Title of Invention

LARGE SURFACE AREA GEOGRIDS WITH A HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH, A METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING THEM

Abstract

This invention relates to a method for the continuous production of geogrids which have a large surface area and comprise thermoplastic bars which cross one another and are joined together by welding at the areas where they cross one another, characterized in that single-layer, homogeneous, molecular-oriented plastic bare with a high tensile strength are used and a multiplicity of crossing areas arranged next to and behind one another are intermittently welded simultaneously using the vibration-welding technique.

Full Text

The present invention relates to large surface area geogrids with a high tensile strength, a method and apparatus for producing them, and their use as drain and reinforcement grids. Geogrids of this nature are used, for example, to secure road and rail structures, to secure earth, to stabilize slopes and to secure landfill sealing systems. The so-called Tensar® geogrids produced by Netlon have been in use throughout the world in a very wide range of application areas since as early as the late 1970s; To produce geogrids of this nature, extruded polyethylene or polypropylene webs are perforated at regular intervals. While being heated, the webs are stretched either in the longitudinal direction (uniaxially) as described in British Patent 2,07 3,090 or in the longitudinal and transverse directions (biaxially) as described in British Patent 2,035,191. The stretching brings the polymer molecules of a randomly arranged layer into an ordered and aligned position in the direction of stretching. This method increases the tensile strength and the rigidity of the geogrids. A further development to these geogrids is described in US-A 4,618,385 (Mercer). However, these geogrids have the problem that the grid points cannot be stretched uniformly in the same way as the webs running between the grid points, so that with grids which have been stretched in this way the strength with respect to the weight per square metre is to a certain extent unsatisfactory. In order to improve the" ratio of strength to weight per square metre, DE-C 41 37 310 (Akzo) has described a method for producing geogrids in which firstly strips comprising two layers of polymers which have different melting ranges are produced and then stretched (molecular-oriented bicomponent strips). Then, the strips are laid crosswise in rows, in such a manner that the side of the strips which has the lower - 2 - melting range rests against another such side. The resultant structure is then exposed to a temperature which is above the melting range of the polymer with the lower melting range but below the melting range of the polymer with the higher melting range. As a result, the intersections of the strips of adjacent rows are joined together via the polymer with the low melting range. British Patent Application 2,314,802 (Mercer) is based on a similar method. In this document, the introduction to the description states, with regard to the prior art, that the Signode company produces geogrids made from molecular-oriented polyester ribbons which are coated on one side with a plastic which has a lower melting point (bicomponent ribbons). These bicomponent polyester ribbons are then placed crosswise on top of one another in such a way that those sides which have a low melting point bear against one another in the crossing areas. Then, the crossing areas are welded. The drawback of these geogrids is that the strength of the join in the crossing areas, which is predetermined by the lower-melting polymer component, is unsatisfactory. To eliminate this drawback, the abovementioned British Patent Application 2,314,8 02 {applied for on 2 July 1996 and published on 14 January 1998) has developed a method in which molecular-oriented bicomponent strips are also used, but with the modification that one bottom bicomponent strip and one top bicomponent strip per grid web are positioned in the direction of the machine, specifically in such a way that those sides of the two strips which have the lower melting point rest on top of one another over their entire surfaces after the transverse strips have been introduced. Then, in each case the bottom bicomponent strips, with the inclusion of the transverse strips, are joined to the top bicomponent - 3 - strips over their. entire surfaces by means of flame welding or hot-air welding. Although this method does increase the strength of the join in the crossing area, it has the drawback that, considered from a materials perspective, two different polymers are required in order to produce the bicomponent strips and in each case two bicomponent strips are required to form the corresponding web component. Therefore, the object of the present invention is to provide a large surface area geogrid which has a high tensile strength and is produced by welding from single-layer, homogeneous, molecular-oriented bars which have a high tensile strength and do not have any additional coatings,, in such a way that, on the one hand, a satisfactory bonding strength is achieved in the welded crossing areas of the plastic bars, but without significantly impairing the molecular orientation, i.e. the tensile strength of the plastic bars in the crossing areas, and, on the other hand, it is possible to ensure an economic production rate. This object is achieved by using single-layer, homogeneous, molecular-oriented plastic bars with a high tensile strength and by using the vibration-welding technique, with a multiplicity of crossing areas, which are arranged next to and behind one another, of the single-layer, homogeneous, molecular-oriented plastic bars which have a high tensile strength and cross one another being intermittently joined together simultaneously under identical conditions and under pressure. The vibration-welding technique comprises a friction-welding process, in which the crossing areas of the plastic