 8 through 15 shown in FIG. 5. In FIG. 6, if a bit representing a corresponding group is "1", it indicates that no spare blocks are left in the
ft

corresponding group, and if the bit is "0", it indicates that a spare block remains in the corresponding group.
FIG, 7 illustrates the structure of the SDL entry shown in FIG. 5. In FIG. 7, FRM is a bit representing whether a defective block has been replaced. When the defective block has been replaced, FRM records a binary "0", and when the deflective block has not been replaced or no spare areas exist FRM records a binary "1". The SDL entry includes the sector number of the first sector of a defective block, and the sector number of the first sector of a replacement block. Here, if the defective block has not been replaced, a hexadecimal "000000" is record in an area where the first sector number of the replacement block is recorded.
Meanwhile, in real time recording, whether corresponding data can be processed within a given time becomes more important than some errors of real data. In particular, in the case of an image or the like, an error is generated to part of a screen when a small error exists in the image. On the other hand, when input data cannot be processed in time, continuous data error is generated to make normal reproduction impossible. Therefore, the processing of data in time is more important.
Thus, as for the real time recording, a method allowing non-use of the linear replacement must be suggested. When the linear replacement is not used, there must be a portion recording the fact that a corresponding disc is in use without using the linear replacement. A method of recording such a content will be described referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B.
FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate the structures of the disc certification flag and the group certification flag of the DDS proposed by the present invention to record real time data, respectively, The structures of the disc certification flag and the group certification flag of FIGS. 8A and 8B are the same as those of FIGS. 4A and 4B except for a bit position b2. That is, as shown in FIG. 8A, when the entire corresponding disc is used without the linear replacement, the bit position b2 of the disc certification flag is set as "1", and when the corresponding disc is used by the linear replacement as in the prior art, the bit position b2 is set as "0". In FIGS. 8A and 8B, information associated with use or non-use of the linear replacement stored in the bit position 2(b2) is called a disc defect management mode.
12.

Also, when only specific groups are partially initialized to prevent the linear replacement, as shown in FIG. 8B, the bit position 2(b2) of the group certification flag for a corresponding group is set as "1" to indicate that linear replacement is not performed on a data region in the corresponding group. In an embodiment of the present invention, the bit positions 2(b2) of the disc certification flag and the group certification flag are used as shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, but another reserved bit can be used. Here, each existing b2 region is reserved, and its value is recorded as "0".
When the bit b2 for a disc defect management mode of the disc certification flag or group certification flag is set as "1" upon initialization of a disc, the SDL records only the start sector address of a block having a defect generated during use of the disc, records an FRM bit of the SDL entry as "1", and the linear replacement is not performed. A hexadecimal "000000" is recorded in an area for recording the first sector number of a replacement block of the SDL entry.
In this way, while compatibility between a defect managing method based on a current DVD-RAM standard and a method of the present invention is maintained, i.e., while a method capable of indicating the existence of non-linearly-replaced blocks as in an existing defect managing method is suggested, a method allowing a defective block not to be linearly replaced is also provided to thereby accomplish recording and reproduction of real time data.
A determination of whether a defective region will be replaced by a block existing in a spare area using linear replacement is made by information associated with use or non-use of linear replacement defect management recorded in a defect management region on the entire disc or a specific area of the disc regardless of the type of data to be recorded in a corresponding area.
Also, a determination of whether a defective region will be replaced by a block existing in a spare area using the linear replacement is made by information associated with use or non-use of linear replacement defect management recorded in a defect management region on the entire disc or in a specific area on the disc in the case of only data required to be recorded in real time.
A method of preventing linear replacement with respect to the entire disc or a specific group of discs was described on the basis of the above-described embodiment. In another embodiment, when a disc defect management mode is set
13