bars resting on top of one another are plasticized not by the external supply of heat, but rather by the direct conversion of frictional energy into heat. For this purpose, the plastic bars, at their crossing areas, are made to vibrate with frequencies and amplitudes which are such that the surfaces soften - 4 - and, in this way, are welded together under high pressure. Therefore, the principal feature of vibration welding is the reciprocating movement in order to generate the friction, so that the heat of fusion only acts on the surfaces of the bars and the molecular orientation is only lost on the surface of the plastic bars. Moreover, this method has the advantage of short heating and cooling times, since heating takes place only at the surfaces, so that short cycle times are possible, enabling the desired economic production rate to be achieved, i.e. the large surface area geogrids according to the invention can be produced with an overall width of, for example, 5 m and a distance between the plastic ribbons, from ribbon centre, to ribbon centre, of approx. 3 cm, at a rate of at least 2.5 m per minute. Originally, this was not considered possible, since it was assumed that, given an expected surface pressure of approx. 1.5 N/mm2 and a width of the plastic rods of, for example, 12 mm with a 3 cm mesh and approx. 5000 crossing areas to be welded, forces of approx. 1,000,000 N would be generated, which would make controllable welding quite impossible. Furthermore, it was assumed that, with vibrations of from 60 Hz to 300 Hz and given the large number of crossing areas to be welded simultaneously, the machine components would be destroyed. However, surprisingly it has been found that, given a suitably heavy-duty design of the welding benches, it is possible for these forces to be tolerated, and consequently it is possible for, for example, from 500 to 8000 crossing areas to be welded simultaneously. The essential factor allowing this improvement was the development, according to the invention, of a novel vibration-welding device equipped with a vibration plate which has a large surface area, corresponding foundations and corresponding control and pressure systems, and of bar supply arrangements. A - 5 - plurality of these novel vibration-welding devices are set up next to one another and made to vibrate simultaneously under equal pressure conditions at identical amplitudes and frequencies. The amplitudes and frequencies are controlled in such a way that the amplitudes lie in the range from 0.5 mm to 2.5 mm, preferably from 1 mm to 2 mm, and the frequencies lie in the range from 60 to 300 Hz, preferably from 150 to 180 Hz. Since a vibration-welding device according to the invention can be used to weld from 100 to 500 crossing areas, depending on the distance between the crossing areas and the width of the bars, which was hitherto inconceivable, the present invention has enabled large surface area geogrids to be produced in any desired widths, preferably in widths of from 3 to 6 m, by setting up a corresponding number of vibration-welding units according to the invention next to one another. The bars which are supplied in the longitudinal direction, i.e. in the direction of the machine, referred to below as longitudinal bars, are preferably supplied parallel to and at equal distances from one another. The bars which run transversely to the longitudinal direction, referred to below as transverse bars, are preferably laid at right angles to the longitudinal direction by being laid onto the longitudinal bars, with the longitudinal and transverse bars preferably forming square or more or less elongate, rectangular grid openings. Naturally, however, the transverse bars may also cross the parallel longitudinal bars at an angle of from 45° to 90°. The distances between the longitudinal bars, on the one hand, and the transverse bars, on the other hand, may be selected as desired, and are preferably in the range from 10 mm to 100 mm, in particular in the range from 20 mm to 80 mm, in each case measured from side edge to side edge of the bars. - 6 - When producing the large surface area geogrids according to the invention, the procedure is such that the number of plastic bars arranged in the direction of the machine and the corresponding number of plastic bars in the direction transverse thereto are such that the overall width of the geogrid is from 3 m to 6 m, preferably is 5 m, and the overall length is from 25 m . to 500 m, preferably from 50 m to 100 m. The plastic bars which are used according to the invention are either square in cross section, preferably with side lengths of from 2.0 mm to 6.0 mm, in particular from 2.5 mm to 4.5 mm, or are rectangular in cross section, preferably having a width of from 5 mm to 40 mm, in particular of 10 mm, 12 mm or 16 mm, and a thickness of from 0.4 mm to 2.5 mm, in particular from 1.0 mm to 1.5 mm. According to a particular embodiment, the longitudinal bars used are plastic bars which are wider and/or thicker than the transverse bars. The thermoplastics which are preferably used include polyesters (PES), for example polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyolefins, for example high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polypropylene (PP), polyamides (PA), e.g. PA 6 and PA 66, aramid and polyvinyl alcohols (PVA). In particular, the thermoplastics employed are polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polypropylene {PP). To ensure that the tensile strength is as high as possible, the stretch ratio in the case of PP should be at most 1:15, preferably 1:9 to 1:13. In the case of PET, a maximum stretch ratio of 1:10, preferably 1:6 to 1:8, is appropriate, with which extensions of from 5% to 20% under the maximum tensile force can be achieved. The strength of the plastic bars is preferably between 300 N/mm2 and 800 N/mmz, and they may be flexible or rigid. Since the interaction between the reinforcement grid and earth is based on the activation of frictional forces between earth and grid, the grid bars may _ 7 - preferably be provided, on their top and/or bottom sides, with a profiling/stamping which increases the friction/contact with respect to the earth. Possible stamped structures are, for example, diamond-shaped structures with a stamped depth of from 0.05 mm to 0.5 mm. However, the stamped depth should be between 0.5% and 30% of the thickness of the plastic bars. By way of example, the stamped depth may be 0.15 mm per side if the plastic bar is 1.5 mm thick. Examples of further possible stamped structures are longitudinal grooves transverse grooves honeycomb structures diamond-shaped structures with spikes projections, spikes, etc. or combinations of the abovementioned stamped structures, The invention is explained further on the basis of the following data which is given by way of example without, however, constituting any limitation. The plastic bars with a high tensile strength are extruded using an extruder of horizontal design with automatic melt filtration unit. The plastic bars are stretched with a high tensile strength via a plurality of stretching stands, hot-air ducts and spray ducts with bar-diverter mechanisms, during which process molecular orientation takes place. The extruded and stretched plastic bars are wound onto spools, for example up to a length of 15,000 linear metres, by means of winders. In order for the plastic bars with a high tensile strength to be processed further so as to form large surface area geogrids with widths of preferably 3.0 m to 6.0 m, in particular of 5.0 m, the spools produced are laid on spool racks. The receiving apparatuses for the individual spools preferably contain a braking device, in order to ensure that the - 8 - spools are unwound in a controlled manner. For a working width of 5.0 m and an assumed distance from the centre of one plastic bar to the centre of the next plastic bar of 30 mm, using plastic bars with a -width of 10 mm, 167 receiving apparatuses would be required. However, as mentioned above, it is also possible to select other distances in the range from 10 mm to 100 mm, since, for example for drain mats, the distances are preferably reduced to as little as approx. 10 mm and below, in order to ensure pressure-stable outlet conditions in the drainage structure. As has also already been mentioned, all the plastic bars which are to be laid in the longitudinal direction are preferably positioned parallel to one another. The plastic bars which run in the longitudinal direction (direction of the machine) (longitudinal bars) are taken off by means of a take-off unit. The take-off unit contains a transverse cutting system for separating the longitudinal bars when changing reel and a joining device for automatically joining the new longitudinal bars to the remainder of the old longitudinal bars. Ultrasonic welding ¦ devices or vibration-welding devices are preferably used for this joining operation. Pneumatically actuated brakes ensure that the individual longitudinal bars are pulled into the takeoff unit in a controlled manner. The take-off unit is designed in such a way that a continuous stress in the individual longitudinal bars is ensured during the subsequent welding operation. The plastic bars which run transversely to the longitudinal bars (transverse bars) are laid by means of a laying head. Preferably, up to 50 transverse bars can be laid simultaneously. The laying head is designed in such a way that it is possible to lay the up to 50 transverse bars preferably in both directions when it passes over the longitudinal bars. - 9 - During the laying operation, individual brakes ensure that the stress in the individual transverse bars remains constant. The laid transverse bars are supplied by means of a caterpillar pull-on or pull-off of the individual welding unit for the grid crossing areas. The caterpillar pull-on comprises in each case a bottom, stationary duplex chain and two horizontally movable duplex chains. To ensure that there is sufficient pressure between the two duplex chains to stress the transverse bars, there is a pressure hose beneath the bottom chain guide, which presses the bottom caterpillar chain against the top caterpillar chain. Concomitantly moving cutting devices cut through the laid, stressed transverse bars just before they are conveyed into the welding device. The vibration-welding apparatus comprises, for example, 10 vibration devices which are arranged next to one another and each have a large vibration plate with integrated vibration frame, drive generators, amplitude-control circuit board and vibration-limiting device. The dimensions of the individual vibration devices are, for example, 475 mm x 720 mm, so that all 10 vibration devices together allow, for example, from approx. 4000 to approx. 8000 individual welds to be carried out in a single operation. The welding operation preferably takes place in a range between 60 and 300 Hz, in particular between 150 and 180 Hz, and ¦ at amplitudes of up to 2 mm. The 10 vibration devices each have a complete machine frame. The 10 corresponding bottom tools are positioned on 10 welding benches which, in order for welding to be carried out, are raised by means of in each case 4 hydraulic cylinders. Separating combs are used in the area of the welding tools in order to guide the plastic bars. After the welding operation, the finished large surface area geogrid can be supplied to a lamination station, for example for nonwoven, woven or knitted - 10 - fabrics or sheets, via a principal take-off unit, in order for composite products, for example comprising grid and nonwoven, to be produced for use as a plastic drain element or as a separating and reinforcement element, in an operation which immediately follows the production of the geogrid. The lamination on one or both sides may be carried out by means of a heated tool, hot air, adhesive, etc. Following the lamination, the composite products are fed to the cutting and winding unit. The geogrids according to the invention which have been laminated to sheets are eminently suitable for