as "1", it can be used as information that the linear replacement is not performed with respect to a block having a defect in an area of a disc for recording information requiring real time recording and reproduction, but the linear replacement can be performed with respect to an area of a disc not requiring real time recording. In this case, when data not requiring real time recording has already been recorded in an area in which real time data must be recorded, and a defective region is thus linearly replaced, the linear replacement of the defective region must be capable of being canceled. Therefore, when the disc defect management mode is set as "1", this can mean that the linear replacement of the defect can be canceled when real time information is recorded.
In order to prevent entire linear replacement with respect to the entire disc or a given group on the disc, information associated with the disc defect management mode is set as "1" upon initialization. On the other hand, when linear replacement is not performed only in the case of recording real time data, there is no need to set the defect management mode information upon initialization. That is, when it is determined that there is a necessity for recording real time data in a disc, the disc defect management mode is set as "1" just before the real time data is recorded. At this time, a determination of whether a corresponding disc is suitable for recording real time data is made on the basis of the amount or distribution of a defect generated on the disc. When it is determined that the disc is suitable, the disc defect management mode is set as "1". Otherwise, a process for informing a user that the disc is not suitable for recording real time data is required.
FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating a method of recording data in real time without performing defect management using linear replacement with respect to only data desired to be recorded when the disc defect management mode is "1".
In FIG. 9, first, a determination of whether a disc defect management mode is "1" is set before recording of data on a disc begins, in step S101. If the disc defect management mode is "1", it is determined whether data to be recorded is real time data, in step S103. If the defect management mode is "0", every data is recorded on the basis of a general defect managing method defined in the standard book version 1.0, in steps S102 and S108. When it is determined in step S103 that data to be recorded is not real time data, step S102 of performing general defect management is performed. When it is determined in step S103 that data to be recorded is real
14

time data, it is determined whether an already-linearly-replaced defect exists in an area where data is to be recorded, in step S104.
When it is determined in step S104 that the linearly-replaced defect exists in the area to record data in, the linearly-replaced defect is canceled, in step S105. When no linearly-replaced defect exists in the area to record data in, it is determined whether a newly-detected defect exists in the area to record data in, in step S106.
When it is determined in step S106 that a new defect is detected, information representing that a defect has not been linearly replaced is recorded in a secondary defect list (SDL) of a defect management area, in step S107. Next, data is recorded in a desired area in step S108. Also, when a new defect is not detected in step S 106, step S108 of recording real time data in a desired region is performed.
Step S105 of canceling a linearly-replaced defect, and step S107 of recording information representing that a defect has not been linearly replaced are performed by recording the first sector number of a replacement block as a hexadecimal "000000", among linearly-replaced defect information recorded in the SDL, and by recording the FRM information as "1". In this case, since the disc defect management mode is set as "1", it can be recognized from the comparison of this mode information with FRM information that the meaning of the FRM information becomes different from that of existing FRM information.
That is, the FRM information based on the existing standard book denotes that a block having a defect generated for a certain reason has not been replaced with a block in a spare area or no spare areas can be replaced. On the other hand, FRM information based on a new definition is added to the meaning of the existing FRM and can be information representing that when the disc defect management mode is "1", the linear replacement of a defective block replaced by an existing linear replacement method has been canceled for real time recording, or the defective block has not been linearly replaced for real time recording.
Since a disc whose defect management mode is set as "1" is likely to include real time information, the disc can be utilized as information of prohibiting reallocation of information on a disc without consideration of real time information. Piece collection of collecting the pieces of a file on a disc, and read after reallocation can be included as a method of reallocating the information on a disc.
\5

The read after allocation is a method of reading data and then replacing a date block likely to have a defect with a block located in a spare area.
FIG. 10 illustrates the structure of an improved SDL entry for canceling linear replacement proposed by the present invention. When an already-replaced defect exists on a corresponding disc upon recording of real time data, a method of recording the information of an area, in which the first sector number of the replacement block as described above is recorded, as a hexadecimal "000000" and setting an FRM bit as "1" is exemplified as a process for canceling the linear replacement.
This method can minimize the change in the existing standard. However, in this method, the information of a block which is determined as defective and replaced must be deleted, so that linear replacement may be arbitrarily performed, canceled, and again performed without sequentially using a spare area. In particular, when a linearly-replaced block in the spare area is defective and again replaced, information associated with the linearly-replaced defective block in the spare area is lost.
Thus, it would be preferable that blocks in a corresponding spare area are sequentially used when linear replacement occurs, and that even when the linear replacement is canceled, information associated with a block in the spare area replacing a corresponding defect block is maintained. When only a region recording an FRM bit and the first sector number of a replacement block is used to maintain information associated with the replaced sector number of the spare area, it is not possible to tell if the corresponding replaced block has again been replaced on account of a defect or if the linear replacement has been canceled to record real time data.
In order to solve such a problem, a canceled linear replacement (CLR) flag is newly defined by using a spare bit of the SDL entry which is not in use. When linear replacement with respect to a corresponding SDL entry is canceled for recording real time data, a method of setting the CLR flag as "1" can be used. Here, when the CLR flag is set as "0", it indicates a replacement block allocated without being used by real time data. In the structure of an SDL entry of FIG. 10, for example, a bit b31 not in use is used as the CLR flag.
lb

Meanwhile, defect management information for recording real time data can be roughly divided into three cases in which: (1) real time data is not recorded on the entire disc; (2) two types of data, i.e., real time data and non-real time data, coexist on a disc, and a linear replacement defect managing method is not used with respect to only the real time data; and (3) only the real time data is recorded in the entire disc, i.e., the linear replacement defect managing method is not used with respect to all recorded data.
Particularly, in the third case, real time replacement is not used for the entire disc, so that a spare area for defect management can be set to a smaller size than in the first and second cases. This will be described in detail later referring to FIGS. 12 and 13.
When these three or more defect managing methods are applied to one disc, various correspondences are possible according to the purpose of use of a disc, and the disc can be more effectively used. However, considering a condition such as the case of changing and using discs between reproduction apparatuses, the defect management conditions in which a corresponding disc is used must be described in more detail. 1-bit disc defect management mode information representing use or non-use of linear replacement described in FIG. 8 is deficient for defect management information in the above case.
Thus, as shown in FIG. 11, defect management mode information capable of representing linear replacement or non-linear replacement depending on a plurality of different defect management modes is stored in a reserved byte located in the DDS of the defect management area (DMA) on a disc. That is, FIG. 11 shows the case of using two significant bits b7 and b6 of the relative byte position BP10 of DDS, i.e., the eleventh byte thereof, by taking defect management (DM) mode depending on use or non-use of linear replacement as an example.
As shown in FIG. 11, when the DM mode information is "00b", it indicates that the slipping replacement and the linear replacement are applied to all data on a disc, when the DM mode information is "01b", it indicates that the linear replacement is selectively applied according to the type of information (here, real time data and non-real time data), and when the DM mode information is "10b", it indicates that the linear replacement is not used with respect to every data.
17

That is, when the DM mode information is "00b", the slipping replacement and the linear replacement are mandatory, and this mode is only for data other than real time data in the first case described above. When the DM mode information is "01b", the linear replacement is mandatory, but the linear replacement for real time data is optional. This mode is defect management for a hybrid disc including both real time data and non-real time data in the second case described above. When the DM mode information is "10b", only the slipping replacement is allowable, and this mode is defect management for only real data in the third case described above. When the DM mode information is "1 Ob", the physical layout of a disc can be changed.
Meanwhile, since linear replacement cannot be used to record real time data, a spare area necessary for linear replacement does not actually become necessary. For this case, in the present invention, only a spare area for slipping replacement is set in the last group without allocating a spare area for linear replacement as shown in FIG. 12. In particular, the spare area set in the last group (here, a thirty fourth group) allocates 7680 sectors (480 ECC blocks) to a spare area for slipping replacement to process a maximum of 7679 entries capable of being registered in a primary defect list (PDL). In FIG. 12, sect denotes a sector, blk denotes block, and rev denotes revolutions.
In order to obtain the compatibility between the present invention and an existing defect management structure, a flag, capable of discriminating a case in which spare areas for only slipping replacement are allocated only for real time recording from a case in which spare areas for linear replacement and slipping replacement are allocated according to an existing defect management method, is represented with significant bits b7 and b6 of the relative byte position BP 10 in the DDS.and the PDL, as shown in FIG. 13.
As shown in FIG. 13, when two significant bits b7 and b6 representing a DM mode on the byte position BP 10 of the DDS/PDL are "00b", it indicates that an existing defect managing method is applied, and when the two significant bits b7 and b6 are "10b", a defect managing method for only real time recording without linear replacement, in which only the spare area for slipping replacement is allocated in the last group of a disc, is applied. Thus, spare areas are allocated by
18

a method dedicated for real time recording, thereby increasing the efficiency due to the application of the space of a disc.
As described above, while compatibility between a method of the present invention and a defect managing method based on the current DVD-RAM standard is maintained, linear replacement is not performed when real time data is recorded. Thus, real time data can be recorded and reproduced.
In the present invention, information representing a plurality of different defect management modes depending on the type of data to be recorded is stored, so that various correspondences are possible according to the purpose of use of the recording medium. Thus, the recording medium can be more effectively used.
Also, in the present invention, when real time data is recorded, spare areas are allocated to be used for only real time. Thus, the effectiveness due to the application of the space of a disc can be increased.