tarpaulins for freight and lorries, and for temporary roofs. In addition to their principal application areas mentioned in the introduction, the geogrids according to the invention themselves may also be used to construct fences, for example as animal protection fences, or to construct fences used in animal rearing, or to construct fences to secure construction sites, as avalanche protection or as protection against falling rocks. -11-WE CLAIMs i- Method for the continuous production of geogrids which have a large surface area and comprise therfioplastic bars which cross one another and are joined together by welding at the areas where they cross one another, characterized iira that single-layer, homogeneous, molecular-oriented plastic bans with a high tensile strength are used and a multiplicity of crossing areas arranged next to and behind one another ar& intermittently welded simultaneously using the vibration-welding technique. 2. Method as claimed in claim 1 wtnerein from 500 to 8000 crossing areas are welded simultaneously. 3. Method as claimed in claiai 1 or 2 wherein a plurality of vibration-welding devices are made to vibrate simultaneously at equal pressures and amplitudes and frs^ueracies, the amplitudes lying in the range from 0-5 tmt to S-Saaasj, preferably from 1 mm to 2 mm, and the frequencies lying in the range from 60 to 300 Hz, preferably from 150 to X80Hz. 4. Method as claimed in one or more of the preceding claims 1 to 3 wherein the plastic bars which cross one another are positioned in such a way that the plastic bars which run transversely to the direction of the machine (transverse bars) cross the plastic bars which run parallel to one another in the direction of the machine ( longitudinal bars) at an angle of from o o 45 to 90 . -12- 5. Method as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 4, wherein the plastic bars are arranged in such a way that they are at a distance of from 10 to 10© mm, preferably from 20 mm to 80 mm, from one another, i.e. from side eefcjie to side edge. 6. Method as claimed in claim in one or more of the preceding claims 1 to 5, wherein the number of- plastic bars in the direction of the machine and the corresponding number of plastic bars in the direction transverse thereto are such that the overall width of the geogrid is from 3a to 6tn, preferably is 5 m, and its overal length is front 25 m to 5(3® as,, preferably from 50 m to 100 m. 7. Method as claimed in one or more erf the preceding claims 1 to 6 wherein the plastic bars used have a tensile strength of 2 from 300 to 800 N/mm . 8. Method as claimed in one or mor-m of the preceding claims 1 to 7 wherein plastic bars which are square in cross section, preferably with a side length of from 2 mta to 6 mm, in particular from 2.5 mm to 4.5 mm, or which are rectangular in cross section are used, preferably havintj a width of frtraai 5 mm to 40 mm, in particular of 10 mm, 12 mm or 16 mss, and a thickness of preferably from 0.4 mas to 2.5 mil, in particular from 1.0 mm to 1.5 mm. -13- 9. Method as claimed in one or more of the preceding claims 1 to 8 wherein the plastic bars used have been staesped on their top and/or bottom sides. 10. Method as claimed in claim 9T mherein the plastic bars used have a stamped depth on their top and/or bottom sides of from 0.5 to 20*/*, based on the thickness of the plastic bars, the stamping preferably forcing a diamond-sihaped structure. 11. Method as claimed in one or More of the preceding claims 1 to 10, wherein the longitudinal bars used are plastic bars which are wider and/or thickner than the plastic bars used in the transverse direction (transverse bars). 12. Method as claimed in one or "ore of the preceding claims 1 to 11 wherein the plastic bars used consist of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polypropylene (PP). 13. Method as claimed in one or more of the preceding claims 1 to 12 wherein nonwovenT woven or knitted fabrics or sheets are additionally laminated onto one or both sides of the finished large surface area geogrid by means of a heated tool, hot air or adhesive. 14. Large surface area aeogrids sdhich have a high tensile strength and comprise thermoplastic, single-layer, homogeneous, molecular-oriented bars which cross one another, have a high tensile strength and are welded at the points where they cross one another by means of the vibration welding technique. -14- 15. Large surface area geoo,rids which have a high tensile strength as claimed in claim 14, wherein they have been produced as described in one or saore of the preceding claims 1 to 13. 16. Vibration-welding apparatus for prodticitrttf large surface area geogrids which have a high tensile strength and comprise plastic bars which cross one another said have a high tensile strength, wherein the apparatus has at least one vibration device which can be used to welel at least 101© crossing areas, preferably up to 500 crossing areas, simultaneously. 17. Vibration-welding apparatus; for producing large surface area geogrids which have a high temsile strength and comprise plastic bars which cross one another and! have a high tensile strength, wherein 10 vibration devices are arranged next to one another" and are made to vibrate sinailtaneously at equal amplitudes and frequencies under pressure, by means of suitable control units, in order for 500 to &B&& crossing areas to be welded simultaneously under pressure. 18. Drain or reinforcement grids fcmr constructing earthworks having large surface area tjewgridis as ciairaed in claim 14-. This invention relates to a method for the continuous production of geogrids which have a large surface area and comprise thermoplastic bars which cross one another and are joined together by welding at the areas where they cross one another, characterized in that single-layer, homogeneous, molecular-oriented plastic bare with a high tensile strength are used and a multiplicity of crossing areas arranged next to and behind one another are intermittently welded simultaneously using the vibration-welding technique.