WE CLAIM :
1. A. recording medium)comprising a user data area where user data is
stored,(at least one spare area to replace defective units of the user data
area, and a (control information area where at least one information for a defective unit is stored, wherein the (at least) one information includes (information representing use or non-use of linear replacement defect
management in which a defective unit on the recording medium is
replaced with the spare area.
2. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement includes information associated with the entire recording medium.
3. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement includes information associated with only parts of the recording medium.
4. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the recording medium is a disc designated according to a digital versatile disc (DVD) standard.
5. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the recording medium is a digital versatile disc-random access memory (DVD-RAM) disc designated according to a DVD-RAM standard.
-20-

6. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein :
the recording medium is a digital versatile disc-random access memory (DVD-RAM) disc ;
the control information area includes a disc definition structure having a reserved area of a disc certification flag and a group certification flag in which the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement is recorded.
7. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement is stored upon initialization.
8. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement is stored just before recording real time data in the user data area.
9. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the control information area comprises a secondary defect list (SDL) in which only a start sector number of a block having a defect generated while real time data is recorded on the recording medium is recorded, information of the SDL for representing replacement or non-replacement of the defective unit in which information representing that the defective unit is not currently replaced is recorded.
-21-

10. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein the control information area includes a disc definition structure (DDS) having a reserved area in which the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement is stored, the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement includes information representing that linear replacement is applied with respect to all data to be recorded in the user data area of the recording medium, information representing that linear replacement is selectively applied according to type of the information to be recorded in the user data area, or information representing that linear replacement is not applied to all the data to be recorded in the user data area of the recording medium.
11. The recording medium as claimed in claim 1, wherein in response to real time data being recorded, no portion for the spare area for linear replacement of the real time data is allocated, and only a portion of the spare area for slipping replacement is allocated.
12. The recording medium as claimed in claim 11, wherein the spare area for slipping replacement is allocated in a last group of the recording medium by a size of sectors used for processing a maximum number of entries used for registering a primary defect list (PDL).
13. The recording medium as claimed in claim 12, comprising a disc definition structure (DDS) having a reserved area, wherein the information representing use or non-use of linear replacement, denoting use of a
-22-

defect managing method for only real time recording in which linear replacement is not used by allocating only the spare area for slipping replacement, is stored in a reserved area of each of the DDS and the PDL.
14. A recording medium for storing defect management mode information for showing a plurality of defect management modes representing use or non-use of linear replacement according to type of data to be recorded on a user data area of the recording medium.
15. The recording medium as claimed in claim 14, wherein the control information area includes a defect management area including a disc definition structure (DDS) having a reserved area in which the defect management mode information is stored.
16. The recording medium as claimed in claim 15, wherein the defect management mode information includes first defect management mode information representing that slipping replacement and linear replacement are applied to all the data to be recorded in the user data area of the recording medium, second defect management mode information representing that linear replacement is selectively applied according to type of the data on the recording medium, or third defect management mode information representing that linear replacement is not applied to all the data on the recording medium.
17. A recording medium for storing information representing non-application of linear replacement to all data to be recorded in a user data area on the recording medium in a defect management area, in which only a spare area for slipping replacement is allocated.
-23-