Documents:

00095-cal-2000-abstract.pdf

00095-cal-2000-claims.pdf

00095-cal-2000-correspondence.pdf

00095-cal-2000-description(complete).pdf

00095-cal-2000-form-1.pdf

00095-cal-2000-form-18.pdf

00095-cal-2000-form-2.pdf

00095-cal-2000-form-26.pdf

00095-cal-2000-form-3.pdf

00095-cal-2000-form-5.pdf

00095-cal-2000-letters patent.pdf

00095-cal-2000-priority document others.pdf

95-CAL-2000-(03-11-2011)-OTHER PATENT DOCUMENTS.pdf

95-CAL-2000-(11-04-2012)-CORRESPONDENCE.pdf

95-CAL-2000-(11-04-2012)-OTHERS.pdf

95-CAL-2000-(11-04-2012)-PA.pdf

95-CAL-2000-(16-03-2012)-FORM-27.pdf

95-CAL-2000-CORRESPONDENCE.pdf

95-CAL-2000-FORM 27-1.1.pdf

95-CAL-2000-FORM 27.pdf

95-cal-2000-granted-abstract.pdf

95-cal-2000-granted-claims.pdf

95-cal-2000-granted-description (complete).pdf

95-cal-2000-granted-form 2.pdf

95-cal-2000-granted-priority document.pdf

95-cal-2000-granted-specification.pdf

95-cal-2000-granted-translated copy of priority document.pdf

95-CAL-2000-PA.pdf