18. The recording medium as claimed in claim 17, wherein the defect management area is a reserved area of each of a disc definition structure (DDS) and a primary defect list (PDL) formed in the defect management area, and the spare area for slipping replacement has space to process a maximum number of entries for registering the PDL.
19. A recording medium comprising ;
a user data area on which data is to be recorded ;
a spare data area to store defective data indicative of defects in physical addresses of the user data ; and
a control information area to store defect management mode information indicative of different defect management modes depending upon type of the data to be recorded in the user data area, wherein the defective data stored in the spare area is determined in accordance with the defect management mode information.
20. The recording medium as claimed in claim 19, wherein the control information area is a lead-in area or a lead-out area of the recording medium.
21. The recording medium as claimed in claim 19, wherein the defect management mode information is indicative of use or non-use of linear replacement management in which a defective area of the user data area is replaced with a portion of the spare area.
22. A recording medium comprising :
a user data area on which data is to be recorded ; a spare area to store defective data indicative of defects in physical addresses of the user data area ; and
-24-

a control information area to store defect management mode information indicative of the defects generated during use of the disc subsequent to initialization, and indicative of whether to use linear replacement with regard to the defects generated during the use of the disc subsequent to the initialization.
23. The recording medium as claimed in claim 22, wherein the defect management mode information is indicative of preventing use of linear replacement if the defects generated during use of the disc subsequent to initialization relate to the data to be recorded in the user data area in real time.
24. A recording medium comprising at least a secondary defect list (SDL) in which only a start sector number of a block having a defect generated, while real time data is recorded on the recording medium, is recorded on the recording medium, the SDL comprising information for representing replacement or non-replacement of the defective unit in which information representing that the defective unit is not currently replaced, in which information representing that a linear replacement of the recording medium has not been used, and information representing that the defective unit has been replaced, and with a start sector number of the defective unit and that of the replacement block.
25. The recording medium as claimed in claim 24, wherein a flag represents said information representing that a linear replacement of the recording has been canceled, said flag being stored as a reserved bit of the SDL.
-25-

-26-
26. The recording medium as claimed in claim 24, wherein a flag represents said information representing that the defective unit has been replaced, said flag being stored as a Forced Re- Assignment Marking (FRM) bit of the SDL.
27. The recording medium as claimed in claim 24, wherein a flag represents said information representing that the defective unit is not currently replaced, said information representing that a linear replacement of the recording medium has been canceled, and said information representing that the defective unit has been replaced.
28. A recording medium, substantially as herein described, particularly with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
A recording medium for storing defect management information to record real time data, a defect management method therefor, and a method of recording real time data, are provided. The recording medium stores information representing use or non-use of linear replacement defect management in which a defective area on the recording medium is replaced with the spare area, in order to record real time data. While maintaining compatibility between the defect managing method and a defect managing method based on a current DVD-RAM standard, i.e. while allowing a report of the fact that there are blocks which have not been linearly replaced, linear replacement is not performed when real time data is recorded. Thus, real time data can be recorded and reproduced.

Documents:

00369-cal-1999-abstract.pdf

00369-cal-1999-claims.pdf

00369-cal-1999-correspondence.pdf

00369-cal-1999-description(complete).pdf

00369-cal-1999-drawings.pdf

00369-cal-1999-form-1.pdf

00369-cal-1999-form-13.pdf

00369-cal-1999-form-18.pdf

00369-cal-1999-form-2.pdf

00369-cal-1999-form-3.pdf

00369-cal-1999-form-5.pdf

00369-cal-1999-g.p.a.pdf

00369-cal-1999-letters patent.pdf

00369-cal-1999-priority document others.pdf

00369-cal-1999-priority document.pdf

369-CAL-1999-FORM-27.pdf

« Previous Patent

Next Patent »

Patent Number

201403

Indian Patent Application Number

369/CAL/1999

PG Journal Number

06/2007

Publication Date

09-Feb-2007

Grant Date

09-Feb-2007

Date of Filing

20-Apr-1999

Name of Patentee

SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO. LTD.

Applicant Address

416, MAETAN-DONG, PALDAL-GU, SUWON-CITY, KYUNGKI-DO

Inventors:

#	Inventor's Name	Inventor's Address
1	JUNG-WAN KO	684-6 SEO-RI, YIDONG-MYUN, YONGIN-CITY, KYUNGKI-DO

PCT International Classification Number

G 11B 20/10

PCT International Application Number

N/A

PCT International Filing date

PCT Conventions:

#	PCT Application Number	Date of Convention	Priority Country
1	98-23913	1998-06-24	Republic of Korea
2	98-34880	1998-08-27	Republic of Korea
3	98-14059	1998-04-20	Republic of Korea
4	98-29733	1998-07-23	Republic of Korea
5	98-35847	1998-09-01	Republic of Korea